2 c THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAX. FORTLAyP. SEPTE3IBEB 12,N 1909. " v '
ill CX ; i r-r -r r v "
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TERMINUS OF THE CQUJHBIA
BT J. H. CRADLEBAUGH. ""
PERHAPS the most desolate place In
Oregon, or for that matter any
where. Is Biggs. The most- dreary,
sand-blown deeert camp in evada or
Arizona la a beauty-spot beside It, Its
only advantage over them being- that It
Is on the bank of the Columbia, and that
la always beautiful. But turn your back
to the river and the place 1 desolation.
Everybody has heard of Biggs, simply
because It Is .a railroad Junction, the
northern terminus of the Columbia South
ern, built by B. B. Lytle and Walter
Moore. IS years ago. ' v
I was going to say it boasts of half'a
dozen houses, but It doesn't. -It has that
many, but it doesn't boast about them.
Biggs is located at the mouth of a can
yon some 10 miles long, up which the
Columbia Southern climba to the" magni
ficent wheatfields of Sherman - County,
1200 or 15C0 feet above It.
There' Is more ,eand to the square rod
at Biggs than anywhere m the world, and
It Is restless, roving, hobo sand, too. Ori
' finally It no doubt came from the far
' away Snak River, and got piled up on
the Oregon shore at Celilo. by the Colum-
tola. As the river recedes, the west wltd.
j sweeping up along Its course, carries the
; sand back along the beach, a. never-end-!
lng sheet of It, drifting like, fine dry
) snow, up the longer slopes of the big
1 sand drifts, to be deposited on the steep
j lea side of them. Thus slowly these big
! drifts travel, ever eastward during the
,' Fall and Spring, carried up the slope. d
( posited on the other side, moving by lm
l perceptible degrees, but always moving.
i . Its vagaries have caused the O. R. A
t J. officials more trouble and worry than
'.all the floods and fires' and other things
( that ever happened to li It crawled onto
' the tracks and stayed there, and though
f the little grains were not larger than
i mustard seed, they were more powerful
, than the great moguls, and stopped i-ii
( traffic
The traveling public swore at the rail
road company, and waited" Impatiently
for trains that never came: the railroad
management damned the public for its
refusal to accept the inevitable, and lay
awake of nights trying to devise some
Trayto stop the encroachments of the in
finitesimal hits of rock, and Incidentally
to make life burdensome to the section
booses, who. In turn, growled at the sec
tion crews as they lifted their tiny shov
els laden with the resistless yellow stuff.
In vain opposition to the tireless west
wind. Other places on the road had
sand, plenty of it. but Biggs was unrea
sonable. The railroad company built
sand fences, regular billboards. setat an
; angle of about 46 degrees to the track.
?to change the course of the sand-stream.
1 For miles on either side of the road, but
a few feet apart, these fences line the
. track, looking for all the world like
j the backbone of some mighty fish It or
! miles long might look, the road repre
jeenting the spine, and the fences the
! lines of parallel ribs. This plan proved
! of great benefit, and Is still In use,
I being the best. In fact, the only thine
' that accomplished anything.
It helped . some, even at Biggs, but
'there every day is a holiday for .the
sand, and it does Just as It pleases.
- -
During a little quiet spell, when the
West wind was on a vacation and the
river was high, someone built a two
story hotel there and painted It white.
The sand dunes whispered the story
to each other and waited. By and by
the water went down, and miles of
sand beach were uncovered. Then the
West wind time sweeping up the river
to see what had been going on while
It was away, and then the sand dunes
: woke up and got busy.
They found'that house and proceeded
; to toy with It. The wind whipped the
i yellow sand until It went flying against
that doomed house. In a week It waa
j as bare of paint as an actress after a
i Turkish bath. Then the sand got
; ashamed of It and began to bury it.
. It made a fine object for the wind to
whip the sand around and drop .such
of Its load as It was weary of playing
with. In two weeks that hotel looked
; like a dug-out In a hillside. One gable
; was burled, the others only visible
; above the bottom of the upper story
.windows. The misguided and disgusted
' owner had moved out long before, and
made a bee line for Indiana, whence
he came, preferring the solidity of the
quagmire, the sibilant song of "Down
on the Wabash" as hummed In con
tinuous vaudeville by the mosquito.
1 and the "shakes" three times a week.
' and every other Sunday, to that softly
! whispering, ever moving, resistless,
ubiquitous sand.
H sold the noose for a song, and
let the wind sing that: and inside of
a month the wind changed, and the'
house blew out. again' as good as ever,
only It was shy on paint.
The new owner was a man of re
i sources, and a stayer. He put wheels
' on his cook stove and heavy furniture.
' and staved with It. If the sand piled
I up .too thick, he hitched onto his stuff.
' dragged It out and camped In Biggs'
i canyon until the wind changed and
blew the house out again.
i The traveler who visited Sherman
Countv never knew whether there was
-a hotel at Biggs or not. that Is. he
.' never knew If it wss alive and running,
or dead and buried: It all depended on
the wind. Its hilt of fare bore the
notice, "weather permitting."
The well was a driven one some
times It waa IS feet deep, sometimes
It was sixty. It was made of two-Inch
p'pe and screwed together in six foot
sections. As the sand piled up. a
ctlon of pipe was screwed on and the
well was six feet deeper. When the
place was abandoned the well would
would be a minus hole, and when It was
time to move back tbe well would be
sucking up in the kir SO of 40 feet and
would have to be unscrewed and lowered.
The telegraph lines, one would natural
ly think, were safe from these little
. busv grains of tend, but there was
nothing too high for it to tackle.
The drifts piled up and up. about them,
always leaving an, encouraging little
hole, or depression around the pole . as
. though they-were going to leave It. but
' t'.vev were only Joking, and directly the
sand was up to the sagging wires. Other
poles were spliced on to the flrBt and
the' wlrea raised, but still the sand
teraclous of purpose and pernicious of
principle climbed aftr . them. This
meant more poles, and there the Joke
came In. The wind would change and
try a cross section survey for a while.
Then the wires would have to come
down. There wss a gang of llnenlen
busv all the time, like a contractor on
a newly paved street, either continually
taking something up or putting some
thing down.
That Is the kind of a place Biggs wss.
It was named after W. H. Biggs, one of
- the finest, biggest-hearted old men that
ever encouraged a bull team across the
plains witn cheering, even though some
what ifaliclsed language. Biggs was a
't. and he told the writer that If he
had known mater would run down hill,
or If the balance of the gang had known
enough to have told him., they would all
have ' been millionaires. He said they
dug the gravel" up on the bars, packed it
to the river, dipped up water with a can
and rocked out a yard of dirt In a day.
when If they had turned the stream over
the bar It would have all washed away
while they were getting a drink.
Maybe It was on account of this name
that the town of B'iggs acted that way.
Biggs was too good a man, too much of
a stayer, to have that moving picture of
a, town named after him. He had been a
member of the Oregon Legislature. The
people of Wasco County had probably
heard of the wisdom he displayed in min
ing In California, and realized he was
the right man to represent them as a
lawmaker. He Introduced and had passed
an act compelling railroads to 'build a
Bidetrack wherever anyone built a warehouse.-
Then he went home and built a
warehouse at the mouth of the canyon
down which the road wound from Wasco.
The O. R. & N.. as the law required, built
a sidetrark. which the sand promptly
buried. .Then Governor . Pennoyer ap
pointed him Railroad Commissioner, and
the railroad management liked him worse
than It did before his warehouse side
track law. They wanted to do something
mean to him. and they did. They named
the place Biggs. It was low-down sar
casm, for the place was little and could
never hope fo be comparatively bigger. It
had plenty St sand, but that was its only
resource, though it never quit blowing
about It.
For a. time great quantities of wheat
were hauled ' down to Biggs and thou
sands of sacks were piled there for ship
ment, but fhe wind and the sand stopped
this. -
It wai discovered on one occasion that
the wheat had blown out of Innumerable
sacks and the sand had blown in. That
was one of the peculiarities of the Biggs
sand. One could never tell what It would
do next. Then the farmers began , haul
ing their grain fo a little town five miles
further east, where vegetation grew and
the sand was not. Some facetious rail
roader called It Rufua. because the. wind
was always whistling there, but that has
nothing to do with Biggs, nei.ner has
anything else that can avoid It.
E. E. Lytle started the Columbia South
ern Railroad from Biggs, probably think
ing that anything that could would start
from Biggs and keep on going. It ap
pealed to Lytle; they were similar In
their fastes. Neither of them ever quit
moving, and all either of them had as
stock In "trade was sand; but they both
had plenty of that. All Lytle had to do
was to raise the wind. He did. He
raised more Walter Moore. ' The ranch
ers wanted the road, and they turned out
with their big teams and graded 10 miles
of road for. him. while he hustled the O.
R. A N. for rails and ties and a 16-candlo-power
engine, and finally he blew Into
Wasco, the county seat of Sherman Coun
ty, and tapped the finest wheat belt
along the Columbia. '
He had 3.000.000 bushels of what to han
dle on a down-hill grade to Biggs.
. '..-
Then he bonded his little dinkey road
and built 18 miles more of H with the
money. Walter Moore and. some others
standing in with him, until he iad Mora
on his line, and It connected with Wasco
and also with Biggs. Then.-Jike the
sand. Lytle rested a little while, but
in the Spring he extended the road to
Grass Valley where Hill and Harriman
are now at swords' points, and then on
to Kent and finally to Shanlko. 70 miles
from no place, that Is, from Biggs.
Shanlko i the exact opposite of Biggs;
there is no sand there there. It is down
to bedrock and too poor to afford It.
The wind blew Just as hard, and Just
as steadily, but there was nothing for
It to blow that was loose; that had al
ready blown away, all except the pun
gent, odor of sheep. That was. lndige
nouj": it was blown in the bed rock and
couldn't blow out. Like Biggs. Shanlko
was better than . It looked, it had to
be to well, no matter why, and it was
much bigger than Biggs. It is built
around a square, that U, it Is partly
built around It; the houses are some
distance apart. They had to be located
that way so there would be enough of
them to go around the square. Shanlko
Is all right, 'but the square Is a misfit;
It needs some tucks taken In It, but the
town will grow up to It sometime. The
Hotel Shanlko-and a dandy little hotel it
is, too stands at the northwest corner
of the plaza. There is a saloon at the
southeast corner of the southeast quarter.
It Is visible from the hotel', and the trait
is "well defined." A big,- fine country
store Is on the northwest corner, while
the southwest oorner Is open for an en
gagement, that Is, It was when I was
last 'there some seven years a
5i
Passing out of that corner to the south
you could Say then. Fke Monte Crlsto,
"the world is mine." You can still say
bo If yoy hurry, but Jim Hill and Har
riman both have designs on it.
If you went south a dozen miles you
would come to Trout Creek. If you went
Initiative and Referendum Not Constitutional
What Will Conitrni Do U It Be Presented for Adoption and Rejection
Squarely Under the Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government
- Brief History of Un Making and Certain Logical Deductions. , t
Central Law Journal.
THE discussion In this article will bs(
limited to the Incongruities, If any,
between the principles Involved In
the modes of legislation provided by rep
resentation and the Initiative- and referen
dum, respectively brief sketches of their
several origins and histories and certain
deductions which logically, spring from
the facts submitted.'
I will Include in the term. Initiative and
referendum, what is known as the recall.
I will not. by defining, discriminate be
tween the meanings of the words, Initia
tive, referendum and recall, but look only
to their effect, in law-making. I will as
sume, as a conceded fact, that the Consti
tution of the United States establishes a
republican form of government; and,- In
such a sense, as Washington. Jefferson,
Madison, Marshall, Storyj Kent. Clay and
Webster approved. If any -one denies this
assumption. It would not be worth while
to argue wth him. . .
The difference between the principles
involved In the two modes of legislation
may be thus discriminated: In law-making,
by representation. the people . act
through their agents or representatives,
chosen according to law. who assemble,
for the purpose or law-making, in Legis
latures or Congresses, and there, after
counsel 'and .argument, enact such laws
as the people appear to need or demand.
Back of these agents. Is a president or
governor who has the power of a veto
on measures passed by . the legislative
bodies. In law-making, by use of . tha
Initiative and referendum, laws are en
acted, repealed or. recalled, by vote of the
people at the polls a majority of all the
votes cast In the state or municipality,
as the case may be, being necessary to
enact, defeat or recall a law. In the
principle of th initiative and referendum
there is no veto.
The initiative and referendum is trace
able to the Roman pleblscltum. A ple
biscltum was a law or decree enacted by
vote at the polls of that portion pf the
Roman people, called the Plebs or com
mon people. . ' -
Rousseau was an extravagant admirer
of antiquity, and, particularly.-of Roman
Institutions under the republic. He ac
cepted, in his political philosophy, this
mode of law-making. This can be seen
in his Social Contract, and elsewhere in
his "writings. Since his day and through
his impulsion, it has been variously ex
tended. Every form of Socialism accepts
the principle as a fundamental tenet.
From Europe it has Invaded the United
States. Socialism, In our country, com
municated the idea to 'Populism, .and
Populism to socializing Democrats and
Republicans. '..'
The history of law-making by repre
sentation is the history of representative
77j5T RAIL ROAD COMPANY &CLT FZMZZS:
farther south you would find Hay Creek
and. the Baldwin Sheep and Land Com
pany, with sheep on a thousand hills, and
then some. . Some of- the hills belong to
it. Still farther' south Willow Creek and
Prineville and Crooked River, and then
there is the "desert," where the cattle
feed all Winter and get fat.
But this Is a digression; we were talk
ing about Biggs. I only mentioned
Shanlko. . to .show- what a wide-awake
little railroad could do if It .started at
Biggs and kept going.
' The Columbia Southern's headquarters
wers at Biggs, and- in the sand, and its
hind quarters were at Shanlko, and on
the bedrock, but it ran . through a fine
wheat country and paid good dividends.
That same wheat country was once con
sidered only grazing land, and there are
thousands of acres. Just like it down be
tween Shanlko and Reno. Nev. Harriman
and Hill have both found this out; Lytle
showed them. That t'ley realize,, its
Immense possibilities is shown by the
fact that they both want tf build a
railroad up the Deschutes River to tap it.
It Is not because they dislike Biggs, or
Shanlko that they did not want to ex
tend the line from Shanlko, but because
they did not want to pull the vast prod
ucts that will soon come from that great
government. It Is clearly an evolution
and the step In its progression was one
of. struggle, most splendid In the history
of men. And this extends through near
1000 years. Besides, freedom, under con
stitutional limitations,' has enlarged and
extended with the progress of legislative
government. This idea has been most
happily expressed by Mr. Tennyson in
lauding England as a land
Where freedom slowly" broadens down
" From precedent to precedent.
The beginning of representative govern
ment hence, of law-making by repre
sentation was In England during the
Middle Ages. It there possesses "a his
tory which identifies itself with that of
the people and their government." And
It there progressed through continuous
struggle until anchored in the British
constitution by the Bill of Rights In 1683.
From England the mode of law-making
by representation passed to her colonies;
and it may be affirmed that wherevecjto
day In countries controlled by men -of
European race that mode exists it does
so through the original example of Eng
land. - ,'
Our Federal Constitution was promul
gated on September 17. 1787. Its adop
tlon by the original 13 colonies followed;
and. as the learned reader knows with
the necessary changes and modifications
to meet new- conditions It was framed
on the model of the British constitution
as the latter then existed. It need not
be added that .'our Federal Constitution
provides for law-making by -representation.
And .the oenstitutlon of every state
In the Union, (If we except that of Okla
homa with reference to the initiative and
referendum), has followed the mouel fof
the Federal Constitution. ,
Pascal said: "Plurality which does not
reduce itself to unity, is confusion.
Unity which Is not the result of plurality,
is tyranny." Of Pascal's words, a great
writer has said:' "This is the happiest
expression and the most exact definition
of . representative government."
Let us now note certain "Incongruities
between the principles of the two modes
of legislation and follow "the incongrui
ties wlth'a few deductions: '
1. Responsibility to the people of their
agents or representatives, to whom has
been granted the powei1 of law-making, is
Inherent In the representative system of
government. The President or Governor,
in the approval of acts or their veto,
stands at the bar of public opinion. So,
too, do legislators in their advocacy of.
or opposition to. acts in the legislative
process. Besides, Presidents and Gov
ernors are liable to Impeachment for mal
feasance, and. legislators to be expelled
for misconduct while in office. In morals
this is the, highest form of responsibility
and the supreme source of safety to tho
people. And the representative system
of government is the only one - which
empire over the heavy grades at that
point, and which could be avoided by
the route up the Deschutes. They wanted
a water-level grade, and Hill at least
has it. -'
Biggs Isn't kicking about It. The new
road will not Interfere with Its business
of taking care of the products of Sher
man County. Biggs asks nothing of no
body and gets It. It has the sand to look
after Itself. It has no push club, no chamT
ber of commerce, no place to put one if
It had- it, that Is, no permanent place
where it would not be likely to be sanded
ander. Biggs is gritty, and like the coun
try newspaper man when he died, "there
to stay."
It Is only three miles over to Grants,
and that is so much worse than Biggs,
that Biggs feels gas every time Grants Is
mentioned. The wind blows harder at
Grants. It has to. The sand is so much
coarser and harder to move. In fact. It is
gravel, some of it as large as hens' eggs,
but the wind toys with It Just the same.
Grants was named after Bill Grant, of
the firm of Murphy, Grant & Co., of San
Ftanpisco. Bill was a trifle bigger than
the town. He had to be to hold it down
and keep It from blowing away. Only a
big man could stay there. E. O.-McCoy
makes this responsibility one of Its fun
damental conditions. In legislation by the
initiative and referendum tho result is
through a popular vote at the polls. A
majority of the- vote accepts or rejects
a proposed law. The "result is the act
of tho people and they have no one to
blame for mistakes but themselves.
2. Our present system of representa
tive government la the result of a prog
ressionthe outgrowth of ' experience
running back near 1000 years. It is rooted
deep as the mountains, In the past. As a
consequence of this experience, those of
us who were born into It, and those cul
tivated men of foreign birth who have
studied It, are possessed of a conscious
ness priceless In value which tells us
how to act as citizens. In many ways,
without books. And, so. It Is manifest to
the Intelligent thinker that to. force Into
our representative system a mode of leg
islation. . such as the Initiative and refer
endum a mode of Latin origin and alien
enaum a moaa oi ungin nnu i
to the free spirit of our ancestors In the!
north of Europe Is like thrusting a hook
Into one's own flesh. It would be a
wild attempt to sever our present from Its
past cutting the very nerves and roots
of our consciousness which would- de
prive us of the wisdom and experience nf
the great, men who constructed our sys
tem, and Would plunge us into all of the
dangers of a position based on no tradi
tion or consciousness within us. It would
be with us much like it would be with a
man whose memory of the past was
taken from him. '
3. The tendency and trend of society
are towards being governed by Its best
men those men who best know the times
and seasons and how to seize occasion
for the profit of the people. A govern
ment by bad or. ignorant men is not only
Impossible bilt inconceivable. One of the
objects of representative government Is to
draw from the bosom of the people the
true and legitimate aristocracy of Intel
lect and personal merit, by which the
people have the right to be governed.
A great man said that A greater and
elder. Thomas Jefferson r said this:
"There Is a natural aristocracy among
men. The grounds of this are virtue and
talents. The natural aristocracy I con
sider as the most precious gift of nature
for the instruction, the trusts, the gov
ernment of society." Will any one pre
tend that there has lived' among men
a single person, not divine, who loved
the people better or put greater trust In
them than Thomas Jefferson?
One of the fundamental Ideas of rep
resentative government is to secure for
the people's agents, by selection, their
best men. The masses can always If
they will ascertain and select the men
who In the highest degree possess the es
sential characteristics of public servants
ability, integrity and . courage. If tha
people will be firm, and their advisers
firm, intelligent- and courageous, they can
far more surely secure such servants
under ths representative system of gov
ernment than under any other system
whatever. , . ' -
4. In a representative government, the
theory of sovereignty is, that all absolute
power is radically illegitimate, whatever
be its name and wherever it be placed
In tha body politic , This cannot be said
SOUTHERN WHOSE TOPOGRAPHY
CHANGES WITH EACH WIHDSTORM
& tfla
also started fn business there. Dutch was
bigger than Grant, bigger than Biggs
himself. He has grown since, financially,
and Is now the head of the Wasco Milling
Company, of The Dalles, with warehouses
all along the road from Biggs to Grass
Valley, and a big roller mill that Is run
by electricity, generated at White River,
'30 miles south of The Dalles. -
N' I only mention this te-show what can
be done with anything that will . start
from Biggs. It is bound to keep. on going;-
nothing can stop It. Lytle. started
there, and so did his railroad; so did Bill
Grant and "Dutch" McCoy, and see the
result The Colurhbia' Southern started
there and only stopped because it arrived
at the Jumping off place; Lytle started
there and is now chasing the tall timber
of Tillamook,' and hunting the Paclflo
Ocean: "Dutch-'-started there -and Is now
running by electricity, having already
run for the Legislature and got it; Bill
Grant started there and la - dead, so I
can't really say how far he has gone, or
of the -system of ' government of which
the Initiative and referendum Is a neces
sary part I mean Socialism. Socialism
cannot exist without the initiative and
referendum. Its introduction into our sys
temIf persisted in will naturally tend
to draw with it all that Is back of It.
The theory of Socialism is that the power
of the people, expressed by them at the
polls, has no defined limits." Henoe, that
the people could, by use of the Initiative
and referendum. Invade all that province
of private . rights which we usually con
sider outside of the domain of legisla
tion. This idea is cropping out ail
around. We see In it many things. It
is a disposition to "take charge of us'
In all matters. Legislation is beginning
to show it decidedly. The. curfew In
cities comes from this source. Under.it
the people could abolish the us of coffeo,
or tea, or tobacco yes, even , Sunday.
Under a system, thus -equipped. we
would have one of the most absolute of
.. , , . .
governments; and .In Missouri . lnta ot
one. we would nave ruu,vu jimon;.;.
5. The initiative and referendum, com
ing from Socialism, necessarily brings
with it the atmosphere and vices of So
cialism, and among these Is the princi
ple that each man possesses, as his birth
right; not merely an equal right of being
governed, but an equal right of govern
ing others. It connects the right . to
govern, not with capacity, but with birth.
It Is a principle which ignores the In
equality established by nature between
the mental powers and moral qualities
of men. Domination, under such a prin
ciple, is that of Inferiors over superiors
In intellect and morals, which is uni
versally conceded by the best thinkers to
be, a tyranny violent and' unjust. As
already Indicated, such a principle can
not agree with the spirit and purpose of
representative government the spirit and
purpose actuating such men as Washing
ton, Madison, Hamilton.--, Franklin and
others, in framing our Federal Constitu
tion. ' . . Herbert Spencer may or may not
have been a prophet. Be this as Jt may,
he regarded State-Socialism as "The
Coming Slavery," Why slavery? Because,
if a time -shall come when the govern
ment will "take possession of us,' and
manage and direct all or nearly all of
the business purposes and charities or
life, such a social and political condition
cannot be discriminated from slavery.
Should such a status proceed"from the
present ferment in political Ideas, It
can only do so through the initiative and
referendum. In the process, the Constitu
tion must dissolve. And. so, those en
thusiastic perstns who. by their a priori
system of reasoning, discern such bene
ficent results in the use of the Initiative
and referendum, may if not checked be
preparing the way for the overthrow of
our existing ethical, social and political
conditions.
. 7. The neccessary effect of the action
of such a principle as the initiative and
referendum Is to beat down all opposi
tion. It would, therefore, overawe and
Infringe upon the executive and Judicial
departments of government. A vote of
the people at ths polls, on any question,
would Insensibly acquire the energy of
a Constitutional amendment.. In such a
n
what he has reached, but whatever It Is
it is no worse than Biggs. That, is the
beauty of Biggs as a starting point; you :
are bound to improve your surroundings 1
not matter where you get to. As a start- j
lng place it is unequaled, but as a stop
ping place it. is different, liven the eand
does not stop there; It Just goes through
on Its trip East, and by rail, and on its
way back 1t takes the river route and
goes around It.
. However, Biggs can't help It that aha
acts that way. It len't Intentionally that
she covers a wrong Impression to new '
comers about the country back of her.
But she does. It is impossible to make a ; .
tenderfoot believe that within 10 miles of ;
Biggs are some of the finest wheat fields
in the state, and that on top of those big
hills between the Deschutes and the John .
Day, 3,000.000 bushels of plump, hard j
wheat ripen In safety from the eand every I
year, but it does Just the same. The j
country back of It is .all right; so la
Biggs; It Is all riht, but like the late Ben '
Butler, It doesn't look that way.
case, could we hope to secure always.
Judges' and "other officers, possessed of
such firmness and courage offices being
ever at the mercy of the popular will .
as to resist the Influence of a recent de
cision of the people at the polls? There
certainly would be Individuals equal to !
the pressure, but how about the great i
mass of office-holders? .
In conclusion, a few words will he per
mitted In reference to the power of Con- ;
gress as to the admission of new states
and Its guaranty to each state of a re
publican form of government (Federal ,
Constitution, Aft. 4, Sees. 3 and 4.) Each j
of those sections contemplate the contin
uous existence In every state of a Legis
lature. A state cannot exist without a '
Legislature. It cannot abolish Hb Legls- j
lature. The Federal Constitution looks
to a state's Legislature for all of its j
law. It, therefore, perpetuates In each
state law-making by representation.
This question now recurs: What will ;
Congress do if the lnitative and referon- j
dum be presented to It for -.adoption or i
rejection, squarely, under the guaranty
of a republican form of government? The V
Congress is bound by the Federal Constl- j
tution equally with the states' and the j
people. It exists under a Constitution (
which establishes a republican form of ,
government a government which, in Use
equality, justice and equity Is of tha
highest type known to man. Is not the ;
Congress, legally' and morally, bound to
accept a. its example of what constitutes
a republican form of government that by
which the Congress itself exists, and, ,
therefore, to reject the initiative and ref- .
erendum?
There is, besides, a question of power
In the Cpngress. Has the Congress the.
power to inflict on the states a princi- .
pie in conflict with the Federal Constitu- ,
tion, and which, by fermentation in thaV
political life of the states, will act back
upon the very aegis of . freedom tho
Federal Constitution and may, in process .
of time, undermine and topple down our
magnificent fabric of government?
D. C. ALLEX.
Liberty,' Mo.
Bhopping.
Chicago Newi. .
Throughout tbe day she haunts ths store .
And prices scores oi things.
While busy salesgirls set before - .
Her trinkets, gloves and rings..
. 6 he turns them o'er and o'er again.
And looks them through and through.
With much deliberation, then
She hardly thinks they'll do.
'
Something- she goes from shop to shop -
Each morn and afternoon. .
And never seems inclined to stop
Nor with fatigue to swoon.
She asks the price of Irish lace,
Of linen damask, too
And then remarks, with doubting face,
( The styles are scarcely new. .
From mom till noon, from noon till night,
She's on her task intent. '
She looks at everything in eight. .
But jloesn't spend a cent.
At last with weariness she sighs.
And moans that shopping's hard,
And then with courage high she buys
A picture postal card.
According to a Cornell University pro-
fessor, insect pests 'r-ogt the farmers of ths
country over $700,000,000 a year.
I-