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JPORTTiAXD, SUNDAY, AUG. 31, 1002.
GL.ISH LANGUAGE! 13? TUB PHO-
IPPXXES.
Under American direction schools are
multiplying rapidly in the Philippine
Islands, especially in Luzon. Nece
jsarily Spanish is taught with English,
tfor the Americans found the Spanish
llanguage In. use In all parts of the
Islands that could pretend to any cul
'ture. But the native languages, not
withstanding the presence of the Span
iards during several centuries, survive
end still are spoken by a large majority
of tht Inhabitants. These languages
will be superseded and die out as1 fast
a educational effort and the culture of
schools, of commerce and of general in
tercourse, shall be pushed, in languages
more developed. Nevertheless, the 'na
tive languages, or portions of them,
will survive a long time. Some indeed
assert that we never hall be able to
establish the English language In the
islands. For such assertion there is no
good reason. The notion la disproved
by. innumerable Instances in the course
of human history. It is not probable,
Indeed, that the native languages In the
Philippines -will ever be completely
eradicated; for, though English may In
time prevail, the native languages trill
leave their impress upon it there, and
"will the Spanish. No foreign language
introduced among a large body of people
ever completely supersedes their own
tongue. But the progress the Spanish
language has made In the Philippines is
a fact "which in Itself disproves the as
sertion that the English language can
not be established there.
The native races of the Philippine
Islands may not have capacity for as
similation and use of all the abstract
Ideas -which tho English language em
bodies and convej's, but so vast and so
.varied is the English language that it
may supply expression for everything
within human conception, and the chil
dren of all the races of the world may
be taught in it. It is as rich' in its
simplicity as in its power over recon
XUte ideas and abstract expression, and
Jt Ja a mistake to assert that its acqui
sition and -use by the Filipinos is an
ethnological impossibility. One's "nat
jural speech" or "mother tongue" Is the
language he first learns and uses. It
As determined simply by one's teach
ers; and it is. only because one's teach
)ers are usually one's parents and a com
munity akin in race with them that
)anguage becomes an Indication, a prima
facie evidence of race. This view or
jfact Is developed with great force by
jProfeesor Freeman in his "Historical
Essays," and by Professor Whitney In
bis "Linguistic Studies." These schol
ars explode the notion that language
lis an infallible test of race and the only
firm basis for a classification of man
kind. "On a broad scale," as "Whitney
ayo, "It is to a considerable extent a
(trustworthy evidence, and its contribu
Itibns to ethnology are of extraordinary
tond unsurpassed value; but its degree
pf force in any individual case is to
ibe measured by the degree of proba
bility, determinable in part on other
igrounds than linguistic, that the given
community Is one of descent and not of
conglomeration." Tho truth is that the
infant, of whatever race, acquires the
language of those who are about him,
or as much of it as his needs call forj
and he could have acquired any other
equally well; but the older he grows
tho more the language he has acquired
becomes to him that habit which la inRt-
ly called a second nature and the
harder it is for him to lay It aside for
another or to add to it The testimony
is overwhelming that young Filipinos
can learn English and do learn it; and,
moreover, that they use it The notion
that there is a "psychological reason"
that limits a race to its native language
Is unfounded. The surest way for an
undeveloped race to get forward is to
have the help of another tongue, of
wider scope than its own.
The African or the Polynesian, for ox
ample, who should wish to rise to the
level of the best culture of today, could
climb but a very little way by the help
of his own dialect. When this had done
its utmost for him he would, though
raised greatly-above what he could have
been without It, still be far down In the
scale of human development, and with
a sadly limited space for further growth
opened to him. Let him add English to
his possessions and his mental horizon
would be Inconceivably expanded; his
way would be clear to more than he
COUld AVer hon to train tiMtViMif
though he demoted to study ail the en-J
ergies of a long life. What was thus
made accessible to him by a secondary
process, by education in the narrower
sense. Is made accessible to us by a
first process, the natural learning of
our mother tongue. It is not asserted
that one race has all the capacity of
another, but it 13 asserted that the Eng
lish language may assist In or promote
the development of the lower or less
advanced races, at any stage-'-of its
mental growth.
It would be idle to Imagine that the
Spanish language and native dialects In
the Philippines will soon be completely
superseded by English speech; for the
native speech of a people, Including
.those In a low state of Intellectual de
velopment, lasts long, even in the face
of conquest and of the nowerful forces
of an external civilization. But the edu
cation of children and the advances of
Industry and commerce effect In mod
em times changes In this direction far
more rapid than those formerly wit
nessed, it cannot be an argument for
abandonment of the Philippines by the
united states that the people of the
islands cannot learn and use our lan
guage. Even in the brief space of two
years, since Americans were able to
begin educational v work there, results
nave Deen reached which show that the
English language can bo successfully In
troduced; and It is no rash prediction
that under tho pressure of American
energy and methods the Enellsh lan
guage will make more progress there
within twenty-five years than the Span
ish language had made in the space of
nearly-four centuries.
RELIGION'S PATVS A7D PLEASURES.
Oh, where shall rest bo found.
Rest for the weary soul?
Twere vain tho ocean depths to sound
Or plcrco to either polo.
This world can never glvo
Tho bliss for which wo sigh . . 9
Beyond this valo of tears v
Thero is a life above.
Unmeasured by tho flltrht of years,
And oil that lifo is love. '
Such, in tho words of the trentle Mont
gomery, is the message of religion. This
woria is a vale of tears. In It ye shall
have tribulation. Man. that Is born of
woman is of few days and full of trou-
Die. we-spena our years as a tale that
is told, or as a watch In the nierht. The
way of the transfnvFssor is hard, nnd the
Ideal of the righteous is the yoke and
thQ cross. From tho Jeremiads and
Jobs and lamentations and caDtivltles
of the Old Testament we emerge only
into the poverty and Gethsemane and
Calvary of Jesus, the desnlsed and re
jected, and the martyrdom of the apos
tolic age.
But there Is Joy beyond. The mes-
sago of religion. Christian or Pnsran. is
the appeal from the pessimism of earth
to the optimism of heaven. From Gene
sis to Malachl promises lead the de
spairing on. The seed of tho woman
shall bruise the serpent's head. The
rainbow Is set in the clouds, and Jeho
vah walks through covenant fires with
tne patriarchs. Tho ransomed' of the
Lord shall some day come to a restored
Zion with songs and everlastlntr dor.
The Lord of Hosts will make ud hia
Jewels. The Man of Sorrows shall be
come the Prince of Peace. The right
eous shall shine as the stars forever
and ever, and God shall wipe away all
tears from their eyes, and eternal bliss
shall be the part of those who have
come up out of great tribulation and
have washed their robes and made them
white in the blood of the Lamb.
If there is anything in religion, from
the savage to the Cardinal, it la this
hope of the hereafter: and that hone
has been made more bright and dear
tnrough the very desoondencv into
which religion has plunged millions of
tneso over whom its power has been
exerted. It has been the reproach hurled
against churchmen by their enemies
that religion has caused more suffering
than enjoyment This charge Is doubt
less Insupportable, but the path of ec-
ciesiastlclsm across the centuries lg
strewn with blood and tears. The an
nals of persecution and martyrdom are
familiar stories, but their cruelties are
as nothing compared to thafintellectual
tyranny Which has clouded and tortured
tne minds of brave men and sensitive
women to the present day.
Every denomination has its sins of
despotic cruelty to answer for. Catho
lics have mourned their lost In purga
tory and undergone painful sacrifices
for their redemption. Anglican women
nave been bound down to lives of mis
ers with faithless husbands by the ban
upon divorce. Presbyterians have ae-
onlzed for four hundred years lest per
chance they had been predestined -to
eternal sin. Over all has hunc- the aw
ful pall of future punishment, the tor
turing anxiety of the "unpardonable
sin," the anguish over dear ones
snatched away in unrepentant death.
While some rejoiced in nredestlnation
as a comforting doctrine, and visited
with penalties all who clung to the
broader doctrine of eternal hoDe. others
could only shudder, with Whittler, at
iiie uuiierers uy sucn everlasting doom.
While some were content to rejoice as
in duty bound If haply their own salva
tion was secured, others could contem
plate only with agony the day when
they should look" over the battlements
of heaven at the misery of the lost
From this dark picture it is a treas
ure to turn to the Joys of the saint
Earth has no norrow that Heaven can
not heal. There is no pain or loss, no
grief or deprivation for which the pious
soul has not a corresponding and com
pensating eolaco in the life beyond.
There, the ignorant looks forward to
wisdom, the weak to strength, the sor
rowing to Joy, the sick to perfect health,
tne sorely tried to comfort and neaee.
There the wicked cease from troubling
and the weary are at rest It is a rr-r-
ognized principle of homlletics to appor
tion out to each hearer th npnuiinr'
attribute of Heaven of which he stand
in greatest need. In the Esquimau
paradise there will be boundless Know
and fat walrus, and the Hottentot dies
hoping for eternal sun. Just as tho In
dian looks forward to swarms of buffa
loes and swift arrows and the laborer to
ceaseless repose, and tho sailor to a
peaceful haven, so the sin-tossed sou;
cherishes the dream of slnlessness, the
Invalid counts happily on freedom from
pain and the mind that is ever unsat
Isfledly thirsting for knowledge is prom
ised the understanding of all earthly
mysteries.
Both pains and pleasures, it 1b neces
sary to remember, are visited by hu
manity upon itself. We are too prone
to' separate man from his religion, as If
it were something superimposed upon
him from without. Instead of being, as
It is, a blossoming of his own-nature.
Religions do not make backward "peal
pies, but backward peoples have prim
itive religions. Just as they have Imper
fect other institutions. Religion is Just
ly chargeable with religious unlovell
ness to the same extent and no more,
than politics Is chargeable with cor
ruption or bapteriology with miasma
Even the Jehovah of ancient Israel,
there Is reason to believe, was Innocent
of the slaughters charged against his
administration. Biblical study has led
many vise men to believe that the mas
sacres of the Canaanltes and other ene- I
mies of the Jews were perpetrated in
the ordinary way, and then sought to be
ingeniously excused by Imputing the
order for them to Jehovah.' Whatever
religious .errors man has made, what
ever sufferings he has undergone, have
been of his own infliction. Any age
might have had forty Luthers if it had
been ready for them. The Bible was
printed -as -soon as there were readers
for it.
Evidences multiply that the offices re
ligion has from the beginning dis
charged must continue indefinitely in
Its hands, because no other medium of
knowledge or feeling will qualify for
the task. For a long time It was thought
by scientific men that materialistic phil
osophy would, supply the place of re
ligion. But theVatest message of sci
ence aestroys airucn nope. science
has not only no word for the soul's
relations to God, -but It has pushed Its
investigations so far as to find within
its purview neither soul nor God. As
tronomy and physics have covered the
universe from chaos to human life and
back to chaos again through processes
or pnyslcal laws, and in all those pro
cesses tney can find no place for God.
Psychology has traced the history of
tne mind from Its lowly beginnings in
the brute creation up to the godlike
intellect of a Newton or a Washington.
Wonderful as are the molecular pro
cesses Of memorv and ronwn nnfl hn
will and consciousness, there Is nb place
in them all for the soul. All that relig
ion has ever stood for, then, is left to it
Man need hope, for nothing from sci
ence as to his soul, as to his God. as to
his relations to the universe, as to the
lire heyond. Perhaps this Is why the
ambitious harmonlzers of science and
religion have so signally failed to in
terest either the scientific or the relig
ious world. We shall no Ionerer need re
ligion when man ceases to regard him
self as a belnc of moment In tho uni
verse, with a duty to the unseen world.
with a soul to save, with a destiny
reaching out beyond the confines of this
unequal and Imperfect life. And his
tory offers us little evidence that that
time will ever come.
THE WAY OP CHINESE LABOR.
Among all the cruel and devastating
errors of Idealism, none has been more
nopeiessly wrong or more stubborn of
correction than Its attitude toward Chi
nese immigration. The history of this
question in the United States has been
one of popular instinct's quaint and re
sistless onslaught upon churches and
schools, sweetness and llirht scholarshln
and statesmanship. The case has been
one In which the truth concealed from
the wise and prudent has been revealed
unto babes. Not many wise, not many
mighty, have Eeen the true course In
tnis perplexing and harassing nroblem.
whose solution has been mysteriously
given, not only to the foolish, but to the
hoodlum, the demagogue and the cor
bies of the political world.
All of which unedlfylnsr reflections are
suggested by the London Times and Its
reverberations against Chinese Immigra
tion into South Africa. It mean a
great deal when the foremost Journal
or iuigllsh civilization, with all that the
phrase means In Justice and enlighten
ment, adopts a view which has been
railed upon from the nulnlt. ureas.
forum and library as unworthy Chris
tians and fair-minded men. Yet Inst
this Is what the Times does. It argues
against tho admission of Chine intn
Australia and South Africa, nn tho
ground that where the Chinaman Is In
troduced Into countries Inhabited bv in
dolent and feeble races, like th "Fili
pinos, he becomes an important factor
In their prosperity, but where he comes
among the white population his tend
ency is to degrade the lowest class of
the white community to his own level.
ana to lower wages by reducing the
standard of comfort
It has been the misfortune of Chlnps
exclusion as a political doctrine in hp
supported by incompetent and discredit
able arguments. No thoughtful mind
has been alarmed at the possibility of
coolies taking the place of skilled Amer
ican mechanics at $10 a day or any other
sum. No catholic soul baa
by the base appeals to race nreludlce.
But as the question has been llluminod
by experience, the mischief wrought by
cninese populations in every dtv whero
they have secured a considerable habi
tat has discovered Itself In aspect too
plain for misreading. . Western peace
officers and courts stand helpless at the
gates of their rock-bound Insularltv.
where life and death, liberty and prop
erty, are administered bv Oriental
methods, foreign to our habit and hos
tile to our peace. Theydlffer from the
much-derided European Immigrant in
steady refusal to assimilate into our
National life. The old fear of tho
"scum of Europe' has measurablv do.
cllned in view of the American citizens
we raise out of the second generation
or Teuton and Frank, and even of
Sicilian and Slav. But the gulf between
white and yellow is a deeDer chnsm.
The Mongolian never becomes a Cau
casian.
The moral and social difficulties do
not surpass, however, the economic
danger. This is evidently recognized bv
the Times in Its prophecy of low wages
and consequent discomfort as a result
of cheap Chinese labor. About all this
there has always been and still is a
good deal of doubt It Is almost or
quite fifty years since Chinese labor was
first greeted with open arms by Califor
nia; but In all that time no skilled trad
has suffered hardship at the hands of
Chinese competitors. Ingenious they
may be; but they do not collect the
delicate works of the watch, or build
our ships, or set our type, or even
carry the hod. It Is all one whether
they have no Inherent nower to rls or
whether the trades-unions keep them
down. There they are. at the bottom of
tho ladder, chopping celery In the
kitchen, spraying shirt fronts with
labial hose, bending over long garden
beds and disposing unearthly wares for
sale before their squalid shops. Fears
on this line may be exaggerated.
But the fears are there, and that's to
the same effect It Is of eaual concern
whether American labor Is menaced in
comfort of sustenance and in peace of
mind, or whether it merelv thlnVc cn
The economic desideratum Is security of
our skilled and .efficient American labor
not only from harm but from harm's
apprehension. There Ao a conviction
here that will not be reasoned with.
that is only to be accented and actprf
upon and implicitly obeyed. There must
be no agitation and unrest while Immi
grants are flocking here, there must
be no massacres and turmoil and dislo
cation of business and society and the
public peace after they have - come.
Such disparity as exists between sun-
ply and demand In the African and Aus
tralian nnd. American labor markets
must be righted through Caucasian mi
gration or through labor-savlnir ma
chinery. Race wars and Industrial bit
terness are too high a price to pay for
granting the desires of aliens to im
prove their circumstances, while claim
ing the privileges but disowning the
burdens of citizenship.
Nor will Chinese labor be suffered to
dwell forever In bondage to supersti
tion and Ignorance. Only, the proper
field for Its uplift and cultivation is
upon its own ground. Into China as
the entering wedge of Western civilization-
advances will come better wages;
better Ideals, better health, habits and
homes. AH the Ingenuity, all the fidel
ity, all the patient industry, all the filial
virtues of the race, will have full play
fn the free air of civil, religious, social
and industrial enlightenment that bayo
nets and Bibles are carrying to the Ce
lestial Empire. We mjist not in this
country shirk our duty to the heathen
Chinee. But the place to benefit him 13
not here, where he Is an unhappy misfit
at best but through treaty ports and
railway concessions and abolishment of
Internal tariffs. Cheap labor does not
suit the American people. Nor will It
forever suit China. Traveling thither
on the powder-cart of civilization are
schools and railroads, labor-saving ma
chinery, the dallj- pap'er, the Elks and
the trades-unlfcn. We can never lift
Chinese labor up by dragging American
labor down.
A7VOTHER. ISIAGE BROKEN.
The historical Iconoclast some years
ago destroyed the heroic Image of Be
atrice CencI, and now Joan of Arc has
been denied canonization by the "Vatican
on the ground that she was neither a
heroine nor a maid. After a careful
consideration of all the evidence pre
sented both for and against Joan, the
Congregation of Rites has reached this
conclusion. The church further holds
that she was guilty of faults of the
grossest character In signing a confes
sion that her pretensions to a divine
mission were based on fraud In hope of
escaping death at the stake. This con
elusion of the Vatican cannot be treated
with contempt, for there Is ample schol
arshlp among these Italian prelates and
the library of the Vatican contains all
the historical material that Is authentic
and attainable. And yet It Is extraor
dinary that up to the present declara
tion of the Vatican nobody of eminence
in literature has takeiT this view of the
Maid of Orleans, save Shakespeare, In
hia play of "Henry VI," and Voltaire In
his "L,a Pucelle." From Schiller's
drama down to Mark Twain's romance.
Joan of Arc has always been delineated.
as a pure-minded, beautiful, heroic
woman, whoso spirituality of nature
lifted her above the appeal of all ordi
nary human passions and appetites.
English historians and essayists have
all taken the view that Joan was a
religious enthusiast of pure personal
lire who suffered a terrible death a
the hands of her English executioners.
Shakespeare's picture of Joan of Arc
as an impostor and a woman of loose
morals has been explained on the plea
mat bnakespeare could not afford to
present any other than the popular
Jvngllsh opinion of the "Maid" upon the
English stage. The play was presented
aoout 1C0 years after the execution of
Joan. The hOUBd Of Tudor, trhlrh wnn
or Lancastrian lineage, was upon the
throne, and doubtless no historical ver
sion of tho burning of Joan was then
icjjicu uy me ningiisa people save
tne one set forth by Shakespeare. In
the play the King of France is made
to say, "No longer on Saint Dennis will
we cry, but Joan La Pucelle shall be
trances saint." Shakespeare paints
Joan as In league with evil spirits, like
axacnetn, to whom she sold both soul
una Dooy ror victory to France. He
paints her as the mistress of the King
ana nis courtiera, an adventuress, an
impostor. The distance between such a
repulsive, vulgar figure and that of Joan
of Arc as set forth by Schiller, and
by all modem writers is very great, and
yet it Is not necessary to assume that
anaKespeare as a "matter of business
bullaed Joan of Arc worse than he
knew. He not onlv did not flnttor v.u-?n-
beth in his picture of her In "Henrv
Vin," but he made the divorced wife
Queen Catherine, the nobest character
In the play. There is nb reason for as
suming that Shakespeare was afraid as
a matter of good theatrical business to
tell the historical truth concerning Joan
of Arc as he understood It At the
distance of 160 3-ears from her dnnth
there was no danger In drawing the pic
ture of the Maid of Orleans In lines of
historic truth. Her modern figure would
have been a far more attractive dra
matic representation than the repulsive
woman that Shakespeare felt obliged
to delineate.
Shakespeare's Joan La Pucelle prob
ably stood for his honest, historic esti
mate of the woman. Shakespeare was
not superstitious; he did not believe In
the picture of the woman as a pure
minded visionary. He thought her a
religious Impostor of a class exceedingly
common In those dayp, and from the
fact that she was In familiar attend
ance upon the licentious King of France
he saw nothing Incredible in the his
toric report that she was the King's
mistress, since women of high renown
deemed It no disgrace to occupy that
station. Shakespeare's Joan of Arc is
ao conscientiously drawn as "Richard
III," "Antony" or "Macbeth." It was
the historical English estimate of
Shakespeare's day, which today is
strangely reaffirmed by the scholars of
the Vatican. It is a noteworthy fact
that the sentence of Joan was revoked
by the Pope in 1456, and that since that
time it has been the custom of Catholic
writers to uphold the reality of her di
vine Inspiration. Voltaire's "La Pucelle"
is meant for a scandalous satire upon
religious superstition. He troubled him
self nothing about historic truth; he
simply sought under the" name and sign'
of "La Pucelle"- to shoot his satire at
superstition, both past and present. He
was as Irreverent In his treatment of
the Maid of Orleans as Shakespeare,
but he treated the subject from the
standpoint of a satirist while Shakes
peare presented an honest, truthful dra-i
""" i.uv;i.uic ui. ooHn so iar as ne was
able to know and apprehend the truth.
Of course, these learned prelates of the
Vatican have not reached their present
conclusion, which is naturally Intensely
offensive to the people of France, with
out strong reasons on which to rest
their historical estimate of Joan.
And yet whatever dispassionate schol
ars may decide. It Is too late to substi
tute Shakespeare's vulgar "La Pucelle"
for Schiller's heroic Maid of Orleans.
Modern Investigation does not leave
much of Mary, Queen of Scots, as a
moral figure, but she is likely to remain
a sympathetic, heroic character In mod
ern poetry and the drama, despite the
fact that 3he was both a murderess and
an adulteress. So it will be with the
dramatic and poetic figure of Joan of
Arc; it has come to stay. It has capti
vated cynical Mark Twain, and the Vat
ican's historical decision that Joan was
a woman -of too shady character to fit
her for sainthood will be as ineffective
to dislodge her from modern poetry
and romance as a bull, against an im
pending comet The story -of Pocahon
tas Is still cherished by grown-up chil
dren, despite the fact that she was not
a very reputable person; the picture of
Beatrice Cencl Is still admired, despite
the fact that she murdered her old
father for nothing but his money; the
"unfortunate" Mary, Queen of Scots,
has still her admirers, and Joan, of Arc,
the spiritual-minded, heroic woman that
Schiller drew, will remain the world's
ideal of "the Maid of Orleans." Shakes
peare and the Vatican may be right
but It Is too late to reverse the Judg
ment of literature and art The Joan
of romance will outlive the Joan of
reality.
A correspondent of the New York Sun-
sands that journal a long list of. emi
nent men who were bachelors, but were
nevertheless not "weaklings" without
position or Influence, which Is Presi
dent Andrews' unqualified description
of bachelors. Among other names this
list Includes that of Buckle, Leibnitz,
Descartes, Pascal, D'Alembert, Spinoza,
Kant, Schopenhauer, Humboldt, Hobbes,
Locke, Bentham, Bishop Butler, Adam
Smith, Michael Angelo. Raphael, Tur
ner, Sir Joshua Reynolds,.. Voltaire,
Sainte Beuve, Flaubert, Amlel, Meri
mee. De Musset De Maupassant, Bau
delaire, Petrarch, Tasso, Leopardf, the
English poets Rogers. Collins and Swin
burne, and the historian KIngiake.
Among Americans the names of Wash
ington Irving, John Randolphj Whittler
and Walt Whltman are noted. The cor
respondent of the Sun among other
things says:
Chancellor Andrews seems to think that there
is some merit in a man merely because he
marries. It requires no virtue or intellect for
a man to marry. The dincult thlnfr. and one
not always achieved, is to be a good husband
and father after marriage, ilen marry selfish
ly. Does this chancellor advise men to marry
who are unable to support families In decent
comfort? If he does he hould read the famous
essay of Malthus on population.
The site of the battle of Bear Paws,
the last great Indian fight in Montana,
and Indeed In the West, has been by
order of ,tbe Secretary of the Interior
withdrawn from settlement. The tract
lies north of Great Falls, and It will
later form a National park with suit
able monuments commemorating the
battle which was fought by General
Miles a quarter of a century ago.
Twenty-one soldiers fell In the bat
tle, and their bodies were in
terred upon the spot which is
marked by a rude cairn. General Miles,
at the solicitation of Senator Gibson,
gave the matter his personal Indorse
ment, and the order sequestering the
land followed. The reservation will In
clude 600 acres, which, being arid land,
will not be a loss to agriculture. Indian
battles have become things of the past,
and It is only worth while to remember
them as they reflect the bravery that
wrested a continent from savage control
and dedicated It to civilization. In this
view the new Natlorial park In Montana
yet nameless will be fitly added to
the long list of battle sites dedicated
by a grateful Nation to the memory of
her brave- sons.
Among Republican newspapers mor
tally afraid that tariff duties will be re
duced and free or freer trade get a
footing is the Corvallla Gazette. It
says, however, by way of apology for
the abuses of protection: "Some of the
schedules may need, doubtless do need,
revision. Some protected products may
be more highly protected than there Is
now any occasion for. while a few may
have outgrown any necessity for pro
tection." "May have outgrown" Is
good. Is the salt trust that Is exacting
Just two prices for salt, one of these?
Is the steel trust, that admits through
Its secretary. In reply to a litigant, that
its profits are $150,000,000 a year, an
other? Is the copper trust another?
And the paper trust, and -the wire trust,
and so on down the list? "May have
outgrown the necessity for protection"
has a charming naivete, when It is noted
that the protected trusts have incomes
that exceed all former dreams of avar
ice, and don't know what to do with
the millions that come to them largely
through the favor of the Government.
The grain harvest In the Willamette
Valley Is practlcaly ended. Farmers
of the more dilatory typ"eTbr those who
have not yet been able to secure the
services of threshing machines and
crews, have still their grain In shock
or stack, but these form a very small
proportion of the whole, hence the state
ment that the grain harvest Is over ap
plies generally to this section of the
state. The busy season Is, however, by
no means ended. There Is no cessation
of the demand for labor, since now the
hops are to be picked and soon the
prunes will require gathering and
handling. Apple-picking will be next
In order, and then potatoes will claim
the attention of the farmer and his aids,
so that really there will be no excuse
for able-bodied Idleness for many weeks
to come. The sympathetic or timid
housewife who has long been In the
habit of dispensing backdoor charity
upon demand will do well to note thla
fact and commend those who ask for
ifood to the hopflelds, orchards and po
'tato patches, where he who will may at
least earn his "keep" and tobacco.
New London, Conn., Is facing ruin.
Strange to say, cheap Jabor In the Squth,
which has, when applied to cotton man
ufacture, become "child labor," Is the
cause of the practical depopulation
Industrially speaking of this New Eng
land town. It was dependent upon a
single Industry, an establishment for
the manufacture of cotton duck, em
ploying 700 hands and paying $16,000 a
week in wages. This company has dis
mantled Its factory, and will removelt
to Alabama, giving as a controlling rea
son for the change the possibility of ob
taining cheap labor, including child la
bor, there. While condemning the in
dustrial system at the South in which
child labor Is a controlling factor, what
excuse can be given for the Northern
mlllowners who break up and move to
the section where they can utilize this
element? What except the thirst for
large gains that underlies the oppression
of labor, whether of child or adult?
Every delegate from Portland and all
Oregon to the Mining Congress at Butte
should attend If possible. Presence of
our people there Is very Important for
the state. We must acquaint the world
with our mineral resources, and this Is
the way to do It. In the effort to se
cure the next meeting of the congress
for Portland, no trouble or expense
should be spared.
President Roosevelt has made no
"breaks'" In his speeches on his New
England tour. So much speaking Is a
trying ordeal for a man whose position
brings under critical scrutiny every sen
tence and every word he utters.
' THINGS LOCAL AND OTHERWISE
About 60,000 people in two days last week
went to see an exhibition of rough riding
by experts of various nationality. If the
same show or one of larger proportions
had come to Portland heraldbd as well,
say Johnnie Baker's Wild West. I wonder
how many would have gone to see It
Suppose, too. In place of Buffalo Bill there
had been a more expert shot like Dr.
Carver was 20 years ago, would the crowds
have been so large? No. The multitude
wanted to see Buffalo BilL He is a hero,
He served his country in war. Desire to
see him differs in degree, not In kind, from
desire to see Dewey, Hobson and Funston.
We have not ceased to be hero-worship
ers.
Because the written record of the Ore
gon Historical Society lacks one of the
Important details, an accurate statement
of how trade was diverted from Oregon
City of Portland 57 year ago shall here
be made. The facts were obtained about
3! years ago from Frank W. Pettygrove.
His authority Vo ctate them will not be
questioned; he made the facts. They were
published in The Oregonlan October 6. 1SS7,
the day after Mr. Pettygrove died at Port
Townsend, Wash.
While Mr. Pettygrove. with General A.
L. LoveJoy, was engaged In "merchandis
ing" at Oregon City -in 1S43. he received
an offer from John P. Overton, a settler,
to sell his claim of. 040 acres, "12 miles
down, the river." Overton's title In the
premises consisted simply in having staked
off the clUm, and this slender right he
offered to sell for $50. to bo "traded out'
at the store. As there was no money In1
the country at that time, all the traffic
was conducted on the "barter-and-swap
plan. The merchants held Overton's of
fer In refusal a few days, until they could
learn whether or not his claim could be
reached by thlps, all of which discharged
their cargoes at Vancouver, from whence
goods were taken to Oregon City by canoes
and barges.
Pettygrove.and LoveJoy saw what others
failed to see that the city of the future
must be at that point nearest the heart
of the Willamette Valley which could be
reached by deep-water ships. Overton'a
proposition came at tho time this matter
was under discussion by them, and the lo
cation of the land In question "12 miles
down the river," suggested it a3 a site
for a city. Pettygrove embarked at Ore
gon City In a canoe manned by Indians,
and, proceeding to the mouth of the WIl
lamette. carefully .sounded Its channel up
to point opposite Ovcrton'3 claim, -which
he found to be eligible In every way. It
was demonstrated by his sounding that
ships of the class then In the Oregon trade
could easily ascend, and further examina
tion of tho character of the bars con
vinced Pettygrove that they could bi
easily dredged or removed when the era
of deep ships should come. And so Over
ton's offer was accepted, and for $50 in
store plunder the ground where Portland
stands, or that part of It extending one
mile .above Stark Street and one mile back
from the river, was sold to Pettygrove and
LoveJoy.
A point adjacent to tho Willamette Val
ley where goods could be landed from
ocean vessels had been obtained, and the
next consideration, a necessity In the
new enterprise, was to make a road con
necting that point with tho Tualatin
Plains, then the most populous section
In the Valley -and state. Thomas Brown,
a surveyor, "Just across the plains" -with
the Immigration of '43, was engaged by
Pettygrove to examine the route across
the rough and wcoded country, between
tho objective points; and after devoting
several weeks to the work. Brown report
ed that a road could be built to Walker's
Prairie, 11 miles, but the cost would
approach J2O0O. Undaunted by this est!
mate, something great In proportion to the
scanty business of that early day, Petty
grove engaged Brown to prosecute tho
work, which was commenced early the
next season and completed In October. Its
cost was $1S00, and Pettygrove paid It
from his private resources, riot asking a
dollar from the settlers.
He then established a store near wherej
the Esmond Hotel now stands, and the
following year unloaded three ships from
the Hawaiian Islands, from -where all
manufactured nnd Imported goods were
brought at that time. The settlers In
Tualatin Plains and the country bej-ond
found It to their advantage to transfer
their patronage from the Falls City to
the new town, which was nearer by some
miles, and it soon came into Importance.
It became a village, then a goodly town,
then a great commercial center. Let
every Portlnnder remember the year the
city was founded, 1S45. Why not have a
COth anniversary celebration in connec
tion with the Lewis and Clark Fair?
In last Tuesday's Oregonlan the Wash
ington correspondent has a letter con
taining a sample lot of geographical
names whose meaning and derivation are
explained by Henry Gannett who Is a
member of the National Board of Nomen
clature. Here 13 one Oregon name:
Portland Named for tho town in England.
Pettygrove named this city 'for his old
heme in Maine. LoveJoy favored "Bos
ton," his former home. The toss of a
penny decided It This Is historical, and
Mr. Gannett may safely make a correc
tion lrr the next edition of Uncle Sam's
book.
Geographer Gannett has this to say
about the name of the state:
Oreson Name said to have been derived from
origanum. Spanish for -wild sage found along
the coast of tho state, but others contend it la
derived from the Spanish Oregones. which name
was given to the Indian tribes Inhabiting that
region by a Jesuit priest, the word meaning
'"big ear men."
"Said to have been" Is a convenient and
safe way to put things that are Involved
In doubt. The name is about 150 years
did, and was first used In print by Jona
than Carver, In his book of travels. He
may have invented It Bryant popular
ized It In "Thanatopsls." Possibly Carver
meant the Spanish "Arragon," but noth
ing Is known. Origin of the name "Ore
gon" can only be surmised, and one man's
surmise Is as good as another's. L.
A Prayer to Fate.
Walter Savage Landor.
Fate! I have asked few thlnss of thee.
And fewer have to ask.
Shortly, thou knowest. I shall bo
No more: then con thy task.
If one be left on earth so late
Whoso love Is like the past.
Tell her In whispers, gentle Fate!
Not even love must last.
Tell her I leave the noisy feast
Of life, a little tired.
Amid Its pleasures few possessed
And many undeslred.
Tell her with steady pace to come
And. where my laurels He,
To throw the freshest on the tomb.
"When it has caught her slsh.
Tell her1 to. stand some steps apart
From others on that day.
And check the tear (If tear should start)
Too precious for dull clay.
PATHJIARKS OF LEWIS AND CLARK
Random notes from .their Journal.
Lowis and Clark were not sure they
had reached waters that drained Into the
Pacific Cccan until they found tho famous
Columbia River salmon. They were on
Lemhi River, In Eastern Idaho. Thl3
stream flows Into Salmon River, a tribu-
tary of the Snake.
In the history of the Oregon region,
salmon has an Important place. - The
catching and curing of this flsh formed
the only Industry that existed among
tho aborigines. The cured product was
an article of commerce among the In
dians and was one of the chief mean3 of
subsistence through the Winter.
Salmon were to the Columbia River
Indians what buffalo were to the Indians
of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, al
though In very much lesser degree.
It was the lack of means of subsistence
such as the buffalo afforded that made
the food supply on the Pacific Slope pre
carious. It was the abundance of the
buffalo that made life on tho Mississippi
slope so easy, compared with life on the
Pacific Slope. It was the Ilmltilera sup
ply of buffalo meat that raised the In
dians east of the Rockies above the scale
of development of the natives west of
those mountains. The Indians of me
Pacific Slope had neither the mental nor
the physical vigor of those on the other
side of the Rockies. They were a sorry,
dejected people when Lewis and Clarlc
visited them, and so were they in all
tho chronicles. Their wars against the
white men were always feeble.
The visit of Lewis and Clark to this
coast was attended by a strenuous fight
against starvation. From the day they
surmounted the Rocky Mountain barrier
until they crossed back again about 10
months they -were hungry roost of tho
time. Their best wits had to be reserved
to'get means to keep body and soul to
gether. They found the Indians in an
abject state and in order to retain their
friendship had to feed them out of their
own stores. The explorers had to sub
sist on horses repeatedly and several
times they ate dog meat with high relish.
The chief means of subsistence on the
Pacific Coast were the salmon, the elk,
the deer, the wapato. the sturgeon and
the anchovy. These articles of diet evi
dently did not give the natives much
power in the struggle of nations upward
and onward for their energy and intelli
gence were far below those characteris
tics of natives of the Atlantic Slope of
America.
When Lewis and Clark were struggling
down the headstreams of the Columbia
salmon were getting scarce. This wa3 In
the last part of August and September,
1S05. Indians used gigs and traps to
catch the fish. The Chopunnlsh or Nez
Perces tribes had extensive scaffolds on
the river banks. In which they dried vast
quantities of salmon for Winter use. Tho
natives at the Cascades dried the flsh on
rocks.
At the mouth of the Clearwater River,
In Idaho, Lewis and Clark were enter
tained by a member of the Sokulk tribe,
who fed them on boiled salmon. The host
split a chunk of plnewood into small
pieces with a wedge of elk-horn by means
of a mallet of stone. These pieces of
wood were laid on a fire and several round
stones were placed on them. When the
stones were sufficiently hot they were
plunged Into a vessel that contained
water and half of a dried salmon. Hot
stones were added until the flsh was com
pletely cooked.
This episode was In the middle part of
October, 1S05. The Sokulks were splitting
and drying salmon in great quantities.
"The multitudes of fish are almost Incon
ceivable." says the Journal. "The water
Is so clear that they can readily bo seen
at a depth of 15 or 20 feet; but at this
season they float in such quantities down
the stream and drift ashore that the In
dians have only to collect split and dry
them on the scaffolds."
Where they procured the timber of
which these scaffolds are composed the
explorers could not learn. The natives
used the dried fish not only as food, but
also as fuel.
At the mouth of the Umatilla River
were 21 houses of Indians, and all the
natives were drying flsh. "We had hard
ly landed before about 100 of them came
oyer In their boats to visit us, bringing a
present of some wood, which was very
acceptable. The highest satisfaction they
enjoyed was the music of two of our
violins."
At Hellsate rapid, above the mouth of
the Deschutes River, natives were catch
ing salmon with gigs and drying the flsh.
Some of the Indians were In canoes. "Wo
counted 0 stacks of dry and pounded
salmon."
The method of-curlng the fish Indicates
that the Indians had a long residence
here. Many generations were evidentlv
required for the primitive Intelligence of
the natives to evolve a means for stay
ing off Winter famine. The Journal de
scribes the curing as follows:
"The fish is opened and exposed to the
sun. vhen sufficiently dried. It 13 pound
ed between two stones until It Is pulver
ized, and Is then placed In a basket about
two feet long and one foot In diameter.
neatly made of grass and rushes and lined
with the skin of a salmon. The flsh are
pressed down as hard as possible, and
the top Is covered with flsh skins, which
are secured with cords through the holes
of the basket
"These baskets are placed In some dry
place, the corded part upward, seven be
ing usually placed a3 close together as
possible, and Ave on top of these. The
whole Is wrapped up In mats and made
fast by cords, over which again mats are
thrown. Twelve of these baskets, each
containing from SO to 100 pounds, form a
stack, which Is left exposed until It Is sent
to market
"The flsh thus preserved keep sound and
sweet for several years. Great quantities.
they Inform us. are sent to the Indians
who live below the Falls, whence It finds
Its way to the whites who visit the
mouth of the Columbia, We observe.
both near the lodges and on the rocks In
the river, great numbers of stacks of
these-pounded flsh."
At the Long Narrows Captain Clark
counted 107 bundles of that provision,
more than 10.000 pounds.
The natives preserved also large Quan
tities of trout The Journal describes tha
method of doing It as follows: "A hole
being dug, the sides and bottom are lined
with straw, over which skins are laid:
on these the flsh are laid, after being well
dried, and are covered with skins. Tha
hole Is covered with a layer of earth. U
or 15 Inches deep."
The Nez Perces, among whom the ex
plorers first saw the salmon, used traps
to eaten tne usn. Across narrow streams
trees were felled. These trees were sup
ported by willow stakes, sufficiently near
each other to prevent the passage of fish.
"About the center of each," according to
Elliott Coues edition of the Journal, "was
placed a basket formed of willows IS or
20 feet in length. The main channel of the
water was conducted to the weir, and as
the hsh entered It they became so en
tangled with each other that they could
not move, and were taken out by untying
the small end of the willow basket"
This same principle Is still emtloyed In
the structure of the "leads" which con
duct salmon to flshwheels-
i