&2
m - t
i BRH la a presen-t-day view of ono of
the most astonishing characters in
all the world's history Andrew
Carnegie, freest-handed cmuM-millionaire
ever known.
Tho name of this man, Scottish born,
but American by adoption, has probably
been mora continuously before the Eng-Jish-EpeakJirg
public of two continents,
both la srint and In the talk of tho peo
ple, for the last fete years than that of
fmy other individual now Urlng. It is
doubtful "whether any other name, not
that of a ruler, a statesman, or a fighting
mas. has ever been so widely brought to
tts front and kept there so long. There
Is a. suspicion here and there that this
prominence is not el together displeasing
to Stfc. Carnegie: that It has been brought
about deliberately -and "With benevolence
Erfoxefhongbt. Tet ho was well known,
and deservedly, years before ha began
gns -amrvrfng career of diversified liberal-
fey,
Carnegie began to earn money at the
rate of a week, -when U. Fifty-two
yxxrrs later, at 63, -when ho retired from
Ttarther money getting; ho had accumu
lated $16650,000, according to schedules
then published and taken from the rec
ords of his Tarious holdings. He had
feathered this fortune at the average rate
of $3497,100.08 a year, from the time he
began work as 'a bobbin boy in Pittsburg
at 20 cents a day.
According to a published estimate by
Henry C Frick, once Carnegie's close as
sociate, his yearly income when the great
steel trust was formed was between 524,
000.000 and $36,000,000. If it really was as
large as Prick: said, Carnegies wealth,
estimated on the 5 per cent basis, then
aggregated more than $400,000,000, and,
despite his vast largess, ho is now cred
ited by many financiers with being worth
that vast sum.
While getting his millions together Mr.
Carnegie had been one of the greatest
individual forces in the wonderful ma
terial development of bis adopted -country
that was beginning when he first appear
ed upon the Industrial stage. He was one
of tho first telegraph operators to read
the writing wire by sound. He helped in
troduce the sleeping car on tho Pennsyl
vania Railroad, of which he was an em
ploye. He was one of tho earliest oil
producers, lie led in the-subsUtutlon" of
iron bridges for wooden ones. He 'nelped
replace tho Iron rail with one of steel. He
was one of the leading factors, perhaps
the most important, in the development of
Pittsburg Into the greatest wealth-producing
center in America.
At the time his properties were swal
lowed up by the steel trust he employed
moro wage-earners than any other person
or corporation in this country. It is pos
sible that he was then the largest em
ployer of labor In the world. National
governments excepted, though Krupp, the
great German ironmaster, may have had
a more extensive pay roll.
Power, little less than imperial, came,
as a matter of course, along with the
vast industrial enterprises, and the In
come larger than that of any living ruler,
which was his. There came, also, gigan
tic contests with other financial and in
dustrial princes, some of them longer es
tablished than he and some of them ris
ing rapidly, contemporaneously with htm.
Out of theso titanic fights, most of which
he won, by the way, grew hatreds as
acrid and lasting as any the world has
known. Thus, while he has been cele
brated for the friends he has made, he
has not been without enemies, and bitter
ones at that.
But th world at large feels very kindly
toward this man of small stature, great
-wealth and big benefactions. And it is
certain that his wholesale establishment
of technical schools, of libraries, of the
great Carnegie Institution at Washington,
of hero funds and of various educational
institutes, his gifts of organs' to poor
churches, a peace palace to the world's
governments and the endowments of the
Scottish universities will make millions
remember him long after many of his now
famous contemporaries have been forgot
ten. Unlike some philanthropists, ho does not
seek to hide his gifts; all are made pub
lic. Only the other day, in a public ad
dress, ho gave a list of the library build
ings he had erected, and told how much
money they had cost. Naturally, his
name is attached to the Institutions be
establishes, and stone and metal tablets,
well nigh imperishable, will perpetuate
1c in more placos than the name of any
other man that has over been thus dis
played. By the time he has orected the
number of public libraries he purposes,
it has been calculated by an ingenious
flgurer, his name will be printed fifteen
million times in tho books alone. Nothing
short of a complete overturning of the
pros mi t organization of human society
could much lesson its vogue for centuries
to come.
Benjamin Franklin left only one or two
public benefactions behind him, yet they
alone "would have kept his name alive, re
gardless of his eminent public services.
Peter Cooper established only one. but he
will be remembered as long as the Insti
tute which bears his nameShall stand.
Carnegie will leave thousands of libraries,
endowments for half a dozen schools and
universities, and. most of all, the Hague
Palaco of Peace, to say nothing of other
and probably greater future endowments,
as yet unannounced.
Mr. Carnegie's Famous
Musical Breakfast
PROMPTLY on tho stroke of S, every
morning in the week at this jUme of
the year, a door opens upon the
ctalely main hall In the stately granite
mansion -which faces Central Park at the
corner of Fifth avenue at Ninety-first
street.
At exactly tho same moment a man.
seated at the grand organ forming one
-JC"
'Try. mrrm TIkl' ttt xi
end of the halL cresses his finnars an
the keys and the whole bouse is filled.
witn mueto.
Presently a snort, slender, "pony -built"
man, as he terms blmself, with, bright
eyes and gray hair and beard, who looks
about 60, but Is really nearer 70, steps out
of the open door. His bearing Is Jhat off
one quite satisfied with himself and his
lot In life. After a turn or two up and
down the ball he, re-enters the door, tn
appear again after' the lapee of 20, 30 or 40
minutes.
The man. at tho organ is still playing
when the little man, who, meanwhile, has
breakfasted, emerge the second time.
It is the organist's duty to minister mu
sically to his employer till 9 o'clock.
Sometimes, during the remainder o tho
hour, the latter paces back and forth,
sometimes he sits and dreamily drinks in
the harmonies. Almost always he sug
gests the playing of some particular piece
of music. At least lour times a week he
asks for Handel's "Largo." Always he
listens with the air of a genuine music
lover, which, indeed, he is.
Of coureo you recognise the little man
as Andrew Carnegie. He at tho organ is
Walter Gale, organist at Dr.
McConnell's All Souls' Church. Professor
Gale is one of the highest paid musicians,
here or anmrh.er 1k 'hnf ty omo.4.
doesn't balk t thn fT-1ro Tn au1nMnrr
Gale to play for him the retired steel- J
juuausi: u&b mi-reiy conunuoa ins scneme
he adopted nearly SO years ago, when he
began to pile up the millions which en
able him now to begin his days and end
them exactly as he pleases.
His echeme may be epitomized in this
five-word sentence: The best Is good
enough. He found it satisfactory in the
conduct of the Keystone Bridge "Works,
where -he made his first big success'
Later, when ho had created America's
biggest steel works, be carried the scheme
to greater lengths than anyone else ever
has. He then paid his two score depart
ment heads and partners so well that,
with few exceptions, fMh la now a mil
lionaire, while some olhem have many
millions.
It was because be made his service so
profitable to them that Carnegie's lieu
tenants made themselves so valuable to
him. He helped them, they helped him,
and everybody hustled. "No favoritism
and a share of the business for those who
make the business," was an oft-noted ex
pression of the steelmaster in the forma
tive days.
First Step In the Organization. '
The first step in the organization of j
what ultimately became the great steel '
trust was the formation of Carnegie Bros, j
& Co., limited, in 1S00. This was followed '
by the Carnegie Company of New Jersey, j
It was organized under the laws of that
state with a capital stock of- 3100,000,000
and a bonded debt oT a like amount. The
par value of the shares was $1000, an the
ten largest stock and bondholders were as
follows:
Stock.
A. Carnegie $80,882,000
Henry PJilppe 17.27,000
Bonca.
1S8.147.OO0
17,317,000
iQ.soo.eoo
8.SS3.0C0
4.0C1;000
2.885.000
2.8S6.000
2.707.0U0
2.707.000
2,510.000
H. C. Prick. lfi.4S4.000
Oeorre L&uoer ........ S.4S2.0O0
C. Si. Sclrorab. ...... a.BSO.000
H. M. Curry 2,820,000
"William M, anew.... 3.830.000
L. C. Phlpps 2,654,000
A. R. Peacock 2.653,000
I. C Carnegie 2,408,000
The other leading stockholders were:
Thomas Morrison. James Gay ley, W. W.
Blackburn, J. Ogden Hoffman. James
Scott, W. EL Casoy, Louis T. Brown, 8. J.
Lindsay. H. E. Lener. Jr.; W. B. Dick
son, John McLeod, A R. Hunt, D. T.
Berg, D. M. Clemeon, H. M. Morelnnd,
John C. Fleming, George E. McCague. H.
P. Bopo. James E. Schwab. B. G. Kerr,
E. F. Wood. G. B. Bosworth. G. D. Pall
ser. H. C.Case. C. W. Baker, A. C. Din
key, Charles McCreery, Henry Phlpps.
Jr.; F. L. T. Lovejoy, George F, Wight
man, A R. Whitney, Millard Hunslcker
and George Megrew.
Carnegie's Early Friends
and Partners
THESE men, nearly all young, vigor
ous and enthusiastic, were the ones
to whom Mr. Carnegie referred as
"my Indispensable and clever part
ners," when J. Plerpont Morgan under
took the gigantic work of organizing
all the leading steel and Iron concerns,
with their-allied Industries in mining,
coke making, bridge building, struc
tural steel manufacturing and railroad
lines into one concrete whole, under the
now famous name of the United States
Steel Corporation.
Few of them had ever been heard of
outside of Pittsburg, and some of them
were by no means prominently known
there. Henry Clay Frlck was widely
known as a man of many millions be
fore he became identified with the Car
negie concern?. He had practically built
up the coke business of the Connells
ville field. He was a strong man, for
years, in the Carnegie concern, and it
was this very strength which led to tho
rupture between . him and Carnegie.
Each wished to dominate, but Carnegie
insisted on being obeyed, whatever the
objection. Frlck himself -was accus
tomed to being obeyed: when he en
countered a similar nature to blsvown.
ho refused to bend and the break came.
He Is still Interested in the United
States Steel Corporation, but not act
ively. Captain William R. Jones was a
Pittsburg Ironworker of established
fame before he became a stockholder,
and the principal technical expert of
the Carnegie company. He was killed
by an accident In the mills before h-a
could enjoy the full benefit of the
wealth that came to him.
Charles M. Schwab, who was made
the United States Steel Corporation's
first president, at Mr. Carnegie's dic
tation, was employed originally In the
Carnegie works by Mr. Jones, and,
although then Ignorant of the mysteries
of steel making, the young man applied
himself and became an invaluable fac
tor in tho practical conduct of the con
cern. His eclipse as tho head of the
greater combination seems now to have
passed away. Anyway, with his Bethle
hom Steel Company and his prospective
Russian contracts, he looks very much
like a man on horseback, so far as
steel is concerneJ, but you never can
tell about the future. Schwab has a
brother, Joseph, who is active In Steel
Corporation affairs.
W. E. Corey, who succeeded Schwab
as the Steel Corporation's president.
was nut one of tho .partner andjllcu.
rife mrsnyxs
UHHSS O X SSBHHSSV T.TAf
tenants when the corporation was
formed, but he. was a Carnegie Steel
Company man, and he grew up from a
lad in its employ.
Major L. T. Brown, then superinten
dent of the Union Iron Mills, had en
tered that establishment as a roller, a
dozen years before. He is now living
a life of leisure, but in Pittsburg, not
New Tork or Europe. George E. Mc
Caguc had been the Plttsburgi-Tepre-sentative
of a Western railroad a
freight agent before he entered the
service of the Carnegie Company. II.
P. Bope was another railroad man
who had been an employe of the
Pennsylvania Company. Millard Hun
sicker had been a sales agent for the
Carnegie Company. About ten years
ago ho was transferred to Europe with
headquarters in London.
Thomas Lynch, a shrewd and capa
ble Irishman, who began 30 years ago
as clerk In a coke company store, and
who Is today president of the Frlck
Coke Company and worth a million, is
still at the head of that allied con
cern of the old Carnegie -Company.'
'Henry Phlpps. instead of founding
,llbrarlui..rlvias ozsaax Kxza-.
obegonia, pobtland,
i imi irnnrcm
warding heroes, is building- model ten
ements and establishing hospitals for
consumptives.
Thus It "will be seen that wSHo some
of the Carnegie lieutenants are still
active in Steel Corporation affairs,
many of them, no longer spurred to
activity by their stimulating chief of
other days, have settled down to the
enjoyment of the wealth they got while
working with and for him. Moat of
them are modest enough Jn their semi
retirement. One of them. A R. Peacock,
who "was a salesman for a decoratln'g
nouse In New Tork when Carnegie
picked him up. has had fame thrust
upon him in the newspapers, which
often refer to his big private palace in
Pittsburg as "the house with 22 bath
rooms." Present Intellectual and
. Artistic Friendships
MR. CARNEGD3 still keeps up rela
tions with his "beys." us he' sosse
tlmes terms his forsaer "clever partners."
march 5, im
.
geously at a "reunion" in his New Tork
mansion.
But he looks among men of entirely
different types-for his intimates today.
He seems to crave the companionship,
mainly, of men of brains as such, not
men who have harnessed their mental
powers to the building up of vast for
tun3, but rather those who employ their
minds in strictly intellectual pursuits.
He is on good terms with many of the
world's multi-millionaires, but he prefers
college professors to captains of Industry,
writers of books to railroad kings. He is
friendly to J. P. Morgan, for instance, so
far as any one knows, but he would
rather spend an hour with John Morley,
the historian and publicist, than a year
with the great combiner.
Hermit Among MultlMllliana!res.
"Mr. Carnegie Is now a hermit in his
relations to men cf great business af
fairs," said a prominent captain of in
dustry the other day. Tet Mr. Carnegie
likes to foregather with the great folk
of Great Britain, and when on the other
side of the .water he entertains ail sorts
of titled people, from King Edward down.
l. "5. I - -
as it exists on this side of the water, he
fs not attracted, apparently, nor it to
him. but that need not necessarily mean
that there Is antipathy on either side.
Society folk in America and Carnegie
have little In-common, that Is" all.
On both sides of the water he takes
more kindly to men who are in politics
than to those in commerce, manufactures
or finance; In his lifetime James G.
Blaine was one of his closest friends. It
was while he was enjoying a coaching
trip, through Great Britain- with Blaine
that Carnegie gathered the material for
his first book, and it was while on that
trip that he made the acquaintance of
Walter Damrosch. the famous musical
conductor, who married a daughter of
Mr., Blaine. The acquaintance between
Damrpsch and Carnegie became warm
friendship before the trip was concluded,
and has never been broken.
arnegle's Dollars at Teddy's Dis
posal. Carnegie's friendship with the Presi
dent Is a matter of common knowledge.
His preference for the Republican cause
last Fall was announced as prominently
as he knew how, early In October, on his
return from Skibo. It may not be so gen
erally known, though, that he professed
to be ready to back his preference with
cold cash should It be necessary. On
hearing that. "Wall Street," reputed com
monly to raise a big Republican cam
paign fund every fourth year, had decided
to throw its Influence and money against
Roosevelt; the steelmaster sought a man
high In Republican counsels and said sub
stantially: "If the Wall-street men do raise a big
fund for Parker. I will match them dollar
for dollar. I will give more than thelr
fand, If necessary, to help the election of
Roosevelt; so there Is no occasion to feel
alarmed at that story."
Mr. Carnegie is proud o the fact that
In Mr. Gladstone's lifetime the two were
close friends, and he has a big collection
of personal letters from the great English
liberal, which be delights to show; ta his
intissates. They are written in the Grand
Old Man's most difficult hand, arid, bear
.lnt evtry topic or human' inter
ft
est. Tou mightn't think it. but many of
the Gladstone missives are Inscribed upoa
postal cards.
Those who have been conversant with
the steelmaster's political views during
the last 30 years remember very wen that
he was once a. strenuous advocate of ths
high protective tariff policy, but that later
he changed front, declaring for lower"1
tariffs, on the ground that the purposes
of high protection, good when adopted,
and necessary to the proper development
of the country's Industrials, had now beea
served. The Industries had been built up
and needed protection no longer
Certain persons have been uncharitable
enough to attribute this change of heart
to the fact that Carnegie himself had
profited enough by the tariff on iron and
steel to be ready to dispense with it. It
was pointed out as a singular coincidence,
.also, that the change came soon after
there had been trouble between the Car
negie, works and the Government over
armor plate, and at a time when Mr.
Cleveland was in the Presidential chair.
Those who should know something of
his motives say, however, that Mr. Car
negie was probably more profoundly in
fluenced in that matter by his talks and
correspondence with Mr. Gladstone, whose
conviction that free trade was the true
solution of every nation's Ills, and whose
splendid persuasive powers are well
known .than by any other considerations.
Carnegie's Bookshelf Friends.
Mr. Carnegie has profited a great deal
by his close study of the human volumes
he has met in his journey through life;
but he holds his friends, the books that
fill the. shelves of his extensive private
libraries, in Skibo Castle and the mansion
on the Highlands of Fifth avenue, hi
higher regard than he liolds most men.
He is as close a student of books as either
James J. Hill or Theodore Roosevelt
though be does not read the classics in
the original, as they do. 7
In both castle and mansion the books
are housed superbly. Shelves packed with
volumes reach from floor to ceiling. They
are arranged and classified with. well-nigh
perfect system, and there is. bardly any
CCcncluded oa Pace SSJ
ft
(i I