THE.- SUXDATc-.-QKEGONIAjS,7 PORTJAIED, JANUARY 22, 1906,
r- r
Chief Joseph's Female Warrior, To-Ka-MQ-Po
SHE WAS A VERY DEMON IN THE NEZ PERCE
WAR AND STILL HATES THE WHITES
PENDLETON. Or., Jan. 13. (Special
correspondence of The Sunday Ore go
rlan.) Lingering in her lonely tepee at
2CespeIim, on the Colville Indian reserva
tion, awaiting the final call to go to the
Jiappy hunting grounds, sits To-ka-ma-po,
a Nez Perce squaw, aged S5 years, the
only Indian woman who fought with the
Nez Perce warriora, under Chief Joseph,
through the memorable Nez Perce war
in Montana, Oregon and Idaho.. In 1S77.
At the beginning of the Nez Perce war,
To-ka-ma-po lived on the reservation
with her tribe, near White Bird. Idaho,
and was noted as a daring horsewoman, a
tireless burden-bearer, and a merciless
liater of the white man.
When the war cry was sounded through
..the mountains of Northern Idaho and tho
?Nez Perccs rallied to the banner of Chief
Sjoseph. in defense of their beloved Wal
ilowa Valley, To-ka-ma-po was one of the
Urst to take the war trail, joining the
most desperate band of painted warriors,
and refusing to remain with the women
and children.
Armed with pistol, tomahawk and scalp-
jing knife, To-ka-ma-po fought with the
warriors, rode nignt ana day, ana snarea.
all tho dating raids, the marauding skir
mishes and midnight ambuscades of that
most memorable flight of Chief Joseph
and his bloodthirsty warriors.
In the retreat of Joseph across the Blt
tter Root and Rocky Mountains, To-ka-lma-po
was one of the most watchful
scouts of the warrior band, and often led
the way across the pathless ridges of the
mountains when the Indians were being
'closely pursued by the tireless soldiers
binder General Howard.
At the battle of the Big Hole, in the
.Bitter Root Mountains, the Nez Perces
were surprised In an early morning raid
toy General Gibbon, and their camp cap
tured. In fury the Indians returned to
retake their camp, and in the hand-to-hand
fight that followed, To-ka ma-po
Jed the warriors, shrinking jthe war cry
tho trm nf Tie, vnlro anri slAshlncr the
f soldiers right and left with a murderous
i knife. The camp was retaken, and the
soldiers driven back by a sharp attack
by the Nez Perces, led by this furious
: woman
She was a born strategist and knew the
ways of the whites better than most of
the warriors, and her advice and coun
sel was invaluable to the retreating In
dians, upon whose trail the troops were
piotly pressing. She was present In all
the councils, advised with Chief Joseph
and was one of tho greatest inspirations
left to the worn warriors, famished by
Itheir long rides In evading the merciless
pursult of the soldiers.
Through all the devious marches and
counter-marches of Joseph's 1000-mile re
' treat and flight, from White Bird. Idaho.
I twice across the Bitter Roots and once
.across the Rockies, in the frenzied effort
ito escape from the narrowing meshes of
the United States troops, to the final vic
ious fight and the surrender at Bear Paw.
Mountain. In Northern Montana, To-ka-ma-po
was a moving spirit and a most
unyielding fighter.
She never advised currender. She plead
ed for further flight, and at the light at
Bear Paw Mountain, at which Joseph's
band was Intercepted by the dashing Col
onel Miles, who had made hurried
marches from Fort Keogh, and placed his
: command across the northward flight of
the Nez Perccs, the fury of this female
demon was terrible to behold.
When the Nez Perccs surrendered to
General Howard and Colonel Miles at the
Bear Paw, it is said that To-ka-ma-po
:wept like a child and declared that she
t would never desert her beloved chief, but
would follow him, whithersoever fate
might lead him.
True to her word, she never deserted
VIEWS OF ONE
THIS question, which only a few
years ago, seemed to be so entirely
settled that tho University of Chi
cago opened its doors without restriction
to women as well as men, has within a
short time provoked much heated discus
sion. Some of the arguments presented
by both friends and opponents of the sys- j
torn are serious and worthy of all respect, j
while others are calculated to excite the
laughter of the gods.
When the plan for segregating the
women students in the University of
Chicago was first announced to the pub
lic, one of the reasons given for the
proposed change, so - said the reporters,
was that the young men objected to be
ing reproved for unprepared lessons, or
other poor work. In the presence of their
feminine fellow-students, for whom such
remonstrances were In general unneces
sary. . Compare with this the statement of a
famous professor in another well-known
institution admitting women, to the effect
that when he has mapped out a scholarly
course, he Is unwilling to popularize It for
the benefit of the women students.
Really, on seeing these two statements
side by side, one cannot help wondering
If the learned gentlemen were not Jok
ing, with a view to determining how
much time would be required for the
public sense of humor to detect the hoax.
From many quarters goes up the wall
that the women graduates o co-educa-tlonal
institutions shirk the responsibili
ties and duties of matrimony, one man.
in a recent magazine article, naively con
fessing that the reason for this Is that
the young women in such institutions see
so much of the young men as to lose all
illusions regarding them. Isn't It strange
that the good brethren who are so much
exercised by this neglect of matrimony
on the part of the women of today never
seem to realize that It Is a simple, mathe
matical problem In the older states, at
least, there really are not enough men to
go around.
Then. too. tales are told of the "im
portlng" of young women for social func
tions at the co-educational Institutions,
because the native product "lacks
charm." while the graduates of colleges
exclusively for women have more senti
ment, more romance. The present writer,
having been both student and teacher in
Institutions of both classes, is constrained
to admit that, if one may judge by the
discussions of the manners, morals, taste
in neckties, and skill In guiding a part
ner through "the mazy," possessed by
their escorts, the students and alumnae
of the women's colleges have also a fair
share of cold clear slghtedness.
However, just as one's sympathies are
aroused for the pitiable condition of the
young men doomed to remain Bachelors
because of the unappreclatlveness or
"lack of charm" of their women fellow
students, from other quarters the state
ment comes that the co-cducatlonal col
leges are mere matrimonial bureaus, most
of the students marrying classmates
shortly after graduation.
Truly, all these conflicting arguments,
if one may dignify them by that name,
are bewildering, and the Investigator ar
rives at the conclusion that the only pos
sible course to be taken is to leave them
to follow the example of the Kilkenny
cats.
A man student, in stating his objec
tions to co-education, told the writer
that a certain famous professor In his
own university did not welcome women
students to his advanced classes because
he usually met ihera In the evening, and
TO - KA
Joseph, but remained with his party dur
ing all the negotiations that followed,
was sent with the captured Nez Perce
warriors to Indian Territory, and re
mained with Joseph throughout his cap
tivity, and on the return to the Colville
reservation, she yet remained the clos
est guardian of Joseph's life and Inter
ests and until his death lived In her tepee
beside her heart-broken chieftain and
shared his sorrows and hla lamentation.
As with Joseph, the loss of the Wallo
wa Valley broke To-ka-ma-po's heart,
and she hopes yet to be able to look upon
the green hills and crystal streams of
this old haunt of her people.
When Major Moorhouse. of Pendleton,
photographed this old fighter recently, as
WOMAN ON THE SUBJECT OF
Some Arguments Presented by Each Side Arc Held Up to Ridicule.
they sat around the table with their coats
off. smoking and drinking beer while they
listened to lectures and papers or en
gaged In discussion. So it seems that a
disinclination to neglige attire in public,
and a distaste for beer and tobacco, are
to be reckoned among feminine disabili
ties for advanced research along cer
tain lines. The young man evidently re
garded the objection as valid, seeing, evi
dently, no difference between a social
club and a colicglatc course, or between
a German university which admits wo
men as a special privilege, and an
American institution whose founders en
dowed It for women as well as men. Just
here is the place where the opponents
of co-education make their vital mistake.
When a man accepts a position, whether
as student or teacher. In a co-cducatlonal
institution, common honesty demands that
he be at least courteous to the women
students. What his personal feeling re
garding the system may be is not of the
smallest consequence, when measured by
this fundamental principle. If the pres
ence of women students Is intolerable to
him,-let him go elsewhere: but while he
remains, let blm behave like a gentleman,
or as good an imitation of one as his
limitations will permit.
This sort of man(?) is apt to say, "If
the girls don't like it here let them go
somewhere else." Here Is the comment
upon that plan of a man student in a
well-known state university:
"Of course. It I had a sister. I shouldn't
want her to come here, with conditions as
they are: but this attempt to crowd the
girls out Is nonsense. Their fathers pay
taxes the same as ours do. and they've
Just as good a right here as we have."
Let us consiJer briefly the social
conditions in the large co-cducatlonal
Institutions. When the colleges ad
mitting both men and women were
founded 30. -1). 50 years ago, chiefly
in the Middle West (though I believe
the University of Georgia really led
off In thl3 matter), they were made co
educational chiefly for the reasons of
economy. The church or state found
ing the college had not the financial
resources accessary for equipping- and
maintaining two schools of collegiate
grade. Besides, all the. rest of the
public school system was co-ednca-tlonal.
life was seen to be Inrgely so,
and, in thot;e Jays, people were more
smply and frankly American, less
English and French and especially
German, than we are trying- to bo now.
Such women's colleges as existed 30
years ago were new, untried and often
regarded as of problematic value. In
the South co-educational college and
state universities came into being
very naturally. In each of them there
were women on the faculty, one of
whom bore the title of dean for wom
en, lady principal, or preceptress, and
was the special friend and adviser of
the women students. In addition, the
wives of the professors felt consider
able responsibility for the young wom
en and endeavored to be friendly and
helpful In all possible ways. More
over, the men or the faculties were, as
a rule. American gentlemen, trained
chiefly in American institutions, and
holding the American traditions re
garding the respect and consideration
due to women as members of the sex
to which their own mothers, sisters,
wives and daughters belonged. By
example or precept, or both, wiiatever
their personal feeling- regarding the
presence of women in their class
rooms, they secured from the young
men a courteous hearing- toward their
feminine fellow-students.
With the 'appearance of the heavily-
- MA - rO. CHIEF JOSEPH'S KEMALE WARRIOR.
she carried her Winter's fuel -from the
creek bottom on the Colville reservation,
she complained' of the loneliness of her
exile, and expressed a hope to return to
her beloved Wallowa Valley some time.
She Is now feeble, almost blind, totter
ing and lame, but she has not softened In
her sentiments toward the whites, who
she feels have wronged her tribe im
measurably, in taking hlr lands and,,
sending herself and her people Into exile
in the most desolate corner of the larrd.
Since the death of Joseph her life is one
bitter lamentation. She will not Txj com
forted. The failure of her chief to re
turn to die in the land of his birth added
an Intolerable burden to her life.
Her desolate tepee Is the acme of lone
endowed universities of rapid growth,
a chance has come. In snmo nf tnnm I
members of the faculty object to the
presence of women' students; ' and. for
getting that "the girls' fathers pay
taxes,' make life as uncomfortable for
them as possible. There is no dean
for women, no one who Is responsible
for their welfare: conditions are made
as dlsucreeable nnil full nf hlnimnAi.
as possible, and then co-education is
pronounced a failure.
Now. all sensible people must admit
that there are times when It is de
sirable that the men and women be In !
separate classes, though the necessity
for this is not nearly so frequent oc '
so great as some would have h- '
Heve. In such cases, however by all
means let them be separated; but let
it be -done politely and with a full un
derstanding that it is for the interest
of both men. and women. It is time
for the mediaeval notion thnt
are an Invention of Satan, designed as '
- ouiiium ana in
How a Pickpocket Plies -His Trade
Experienced Detective Tells of Dexterity Necessary for Success.
HE crowded street cars of the Win
ter season furnish a lucrative field
for the operation of that narileulnr
class of criminals known as pickpockets.
Of course, they do not vork only during
the Winter season, nor only in street
cars. In fact, they are always with us
and their field of activity Is not con
fined to any one place. Wherever a
crowd of people congregate there are
also liable to be present several members
of the light-fingered fraternity, as pick
pockets are also known. The theater,
the department store and the crowded
streets furnish a fair profit to a skillful
pickpocket, but he prefers a crowded
street car for several Important reasons.
Working In the street cars is more prof
itable to the pickpocket because he can
exercise greater choice In selecting a
prosperous-looking victim, and, besides,
there is also greater possibility of his at
tempt being successful. He does not
have to exercise unusual cautlcn in his
operations, because a great deal of
jostling Is necessary to excite suspicion
In a strat car. where passengers are
crowded so close together. Moreover,
there Is also less chance of detection,
and. whether the attempt Is successful
or not. the crook can cover up his tracks
by merely leaving the car. All these ad
vantages make street-car work most in
teresting to professional "dippers," as
pickpockets are known in police slang.
Two Work Together.
Two pickpockets generally work in one
street car. To the other passengers stand
ing on the rear platform the "dipper"
and his accomplice are apparently unac
quainted. But while the other platform
riders are surging about as the car jolts
along the street, and trying to preserve
their respective equilibriums, the confed
erates have exchanged signals and have
determined whom they will rob. The pick
ing is accomplished in a number of in
genious ways one of the most effective
being for the operator to hold a news
paper In front of him. concealing his
right hand. The pickpocket lurches to
ward thtr victim, while at the s&mtlme
the accomplice jostles him in another dT-
Photo by Ivce Moorehouse.
liness. If any sound is heard about it.
it Is an awe-lnsplring crooning from this
heart-broken old woman, weeping for the
decadence of her people and the utter
misery of her last days. The strong, sav
age features, the bent shoulders, the
sinewy and bronzed hands, the straggling
wisps of thin gray1 hair, the little gleam
Ing beads of eyes, and the scowl of hatred
make up a, picture that .haunts one for
Ct To-ka-ma-po mar Tie- a virtual prisoner.
but down in her heart this indomitable
woman has never yet surrendered to the
, wnues. mere is uenance in the very
j pose of the bent form, and an Imperious
, glance In the fearless, but dimmed eyes
1 or tne old savage. BERT HOFFMAN.
CO - EDUCATION
tellectual growth, to be banished from
intelligent communities.
If it is the sentiment of the constit
uency of the college or university that
the men and women students should
work In separate classes, and that a
division Is necessary; then let the state
establish separate colleges, like those
of Harvard. Columbia and Cnlcago;
but until this Is done, common decency
rcquires that there be at least one
dean for women. For, though the col
lege girl may be sound In mind and
morals, she needs guidance in matters
of taste, and I often reckless regarding-
her health.
Provisions for oversight of the
young women will be no less helpful
to the young- men. A young- man who
has been allowed and encouraged to
behave like a bear during four forma
tive years of his life Is not likely to
develop all at once Into a gentleman,
and will find that an aversion to mat
rimony is, not confined to the women
who have studied In co-educational
colleges. CAROLINE SHELDON.
rection. While this Is being done the
rlght hand of the expert workman un
der the paper has stealthily been slipped
Into the victim's pocket for his watch,
loose bills or wallet. Even a watch chain
unless it is made of tempered steel, can
not protect the owner -from an expert
pickpocket, or "slang-cutter." as those
who work with Instruments are called.
In the language of crooks, a watch
chain Is a "slang," and the "cutter" Is
a pair of pincers with a short handle
and strong, sharp jaws. It Is made of
the finest, hardest steel, and is the in
separable companion of almost every
pickpocket. Pressed over any watch
chain of soft metal, the leverage is ap
plied by the palm of the hand and the
"cutter" does Its work silently and ef
fectively. After this preparatory move
the watch is then removed by the ordi
nary methods.
There is another method In vogue
among pickpockets which requires con
siderably more skllL It is known as the
"back-hand dip." and It is seldom used
for any other purpose than obtaining
watches. Some experts use this method
almost entirely, and they prefer It be
cause In case of arrest there la no tool
like the "slang-cutter" to betray the
pickpocket's professolon. In using the
"back-hand dip" the crook, instead of
facing the 'man whose watch or money
he Is after, stands with his back to him.
In this position his right hand is placed
behind his back and opposite the vest
pocket of his victim. The latter hardly
suspects that a man who Is standing with
his back to him. even If he Jolts against
him. Is making an attempt to pick his
pocket, and, even after the victim dis
covers that his pocket has been picked,
he is more apt to accuse someone who
stood facing him.
Must Learn the "Trade."
These are not the only methods of pick
ing a pocket, but they are the ones most
commonly used and the most successful.
But In every method ever devised dex
terity Is necessary. A clumsy man
I would never make a successful pick
pocket, for obvious, reasons. To become
proficient In the art of "dipping" a pick
pocket must spend years of his early life
In serving- an exacting apprenticeship.
Usually. he begins his criminal career by
learning on a dummy, in the pockets of
which electric bells are placed, when he
is skillful enough to remove articles
from these pockets without ringing the
bell he is promoted to the second class,
where his criminal education is directed
by an expert pickpocket. The latter .as
sumes the part of the victim, and when
the students are sufficiently expert to re
move articles from their teacher's pock
ets without his knowledge they arc grad
uated from the school of Instruction.
Next they start to obtain their practical
experience as the "stall." or accomplice.
of some expert pickpocket. During this
period they cometimes receive a percent
are of the profits, but their share Is
small, because of their lack of experience
and their practical Immunity from ar
rest "Whenever anyone is arrested, the
dipper," who actually does the picking.
is caught, hut the "stall"" almost always
escapes.
During the last 20 years the methods of
almost every business organization have.
underrzone a radical change, and this ten-
Mency toward Improvement In methods has
also Influenced the pocket-picking indus
try. The old'thethod was for a. mob of
"dippers'' to push through a crowd,
scattering peopje right and left and
snatching at everything valuable fn sight,
but it was abandoned on account of Its
crudity and lack of success. Such a
method was -bound to attract attention.
arid bften the experts did not succeed in
making their C3cape. Beside?, this proce
dure would be even 1633 -successful in this
present age of etrcnuoslty. for the pick
pockets would now be liable to run Into
a crowd containing several amateur pu
gilists or football players, who could give
the criminals- an interesting rough-ana-tumble
fight.
Usually Well Dressed.
As far as appearances are concerned;
the modern pickpocket is . hard to tell
from a reputable citizen. His business
makes it necessary for him to be as in
conspicuous as possible, and he naturally
endeavors to avoid attracting attention.
He may be, and often is, a well-dressed.
atyllsh person, who looks more like a
prosperous business man that wnat tne
popular mind pictures as a common thief.
Fortunately for the sake of society at
large, almost every expert pickpocket Is
well known to the police. It is seldom
that a crook practices his trade for any
length of time without falling Into the
hands of the police and receiving a term
In some penitentiary. W hen this does oc
cur, his picture and physical measure
ments are enrolled In the criminal rec
ords of the police, and his subsequent
career Is more uncomfortable. Wherever
he may be. ho Is under constant survell
lance, and he Is the first upon whom sus
picion fall3 if some crime is committed.
Detecllves and police officials have to
keep a sharp lookout for members of the
light-Angered fraternity, as the latter
form one of the most intelligent of crimi
nal classes, and they are always devising
means- of cocaping the vigilant eye of the
police. The latter however, keep a con
stant watch for noted criminals, and.
when one Is located, he Is taken to the
detective headquartera, where he Is posi
tively Identified. Even In the absence of
specific charges, the persuasive eloquence
of the chief of detectives Is usually suffi
cient to Induce the crook to leave town.
In connection with criminal .matters. It
Is an Interesting fact that crooks always
adopt some criminal specialty and stick
to it. though they may meet with many
reverses. They may be pickpocket?,
sneakthleves or safe-blowers, hut. what
ever their specialty is. they stick to it
throughout their whole criminal career.
There are Instances on record where one
criminal has been arrested and punished
five or six times on exactly the same
charges It seems that the reason for
this Is the same fascination which holds
a gambler at the card table although luck
Is against him.
It Is also a well-known fact that no
criminal, no matter how expert or how
daring, can cover up all his tracks. The
very bsst of them will leave at least one
loophole; will commit at least one error,
which will finally fasten the .guilt upon
him. The poorer criminals leave clews
according to their skill or experience. So
any crook, the second time he plans a
Job. while he carefully avoids a former
error. Is almost sure to make some other
one. And so on. each succeeding crime
and detection pointing out to him the
lines of his weakness, so that he Is Irre
sistibly led onward toward destruction.
-V DETECTIVE.
English Houses
Too Cold
W. D. Howells. who has been staying
at English resort Folkestone, writes of
the interesting life there In Harper's
Magazine for November.
He has some things to say of the com
parative costs and comforts of living In
England and America:
"Most of the houses on or near the leas
are larger than the wont of American
houses and the arrangement much more
nsreeable and sensible than that of our
average houses. The hallway opens from
a handsome vestibule and the stairs as
cend from the rear of the hall and turn
squarely, as they mount, halfway up.
"But let not the Intending exile sup
pose that their rents arc low. With the
rates and taxes, which the tenant always
pays in England, the rent3 are fully up
to those In .towns of corresponding size
with us.
"Provisions are even higher than In our
subordinate cities, especially fo the west
ward, and I doubt If people live as cheap
ly In Folkestone as. say. In Springfield,
Mass., or In Buffalo.
"For the same money, though, they
can live more handsomely, for domestic
service in England is cheap and abundant
and well ordered.
"Yet. on the other hand, they cannot
live so comfortably nor. taking the
prevalence of rheumatism Into account,
so wholesomely.
"There are no furnaces In these very
personable houses; steam heat Is un
dreamed of and the grates., which are In
every room and are not of Ignoble size,
scarce suffice to keep the mercury above
the early 60s of the thermometer's de
grees. "If you would have warm hands and
feet you must go out of doors and walk
them warm.
"It Is not a bad plan, and if you can
happen on a little sunshine out of doors'
it Is far better than to sit cowering over
the grate, -which has enough to do In
keeping ltoelf warm."
The Ambitious Crow.
Burses Johnson in Harper's Magazine.
A crow, who had chanced by a school one
day
And listened a bit too long.
Unburdened his soul to an oriole
Who advertised lessons In song;
They say." he stormed, "that the lark Is
king-.
And all because he assumes to sins'!"
She started him in with a violin.
And. oft his ambition stirred
By a little praise In the well-known phrase
"Tou certainly are a bird!"
In a. month she said, with a fine decision.
There never was music equal to hts'n.
The crow contentedly paid the bill.
And flew on his homeward way;
And he called the court to his pine resort
They gathered and heard him play.
With timbre rare, a popular air.
And a bit of Cries and "The- Maiden's
Prayer."
The hullabaloo ere he'd gotten through -
Was a truly deafening- thins;
"Oh. what is the sense of Instruments."
They "cried. "If one can but sins?
And every one knows the sons of a crow's
The best of music as music goes!"
They broke the fiddle In bits, to teach
The moral each child should know
That discontent with one's lot Is not
Becoming a decent crow;
And If you would thwart Its growth, jou
ought
To rnlncle onlf with your own sort.
How the, Other Half Lies
Hopeless Lot and Endless Toil of the Workingman
in. Belgium By G. W. Burton
This Is the second of a series cf let
ters by G. W. Burton, formerly of
Portland, to The Sunday Oresoalaa
oa -How the Other -Half of the
World Iires."
The reader who has read the last
letter In this series -cannot escape
the question, how do people live on
such wages?
It is perfectly obvious that they must
live poorly enough. Tet. perhaps, not so
poorly" as "many may think. The cost of
living here Is low. In spite of the fact
that all the wheat and much of the other
grain, most of the meat, great quantities
of beer and all the wine used in Belgium
are Imported, yet they all cost very little
more than In the countries where they
are produced. This, -of course, means that
the profit made, from preparing these Im
ports for use and in rehandllng them Is on
the narrowest margin Imaginable. Where
wages are so low, the profits of manu
facturing and merchandising are also
low. Then, again, the consumption per
capita of these ' imported foods is small.
A large area of Belgium is devoted to
grazing, and this is proven to, give the
largest amount of nutriment of anything
known. Milk, butter and cheese enter
Into the food of the pcor In large amount.
Some 200,000 acres In the kingdom are de
voted annually to potatoes, which yield
ah enormous tonnage and furnish a cou
ple of good meals a day for a large num
ber of working people. Another crop
which serves a similar purpose is cab
bage. Tho acerage price of potatoes to
the farmer Is about one-half cent a pound.
Coffee Is another thing In common use
because It Is cheap. The poorer classes
may have a pretty fair artlcle'of coffee
at 15 cents a pound, roasted. This Is the
great producing country of chicory, and
It3 use In coffee Is almost universal here.
This cheap coffee may be of rather low
grade, but. well roasted and mixed liber
ally with chicory. It has a rich appear-
ance, and the chicory gives It the pre
dominant flavor.
Economical Meals.
The average working man or woman
goes to his dally toil with a cup of this
hot coffee and a slice of bread. They
call It ' "taking their coffee," indicating
what predominate3. At about 8 o'clock
there are a few moments' Intermission,
during which another large amount of
coffee with some bread is taken. At noon
comes the chief meal, and It very gen
erally consists of soup, with very little
meat used In making It, more likely some
kind of fat, some second-grade butter, or
even lard, being quite common Ingredi
ents. There will be a bountiful amount
of vegetables, chiefly potatoes, and with
fine herbs, chopped very, fine, which gives
It an appetizing appearance, and flavor,
too. There will be a piece of bread with
this, often rye bread, or some kind of
"gray" bread, as they call It, and per
haps cheese. Those who can afford It
have cheese at breakfast, too. The cost
of cheese Is about the same as In Amer
ica, and the quality Is as fine as the
best made In the Mohawk Valley. These
people used to close economy have learned
that fine cheese at 0 to 25 cents a pound
Is three times as cheap as meat at the
same cost. Weight for weight. It will
sustain physical action three times as
long. If the poorer classes buy meat at
all It Is occasionally, and then only the
cheapest portion of the animal. But they
will take mere scraps of meat from the
neck or other coarser cuts, and decoct a
stew far more appetizing, and, perhaps.
more nutritious than the best "T-bone
steak cut from an Illinois steer. But
meat in any form enters but little Into
the fare of a Belgian workingman. For
supper, after the day's toll Is done, there
Is another bowl of soup similar to that at
dinner, or a cup of coffee and a slice of
bread similar to the breakfast. There
may be a dish of potatoes, cabbage or
other vegetable at either dinner or sup
per, but I do not think such Is the gen
eral rule.
The cost of clothes Is very low. All
sorts of clothing are' cheap. The working
men can buy his "Sunday" suits for H
or S3. His wife's will not cost nearly that
sum. That of tho children's still less.
"Sunday suit?" Multitudes' of these In
cessant toilers? never know what It is to
have such a thing. Those who Indulge In
the luxury make one such suit last for
years, sometimes as many as ten.
A Monotonous Life.
So life goes on year after year, life after
life, generation after generation, in the
same groove. The toil Is without inter
mission from early youth, almost from
childhood, to extreme old age. The lot
Is a hard one, hardest because of the
hopelessness of amelioration. There Is no
outlook for these people, no future before
them, no room for ambition, no hope
betterment absolutely none as a general
rule. The family there Is always a fam
ily, generally a large one lives In two
or three small rooms. They do not live.
they herd. From daylight to dark night
they toil. I never sdw men and women
work so steadily. They never cease from
hour to hour. Their nourishment Is the
plainest and the scantiest, their clothing
Is in the same order. So it has been since
their birth. So it will be until their
death. So It was with their 'fathers and
grandfathers. So It will be with their
children and grandchildren.
Easily-Kept Accounts.
Here is the way one of them makes up
his accounts: "Self, wife, two children.
wages eight cents an hour, 12 hours in
Summer, 72 in Winter, daily wages. Sum
mer S6 cents. Winter 60 cents; yearly
gain. $236. a considerable amount above
the average of the neighbors; rent of two
rooms. .$33: clothing. 520 for whole, family;
food and fuel. $150; dues to sick fund,
JS.32; total. 5233.S2. Food breakfast, cof
fee, brown bread and butter; dinner, po
tatoes- fried In fat and other vegetables:
supper same as breakfast; a little meat
on Sunday."
Why Not Help Themselves.
No amelioration, no hope of any? Tou
say that Is Impossible. They should de
mand betterment. They should strike!
How easy to talk at armslength! How
easy to see theories on matters about
which we know nothing! As I am writ
ing this letter there comes an appalling
story fram Great Britain about SCO.00O per
sons facing a bleak, dull, sunless, cheer
less Winter, without any prospect of
work. Armslength theorlzer. men do not
strike under such circumstances. In our
own country. In 1S94 and 1SS3, under -the
blessings of a free-trade democratic ad
ministration, when free soup was served
In every city In the United States, how
many strikes were there?
A Concrete Case.
Le Petit Bleu here at Brussels this week
published this story, which is by no
means an isolated case: "A workman
day or two ago entered the police office
at Charleroi and stated that he had come
from Brussels on 'foot to look for work and
that not finding any he had become ex
hausted with hunger and fatigue. They
give him something to eat and lodging
for the night at the police office. Next
morning an officer found him dead,
hanged by his own hand. The poor fel
low In a moment of utter discouragement
had put an end to his miserable existence.
His name was Theophilc Tfm merman.- a.,
factory hand, aged.35 years, married h&
the father of five 'children. After lttg
employed for several years in one icsr" ,
in Brussels, several weeks aso he was-'
thrown out of his employment and had
walked all the way to Charleroi to tfc,
work, but was unable to get any."
He Is far from being the only unfrtu
nate out of w6rk In Belgium. It Is afe
to say there is not a day in. the. year, nor
a year in twenty years, when there 'are.
not mulUtudes out of work in this densfe
hive of humanity. Such conditions
not auspicious for strikes. The-- vokref tC
the labor agitator under bese conditioner
falls to charm, "charm he. never an
wisely."
Strikes.
"Strikes?" They do strike here In BI-
Slum. "Last May the glassworker. . at
Liege nearly all struck. They have Wr
on strike for .five- months. The strlfeeC-ls
just being' declared .off as these words -are?.
written. The strike has utterly fH4.
and the men go back to work on tn "e4
terms existing before thev struck. Thf!
Is a pretty general rule In Belgium. '
j. nave a government reDort before .
In this Belgium In five years there were.
610 strikes, big and little. There were ia
all 162,263 laboring people Involved fet.",
longer or shorter period of time. Of tlM
115. with 15.000 hands. 10 per cent of th
whole, are reported as having auces'sasi.
In 3S6, with 130.000 hands, SO per cent, the?
strike failed. The other 10 per cent ware
generally failures, although tha strikers
were granted minor concessions. Tfeejse
strlkes Included nearly every line af tit-
dustry- " They are frequent amonsr the
miners.
Strikes That Failed,
In these strikes of the miners large"4
numbers of workers were .Invnlvsai nrf
the strikes were stubborn, lastlngfor Ions'
periods In some instances. -But per
cent of them were failures, and less than
1 per cent succeeded. In one of" these
strikes of miners 19.000 hands were in-
volved. In another 43,000. Increase of
wages was In general the bone of con
tention. Now. while organization Is pret
ty generally found among the. people of
all Industries, the miners are the only
tollers whose unions are of- a general na
ture; all the local organizations are con
solidated in a central body. Almost all
the miners In the country belong to these
unions. Yet It was right here that the
strikes were most abortive. The men. lost
a very large sum of money in tliese
strikes. Their families suffered urrfJc-
able hardships. The loss ofwages. arwi
the suffering were the net gain from the
strikes. Our old friend, the law of, Supr
ply and Demand, was on the spot, sleep
less night and day. tireless, from year's
end to year's end. Inexorable from age to
age, unchangeable as the polar star.
When a labor agitator In Belgium comes
to a body of men and says strike, if the
men knew Shakespeare, they might well
quote Julius Caesar and say: "What.
wouldBt lift up Olympus?" Strikes will
not stay struck where the anguish of
hunger g'naws at the vitals and there Is
no source of relief.
What Is Done in the Way f Relief 7
Amelioration? There is little. of it in
sight. There are attempts to get it. The
industries of Belgium know little or noth
ing of the soulless corporation. The
Trust, which looms like Milton's Death at
the gates of hell. "A Shape, which shape
had none distinguishable in feature, form
or limb." Is little known here. Theld--,
time firm with the management descend
ing from father to son. with a close ac
quaintance between employer and em
ploye, wnerc tne paymaster nas known
the wagearners since they were little boy3
together, is not a heartless thing-. That
charity, which "suffereth long and Is
kind" of the apostle is a constant, abiding
Inmate of the Belgian employer's heart in
very many cases. He gives and gives lib
erally, gives promptly and gives over ana"
over again to relieve the wants of his
people. But If any American toller's Is
busy with a comparison of this humane
feeling -of the head of the firm as com
pared with the bloodless, heartless oper
ation of the great trust, he ought to stop
before . his thoughts have wandered too
far to return again.
Independence on Charity.
He should realize that, after all, It is
"Charity," wrun? as a favor from the
better feeling of the rich man. Who
would prefer this to the conditions by
which. In, the very nature of economic
laws, and by virtue of the Justand'lfberal
laws of our own land, the thrifty, prov
ident. Industrious, sober laboring men tn
America is out of the reach of that dire.
penury which calls for charity?
Multitudes of Americans have ever been
possessed of a large fund of patriotism,
which fills their hearts with pride when
they realize that they are the beneficiaries
of the blessings of American citizenship,
that thev dwell under the impregnable
riofonoo nf the Bill of Rights, that their
land Is truly one that flows with milk ado;
honev. and Is rich with elevator tuir pi
wheat and ice plants full of beef. But the
mnrc thev roam abroad the more lively..
-wiH.awake and active become? their.
stock of uatriotlsm. G. W. BURTON.
Brussels, January 4. 1S05.
Father William Up-to-Date.
Puck.
Tou are old. Father William," tne young: man.
said,
"And you're frequently subject to gout.
Yet you eat highly-spiced. Indigestible food
Which. I'm sure, you'd better be wlthont."
"in the days of my youth," Father WlHlara
replied.
"My wife to a cooklns-class went;
And everythlns now eeems quite wholesome
beside
The dishes she used to Invent"
Tou are old. Father William." the young
man said.
"Tour own tonsue you scarcely can speak;
Tet when the Congress of Nations convened.
Tou Jabbered In Choctaw and Greek."
"In the days of my youth" Father William
replied,
"I read nothlns but dialect tales;
And although over English I've lost my com
mand. My Creole and Scotch never falls."
"Tou are old. Father William." the young man
said,
"No longer you're agile and keen;
And. yet when an earthquake d'emcllsa'ed th
town.
'Tou stocd all unmoved and serene."
"In the days of my youth' Father WIHI4
replied,
"t rode on New Tork surface cars;
Eo any earthquake, you see. has no terrors M
me.
I heed not slight JotIes or jars."
"Tou are old. Father William." the young "ass
said.
"And from active service dismissed;
You know all the perils pertaining to war,
Tet I hear you would-llfee to -enlist."
"In the days of my youth," Father William
replied,
"I went with my wife to a store:
She aid. I believe, 't was a bargain day sale,
And now I fear battle, no more.!'"
Harmless Theft.
Plck-Me-Up.
Bobby (at the breakfast table) CUra
did Mr. Spooner take any of the um
brellas or hats from the hall last night?
Clara Why. of course not, Bobby; why
should he?
Bobby That's what I'd like to know. Xi
thought he did, 'cause I heard him saa
when ho was going out, Tpa going
steal Just one, anc why, what a the.
ter. Clara?