Itoraeinf
Told by Mary Macarthur, Chief Organized
of Woman's Trade Unionism.
H - ' ill f wr1 Mil n r tf' - WlrJt union movement
l iTfv --U ' iWV Imf u ' tQr . TjJ I SECRETARY NAT. ASSOC.
V C ll M tHVtA JrPl iM --vssrJj'ilS W ' . -l j Miss-sange js legal
BY W. B. NORTHROP.
WOMEN are looming large In Brit
ish politics' Just now. Aside en
tirely from the present agita
tion by udult women for the right to
vote, there has been, particularly dur
ing this year, an enormous increase of
the powers of working women. Silent
ly, without apparently wishing to give
the alarm. Industrial women have or
ganized themselves so perfectly that
today members of Women's Unions
number about 13i,00fl. Their social
status Is daily Increasing In import
ance. There will soon visit the United
Btates to take part In the great Wom
en's Conference to be held In Chicago
early in February one of the foremost
women organizers of the United King
dom. This is Miss Mary R. Macarthur,
secretary and organizer of the Women's
Trade Union League, which society la
the hub of the women's Industrial
movement.
The Women's Trade Union League Is
a federation of affiliated Women's Un
ions. It has been almost entirely
through this unique organization that
Great Britain's women workers have
been brought into a unity which is
truly remarkable.
Up to tr.is time. It has been popularly
supposed that women lacked organizing
faculty. Mutual Jealousies, fierce com
petition of industrial strife and the
psychology of woman herself were said
to militate against any effective pull
ing together. In fact, to form women
Into a "combine" has been considered
among the political Impossibilities. She
was supposed to resemble the electrical
fluid, the elements of which are "mu
tually repulsive."
"Organized Woman" Has Arrived.
And yet, despite all these arguments,
th "organized woman" has arrived.
Today she presents a solidarity of in
terest that serves as a model to the
most compact man-run machine organ
ization ever brought Into existence.
The writer has just obtained from
Miss Macarthur herself the exclusive
story of, how this vast number of wom
en, all representing divergent Interests,
Slave bf-en combined, amalgamated and
wrought Into a symmetrical, working,
dynamic force, which Is exerting a pro
found influence on Knglish industrial
Ism today.
The headquarters of the women's
movement in England are in a big
Mock of buildings on Clerkenwell road,
just adjoining the Holborn Town Hall,
In London. It was here that I recently
found Miss Macarthur. She had just re
turned from the north of England,
where she had been telegraphed for In
order to take part In a woman's "strike
conference.
If there is a trade dispute of any
kind among members of the various
unions with which the central league
is affiliated, ten .chances to one Miss
Macarthur will be carted in to arrange
terms for both partie
Though only in her 2Gth year, and
possessing a vivacity that belies the
seriousness of her character. Miss Mac
arthur is possessed of tact, judgment
and determination far beyond her years
Miss Macarthur is tall, and wer it
not for the fact that I have agreed to
submit this article to her before pub
lication I would say that she is hand
some, with light golden hair, blue
laughing eyes and a youthfulness that,
in these days of owlish dignity, is as
refreshing as a whiff of ocean spray in
the sunlight. It might be added that
Miss Macarthur Is simply adored by
the hosts of working girls, who look
up to her for counsel, advice and help
in their various struggles against the
people who earn their dally bread by
the sweat of other people's brows.
Leader Speaks of Herself.
On making Inquiries as to the women's
trade union movement. Miss Macarthur
reluctantly consented to grant an Inter
view In which she gives In " her own
words an outline sketch of the Indus
trial woman's position In England today.
With reference to her early history Miss
Macarthur said:
"I was born in Glasgow In 18S0. and,
at an early age, learned bookkeeping. My
S- v - rfv 11 x ' 1 (SET SI 1 -- -rrw;:: ;
XS t?Mn Ki" - f ft TRADE UNIOK T l ' . K, " ' ifi
first employer was my own father. I
took an Interest in Journalism in my
early days, and It was through journal
istic work that I got my first Insight into
trade -unionism for women.
"My connection with the women's move
ment came about in a very singular
way. I went to a labor meeting at Ayr.
In Scotland one day for the purpose of
writing a "skit" on the proceedings. It
turned out to be the old story of going
to scoff, -but rernainlng to pray. I be
came Impressed with the truth and mean
ing of the labor moveirlent, and it was not
long before I had Joined forces with these
very people. In due time I became a
member of the Ayr branch of the Nation
al Union rf Shop Assistants and Clerks.
"After acting as delegate, and then first
president of the Scottish Council of Shop
Assistants, I became a member of the
national executive committee of the union,
being, the first woman to hold that posi
tion. In 1903 I was a delegate to the
Scottish Trade Union Congress.
"Desiring a wider scope for my work
I came to London In 1903, taking a po
sition with a commercial firm. The sec
retaryship of the Women's Trade Union
League happening to become vacant Just
at that time, I was appointed by the com
mittee to that position.
Foundation Laid by Lady Dllke.
"The late Lady Dllke was, at that time,
chairman of the league. I would like to
mention here that the foundations of the
present great success of the entire
women's trade union movement were laid
by Lady Dilke, who had worked for up
wards of 20 years in the cause of trade
unionism among women. Lady Dllke has
been succeeded In the chairmanship of the
league by her niece. Miss Gertrude Tuck
well, who has more than amply justified
all our expectations, and has advanced
the cause of the woman labor movement
far more than I can say. I consider that
Lady Dilke sowed the seed of the har
vest which we are now reaping.
"To afford an idea of the numerical
strength of the women trade union move
ment in this country, I may say that al
ready over 133,000 women are effectively
organized; and the number is increasing
every day.
, "The upper grades of women's labor are
being disentangled from the meshes of
class prejudice and sham superiority
which have ho long constituted the chief
obstacle to their organization, this being
evidenced by the marked growth of union
Ism among women civil servants, and by
hundreds of women telephone operators,
telegraphists, typists and others through
out the country.
"Not only are women of higher intelli
gence taking advantage of organization,
but working girls throughout the British
Isles have recognlezd and grasped the
Idea of the power they may obtain by
unity. We now have effective organiza
tions of women tailoresses, tea-packers,
book-hinders, milliners and dressmakers,
paper-bag makers, shop assistants, tex
tile workers, in fact, of nearly every de
partment of woman's work capable of be
ing organized.
Influence Making Itself Felt.
"Already women's unions in the United
Kingdom have made themselves felt in
many directions, and now employers are
beglning to pay more respect to the claims
of women in industrial life. Almost dally
we have to deal with cases of oppression
and Injustice to working women, and we
are endeavoring to get all employers of
women's labor to treat these workers
with more justice.
"For Instance, last year we managed to
help numbers of women in the matter of
excessive hours, insufficient meal-time,-'time-cribbing'
by employers, bad sanita
tion, over-crowding, dangerous machinery
and materials, fines and deductions, and
the other devices of the more unscrupu
lous employers of women's labor.
"In our legal advice department, con
ducted by Miss" Sophy Sanger, we were
able to render substantial service to a
number of women who, otherwise, would
have been compelled to submit to the ut
most injustice.
"It might be interesting for you to
know that the assistance rendered by the
Woman's Trade Union League is not
wholly confined to women. In one case,
we took up the claim of a man who had
his arm torn off In a wringing machine.
We brought proceedings for him under
THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, PORTLAND, NOVEMBER, 18, 1906.
the employers' liability act and got "Mm
930 damages. To give a few instances
of some of our claims, I might mention
the case of a girl who lost four fingers
in a calender machine. She received pay
ments at the rate of 11.50 a week for
nearly two years, and then her case
was settled through our legal depart
ment for $315. Had It not been for our
organizatron. she would have received
nothing.
"Another girl lost two fingers of her
left hand in an unfenced calender ma
chine. We threatened proceedings, and
got her t250 by negotiation. We deal
with large numbers of claims for con
densation of various klds, and obtain re
lief for hundreds who, without our aid,
would have had no remedy.
"It would be Impossible in the space of
a short article to give even the briefest
account of our work. A glance over the
field of women and women's work gener
ally In this country Is certainly full of
encouragement for our cause.
"Apart from the trade union move-
Chuckwagon Cal oh Indian Uprisin
Reformation of Red Man From Red Man's Point of View.
By Arthur Chapman.
(Copyright, 1906, by the Great West Syn
dicate.)
"SEE a bunch o' Ute Injuns has
been marchin' through the West,
like a lot o' copper-colored COxeys,
"I
scatterin' consternation and empty bottles
In then- wake." said Chuckwagon Cal.,
from the shade of the mess wagom
"It shore must be hard work to git up
an Injun scare these days, requlrln' the
united efforts of all the soldiers and war
correspondents that ain't workin' over
time in the Phil'peens and Cuby. It must
be a great Journalistic trainln' fer a cub
reporter to git sent out on the trail of a
bunch o' Injuns off the reservation. The
cub goes to the camp, where the Injuns
are livln' a life of enjoyment that is half
aboriginal and the other half the es
sence of civilized refine'ment. He sees a,
squaw, with her hair done up In the
latest pompadour, and wearln' an elk
tooth dress that 'd bring three thousand
In open market, a-hangin' a piece o dog
meat on a pole to dry in the sun.
" 'Horrors!' says the reporter, "they are
dryln' the fleeh o' the human victims they
have slaughtered on their long march.
And he proceeds 'to write a "column o'
notes about it.
"While he Is writin' the big chief steps
outen his tepee and walks over and sets
down beside the young reporter. The
chief wears the latest style o' mall order
clothes, and a gambler's size dl'mond glis
tens in his starched shirt bosom. All this
the reporter notes down In his book, say
in" the clothes and ' the dl'mond has
doubtless been stole f'm the body o" some
white victim. Then he looks at the
chief and says:
"' 'I wish you could talk United States,
old boy, but as it Is I guess I'll have to
pipe up a bloodthirsty interview with
you.' ,
"But the chief, who has been lookin" at
the notes as they have been wrote, says:
" "Pardon me, my super-enthusiastic
young friend. I see you have but a faint
Idee of the achievements andaims of the
modern red man. Every man In our ex
pedition has a college education, and, in
addition kin mix any drink found in the
Bar-Tenders' Manual. Speakin' fer my
self, I have been through Carlisle andll
have had the exquisite Joy of breakin' the
ribs and gougln' out the eyes o' some of
your star football players. I have assim
ilated all the art atmosphere there is
lyln' around loose In the great European
galleries plcter, not shootin", galleries. I
haven't globe-trotted with Buffalo Bill's
show fer nothln". Every lady with us
we simon-pure Americans no longer use
the term squaw has been eddicated in
domestic science, basket-ball, and how to
button a shirtwaist down the back, and
re
& t -KvV ".I i IT. C-.-rt ' I lr
GERTRUDES-
TUCKWELL
OF THE
WOMEN'S TRADE
VNJON Lt-AGyt,
ment, women have come prominently for- j
ward In political and social life. The
value of their work in local affairs has
been recognized, and many appointments J
of women to public posts have taken
place during the last year or so. I might
mention the appointment of Miss Phillip
pa Garrett Fawcett by the London County
council to an educational post at a sal-
ary of $2000; and also that of the Hon.
Maud Lawrence as chief woman inspector
under the Board of Education. Miss Ad
ler and Mrs. Oakeshott members of the
Women's Industrial Council have also
received County Council appointments.
Recently, a number of women sanitary in-
kin juggle a chafing dish In a way to
make a white girl green with envy.
" "Our objict In leavin' our reservation,
continues the chief, "Is to seek some more
Ideal place of abode. The white man has
separated us f'm everything but a little
strip o" barren land, where he would
never live 'himself, yet he cannot under
stand why it is impossible for us to re
main there and be happy. We wish to
found a community in a place better
adapted to the pursoot of happiness. This
community will be found along the linesj
laid down by Edward Bellamy, Upton
Sinclair, and other natural born reform
ers, who even in childhood couldn't drop
Into a doze without dreamin' a dream of
a rose-lined Utopia. Set this before my
white brothers if you will, and ask them
to aid, not hinder, us In our great work.'
"This leaves the cub reporter summut
dazed, but by the time he reaches the
telegraft- office he recovers his journalis
tic bearln's.
" 'I've been sent out here to write up
an Injun scare," he says to himself, 'and
not to report the theories of a body of
advanced Socialists." So he sets down and
telegraf ts a reg'lar old-fashioned Injun
campaign story that sets everybody wild
with excitement. Soon there is nine
reg'ments of Infantry and cavalry, to say
nothin" of wagons loaded with deadly
ammunition and canned goods, campin'
on the trail of the scholarly chief and
his wanderln' communists. The bunch Is
rounded up and the chief and his subs go
to Washington and are given some rides
in a red auto, and it ends by the hull out
fit goln' back to the reservation and livln'
in continued onhapplness, while the cub
reporter is hailed as a great war corre
spondent, and the General who lea the
troops on the trail writes a continued
story of Jiis thrillln' experiences fer the
Muckrakers' Manual.
"The hull trouble with the Injun has
been that he hasn't been able to git quite
up to the white man's viewpoint, while
the white man ain't ever been able to put
himself In the red man's place. It is all
right to talk about the red man droppln'
all his red ways with his blanket, and
livln' like a. white man; but 'spose some
day the inhabitants of Mars swooped
down in airships and conquered tis white
rulers of this footstool. 'Spose the Mars
folks, beln' far more advanced in civiliza
tion than we are, huddled us up in
bunches, to git us outen the way, and
drove us onto places called reservations.
'Spose they kep' cuttin' down the size o
these reservations till there wasn't much
good farmland left, and then told us to
go and make farmers of ourselves. We'd
nat'rally make a failure o' that, and
would break out every once In a while to
VV Is
XT: x w
This INoted Leader Will Tell Americans How
She Manages Strikes and Lockouts.
spectors, factory Inspectors, and other
important appointments' have been made
while about 70 women serve on county and
borough committees.
"On the question of the right of women
to rote. I might mentlon that this matter
Is a burning quesion among such represen
tative organizations as the National Union
of Women's Suffrage Societies, the Worn.
ken's National Liberal Association, the
Irish -Women's Suffrage Association, the
Women'ef Soelal and Political Union, the
Womeais. Co-Operatlve Guild, and other
Inrfiorrant organizations.
"Numbers of very prominent members
of Parliament have the interests of our
wander back to little old Noo York or
some other fav'rlte stamptn' ground.
Then a lot x( the Mars folks would chase
us .with machine guns and 'ud call us
disturbers of the peace and red-handed
savages, and 'ud cuss us 'cause we wasn't
able to assimilate the civilization they
had been a thousand years In acoumu
latln', all In one generation or less. We'd
go back to our reservations feelln' sore
at the Mars people, I guess, and express
in" about the same sentiments the red
man sometimes hands to the whites.
"The Injun long ago quit lookin' fer
consistent treatment. The white man
tosses him the beglnnln' of an.eddicatlon,
and then, before he kin make practical
use of it, the red man is sent back to
the teepee, where eddication Is a draw
back. Nat'rally the Injun says,' "What's
the use? and shucks his $3.60 shoes fer
his old moccasins, and quits graspin" fer
higher things, and jest grasps fer the
whisky bottle. The white man Is wlllln'
to be a brother to the red man jest so
fur, and then he turns around and treats
the Injun like a stepfather. He'll give
him a football eddication. but 11 never
give him a job; and he'll cut off the
Injun's rations and hair. Jest fer discip
line, but he'll never cut him loose fro
the bad inflooences of the reservation."
"What do you think will be the future
of the Indian?" asked the Tenderfoot.
"Well, unless the white man changes
his Incubator system radical, the Injun is
goln' to have about as much future as 'a
billiard balj In a hatchln' o' hen's eggs."
Candle Light.
Mrs. O. R. Durston.
When Summer comei. to bed I go
While yet the moon la low.
And when my mother leaves. I ty,
"Don't take the candle quite away."
My, mother laughs and ey, "Good-night,
You have the stars for candle-light."
And then I play from every tree
Tne singing crickets sing to me
I play the moon's a silver dish
Filled with goodies If I wish.
I hear the night hawk's funny cry
And play a fairy rldea him by.
And then and then I seem to hear
The crickets' song sound very queer.
The moon grows dim and dips and swings,
A if It wore some ellver wlnga.
And then I sleep all through the night '
With Juat the atars for candle-light.
When Statesmen Go to Jail.
Waahington Herald.
The days have come, my worthy friends,
when statesmen go to Jail.
You're apt to see one any time hauled up
before the rail.
What fun to step Into a court where other
ld!er gaze.
And see a Senator sent down to serve hla 30
days!
They flew quite high for many years; bit
timea are altered now.
They greet ua common people with a low
and- cringing bow.
They dare not look ua in the eye, leat we
a cop should hall.
The time has come, my worthy frlenda,
when etatesmen go to Jallt s .
n
cause at stake, and they aid us with
help, advice and support in every way.
Women Mus Be Reckoned With.
"Altogether, there Is no shadow of
doubt that women have come Into Indus
trial and political life to stay. In spite
of the sentimental ideal of women's place
being the home, woman has to be reck
oned with In modern Industrialism. This
being the case, her only hope of effec
tive accomplishment is along the -lines of
trade unionism. There are more women
trade unionists today than there were
men represented at the first trade union
congress held at Sheffield 40 years ago.
"By hereditary training and environ
ment, women have been. left far behind
men In development, and yet it Is a
fact that there are now in Great Britain
about 135,000 women organized out of a
possible 5,000,000, while there are but 2,000,
000 men trade unionists out of a possible
11,000.000. The figures are anything but
discouraging.
"I would like to refute one or two fal
lacies statements concerning women gen
erajln these matters. First there Is
no t rent sex Inability to recognize the
necV.ty for combination. Secondly, the
praHSbllity of marriage is not the insur
mountable obstacle we.re often led to be
lieve that it Is. Of course, we are forced
to recognize that. Indirectly, the conse
quent lack of permanence in women's
employment militates against the facility
of their organization, because it discour
ages the acquiring of technical Instruction
and lowers the standard of women's
work.
Forcing Vp Wages.
"The cause and consequence of women's
lack of organization Is the low wages
Flour Sold for $20,000 a Pound
American Patriotism Aroused in a Nevada Mining Camp.
THE costliest flour .that St Louis
ever baked Into cakes brought $20,
000 a pound, and ginger snaps that
It produced sold for $1 each. Even at that
high price people bought them by the
dozen, says the Globe Democrat. It was
one of the rare Instances when the high
price of foodstuffs comes as a blessing,
for every cent of the money went to swell
the fund of the sanitary commission or
ganized by Dr. Henry W. Bellows, of
Boston, during the Civil War, which fur
nished more than $15,000,000 in supplies
and $5,000,000 in money to relieve the suf
ferings of the Federal troops.'
The man whose act Instigated a move
ment that caused a single 50-pound sack
of flour worth $15 to produce upward of
$1,000,000 is now living In Sycamor, 111.
At the age of TO years he is the County
Surveyor of De Kalb County, and Is one
of the best-known citizens of Northern
Illinois. The story that he tells Is full
of human Interest from start to finish.
In 1864 the mining town of Austin, Nev.,
was about to vote on the question as to
whether It would incorporate and elect
a full set of town officers. On one side
pf the municipal contest was a man
named K. G. Grldley and on the other
side was a citizen of the name of Herrlck.
Gridley bet Herricks that his side would
win; if it didn't he would carry a sack
of flour on his shoulder from his cabin
to Herrlck's place at the opposite side of
the town, a mile distant. " Herrlck was
to do the same If he lost. There was a
deal of wartime political feeling and It
was agreed that If Grldley, who was born
In Tennessee but was a loyal Northerner,
should lose he would have to keep step
to the music of "Old John Brown," played
by a brass band engaged for the occasion.
If Herrlck had te carry the flour he
would do so to the enlivening strains of
"Dixie."
Gridley's side lost and all of the candi
dates on Herrlck's side were elected. When
It came time for Gridley to make good in
his election wager there was a tremend
ous outpouring of people to witness the
event. The crowd on the sidewalks and
In the street marched along, singing the
words of the familiar song until the can
yons fairly resounded with their efforts.
The sack of flour had been decorated with
red, white and blue ribbons, with a small
flag at each corner.
After Gridley had turned the sack over
to Herrlck the former offered to pay him
$25 for the flour. Herrlck at once said
that he could have it, and that he would
turn the money over to the fund of the
sanitary commission, which had been or
ganized to relieve suffering in battle
fields and hospitals.
This was the spark that only needed
to be Ignited to set on fire a noble project.
Mr. Armstrong, who had gone from Mil
waukee to the Far West before the war
broke out. was a witness of the affair
and he said that he wanted the flour,
too, and that he would give $30 for it. In
a momenc the Idea seemed to blaze into
the greatest enthusiasm. Grldley, Her
rlck and others kept on bidding until the
43
00
for women workers. Those wages. In
unskilled trades, average $1.60 a week;
and we cannot get efficient organization
until the wage-standard Is raised. While
protective industrial legislation will do
much In this direction, muqh can also be
done to raise the low wages of women
workers In unskilled trades by effectively
organizing the higher grades of women's
labor. This Is seen in Lancashire, where
the strong organization of women textile
workers has indirectly raised the wages
paid to many other classes of women
workers.
"In attempting to organize women there
as in everything else, a psychological
moment a tide whjch must be taken at
the flood.- It Is significant that many
of the successful organizations recently
formed have been the result of some
sudden encroachment on the rights of
women workers. Women are often Inca
pable of grasping anything which does
not administer to their Immediate wants;
and It needs the practical object lesson of
a real grievance to appeal to themv It
is then that the lesson of permanent unity
can be presented to them, and It is then
that the opportunity of forming them Into
a union may be taken. A strike of or
ganized workers should always be utilized
to form a trade union among them.
"New recruits to the army of organized
labor among women must learn that a
union Is not an automatic machine into
which they can drop their -pennies and
from which they can Immediately draw
out good conditions, and higher wages
without any further trouble. They must
learn that trade unionism is not magic;
that It entails loyalty, self-sacrifice, self
control; that it stands for the greatest
good for the greatest number; and thai
the Interests of the Individual must al
ways be subservient to the common Inter
ests of all.
"Women's trade unions are developini
in their members the faculties of observa
tion and deduction, and the capacity for
administrative work. Trade union are
bringing new and wider Interests to wom
en workers and educating them to be
better citizens, so that, living a fuller
life, they need no longer look to mar
riage as a way of escape from the monot
ony and drudgery of existence. By united
interests they are better able to under
take life's responsibilities they become
better fitted physically and mentally to
be the mothers of the coming race."
price reached $45. when It was raised by
$2.50 bids until it got to $30.
At this juncture Mr. Armstrong pro
posed that the crowd march to Main and
Cedar streets, the principal corner of the'
town; that the band should go along and
play "Dixie," just to put" the other side
in good humor. The situation was an
nounced to a still larger crowd, when
Gridley started the ball rolling by bid
ding $200 for the flour. It ran up by
fives and tens until a butcher bid $460.
He flunked on his bid, but another citi
zen named M. J.' Noyes said 'that he
would take the butcher's bid. and he paid
the money for the flour. Noyes offered
It to Ondley for $200 and he took It.
Then the latter put it up again and fhe
bidding continue! until at the close of
the day the sack brought $fino.
Grldley then offered to take the sack
and sell it In all of the towns, villages
and cities in Nevada and California, his
expenses only to be deducted from the
proceeds. He said he would give three
months of his time free of eharge.
On this basis the enterprise was start
ed. Most of the towns had got wind of
what was being done and the information
spread to distant Western localities.
Wells, Fargo & Co. gave Grldley a pass
that carried him and his sack of flour
over their stage lines anywhere in that
country and the Overland Telegraph Com
pany agreed .to frank all the messages
that he cared to send to carry out his
programme. One day, carrying the sack of
flour on his shoulder, he left Austin by the
overland Stage to arrive In Virginia City
by a P. M. the next day. A band had
been engaged and prominent citizens met
him in Flowery canyon and escorted him
to Virginia City. A platform had been
erected and Gridley carried his burden
up In plain sight of a great concourse of
people. That evening the bidding reached
$2000.
By this time a great rivalry had arisen
among the towns as to which should out
do the others in boosting the 50 pounds
of breadstuff to an unheard-of price.
From Virginia City, with a brass band
at his heels, Gridley marched over to
Gold Hill, where the flour brought a
total of $6200. Sliver City promptly raised
this sum by $200 and Dayton climbed up
to $6800. Then Sllve City tried to outbid
its neighbor, but failed. Gold Hill raising
its figure to $8027. Virginia City gave the
scheme another boost, reaching the sum
of $10,000; Carson City bid $33"0. Esmeralda
raised $2000, Ophir $1000. Washoe City
$1500.
The great American staple In this way
was sold over and over again until an
aggregate of more than $300,000 in gold
was gathered In and turned over to Dr.
Bellows' commission. Sales were made
in all of the towns of Nevada and Cali
fornia, until an enormous sum had been
realized for the good cause.
Finally the flour was put Into a buck
skin sack and shipped to the sanitary
fair at St. Louis. It was placed on spe
cial exhibition and thousands paid liber
ally to get a look at It. After the olose
of the fair the product of a California
wheat field was mixed with a great
quantity of everyday flour and baked into
ginger snaps that readily sold for $1 a.
cake. It has been estimated that upward
of $1,000,000 was realized from the hun
dreds of sales and its final disposition. '
A