TITK SCXDAT OREGOMAX, PORTLAND, DECEMBER 27, 1903.
IVING
OF"
"
'.i"-v. ." i
DURATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Romantic Figure of Mary.
Gwendolin Caldwell, Who Founded the
Catholic University of America
r 5
s7tm : - n
r : jtb!
I, t -'fell 5 '
Rockefeller Who Finished
Stephen A. Douglas' Unfinished
Work; Wharton
and Booker T.
BT JOHN S. HARWOOD,
THKRE are In this country a num
ber of flourishing and well-known
educational institutions, the found
rs of which are still alive. Some men
leave money In their will to the cause
of education. Othera. while utill In the
flesh, take the work In hand and have
thtir declining- years mde happy bj- the
contemplation of what they have accom
pllhed for the intellectual enlightenment
of their fcllowmen. It is not given to
every man to found a college or a school,
but to those to whom it Is gtven there
must be an unalloyed happiness In
watchrny the growth of their foundation.
This applies to women a well as men,
for women as well as men found educa
tional institutions. Some of the living
founders are men who from humble be
ginnings have amassed great fortunes.
Some have had a college education and
some have been self-educated.
Joseph Wharton Is the founder of the
Wharton School of Finance and Com
cerce. one of the most famous of the
several colleges that go to make up the
Vnlverslly of Pennsylvania. He is en
titled to call himself an old man now if
he wants to, for he was born near Phil
adelphia In 1S26. In his beautiful home
at Oak Lane, near that city, he Is
spending his declining days, but still tak
ing an active Interest In the great busi
nesses he established and In the educa
tional institutions he has founded or en
dowed. He never went to college, but
as educated by private tutors and by
his own eTorts and unremitting study,
yet he is a remarkably well educated
man In many branches, and well versed
i In all lines of learning. He Is a "Soc.
!.' of the University of Pennsylvania
and an "HiiX." of Swarthfnore College.
In the latter institution he endowed the
chair of history, and economics.
Mr. Wharton is possessed of a great
fortune. While he was accumulating it
,he saw clearly the -alue that an Insti
tution as that which he afterwards
founded in connection with the Univer
sity of Pennsylvania would be to young
men who intended to make business
their calling in life. When he became
wealthy, one of his first acts was to
found the Wharton School. For this pur
pose he gave as the initial gift JSOO.OOO.
Mr. Wharton comes of an old Quaker
family and began his business career as
a clerk in a mercantile house in the
Quaker City. He saved his money and
he studied hard and worked hard. When
be was 21 he left his clerical job and
went Into business as a manufacturer
of white lead. Gradually he became in
terested in other enterprises. He became
manager of a ainc company. Then he
purchased a nickel works and after
wards built at Camden, N. J., the first
successful nickel and cobalt works in
America. Wharton was now on the
pieasant highway which leads to great
fortune and soon became a director of
the Bethlehem Iron Company, and then
of the Bethlehem Steel Works, the first
plant for making armor plate in Amer
ica. As his fortune grew Wharton became
Interested financially In several railroads
and other corporations. In Xew Jersey
the man who had begun life as an hum
bl" clerk built the town of Wharton,
and there put up three blast furnaces,
o," which he Is still sole owner, as he is
of the connecting railway and the mines
which supply the furnaces. Sir. Wharton
also i sol owner of a big iron company
a: PhiUipfcOurg. N. J., and is lord of
many hundreds of acres of coal and
timber land." and the proprietor of coke
works, etc.
-Vnd all the time Wharton was accu
mulating this vast fortune he was study- I
Ctl r; '" v?tTN i : -Bvlj t -e rAivX who had fun)ed the Catholic Kniver-
W ' I 4 i 4 ' ill
li wV'" ir" ill
y k - v ill
If V 1
Ir.g. Ntver a day no matter how many
tl:- cares and anxieties of it had been
r ut Joseph Wharton studied some branch
o? learning. Thus It happened tiiat his
store of knowledge has kept pace with
hi store of wealth, and both are good
and comfortable to have in one's old
Mr. Wharton Is president of the board
"of managers of fwarthmore College, a
member of the American vPhilosophli'a'
Society and of the Academy of National
Sciences in Philadelphia. s w!I as pres
ident of the American Iron & Steel As
Washington
sociation. He has written and pub
lished many able treatises upon econ
omic: and on scientific subjects. He Is a
linguist of considerable ability.
The following Incident will show the
thorough methods which Wharton haa
pursued ell through life and to which
he owes his success both mentally and
financially. When he went Into the zinc
business the first snag he ran up against
,) .. ,.. , , vl t..
these two studies he at once applied
himself with zeal and devotion. That a
man would require a knowledge of chem
istry in order to be a successful manu
facturer of zinc was obvious, but Whar
ton's friend." wondered where the French
came in. They found out shortly.
As soon as he could converse freely in
French he sent to Belgium for the most
effiicient zinc workers to be had for hiro
and brought them over to convert the
American zinc ore into the marketable
material. None of these workmen could
speak Knglish, but having a knowledge
of French, Wharton could converse wits
them, direct them, learn their wants
and. in short, get so close to them that
he could get the best work out of them
and work in harmony with them as they
worked with him. Naturally he mnde a
success of his zinc venture. Had he not
taken the precaution to learn FTench it
might have been a failure. It is such
apparently trifling things as being able
to talk with a workman in his own
language which makes or unmakes for
tunes. And It is to such detail that
Wharton has always given attention.
Some one once said of Wharton. "Oh.
he is a creature of circumstances." "No."
replied a man who knew him and hls
career. "he la not;, he has simply grasped
circumstances with both hands."
It has been said that in the first suc
cessful experiments In the manufacture
of steel on a large scale in this country,
"others furnished the money and the ap
pliances; Wharton furnished the brains."
Romantlo Mary Gwendolin Caldwell
Among living founders there Is proba
bly not such a romantic and perplexing
figure as that of Mary Gwendolin Cald
well, now the Marquise de Montsiers
Merinrille. who founded the Catholic
University of America at Washington.
As a girl and as a young woman. Owen
dolin Caldwell was exceedingly devout.
She and her sister were brought up in
the Catholic faith, to which their parents
had been converted, and were educated
In the convent of the Sacred Heart in
New York City. Gwendolin.- it is saM.
thought seriously of becoming a nur.
but gave up the Idea, and after graduat
ing made a trip to Kurope. where her
good looks, her wit. her lively spirits and
a certain dash which came natural to
her and which the convent training had
r.ot entirely eradicated, made her at one
popular in society and a person in the
public eye of two continents.
It was rumored that she had become
engaged to Prince Murat. grandson of
the Murat who married Napoleon's sis
ter and was once King of Naples. The
rumor was shortly con firmed by Miss
Caldwell herself and she began to pre
pare her bridal trousseau. The day of tho
wedding drew near and Miss Caldwell
engaged a private room at Worth's, in
which to "try on" her wedding gown,
She did not appear for the "trying on'
and all Paris society became agitated. It
had been agitated before over the fact
that Miss Caldwell had Imperial crowns
embroidered on her trousseau. Her
prince was descendant of the Bonapartes
and the head of that house wad an em
peror. The American girl thought the
Imperial crown of the great Corsicarc
was more picturesque than the kingly
crown of Naples and she made use of it.
to the rage of the Bonapartists. But
now all shades of political opinion were
wondering "What next?" The "what
next" was a statement from Miss Cald
well that she and the prince were not
to be married it was "1I off."
It came out later that while Prince
Murat and his intended bride were dis
cuf.'iiig the final arrangements for their
wedding Murat coolly asked, as a prere
quisite to the ceremony taking place,
that Miss Caldwell mske over to him
half of her fortune. The American girl
arose in wrath. She did not ive tne
if yA . . , -. VLRt ,f - . , 1
ill j
i Pnnce half of her fortune, but she gave
him "the mitten" then and there.
It was while sue was In Kurope that
the Catholic T niversity was planned.
Bishop Spalding, who was one of the
trustees of herself and her sister. Inter
ested Miss Caldwell In the project and
she offered a gift of tW.'Wi to the Coun
cil of Baltimore. In order that the In
stitution might be at once begun. Her
sister gave an additional JoO.000 for a
chapel.
After a sojourn In Europe, Miss Cald
well wert to live In Washington, where
the two orphaned girls their parents had
both died when the girls were small
children became at onre prominent In
society. Miss Caldwell was generally
known as Gwendolin and she and her
cream-colored ponies, her musical en
tertainments, her dinners and her chari
ties attracted an International attention.
She received the Golden Rose from the
Pope, being the second woman in this
country to be, so honored, Ms. William
T. Sherman being the first. She received
the Lactate medal, which is awarded
once a year by the University of Notre
Dame to the layman who has rendered
the most distinguished service "in mor
als, religion or education." Her sister
married a German, the Baron Zadwit.
afterwards German Minister to Mexico.
Ufe was going on very pleasantly for
Gwendolin Caldwell.
Then all at once it was reported that
she was engaged to a certain French
noble, the Marquis de Montsiers-Merin-ville.
At that time she was visiting her
sister and her brother-in-law In their
Gorman castle. It was there she met the
I Marquis and soon
after she married
him. He was of an ancient family, but
seems to have been possessed of a good
share of those imperfections which Amer
ican girls are pretty apt to find when
they make rash matrimonial experiments
with the nobility of Kurope. They quar
relled, they parted. The Pope himself
tried to reconcile them, but without
avail.
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NEW ORK, Dec. 26. (Special.) ''. In- eNplosion in the Rachel mine at Marianna, Pa., was one of the chief sub
jects of discussion at the Mining Congress, held last week at Pittsburg. Coming so soon after the meeting of ex
perts from other countries at Pittsburg to discuss the question of mine dangers, this great disaster will not per
mit the subject to lose interest. The dead taken from the Rachel mine numbered 13S. The scenes at the mouth of
the snaft just after the explosion were pitiful, and, though the crowd of trends and relatives of the miners grew
more quiet as time passed on, many a tragedy could be read in the faces oX the men and women who stood waiting
lor the bodies to be brought out. ,
c?OWJf- 1&MZTJVT
Jzvr CJM7j4.QIA A.
Golden Rose and the Iaetare medal and
who had founded the Catholic Univer
sity at Washington, publicly renounced
her religion and turned Proteslant. She
gave as a reason, it is s:Ud. th differ
ences between her husband's life and
his creed and the fact that it would en
rage his family to have her turn Pro
testant. Since that dramatic episode
little has been heard of her. Tt Is re
ported that she Is In bad health and
partly paralyzed.
Man Who Helped Found Cornell.
Although Kzra Cornell was the prin-
cipal founder of the university at Ithaca
which bears his name, and Henry W.
Gage has claims to be considered a co
founder, yet Andrew D. White is en
titled to a first place after as a founder.
He was its first president and worked
hard In Its Interesls for many years. In
deed, his interest In the university has
never flagged and although he has given
more than JOtUXK) in money to it, what
he has done in other ways in its behalf
has been still more valuable. In fact,
from what he helped Cornell to do when
the university was in danger of dying at
birth, he is entitled to be considered as
helping Mr. Cornell in the foundation.
In July Of ISfiS President Lincoln signed
a bill appropriating Government land for
educational purposes in all .the loy..l
states. This land was, of course, nearly
all in the West, and a state which took
advantage of the offer could not hold
land lying in another state, but must
issue "scrip" for its value the people
Kwho took the scrip to be paid out of the
sale of the land. New York State got
9SO.00O acres. The market became over
loaded with land scrip and prices fell.
New Tork sold some of its land at AO
cents an acre and there was a prospect
that the price would go still lower.
Andrew D. White and Ezra Cornell
were in the State Senate together at the
time. Cornell had made a great forruno.!
by introducing the telegraph into the
Northwest and wanted to found a uni
versity. He asked that the money de
rived from the Government land be ap
plied to the establishment ' of one great
university and offered to add half a mil
lion dollars to the Nation's gift If the
institution were located at Ithaca. He
took White Into his councils and White
worked hard to get a decision that all
the Nation's gift should be applied as
Cornell wished and got it.
Cornel! L nlversity seemed to be as- (
SCENES FOLLOWING THE MARIANNA MINE
4
sured. but now came the great drop In
the la:id scrip. Cornell, when he saw the
land going for A cents an acre, stopped
the sale and took all that remained at CO
cents. He located the land, paid the
taxes and contracted to guard it against
squatters and looters. He also prom
ised to-turn into the State Treasury the
Increase of value which he plainly foresaw-
would accrue to the said land. He
died in 1874 and the trustees of the uni
versity. In the name of which Institution
the land was held, assumed his obl'sa-
tion.
i Then Henrv W. Gage came forward
with hi millions and by his generosliy
I enabled the university' to hold on to the
land. The university it the time did not
have enough money In its treasury to
pay the faculty, and the temptation to
sell the land was greet. But it was re
sisted and. other beneficiaries helping
along with Mr. Gage, the bad times
were tided over and in the end Cornell
became richly endowed.
All this time Andrew D. White, who,
because of his successful efforts In get
ting the decision applying all the Gov
ernment land given to New York to Cor
nell, was looked upon as one of its
founder;', was almost supreme in the
councils of the institution of which he
had become president in lSfi6. There
were no students, no hooks and no scien
tific apparatus when Mr. Wlflte assumed
the presidency. He went at once to
Europe, where he studied the educations'
methods Jn-vogue over there and came
"back with ideas, books and appliances.
Then, in 1S68, the first class entered
Cornell. It was not until 1S85 that he
finally retired . from the presidency of
the university, though In the meantime
he had become prominent in the. political
life of the country and had held several
important diplomatic positions.
Andrew V. White's career as a public
man. as a diplomat, and as a publicist
Is too well known to need repeating.
When he was 70 years old he resigned
as Minister at Berlin,, with the avowed
intention of spending his old age in the
seclusion of private life. But he is a
man of too much importance to be able
to live entirely out of the public eye.
White's malernal grandfather, Andrew
Dixon, was the founder of Courtlandt
Academy, at Homer, N. Y., so he comes
of a college-founding ancestry. It was
at Homer that he received his early
academic, training.
Mrs. Scth Lowr is fairly entitled to be
DISASTER
1
: UJt' Jg
W it
included among the list of living found
ers, for it was she, together wilh J. P.
Morgan. Jacob H. Srbiff and a dozen
or so others, who established Barnard
College.
It was In 1SS6 that Columbia began
giving d?groes to women who could pass
examinations showing that they had
done work equivalent to that done by
men at the University, hut no provision
was made for the instruction of women
in connection with the institution. In
the Spring of ISSf a movement was set
on foot by the women who had received
degrees from Columbia and by those who
hoped to receive them, for the establish
ment of a woman's college as a part of
the university. The plan wa approved
by the faculty of Columbia and Mrs.
Low, whose husband was president of
the university, gave a considerable sum
of money to start the project along.
The project was. of course, carried to a
successful conclusion. - Seth Low gave
Ji.OOOXX! to build a great library at
Columbia as a memorial to his father,
and his wife is one of the founders of
Barnard, so the University would seem
to be greatly indebted to the Low fam
ily. .
Mrs. Low was the daughter of Benja
min Robhins ("urtin. one of the Justices
of the Supreme Court of the United
Slates. She was born and brought up in
Boston. She is a dignified woman,
rather retiring, and not fond of much
society or publicity. In training schools
and such work she is greatly interested
and devotes much of her time to such
matters. Her favorite amusements are
said to be golf, walking, riding and
housekeeping. When her husband was
Mayor a reporter would sometimes apk
her for an interview. Her reply always
was. "You must pardon me; I have no
public life."
Army Officer Fallier of Carlisle.
Brlgadler-Gencral Richard Henry
Pratt. U. S. A., retired, is the originator
and the founder of 1he famous Carlisle
School for Indians. He lives in Denver
now and is 6S years old. but for a long
time he was the head of Carlisle and he
regards the Institution, as does every
body else who knows the facts, as the
greatest accomplishment of his life.
When the Civil War broke out PralT
enlisted as 'a private in a regiment of
Indiana volunteers. Though born in New
York State his parents took him to In
diana when he was young and It was
there, at Lornporf, that he received his
early' education. Pratt did not long stny
a private. He came out of the war a
Captain and was appointed to the regular
establishment, in which he rose from
grade until his retirement four years ago.
His early service in the regulars was
hunting the Indians in the Southwest,
ar.d by means of this exciting and peril
ous occupation he came to know the red
man and his little ways well and to take
a deep Interest in the problem of what
to do with him.
The popular idea at that time was that
the only good Indian was a dead one,
but Pratt thought that there might be
good Indian while still alive. When
lot of Indian prisoners were ordered to
be taken from Fort Sill to the old
fort of St. Augustine. Florida. Pratt was
detailed as commander of their guard
and then ordered to command the old fort
to which they were taken. He began
aided by his wife and by other officers'
wives at St. Augustine, to try and teach
the prisoners something of the white
n an's way and knowledge.
Indians were at thut time received with
negroes at Hampton, but Pratt believed
that more oould be -accomplished if they
hud a school of their own. So he de
veloped the plan of an Indian collega
snd got the Government to assign the old
barracks at Carlisle, Pa., for a place to
work out his theory. This was in 1S79.
and from that day to this General Pratt
hag iK-ver ceased to work for the school
and for his' red-skinnprotege5. From
small beginnings the Carlisle school has
come to be what It Is today, and Pratt
Is its father.
John 1)., of Chicago University.
What Stephen A. Douglas attempted,
John D. Rockefeller accomplished that
was the establishment of the University
of Chlc-aso. It wrs away back in 18.16 thai
Douglas, the "litil? giant," who seemed
to have fame and place before him, gave
a sum of money to establish the Univer
sity of Chicago under Baptist auspices.
It never flourished. It was a university
In name only, and after languishing along
until 1856 its affairs were wound up.
Two years later prominent men of the
Baptist persuasion began to agitate for
the re-establishment of the University.
John o. Rockefeller, being a staunch
Baptist and also a man of reputed wealth,
the men who had tho re-establishment of
the university at heart cast their eyes in
his direction. They had some misgivings
ar to how Rockefeller would respond to
their appeals, but to their delight he
responded warmly ar.d generously. Then
they looked about for a man of reputa
tion as a scholar and educator who
should, as president, give eclat to the
institution. Dr. W. R. Harper agreed
to take the presidency if the institution
could b:; made a "real university" arr.d
that meant puttit a lot of money into
Who would furnish the money?
Mr. Rockefeller came forward gamely
and at the first annivenaary of. Hie Amer
ican Bapti3l jScncalional Society, held
ir, Chicago in May of l$s9. announced
that he would give iw,0()o toward the
establishment of a "well-equipped col
lege" to be called the University of Chi
cago if others would raise J-iOO.OuO with
in 90 days. The time wag short but
the stake was big, and penerous Baptists
came forward, unloosed their purse
strings and contributed. When the time
limit had expired the HOO.OOO was all
subscribed and Mr. Rockefeller was in
formed that his J600.000 would be re
ceived with thanks. Thus was the first
million raised for the endowment ot the
University of Chicago.
So what Douglas had dreamed of
Rockefeller made a reality. Now Mr.
Rockefeller became much interested In
educational affairs pen?rally and in the
University which he had revived and re
fuundd especially, and began thoss bene
factions to in-slitulions of learning which
lLave Iwpn called "prnu-ely." bur which
have been in magnitude greater ihan any
Prince ever bestowed.
In S?ptember. .1SS0. Rockefeller gave
another million dollars to his pet Uni
versity of Chicago on condition that the
Paptist Theological Seminary at Morgan
Park should be removed to the ground
of th? University and made a purt of ii.
Ths condition was compiled with. Mr.
Rockefeller also stipulated that i".KV)
of his new gift should be devoted to the
r.on-professional graduate instruction.
The university now has a fine site, the
late Marshall Field having given It tho
land for It's buildings and JlOO.OOi) be
sides. In 1R92 Mr. Rockefeller gave the
university another million and In Decem
ber he gave it another. In lf!:l he gave
it $150,000 and the next year KiS.OOO. In
1S96 Rockefeller made another proposition
to the university. lie would give it fl.noo,
Oo and as much besides, dollar for dollar,
as the university could raise elsewhere,
up to two millions, before January. 1fm1.
The entire amount thus raised w as J9.000,
000. It will be seen that Mr. Rockefeller has
been the god from the machine for the
University of Chicago, as well as its
Midas. Mr. Rockefeller did not found or
refound Vassar. Brown, Columbia, the
Theological Seminary of Rochester. Bar
nard or Bucknell. but he lias given large
ly to all of these, anil "Rockefeller Halls'"
etand thick in the land upon many col
lege grounds.
Founder of Chautauqua.
Bishop John Heyl Vincent of the Meth
odist iCpiscopal Church is the founder of
that educational institullon which Is
known as ChaulaiKiua. If? started the
"Chautauqua movement" and founded the
Chautauqua Asem'oly and Chautauqua
Literary and Scientific Circle, of which
he has beh chancellor since 1S7X.
He was born in Tuscaloosa, Ala.,
75 years ago and brought up among
the mountains of Pennsylvania. He
was educated at Lew'shurg and Milton,
Pa., with such facilities as these
towns afforded. lie was early dedicated
to the ministry and began to preach at
the age of IS. He was ordained elder
In IR57 and then began his work as a
minister of the Methodist Church, which
has led him to many charges and in
which capacity he has been preacher at
Yale. Harvard. Cornell. Wellesley and
other colleges. He has always been act
ive in Sunday school work and has writ
ten much on religious and historical sub
jects. Though largely self-educated, the
bishop is well-educated and has degrees
frnm several colleges.
There used to be an old camp-meeting
ground at Lake Chautauqua, provided
with buildings, where annual gatherlncs
-were held. The Sunday School Associa
tion. In which Bishop Vincent was much
interested and. In fact. In which he was
the leading spirit, tool; over the grounds
and buildings of the camp-meeting asso
ciation and added Chautauqua to 111
name. In the Summer the Sunday School
Association used to meet at Chautauqua.
In 1S8S Bishop Vincent met Lewis Miller,
of Ohio, and got him Interested in the
work. At first the meetings at Chautau
qua were intended for the instruction of
Sundav school teachers only, but the
bishop saw the opportunily for extending
the work and so did extend it until It
has become what all men know a great
educational factor.
Born a slave in the old conventional
slave quarters of the South, a cabin of
one room with a dirt floor and a hole
In the middle of the floor where the
potatoes were hurled to keep for tho
Winter. Booker Tallaferre Washington is
now the president of the great educa
tional Institution of Tuskegee and aNo
one of the founders of It. for he organ
ized it and made it a success. Other
gave money to the work, but Booker T.
Washington gave himself.
A Midas of the Mountains.
General William Jackson Palmer, the
founder of Colorado College as well as
of Colorado Springs, got his title In the
Civil War. He has led an actfve life ns
a railroad man. in mining and in various
walks of the business world. He w.is
born in Kent County. Del., and when
the war broke out. went to the front.
At the time he was employed as a rod
mnn on the Pennsylvania railroad.
When the war was over General Pal-
mer went back to railroading and became
successively treasurer, director of sur
veys and manager of construction of the
Kansas Pacific Railway. He became
president of the Denver & Rio Grande
and president of the Mexican National.
For seven years he served as president
of the Rio Grande & Western. Now he
lives in a beautiful home called Glen
Fvre at Colorado Springs and takes his
chief delight in looking after the wel
fare of the college which he founded.
He was a pioneer in the development
of the resources of Colorado, and the
slate owes much to h(m as a develop ?r
of its possibilities. He founded the Col
orado College the same year he founded
Colorado Springs the year 18il.
When the Rio Grande Western was
sold Palmer gave $1,040,000 to his fellow
workmen. Because of competition and
rival railroads, their loyalty and fidelity
had been necessary parts of the good
railroad -niploye. Palmer had Inspired
these qualities In the men under him;
anil when he left the Denver A- Illo
Grande to go to the Rio Grande Western
many of his men went with him. He had
always paid them well, and owed none
of them anything, but when the railroad
was sold, he said: "To my loyal friends
and fellow workers, each according to
his seniority and station, this money Is
due." And he gave out the $1,010,000 with
his own hands, in amoutrts varying from
$2UU0 to a greut more, to brakemen.
switchmen, superintendents. etc., and
asked them to remember the giver and
not mention the gift. lie made no an
nouncement of the gift, and ll was only
when some of the beneficial ies did "men
tion the gift" that p-ople In general knew
of hi generosity.
Among other living founders must not
be omitted tlie name of Andrew Carnegie
founder of t lie Carnegie Institution at
Washington. The work of Carnegie as a
founder is almost too well known to need
more than a reference. H's various bene
factions in the way of libraries and of
Carncsie "funds" are also well known.
r3. A. Stevens, although not strictly a
founder, is at least entitled to mention,
for he has given much money to the
Stevens Institute of Technology at Ho
boken, which his father founded.