PART FOUR
PAGES 25 TO 32
t !
VOL. XXI. PORTLAND, OKEGQjS, SUNDAY MORNING, DECEMBEB 14, 1002. NO. 50.
SsSSsgi I LAQ EDITORIALS .ON FIVE PROBLEMS ' 3XW! jj
il l i 1 j v
OF GOVERNMENT By THE PEOPLE
BY THE MARQUIS OF CASTELLANE
OF UNIVERSAL
PEACE
By the Princess "Wiszaicwsfca if Foun
der and President of the Society
for Universal Peace.
OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
BY VILLIAM T. STEAD
;XAMINE for a moment the map of
that part of the world dominated by
' the Influence of Latin and Anglo-
Saxon, or which is "the same thing
Christian civilization, and you Will be
struck by the fact that it .consists of
three groups of nations: those who have,
and acknowledge a master; those who
believe themselves to be without a mas
ter, and those who are without one. In
the first category come Russia and Ger
many. These two empires are, respective
ly, governerd and administered by virtue
of authority vested in a single human be
ing. The Russians and Germans obey
their governments: they command them
never: "Vulgum pecus."
In the second category stand side by
side, notwithstanding that they are sep
arated by 1000 leagues of ocean, two re
publicsFrance and the United States.
Ask a Frenchman or an American if he
submits to any constraint other than that
which the law, framed by the soyercign
reopl-?, imposes, and he will laugh in
your face, so obviously foolish does the
question seem.
Finally, in the .third category, you see
the English monarchy, an elaborated,
heirarchical system, having at the head
a King, an Emperor, even with nominal
authority descending in graduated steps
through hereditary peers, privileged pro
prietors, etc. Yet, like the thoroughbred
horses which the country produces, the
people are rebellious to all checks and
submit in reality to only power that of
Opinion So much Is this the case that
one is compelled to employ an apparent
paradox to describe truthfully the regime.
It Is strictly true to say that Great Bri
tain is a democratic monarchy, and that
the "United States and France arc aristo
cratic republics.
Let me explain. States, like houses,
have their dummy frontages. Here is a
state which declares to the world that It
is run "by the people, for the people."
In reality, it is Ie!iered body and soul to
a caste or a class. Another which is fond
of parading its c-rmined Kings and Queens
before the world would not, as a matter
of fact, submit to roya! dictation for a
single hour. Thus, England, which but
l vHE problems of religion are in the j
1
firmly believe that there is a direct
divine guidance of things in this world,
and the events of the day, the difficulties
thrown in the way of religious develop
ment, do not shake my faith.
God himself will easily find a way of
solving any problems that may occur if 1
we faii to find the way ourselves. . When
Christ siept in the bark while the tempest
raged. His disciples became alarmed -and
called upon Him to save them. It was
not what He desired of them, and He re
buked them, because it showed how weak
was their faith in Him.
If allow ourselves to be overcome by
a similar unreasonable fear, we shall
merit the same rebuke, for it will show
that we have forgotten that it is He who
rules and guides the world, and not our
selves. It is just that we should deplore
the evil we see, and, as children of our
Heavenly Father, lament that there are
so many who do not love Him and seem
to oppose His designs, yet it should be
with a firm faith in Him and in His power
to set all tilings right in their time.
I am not of those who always weep and
who see only evil in this world. There
is also much good, and, perhaps, there is
more good than evil. We judge men only
from the outside, and who knows whether
we always judge rightly? We cannot see
into men's thoughts or consciences, and
many things they dc which we judge so
severely may have their excuse before
God.
On the other hand, if the liberty of be
CRIME A
-.HAVE formerly given the reason why
I consider Professor Cesare Lombroso's
definition of crime to be more exact
and to the point than any other. He de
clares crime to be an atavism.
But why, then, is the criminal atavistic?
Why Is it that we, in the midst of our
modern civilization, have human beings
that do not .seem to have been touched by
its ennobling influence and have the ment
al qualities of men that lived more than a
hundred thousand years ago?
Lombroso's theory has answered this
question. He says: "The criminal is a de
generate; his development has been stop
ped." "The protoplasma in the egg, or - the
spermatozoe, or sometimes both, have de
ttrioated hereditarily; they have been of
an Inferior qualty and have been unable to
reach a hish development"
Lombroso's theory seems to me to be
impregnable as long as it occupies itself
with facts. Lombroso himself has been a
.nost careful observer, and there is not a
person living who can cross sword with
him unpunished on the territory of facts.
It is indisputable that almost all habitual
criminals are degenerates. There are also
'.numerable anatomical proofs of this
toeory.
All the signs of degeneration are met
vlth In a much larger number of individ
u""s among the habitual inmates of pris
ens and penitentiaries than among people
cf the same race and social position out
c?'de of these.
It Is very true that there are criminals
ithout the stigmata of degeneration, but
thIr number is very scarce, and It is also
fre that there are, people born with these
stigmata, who arc not criminally Inclined;
tut both of these facts only prove that
therein crime is also a social factor, and
that it Is possible for a degenerated Indi
vidual with inherited criminal tendencies
to go through life without committing any
triminal act, perhaps because he has been
b jm and lives in social surroundings where
' ha sees no bad example and no crime is
suggested to him, or because he is rich
end can gain nothing, by committing a
yesterday presented to the world the
spectacle of the whole nation doing hom
age to its royal house on the occasion of
the solemn coronation, is so little guided
by the commands of that house that the
Queen's order for all coronation robes to
be made at home had not the least effect.
France, who writes upon all her public
buildings for the world to see, "Liberty,
Equality and Fraternity," has been busy
of late in turning inoffensive men and
women from their homes Into the street
in order to satisfy the bigotry of a sect.
So, again, the American people, who pride
themfcelves upon their emancipation from
Old World aristocracy, are busy every
day creating trusts, which make the Pier
pont Morgans, the Armours, the Rocke
fellers just as powerful as most of our
.Emperors and Kings In Europe. It has
arrived at .such a condition that the
American people can now do nothing
without their consent, or at least nothing
in opposition to -their interests or desires.
Let us be frank. If the construction of
the interoceanic canal is not an accom
plished fact; if the gold standard is not
replaced by the silver; if so eminent a
man as Mr. Roosevelt can speak only in
deadly fear of the trusts, it Is because the
financial interests Their Highnesses the
Kings will not permit It.
This much seems inevitable, then: Eng
land, despite the nominal and ceremonial
deference to the monarchy and aristoc
racy, despite her commercialism, is nevertheless-
self-governing. She has been so
for a century. Chatham, Pitt, Fox, Palm
erston, Disrae'i and Gladstone have made
the power of opinion triumph over the
power of privilege. The money power is
not allowed to throw its weight into the
scales. If Tecent indications go for much,
Mr. Chamberlain has done something to
change this fact.
I cannot epeak as. to that, but this I do
know, that England, once solidly con
vinced that the Transvaal War was dic
tated by the financial clique, the country
would not afford to' its author another
day of power. It is difficult for us who
live so much under the domination of
J capitalism to imagine the jealousy with
which a truly self-governing people re
OF -RELIGION
BY CARDINAL RICHARD, ARCHBISHOP OF
lievers is restrained, if they have to sub
mit to what seems a persecution, and are
unjustlj- treated, it may be permitted by
Divine Providence for their own good.
When we do cur duty in the midst of dif
ficulties, we show that our religion is not
an idle word, that it can lead to noble
and heroic actions, that our faith is pure
and sincere, and that our hope Is strong.
I do not think that religion is losing
ground. If the number cf believers di
minishes, which I do not believe to be the
fact, the faith of those who still believe
is more pure; they do not need miracles
to convince them that a Divine Provi
dence guides the world.
We see men of talent and genius pub
licly pointing out the social advantages
of religious belief. Ladies of distinction
and members of fashionable society take
pleasure in giving religious instruction to
children of all classes. There are even
cases where the course of events has
changed the indifferent Into apostles, and
we have seen the enemies of religion be
come its defenders.
I do not love strife. Religion should ele
vate our morality and secure interior
peace and happiness. These objects are
not attained -in the midst of strife and I
contentions. Mutual union and good-will,
not war between brethren, should be our
motto.
There are numerous seekers of knowl
edge and men of science who are troubled
at some of our social evils. Their reason
and intelligence gives them science, but
their science does not give them peace.
DISEASE SOCiETy ALONE CAN CUKE
crime, that he cannot buy for his money.
Lombroso's theory has been recognized
unconsciously by everyone a long time be
fore it was ever advanced. Instinctively
man has always painted vice and the vi
cious as ugly and unprepossessing In ap
pearance. There are still scientists who
deny this theory, but their number is get
ting very small.
. We must then take It for granted that
the habitual criminal as a general rule is
a degenerate, though he may in a. very
fow caises show no sign that we can per
ceive. t The logical result of reasoning along
this line is then this. The habitual criminal
is a degenerate, and the degenerate is an
inferior organism, which, on account of
hereditary debility, has been unable to
develop fully."
Up to this point I have been able to In
dorse my master and friend in everything.
COLONIZING THE POOH
AST June, when I advocated in The
Ij Oregonian the colonizing of the poor
" of the cities on the unoccupied land
all over the country, especially in the
West, I was not advised of the magnifi
cent work. in this line that had been In
augurated by the Salvation Army through
the wisdom and splendid efforts of Com
mander Booth-Tucker, near the geo
graphical line between Colorado and Tex
as: nor that the experiment was being
tried on a small scale in Powers County,
Colorado: nor that, through the generos
ity of a wealthy citizen of Cleveland, the
Salvation Army had also established a
colony near that city.
Imagine my delight on reading In the
Review of Reviews for November, 1902, a
strong advocacy of this same colonization
scheme, written by so able a writer and
profound a thinker as Albert Shaw,
Mr. Shaw expresses also unqualified In
dorsement of the work of the Salvation
Army and of Commander Booth-Tucker's
gard any invasion of their independence,
their freedom.
In contradistinction to England, Amer
ica and France have all the trappings of
democracy, all the formulas, but are in
reality governed by a class which is es
sentially autocratic. With us, the French,
this class is designated "The High Fi
nance" the Bankery. With you Amer
icans the class is known as "Kings"
Steel Kings, Oil Kings, Railroad Kings,
and I know not what kings. The popular
Instinct which has thus labeled them has
not gone astray. They are veritable mon
archs. They direct your governmental
machine, they control your Presidential
elections. They forbid or permit the Sen
ate to Impose tariffs. They say when and
how the Interoceanic canal shall be built,
or if at all. They decline to allow the
entrance of Cuban sugar.
From this too brief review of Christian
civilization we are able to see that. Eng
land alone is truly self-governing, placing
ideas above money. Because she is not
oblivious to the advantages of money the
credit Is all the greater. And yet, Eng
land is an aristocracy!
Does this mean that the aristocratic
form is superior to the democratic form
as a social - organism? Not at all. And
It Is Here that my beloved France shows
her superiority. This country, which has
been the prey of foreigners for a century,
which foreign intrigue has manipulated
as a Punch and Judy man manipulates
his marionettes, is so generous, her soil
is so productive and well cultivated, the
ambitions of her people so modest, that,
distracted as she seems to be, she is still
the country in which there are the fewest
poor and in which comfort is most gen
erally distributed.
That is why, admiring as I do the beau
tiful lines of the English governmental
architecture, astoundeu as I am at the
magnificent energy and patriotism of the
American people, I should be weak
enough, had I to choose my birthplace,
to ask that France should take me in.
France is the country where the humble
are best treated, where the humble are
best off.
PARIS
If they want peace and liberty, let them
find them in the ever-living words of
Christ, "Love ye one another as I have
loved you."
Our lives. If shaped according to this
principle, will give us patience and accord
best with the designs of Divine Provi
dence. It will convince our opponents
that religion is the purest of gifts, that
it Inspires the purest sentiments, and
that the doctrines and morals .which it
inculcates conduce to the happiness of
mankind more efficaciously than abstract
science and philosophy.
Years ago, when I was still Vicar-General
in my native city, Nantes, and while
studying and writing the lifeof blessed
Frances d'Amboise, a revered saint of our
historic vende'e, I selected as my motto
the mystic words which were always on
her lips: "Faites sur toutes choses que
Dieu soit le mieux aime" ("Act above all
that God may be loved above all"). The
words of the motto, as I explain them,
mean that we are to act as perfect Chris
tians. We must prove by our lives that
our faith is sincere, that our love for our
brethren Is real, and that our confidence
in God is unlimited.
Men will know by cur lives whether our
intentions are selfish or generous, wheth
er our principles are good or bad. The
honest, upright life of each Christian will
help to solve many difficult questions.
The one great task of religion is to draw
men nearer to God, or, as it is expressed
in my motto, to make men love God above
all things.
and I do not understand how any one can
help to indorse him. But our paths part
when we come to the interpretation of
facts.
To Lombroso every criminal having
been stopped in hie development is atavis
tic. Well, here seeme to be a hitch in his
logic, as It is going too far to say that
every stop of growth is necessarily an
atavism.
A cessation of growth is an interruption
of devolpment at a point that is not the
final goal of evolution, and may be com
pared to a station on a railroad that once
was a terminal station, but that hart now
become a way station because evolution
has continued and passed it.
But th cessation of growth may also
take placte at a point that has never been
a terminal, and then you cannot speak of
atavism, but simply of a malformation.
I shall try to make my meaning still
belief "that, if a large part of the money
now spent In charitable relief in cltle3
were put Into a fund for the systematic
transformation of unsuccessful townsfolk
into successful members of farm colonies,
there would be a great saving of waste
human life and waste capital, as well as
a great development of agricultural re
sources now lying waste."
That is what suggested, not knowing
that the same thing had been advanced
by Commander Booth-Tucker or anybody
else. This thought came to me in my ex
perience among the city poor, and I shall
be gratified if the agitation of the ques
tion should become so general that think
ing men and capitalists would look into
the whole question.
I have no doubt that Commander Booth
Tuckqr could convince any one who would
allow him to furnish the evidence that
the plan Is feasible and far less expensive
to cities, the state and benevolent people
than tho present burdensome plan of car-
-rO PROBLEM, either of economics or
I tJ of morals, is of such enormous lm-
portance to the immediate future of
civilization as that of universal peace. No
expenditure of the nations is such a drain
upon their wealth as that involved by ar
mies? nothing so complicates the social
problems of the modern world as the mill
tarism of the great nations.
How are we to meet .this great question",
how attain the Ideal of peace, If not of dis
armament, at least of reduced armament?
If we would put an end to war, uproot
secular prejudices and destroy hereditary
evil, we must form a new generation by
an education founded on peace principles.
We must teach men morality, and thus
transform the spirit of nations. Thus only
may we hope to create a public opinion
stronger than armies.
The most difficult part of our task re
mains still to be accomplished. Not only
must we struggle against the evil passions
of mankind, but that which Is worse still,
human folly, which persists in saying that,
so long as mankind exists, so long will
wars continue. This humiliating folly
stops ail progress and places a barrier
against every generous aspiration. We
have also to combat the false Idea of pa
triotism, which blinds men to every feel
ing of justice when the ambition of love
or conquest is concerned. Wo have wit
nessed the distressing sights of nations
counting It a patriotic duty to encourage
every evil action committed during war in
pursuit of vainglory or self-interest.
By education we must substitute a no
ble and more enlightened love of country.
Patriotism should not degenerate into Na
tional arrogance nor into a desire to abaso
other countries In order to exalt our own.
National fanaticism engenders hatred
against other nations, while, on the con
trary, all nations should work together in
their efforts to civilize humanity. By this
means only the union of all nations will,
sooner or later, form the federation of the
world.
We have already accomplished a great
work of renovation, and attained a most
wonderful measure of success. Diplomats
who formerly treated our peace ideals as
Idle dreams adopted them in theory- at
The Hague conference. They fear to put
them Into practical test, but our pacific
principles haunt them continually and
guide their thoughts to a higher ideal. The
day will come when arbitration will be
compulsory and the seeds of peace which
we have sown will bring forth beneficial
and humane results. If the life of man is
perishable, that of nations is prolonged
over thousands of years, and new ge'nt'
rations will arise, among whom truth will
rise up and bear fruit.
The present moment la arduous, but
wo should not lose courage. Do we not
labor essentially to prove the problem of
the future? We are told that If we. wish
to reform school books by diminishing the
glory of the great warriors distinguished
in history we will inculcate In our young
children sentiments contrary to war, and
will create a race of men without cour
age, a generation without energy or vigor.
If we women preach the doctrine of peace
it la because we are convinced that by
such an education alone can we restore
man to his higher nature, his real char
acter, of which a false and warlike edu
cation has so long deprived him.
The world boasts of military courage,
but it is not the soldier alone who is
brave. He who explores the tropics and
the poles, the workman in a dangerous
trade, the laborer who leads a life of pa
tient toll to provide for his family, and
they who In the midst of strife and prej
udice preach peace, are they not a!no
courageous? Our peaceful education of the
coming generation shall not diminish their
energy, but we shall render them humane
as well as brave.
To use the beautiful expression of the
Poet King Oscar II, "Love, Harmony and
Peace arc the daughters of Heaven."
clearer, using the same comparison. Sup
pose you have a railroad train, the engine
of which Is Insufficiently provided with
water and coal. The train will not be able
to pull through to its destination, but it
may stop on the way at a small station,
where there is food and shelter, where the
passengers may stay for some time, or
procure carriages in which to continue the
journey; though not with as much speed
and comfort as by train.
The train may also run out of water or
coal in the mletet of a prairie far from any
human dwelling, 'and in that case the po
sition of the passengers will, of course, be
more uncomfortable than In the former,
or it may even meet with an accident,
with more or less disastrous results to the
passengers.
If it is true that the individual passes
through all the stages which man has
passed in his development toward civili
, ing for the unfortunate and the indigent
1 even in our small cities.
t Distributed among the very wealthy, it
i would not impose any hardship to take 100
families at a time and colonize them on
the various available tracts of land to be
found in every state and 'territory of the
west and southwest. These states could
well afford to offer a subsidy to a colo
nization company that would organize
and superintend the establishment of the
homeless people found In every city.
If the philanthropist who gives so freely
to all charities, who builds libraries, asy
lums, hospitals, homes for the aged and
Indigent, would give a little time to the
investigation of the possibilities in store
for these same subjects .of his benevo
lence through colonization on God's broad
acres, we are sure that the Booth-Tuckers
could command all they need to carry out
their merciful plans for the relief of the
congested districts, where squalor, crime
IN THE COGNTRU
WHAT is the most pressing problem
which is at once economical, so
cial, political and religious? An
swer: The unequal distribution of wealth,
which is brought out into, strong relief by
the rapid growth of enormous fortunes.
The billionaire is the most conspicuous,
and, from some points of view, at once
the most menaclnc and the most hopeful
portent of the 20th century. At the be
ginning of the 19th century, millionaires
were rare; bUilionalres unknown. At the
beginning of "the 20th century millionaires
are as plentiful as mushrooms and billion
aires dominate -the situation.
Take, for example, Mr. Rockefeller, of
the Standard Oil trust. I know nothing
of Mr. Rockefeller personally. I only se
lect him because from time to time I read
in the American papers estimates which
may be more or less fanciful or more or
less accurate of the fortune which he has
amassed. It is constantly stated that the
Oil King's capital is underestimated at
$500,000,000. It may be more; It may- be
less. But $500,000,000 is a good, round sum,
and, as there is nothing personal In my
speculations, the precise, sum does not
exactly matter.
Taking the Rockefeller fortune at $500,
000,000 today, what will it amount to in 50
years' time? To answer that question ac
curately is .impossible, for no one knows
what prodisries of achievement are yet
latent In the Rookefeller brain. But, leav
ing that out of account, and supposing
that the Rockefeller millions are put out
to usury at 5 per cent compound Interest,
and both interest and capital allowed to
accumulate year by year for 50 years. In
that case in 1052 Mr. Rockefeller will be
the owner of a gigantic fortune of $5,733.
000,000. which at 5 per cent would yield
him an anual income of $256,000,000.
In 1900 the total sum paid in wages and
salaries to the 5,719,1S7 persons employed
in the manufacturing Industries of" the
THE
a THREEFOLD question Is given me
to answer: "What do women
want? Is it greater legal recogni
tion, emincipatlon from drudgery, or suf
frage?" To begin with our first clause greater
legal recognition: Women certainly de
sire equality with men In the law's Inter
pretation of right and relation. Why
should this ever have been denied them?
Are they less human than the men whom
they bring into the world? Are they les:-?
entitled to "life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness"?
That women should be held to' bear
children In whom they have no legal
right, and expected to earn money which
will never be theirs, Is a doctrine which
could only prevail when the mothers of
men were held in absolute tutelage, as
creatures who had not the intelligence
necessary for the training of youth, nor
for the care of property.
Shall we next consider the emancipa
tion from drudgery? This last appears to
be an unkind word to apply to the offices
which are essential to life and home com
fort. Everything that has growth needs
cherlshlng-verything that belongs in
space needs place and order. The chem
ical inventions are doing much to dimin
ish the necessity of household labor.
Suffrage is conceded to them fully in
some states, partially In others, but even
with its present limitations it is exer
cised and justly esteemed. America has
surely led the world in its treatment of
our sex. Whit more is left for us to de
sire or demand? It would be a mistake
to suppose that freedom once obtained
is sure to maintain itself. The tendencies
to excess and deficiency which are inher
ent in human activity be likely to engen
der combination of tyranny and slavery.
zation, then the embryo must pass
' through successive phases, every one of
; which must represent a distinct type of
: development that has actually oxisted.
Now, If development stops at any of
, these distinct types, then it is a clear
case of atavism; but If it stops between
two distinct passes at a. time when it
does not resemble a complete being that
has actually existed. It Is an amorphlsm.
which is by no means identical with tin
atavism.
According to Lombroso, the Incontest
ably stopped development that represents
the habitual criminal Is an atavism, and
this, I believe. Is not sufficiently proved.
I call It an amorphism, for this rea
son, that the habitual criminal does not
correspond to any known or probable or
j admissible ancestral type. The idea of
I primitive man as an unconscious crim
inal cannot be defended.
and disease reap annually a rich harvest
in every city in this Union.
Convince these people that somebody
cares for them and their Immortal souls,
and that, if they will take advantage of
a plain business opportunity to secure for
themselves a home and a chance to pro
vide a comfortable living for their fam
ilies, schools, churches and places of in
nocent amusement will follow them; and
It would not be possible to provide for
the half who would apply for membership
in such colonics.
The very spirit of independence that in
spired the American colonists would stim
ulate these who would join such an en
terprise, and if they felt that there was
capital behind them that would keep them
until they had time enough to pay for
their homes, they would be happy and
self-respecting.
If the press all over the country would
take up and advocate the proposition that
the wealthy people of the Nation con
United States was, in round numbers,
$2,735,000,000. The Rockefeller fortune in
1952 will, therefore, be more than double
as much as the whole wage bill of 1900 in
all the factories and workshops of the
United States. His revenue will be more
than three-quarters of a million a day.
The German empire maintains the
strongest army in the world at an annual
cost of Jlfo.000,000. Great Britain main
tains the strongest navy in the world at
an annual cost of ?155,COO,000. Mr. Rocke
feller's personal income in 1952 will oe
very nearly equal to defraying the cost of
the strongest army In the world and the
strongest navy in the world. Does any
one believe that any state, let r.lcno a
state based upon the principles of democ
racy, will allow the accumulation of such
a gigantic fund of treasure in the hands
of a single citizen?
What, then, are the alternatives before
us?
First Mr. Rockefeller may divide his
fortune or give it away, or his fortune
may take to itself ings and !! away,
in which case the operation of . tural
economic causes will have removed the
danger now Imminent on the near hori
zon. Second Mr. Rockefeller may become
strong enough. In combination with other
billionaires, to dominate the democracy,
overawe the Legislature and make the
Executive his tool. In that case, while
the form of the Republic might survive,
as It did under the Roman Empire, all
j power would be centered in the hands
; of the billionaire, and we should be living
under the autocratic rule of the plutoc
racy. Third The democracy has become
alarmed, and by legislation and taxation,
by progressive income tax and death du
ties, or by the simple process of direct
appropriation, transfer the Rockefeller
billions to the National exchequer.
The second possibility I dismiss as un
WOM AM PROBLEM
BY JULIA vTARD 'HOWE
Suffrage has the third place In the ques
tion with which I am now concerned. It
would be useless to ignore the division of
opinion In this regard which exists among
intelligent women today. Many of us ear
nestly desire it, and, speaking of myself,
I find in its advocates of both sexes a
truer and deeper understanding of prin
ciples than is shown by its opponents.
While I recognize this difference, I feel
assured that these very remonstrants
against suffrage desire all that it is pretty
sure to bring with it. Suffrage with us
is the seal of citizenship, and this, with
Its rights and duties, is a boon which must
be desired by all who know its value. Set
ting aside the protection which it insures
to the individual, it is to be sought for
the public good.
It surely is not saying too much to say
that the especial endowments of woman
hood would bring into the arena of po
litical action new and precious influences
in behalf of good morals and worthy sen
timents. The wisdom of the fireside
should have its place in the councils of
the Nation.
I should do great injustice to the pres
ent time if I were to speak of these de
siderata as boons entirely withheld from
the women of today. Legal recognition
has been granted them In most of our
states, largely through the efforts of lead
ing sliffragists. The sewing machine is
the advance guard of an army of inven
tions which will lighten the burden of
household toll.
It might always be possible for the en
franchised sex to lapse into Its old pas
sivity before the more self-assertive force
of the opposite sex. In view of this. It Is
j important that women should study to
maintain the conditions of their new en-
By Dr. Max Nordau
What we know from the savage of to
day and from the development of the
child excludes all possibility of this idea.
Every child has sociable instincts, cries
when left to itself and quiets down when
any one comes.
The child is egotistic, but still capable
of altruistic feelings and smf.il sacrifices.
The savage, as we know him today, is
an impulsive being, "a slave of his In
stincts, but he is by no means unsociable,
as most habitual criminals are. On the
contrary, he is very sociable, in fact,
much more so than civilized man, and if
expelled or taken away from his tribe
and compelled to live alone his life will
only be short.
He is neither Individualist nor anarch
ist; he Is a strong traditionalist, and in
variably submits to public opinion in his
tribe.
He commits no crime against any mem-
BY
MRS. JOHN A. LOGAN
tribute to a trust fund to be used in get
ting the poor of the city "back to the
land." the railroads would provide trans
portation almost, if not .altogether, gra
tuitously, and the Government and the
corporations who own such large tracts
of land would make the land so cheap
that the colonists could get It at a nom
inal price In less than the 10 years al
lowed colonists to pay for their land and
original supplies; many hundreds, if not
thousands, would apply for membership,
and before the dawning of 1001 we should
hear of prosperous people building up
communities in desolate wastes, of the
shortened dockets of the criminal courts,
and of fewer names on the mortality
lists.
In any event, let some scheme be de
vised by which the multitudes congregat
ed in all the cities can be taken to the
country, where they can eavn their bread
by the sweat of their brows, as God In
tended they should do, and thus be saved
for usefulness to their country and to the
world.
thinkable. The first Is, of course, the
most desirable. But If it fails us, then
the third becomes inevitable.
The beemnster' sees without alarm the
extent to which his industrious insects
store up the honey crop of a whole coun
tryside in a few hives. He sees with the
utmost satisfaction the conversion of mill
Ions of cells into billions. The vast ac
cumulation cf the sweets of field and
grove goes on unchecked all Summer,
But Autumn comes. In olden days, before
the apiarian learned the true science of
beekeeping, he incontinently smothered
his industrious workers and appropriated
the combs. Nowadays he has grown at
once more humane and less wasteful. He
would scorn to slay a single bee. He re
lieves them of their superfluous store, but
carefully reserves for them sufficient
honey to keep thetn through the Winter.
What the modern beekeeper does to his
bees society will do to its billionaires.
When Autumn comes, as come it will, the
public will say to the billionaire: "Friend,
we would not despoil you of one red cent
that you call your own which you can
show us is needful for your personal com
forts or your luxury. All the money you
can spend, wisely or unwisely, is yours
to dispose of. But the enormous residue
which you cannot spend, and which you
can only administer through hired serv
antsthat residue which enables you to
overshadow the Republic and exercise a
dangerous influence in the commonwealth
that residue we shall transfer from your
control to the control of the elected rep
resentatives of the people. Business will
be carried on at the old stand by tho
same old hands, only instead of the net
revenue of $280,000,000 per annum passing
Into your private account. $250,000,000
thereof will be diverted into the National
Treasury to be used for the amelioration
of the condition of the peoole. With the
remaining $30,000,000 per annum you must
contrive to subsist the best you can.
Many better men have supported a use
ful existence on less."
i largement and to understand fully the du
ties implied in their relation to society.
The first result of emancipation, either In
men or in women, is always likely to be
an over-individualism. Self-development
and self-assertion iippear to be the first
of personal obligations.
When these have had their day. the so
cial instinct of the race reasserts itself.
j and the family, in an extended sense, be-
come-s tne paramount odjcci oi interest.
I think that our women have passed
through this necessary first experience,
and are now entering upon a further and
better stage of progress. In this Last, co
operation is sought for an object far be
yond mere personal advantage, viz., the
common ood.
What do woman want?
We ask tliat our brothers should not go
back from the advance which they, as
well as we, have made. Coeducation is
one point In this advance. Our society
has attained an elevation at which young
men and young women can stand side by
side in the college, as they may sit sido
by side in the church. Our women stu
dents have done nothing to lower tho
grade of scholarship in the institutions
which have admitted them to full fellow
ship with their brothers. They have dona
something to improve the moral and so
cial tone of these Institutions.
In their behalf we should not abate one
jot of our claim to the ground which wo
have gained, not through the ascendancy
of physical force, but by the victory of
principles which we believe to have their
place In the eternal order. Finally, let
m.'ii and women alike keep in view the
fact that the continuance of a power de
pends upon its rifrht use.
(Copyright. 1902. by W. R. Hearst.)
ber of his tribe without being severely
punished for it. and therefore he neither
steals nor murders, except outside of it.
He Is exactly like civilized man in thi3
respect, as long as nations of the civ
Hzed world think themselves justified in
committing murder and thefts after a
declaration of war.
We can therefore not call the savage
a habitual criminal. On the contrary he
is profoundly superstitioufly tied down by
his respect for traditional custom.
We are justified in believing the samo
of primitive man. He certainly did not
live alone; he was a sociable being, just
as the savage of today, whiie the crim
inal Is just the opposite. He does not
care for public opinion; he knows no dif
ference between enemy and friend. He
is absolutely different from man at any
stage of his development, and crime can
therefore not be defined as an atavism.
To my opinion the habitual criminal is
a being whose development has been
stopped between two stations two dis
tinct types. KIs debility is to be con
sidered a minus habeus, a disease, and
a very dangerous disease at that. He Is
a parat-ite on society.
The unpremeditated crime, especially
when committed in the heat of passion,
is a psychic storm, evidently disastrous
in its results, comparable to a hailstorm
or an earthquake, and will only disap
pear when education has taught man the
secret of mastering his passions, no mat
ter how great the provocation.
The real willfully committed, unpardon
able crime must also some time become a
thing of the past. It is in most cases a
result of the injustice of social condi
tions, and the only reliable remedy
against it shall only then have been
found when society shall have found a
plan to realize perfect co-operation that
will give equal chances to all and put an
end to the supprtsslon of the weak by
the strong and assure even the weakest
at the least the minimum of the things
necessary to the comfort of life.
The doctrine that leads toward the real
ization of this ideal goal it) called socialism.
A
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