4:0
THE SUNDAY OREGOJttAN, PORTIiA2TD, AUGUST 13, 1903.
WiNNiMrfTtiE Fight Against Consvmption
Tuberculosis camp in. vy inker jysf
IT has been 2 years since Koch dis
covered the bacillus of tuberculosis.
It has been 20 years since Dr. Edward
L. Trudoau pointed out to an incredu
lous world that frosh air and strength
ening food are the only remedies need
ed to overcome incipient tuberculosis.
Koch discovered the whereabouts o
the deadliest enemy of the human race;
Trudoau threw down the gage of bat
tle, and practically alone, waged war
fare upon the common enemy for
years. It has only been within the last
few years that the medical world has
overcome its incredulity and taken a
stand on the line of battle with Tru
deau. "Within this same short period
the laity has also suddenly awakened
to the importance of the fight, and
taken up weapons, so that the battle
has at last become fairly general along
the lino of the first time.
It is, Indeed, surprising to learn how
the enemy has been driven back in
many parts of the field since, the Idea
percolated into the minds of men that
tuberculosis is vulnerable, after all.
Men "Who Keep the War-Chest Full.
A few yoars ago wealthy men whose
individual contributions to various
charities totaled hundreds of thousands
of dollars annually, would not give a
cent toward furthering any movement
against tuberculosis. This is the day
of practical charity, and they could not
be made to realize how money so spent
would be of any material benefit. Now,
however, with the medical profession
united In the belief that tuberculosis Is
both curable In many stages, and pre
ventable, and with both contentions
practically and daily demonstrated, the
charitably inclined of the land are free
Jy supplying a large part of the funds
necessary to carry on the warfare.
Chief among the well-known men
who are Intensely interested in the
fight is Henry Phipps. He has given a
million dollars to the Henry Phipps
Institute for tho Study, Treatment and
Prevention of Tuberculosis, founded
two years ago in Philadelphia; and the
Baltimore Tuberculosis Dispensary
was also made possible by a munificent
gift by him. His nephew, Lawrence C.
Phipps, of Pittsburg, has recently
erected and equipped a sanatorium in
Denvor for the reception of incipient
cases. John D. Rockefeller's contribu
tion has amounted to several hundred
thousand dollars in the last few years.
It is stated on good authority that not
Jess than a quarter of a million dollar
represents the sum annually contribu
ted by J. Pierpont Morgan, and tho
same authority one of tho physicians
most actively interested in the fight
says that the name of nearly every
well-known family in America appears
In the lists of regular contributors.
How Much of the Money Is Given.
Except in the case of the Phippsos
and a few others who have founded tu
berculosis Institutes and dispensaries,
most of the millionaire contributors
prefer to support the most meritorious
of the so-called private sanatoria for
consumptives which have dotted the
country within a comparatively brief
period.
Careful investigation by the National
Association for the Study and Prevention
of Tuberculosis shows that by far the
large majority of those private sanatoria
are not the money making propositions
that many naturally suppose them to be.
since they receive neither State, County
nor municipal support. They have been
founded by physicians with money fur
nished by philanthropic backers, and It is
these latter who make up the large yearly
doficlt Incurred In the running of these
institutions by charging the patients only
nominal sums for treatment For ex
ample, the largest and most famous pri
vate sanltorium in this country makes
a weokly charge of only J5. which scarce
ly covers the food item, depondlng on tho
Income from its endowment of three
quarters of a million dollars to balance
the sheet at the end of each year. This
endowment, by the way, has been es
tablished by a half dozen Eastern finan
ciers. Spread of the Sanatorium.
The remarkable growth of the sanato
rium movement is representative of the
extent and fierceness of the fight now
being waged upon tuberculosis.
Before 1SS5 not a single sanatorium for
consumptives existed in America. Prior
to that time the humane thought they
wero doing everything necessary for
consumptives when they founded homes
to shelter them until they were mercifully
relieved of their sufferings. Once a
consumptive, even though his case was
incipient, entered such a home, he aban
doned all hope.
But In 1SS5 Dr. Trudeau, with a shanty
in the heart of the Adlrondacks as head
quarters, started his experiment of ar
resting incipient tuberculosis among his
handful of patients by means of constant
and consistent living in tho open and the
consumption of plenty of nourishing food,
such as milk, egss and the most nutri
tious of the meats.
To the intense surprise of the -medical
profession the experiment turned out suc
cessful. But what seems astonishing now,
there was no decided attempt to follow
up this initial success, which held out
such large promise, by the erection of
other sanltoria either by Individuals or
the State, and only at long intervals did
a sanltorium spring into existence.
As late as 10 years ago less than 50 sana
toria wore at work in this country and
Canada. Within the latter half of this
period has come the sudden and full
awakening and the sanatoria have in
creased until today they number nearly
200. An example of their growth is evi
denced in the statement that In the three
years ending last January as many sana
toria were built as in the 17 years which
followed the opening of the pioneer sana
torium. States Enter Into tho Fight.
"Until the year of the war with Spain
the sanltorium movement remained in
the hands of individuals and some few
count' medical societies. In that year
Massachusetts established the first State
sanatorium. Last year the State of New
Tork opened a sanatorium In tho Adlron
dacks; n-e other states are building sana
toria; in tho Legislatures of several
others bills are pending; and two sana
toria which receive provincial subsidies
have recently been oponed in Canada.
The sum of money represented by these
State Institutions would make a man
a millionaire several times over. New
Jersey's sanatorium, now in ceursc of
construction, is to cost a quarter of a
million dollars; this Is exclusive of equip
ment and the purchase price of tho COO
acres of mountain land for Its site. Ia
addition, when a State founds a sanato
rium. It usually charges a patient only a
nominal weekly sum, tho State agreeing
to make up the difference In the expense
of treatment. In Massachusetts the
weekly charge Is , and last year the
State paid over T9 a week for each of the
275 patients treated in the sanatorium.
Recently several Counties have founded
sanatoria; the Government hag estab
lished army, marine and naval sana
toria; the sanatorium mothod has been
adopted by various municipalities in their
hospitals, almshouses and prisons; and
New York City, besides so treating as
many poor consumptives as its facilities
will permit, has Just secured a farm of
1203 acres in the Shawangunk Mountains
as a site for a sanltorium which will ac
commodate 400 patients. The first appro
priation for this work totals a quarter
million dollars.
Wonderful Work of the Sanatoria.
The winning part that these sanatoria
are taking in the fight is shown by the
records. In- the Massachusttts State
sanatoria 73 per cent of the incipient
cases discharged In the last three years
have had the disease arrested or appar
ently cured. The most famous of the
Adirondack sanatoria .has discharged
about 75 per cent of Its incipient patients
with the disease arrested or apparently
cured: and In & majority of the other
bona fide sanatoria equally gratifying re
sults have been obtained.
These statistics not only prove to the
student of the tuberculosis problom that
consumption can be cured if treated in
tlmo and Hinder proper conditions, like
any other disease; thor further convince
that "climate Is not an essential nor even
an Important factor in its treatment.
"What was onco said of whisky applies to
air 'some whisky may be better than
other kinds, but no whisky Is poor " Be
fore the sanatoria proved this point in
controvertlbly. it was pretty generally held
tha' tho consumptive's only hope was to
seek such dry climates as are found in
Colorado and somo of the other "Western
States and Territories. Now the medical
profession declares positively and with
unanimity that Incipient tuberculosis can
be cured by the outdoor and good food
treatment in almost any given locality
and climate. This Is a new-found weapon
that has been of great service In the
fight.
The application of this principle outside
of sanatoria has led to many well-authenticated
euros. A certain eminent physician
of New York City has effected apparently
a dozen such euros within tho last four
years right In the city Itself. His prac
tice Is to secure a patient somo light out
door work and to make him sleep in the
open air as far as conditions will permit.
The majority of the cures have occurred
while tho patients earned their dally bread
as ticket-choppers at the uptown stations
of the elevated railroads. From time to
time cases of persons who have them
selves arrested tuberculosis in their bodies
by living out of doors and eating tho
proper foods come to the notice of and are
vouched for by the medical profession.
Dispensaries for Consumptives.
A "further recognition of this principle
is found In the dispensaries established
for the treatment of tuberculosis patients
solely. The first dispensary of this kind
began work In Lille. France. Since 1900
some 30 similar Institutions have been es
tablished In tho cities of the United States
the major portion within the past three
years.
The method usually followed by these
dispensaries in the treatment of patients
Is representative of the method employed
all along the line of battle. The patient
Is not merely supplied with any drug that
may bo considered necessary; he Is in
structed concerning what means to tako
to prevent tho spread of tho disease, and
In this manner the public receives protec
tion. Still again, tho patient is visited in
his home by a special visitor or a trained
nurse, who instructs him how to disinfect
his home properly, provides him with the
proper food when necessary, and In other
ways supplies his material wants as tho
emergency of the case demands. Many of
the dispensaries furnish their patients
with printed instructions In their respec
tive native languages.
By means of its dispensaries, its sani
tary Inspection of tenements by tho Tene
ment House Department, the open-air
treatment of the tuberculous Inmates of
Its various institutions, its educational
measures and the -visits to consumptives
In their homes, and the work of Its lead
ing charitable organizations, the decrease
in the death rate from pulmonary tuber
culosis In New York City (the Boroughs
of Manhattan and tho Bronx) fell from
3.8C per thousand in 1651 to 2.46 per thou
sand in 1904. In considering this decrease.
It must not bo forgotten that only within
the last few years has New York, or
any other city, for that matter, taken any
strlous concerted action against tuber
culosis. It Is also interesting to note that
the death rate for the entire country,
which was 3.3 In 1B71, is now 2.1 per thou
sand population: and here it must bo
borne in mind that in many parts of the
country today no more is being done to
fight the djsease than was done In the 70s.
What tho Cities Arc Dolntr.
In 59 of the cities of this country of
more than 50.000 Inhabitants, tuberculosis
Is now recognized as a communicable dis
ease, and in the majority steps have been
taken within recent years to combat It
MSch of this work Is f a preventive
nature, such as the disinfection of houses
and apartments la which consumptives
have lived prior to their occupancy by
new tenants; and tho Health Departments
of at least 30 of these cities, are engaged
In distributing "more or widely cir
culars of Information In regard to the na
ture of consumption, how to avoid con
tracting it or giving it to others, and
how the consumptive should live In
some of the cities public lecturer jup
f!Tr;.--.y. mmmmmr: ,
ii uiJjnniNiiiii''
Mountain Sirafeorium of Separate Cottages
I ft i IffllOrEBl
Use.CommoTv. Sen.se 1 1
Mil
DeaifcKritia in 1871- 33 per lOOOj
kDa rtfc in 19Q ft. par 1000
beaih r&te from. consumptions 6heU$
jotfcage treat the open side insures plenty of f rcsh air
is mam
given upon the subject; and In both lec
tures and literature the constant aim Is
to omphaslze that tuberculosis Is pre
ventable and curable If only common
sense is brought to bear In the prevention
and treatment of the disease.. These cir
culars and lectures, written and delivered
by eminent medical authorities, furnish
ample proof for the statement that con
sumption is no longer a disease of despair.
The municipalities are not limiting their
energies to fighting incipient tuberculosis
moroly. Advanced cases also receive their
serious attention, that they may not
cause Infection. In New York, if an ad
vanced patient cannot be given the proper
care In his home, or the crowded condi
tions of living In the Immediate neigh
borhood make it exceedingly easy for the
disease to spread despite precautions, the
right of forcible removal Is exercised, and
tho patient is placed In a hoypltal which
has wards especially for the treatment
of such cases. Many municipal hospitals
arc now so equipped; and the penal in
stitutions In not a few states have lately
provided wards for the exclusive use of
advanced tuberculosis patients, besides
subjecting incipient cases to the open-air
treatment as far as prison life will allow.
As Is the rule In a number of cities.
New York requires the registration of all
consumptive cases, and in this way is
better able to protect the general health
of the community, rlnce It employs a
staff of visiting physicians and nurses,
who give aid and Instructions to those
patients who, by reason of their poverty
or Ignorance of the peculiarities of the
disease, would otherwise be a source of
great menace. "When necessary, the city
furnishes free of cost the approved, sani
tary appliances used to prevent the spread
of the disease. ,
Six Months' Fight in Portland.
Portlanders.have cause for gratification
la the fact that all the most modern
mothods of treatment for tuberculosis are
applied at the Portland Open Air Sana
torium. Thip institution, on the east
bank of the Willamette, about six miles
above Portland, was opened last January.
Though It has been In operation only
little longer than half a year, those who
are connected with Its management be
Here that what It has accomplished In
that short time bears great promise of
good to the community. Eighty-nine pa
tients have been received at the sanato
rium since it opened. Of these, 20 are
still there under treatment. Six, who were
rronounced Incurables when they entered
the Institution, have died. Seven have
gone away with no physical symptoms of
tuberculosis about them. These are to re
port upon their condition from time to
time to tho sanatorium physicians, and
It is expected that interesting statistics
may be gathered from these reports.
About half of all tho patients who have
been in attendance at the sanatorium
came for a few weeks only, their object
being to acquaint themselves with the
regime of life prescribed by the physi
cians, and then go nnd live in camp some
where where tho weekly expense would
bo reduced to a minimum.
Dr. Woods Hutchinson, who was head
physician of the Portland Sanitarium until
his departure for California, Is now pre
paring a report of the work accomplished
there, and this will be read at tho annual
meeting of tho sanatorium directors on tho
first Wednesday In September. This will
subsequently be given to the press for
publication. Dr. Ernest N. Crockett, who
is now in charge, believes that much ad
vantage will accrue If reports on tuber
culosis. Its prevention and treatment, are
from time to time published In the dally
prints. Ho thinks the general public
should be sufficiently well Informed so
that the earlier symptoms of the dis
ease would be detected by persons outsido
the medical profession, and remedial ac
tion taken at once. "An Increase of pop
ular knowledge In this regard," he says,
"will be of the highest value."
During tho recent meeting of the Amer
ican Medical Association here an agent of
tho "Prevention" Society was in Portland
to urge the formation of a branch organ
ization in Oregon. But up to the present
time no definite steps have been taken in
the matter.
Recent Development In Battle.
The most recent development In tho fight
Is that of the organization of associa
tions comprised of both physicians and
laymen. This movement is under the
auspices of the National Association for
the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis,
only a little over a year old Itself.
Five years ago there was only one as
sociation of this kind In tho country;
similar associations now exist in almost
every state, and now ones, both state
and local, are being organized almost
every day. Local associations have towns,
cities and counties for their field; these
arc affiliated with state associations,
which not only look after the state gen
erally, but supervise the local associa
tions; and tho stata bodies in turn are
aflUa.teA with and. jupervitcd by Ue Na
tional Association, of which such leading
medical men as Dr. Hermann Biggs, of
New York; Dr. William Osier, George M.
Sternberg, formerly Surgeon-General of
tho United States Army, and Dr. Law
rence F. Flick, medical director of the
Phipps Institute In Philadelphia, are
members. Among the prominent laymen
of the National Association Is Henry
Phipps. ....
The primary object of the National As
sociation and Its affiliated bodies is to
prevent and cure tuberculosis by inter
esting the laity generally in the task; and
this It is doing by putting the situation
boforu the public in a popular manner.
Not only have public-spirited persons
been Induced to enlist in theflght.and
literature distributed' broadcast;
through the efforts of tha various asso
ciations railroad and street railway
companies havo been led to disinfect
their cars, and many of the dust-producing
trades, all of which are exten
sively conJuclve to the development of
tuberculosis, havo been made to reallzo
that with proper' precautions tho In
roads of. the disease can be checked In
large measure. In November of this
year the National association will holJ
an American Tuberculosis exhibition In
New York City. Charts, Illustrations,
models and sample sanitary appliances
will show how the disease Is being
fought successfully; but. more Impor
tant still, an effort is to bo made, by
means of popular lectures, to secure the
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I ado' in-fcheU-S-in 1905
The number of Sanatoria. IntKe D-S has more
6ha.iv quadrupled in 10 years o -o-
co-operation of the labor unions and of tuberculosis. This car will be equip
other bodies of workers In tho fight by ' ped with charts showing the decrease
pointing out how a few simple precau
tlons on tnelr rart will lessen the death
rate among their membership.
Following tho example of the De
partment of Agriculture in sending a
specially equipped car Into the farming
regions to givo instruction In the lat
est method of agriculture, the Nation
al Association Is planning to end out
a car for the Instruction of small towns
and cities In tho prevention and cure
of tuberculosis in communities where It
Is scientifically combateJ; It will carry
the most approved sanitary appliances
used In the treatment of the disease
and models of open-air shacks and
consumptives tents; literature, written
In a popular vein by omlnent authori
ties, will be distributed, and those In
charge of the car will deliver lectures
when over practicable.
While making this novel attack ,on
the enemy, the National association will
emphasize especially the poln on which
It Is continually laying stress that tu
berculosis is preventable and cur
able that it is not a hopeless disease,
but one which can be prevented and
combatted successfully If only common
sense Is used, and both he who Is frco
of the disease and he who is an Incip
ient putlent will but seek the opon air
at all times and live on such health
sustaining foods as milk, eggs and the
more nutritious meats, all of which
are easily procurable by the groat ma
jority of tho people.
The universal dissemination of tnfs
message of hope and the putting of It
Into universal practice are the two
weapons which will ultimately van
quish the enemy, or lead to Its control.
Just as smallpox and dtphtherta. nro
controlled today. So declare many of
the leading generals In the fight. None
of Us may live to see that day. but that
It. Is coming, no better proof can bo
found than that many of us who onco
looked upon tuberculosis as a hopeless
disease have lived to see the day when
It Is being slowly .but none the Icjs
surely drlvon back by tho warriors
fighting under tho united banners of
Hope and Common Sense.
Seven Pure Fictions Concerning Marcus Whitman
Principal "William I. Marshall's Appendix Covering Other Fictions Related to the Myth.
(CoprrtRhted. All RlRfats Reserved.)
ON March 26, 1906. The Sunday Ore
gonlan printed an article written by
Principal "William I. Marshall, of
the Gladstone School, Chicago, entitled
"The Hudson's Bar Company's Archives
Furnish No Support to the Whltman-Savod-Oregon
Story." Principal Mar
shall has recently published that article
In pamphlet form, and added an appendix
covering other fictions related to the
"Whitman myth. From this appendix per
mission has geen given The Sunday Ore
gonlan o use portions that are of In
terest to students of Oregon history. The
first two fictions are subjoined:
Mr. Marshall quotes from the "vast
mass of contemporaneous evidence" con
tained In the letters nnd diaries of the
members of the Oregon Mission which
have not been published before this time.
He says:
"Brief as these extracts arc, they prove
beyond any possibility of dispute that the
following claims of the "Whltmanltes are
pure fictions:
"First That the Spakllng-"Whltman
party took "a quart of seed wheat to
Oregon" In 1S2S, and thereby Introduced
the cultivation of wheat there. The truth
is, that they received, as an unsolicited
present from the Hudson's Bay Company,
as had the Methodist Mission In 1S31. and
as did tho Eclls-"Walker-Smlth re-enforce
ment to the American Board Mission in
1S3S, not "a quart," but many bushels of
seed wheat and other grains, and a lib
eral supply of provisions and livestock to
enable them to start their mission sta
tions well and live comfortably till they
could raise a crop.
"Second That "Whitman and his asso
ciates, on July 4. 135, In tho South Pass,
XHaniounted. Then preading their blan
kets and lining tho American Sap. ther all
kneeled around the Book, and with prayer
and pralie took posiesalon of the western
Ido of the continent for ChrUt and the
church." ("Cf. Barrows' Oreeon" (p. 131);
Bpa4dlnga Pamphlet" (Sen. Ex. Doc 37,
41st Conp 3d Sea.). (PP. U nd 73); Nix
on's "How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon"
(PP. 77-8); Mowrrs "Marcus Whitman" (p.
72): Coffin's "BuUdlns of tho Nation" (p.
374): "Heroes of the Cross In America" (p.
140); "The Leavenlns of the Nation" (p.
103)." "How Oregon Was Sived to the
Union," bjr George I. Weed, in Ladles' Home
Journal. November, 1697. pp. 0-10.)
"First As to tho "quart of seed wheat"
(which was not la any of the original
forms of the "Whitman legend, but first
mado Its appearance in an article In tho
Chicago Advance the Congregatlonalist
organ of December 1. 1S70, In what pur
ported to be an interview with Rev. H.
H. Spalding, and is quoted in Spalding's
pamphlet, Ex. Doc 37 pp. 8-12; it is used
as part of tho "Whltman-Saved-Oregon
story by Barrows (who devotes a chapter
to It. and later, forgetting that he had
devoted a wholo chapter to it. as a quart,
says it was a half pint, as docs Rev. Dr.
Gunsaulus in his Introduction to Nixon's
"How Marcus "Whitman Saved Oregon");
and by Coffin, Mowry et aL
"Rev. Dr. Humphrey, for many years
In Obirf or .the Chicago branch office, of
the American Board Commission of For
eign Missions, told me In 18S3 that he
wrote out this "Interview" for Mr. Spal
ding. "May 20. 1SS6. Rev. H. T. Spalding
wrote from Otoe Indian Agency to D.
Greone, secretary, as follows:
We have now a very limited supply of
everything; w find we must leave many
iMngs we consider almost Indispensable.
My classical and theological books will
nearly all be left. We can take almost
nothing In th line of mechanical tools and
faming utensil, but very little clothing, no
seeds except a few garden seeds.
"Nothing has hitherto been printed
from this totter. A little further on we
shall learn how they obtained seed
wheat.
Second "Tho Purely Mythical Tak
ing Possession of Oregon," on
July 4, 1830.
. "Second As to tho 'taking possession of
the western half of the continent," on
July 4. 1S36, under the folds of the Amer
ican flog, etc
"Mrs. "Whitman wrote a letter In the
form of a dlarjY begun June 27, and end
ing July 15, 1S36. describing their Journey
from Liberty, Mo., to the fur traders'
rendezvous In Green River Valley, which
was published In Trans. Or. PI. Asscn.,
1SS1 (pp. 40 to 43), but there Is nothing
whatever In It about anything which hap
pened on July 4. 1S36. or about any
Axnerican flag being unfurled then or at
any other time by the mission party, or
about any 'taking possession' of the
whole or any part of the western half
of the continent.
"Mrs. Spalding also kept a diary of the
whole Journey, andxall she recorded In It
under date of July 4, 1S36. Is the following:
Crossed a ridge of land today called the
Divide, which separates the waters that
flow Into the Pacific from those that flow
Into the Atlantic, and camped for the night
on the head waters of the Colorado.
A number of Nex Perces, who havo been
waiting our arrival at the Rendezvous sev
eral days, on learning we were near came
out to meet us. and have camped with us
tonight. They appear to be gratified to sea
us actually on our way to their country.
Mr. Spalding. Dr. Whitman and Mr. O. aro
to have & talk with the chiefs this eve.
Even tho myth-loving Rev. Myron
Eells was satisfied from this absence of
all mention of any ceremony of "taking
possession," by Mrs. Spalding, that no
such thing occurred, as he told me in
July, 1502.
But "Whitman also wrote a letter
covering &M pages foolscap, on July 18,
1S36, from the Rendezvous, In which
there Is not one word about any "un
furling the American flag and taking
possession of the western half of the
continent" in the South Pass, on July
4, or at any other time or place
ReT. H. H. Spalding also wrote a let
ter from Rendezvous, begun July S,
1S35, and finished July 12. covering 334
pages closely written foolscap, and he
also did not write one word about any
such ceremony in the South Pass on
July i. or at any other time or place.
Furthermore, there Is not fh.e remot
est probability that this mission party
had any United Statos flag, for not
only Is there no mention of tho flag
In any of the letters and diaries of any
of these missionaries amounting to
nearly or quite a million words dur
ing the whole time the mission existed,
but none of the letters, or Journals, or
reports to the Government of the varl-
.... Imnrlpons ffhn WOTS at
"Whitman's mission station. Thomas J.
Farnham in 1839. two parties from
I Lieutenant "Wilkes exploring axpedl
j tlon In 1841, Dr. Elijah "White, Lans
! ford "W. Hastings and Medorem Craw
ford in 1842, Lieutenant fremom mm
Peter H. Burnett in 1843. Colonel "Will
iam Gilpin In November, 1S43, and May,
1844, Joel Palmer In 1845 and 1846. say
one word about any United States flag
there. Certainly some one or more of
thorn would have made some mention
of the flag had there been one In sight
there.
Still further, going into a territory
which by express provision of two
treaties, was equally open to tha sub
jects and citizens of Great Britain and
the United States, and over no part of
which could either government assert
any form of sovoroignty till that ex
press provision should be abrogated. It
would have been grossly Improper for
these missionaries, who had not the re
motest connection, direct or Indirect,
with any service of tho United Staten
Government to have hoisted any
United States flag In any part of the
Oregon Territory; and there is not a
particle of contemporaneous evidence
that any missionary to the Oregon
Indians at any of their mission stations,
or anywhere else In the old Oregon
Territory, did so Improper an act as
to hoist a United States flag till on
November 4, 1846, news "was received
and published In an extra of the Ore
gon Spectator of the ratification by tho
Senate, on June 18, 184G, of the treaty
fixing 49 degrees a3 the boundary.
That the Government exploring ex
peditions of Lieutenant Charles "Wilkes,
in 1841, and of Lieutenant John C. Fre
mont, In 1843, should hoist the National
flag at their several encampments was
entirely proper, as they represented
the navy and army of the United States,
and being on exploring expeditions,
their display of the flag could not be
misconstrued as any claim of territo
rial sovereignty.
It was also entirely proper that tho
Hudson's Bay Company, at Its several
posts, should hoist tho British flag, as
they directly represented the British
government, their officers being author
ized by the act of Parliament hereto
fore mentioned to try and give judg
ment (as to British subjects). In civil
cases not exceeding 200, and to ar
rest British criminals and try and pun
ish them for minor offenses, and send
them to Canada for trial for igreater
crimes.
The original forms of tho "Whitman
Saved Oregon story contained not a
word -about this "taking possession,"
and. so far as yet discovered. It first
appeared In that same "Interview"
with Spalding in the Chicago Advance
pi December 3 1S7( jrhick contained
tho equnlly fictitious story of tha
"Quart of Seed Wheat." It is however,
quoted on page 75 of Spalding's pam
phlet (Ex. Doc. 37), as a part of soma
resolutions of the Pleasant Butte Bap
tist Church of Brownsville, Or., adopted
October 22, 1S69. That Ex. Doc. was
not printed, however, until more than
two months after the Advance "Interview."
MUSINGS FOR THREE
MINUTES
By Marcus W IlohMna.
HEN mankind began to build
fences, it quit being barbarous,
and became civilized.
Tho man who advances the theory that
a murder case was the first lawsuit Is
mistaken, for thore Is no doubt In my
mind that It was some trouble over a lino
fence that started the law profession Into
being.
Some contumacious Cave Man knocked
down his neighbor's stonewall because he
thought it oncroached on his own land;
then the Pterodactyls got in and ats up
all the pumpkins.
It was soon necessary for tho first Cave
Man to prove that his acts were damnum
absque Injuria, and a lawyer had to be
found. That he soon found one Is self
evident, for the supply of anything is al
ways equal to the demand for lr
Lawyers being concomitants of civiliza
tion, this all goes to show that fences
bring civilization since they bring lawyers.
Mankind is always fighting over its lln
fences. Here Is Russia trying to enlarge
Its backyard and take In everything from
Harbin to Pckln. Japan thinks this fence
is too far south, and proceeds to move it
bodily back to the Amoor River at the ex
pense of many thousands of lives; ami by
this alone has established Its right to be
called a civilized nation.
God bless the man who first built a
fence but for him we would be without
a Yellow Peril and William the Second.
MARCUS W. ROBBINS.
Grant's Pass, Or.
Beyond His Limit.
Boston Herald.
During the Civil War soldiers were very
apt to become Intoxicated, as liquor was
somotlmes the only drink they could get.
One soldier who was in the habit of be
coming Intoxicated was remonstrated
with by the Colonel of his regiment, the
conversation which took place being as
follows:
"You are a remarkably clean man, sir."
"Thank you. Colonel."
"But, sir, you havo bad habits."
"I am sorry for that. Colonel.'
"You drink, sir."
"I am sorry for that."
"Oh, I know, you are sorry, but why
don't you drink like me?"
"Colonel, I couldn't do It; it would kill