32
THE SUNDAY OREGONIAK, PORTLAND, AUGUST 24, 1902.
- ETHICAL TALKS By eiE"RGy AMD TH E "L7MTy.
THE TRIBUNAL OF THE
BY DR. EDWARD EVERETT HALE
Dr. Hale was asked to writ this article
aproproa of the first formal session ot the In
ternational Tribunal Instituted by The Hague
Peace Conference, because ho has been the
foremost American to advocate the establish
ment of such a court, and has been laboring
to that end for many years. This first session
of the oourt at The Hague has a special Inter
est for the American people, since the case to
be considered is one which has been pendlns
between lb. Unltd States and Mexico for many
years.
THE first of September haa been
fixed as the time for the first trial
before the world's tribunal. It Is
the trial of what is known as the "Pious
Fund Claim." This is a claim made by
the Catholic Archbishop of California on
Uncle Sam, through the Mexican Govern
ment, to recover a considerable sum of
money, now in the Treasury of the United
States. This Nation knows and acknowl
edges that the money, which she received
Jong ago from Mexico, is to be paid to
somebody. "Who that somebody is, this is
the question to be answered by the inter
national tribunal, the Supreme Court of
the "World.
It is the first case to be brought for trial
before this august international tribunal.
We have heard quite as much as was
good for us of complaints from the kind
of people who like to make complaints,
because The Hague tribunal has not act
ed in one case or another, which the
grumblers think should have been settled.
"Why does not your Hague conference
take hold?" they have asked a little pet
ulantly. A little aa if they should ask
METHODS AND MOTIVES OF
IT is quite interesting to study the liar
In the moment when he lies.
To lie is in all cases to substitute
for the facts as they really are a fiction
that seems to me to be preferable for
the facts as they were, facts as I should
have liked them to be but this substi
tution may be carried out in different
ways.
There is, first, tho purely created lie,
the lie out of whole cloth, that consists
In substituting for the reality events
created by myself, as when, for Instance,
I should have met a person with whom
I had an engagement, but do not go to
see him, and to excuse myself afterward
tell him that it was Impossible for me to
come, as I had b'een called away, while
In fact I had been at home all the time.
This kind- of He is not so frequently met
with, because It is dangerous it is too
easily found out.
The lies that wo hear most often are,
therefore, the partial lies, the alteration
of reality. The liar confines himself to
arranging, retouching or embellishing.
VThere are three kinds of partial lies,
three ways of altering real facts: By
omission, by exaggeration and by what
ne might call embroidery.
- The simplest of all forms of lies la
what I should call the He by omission.
It consists in suppressing, in a series of
events what we are telling, an import
ant part that we do not care to have
any one know of. For instance, I tell a
friend what I have been doing since I
saw him last, but omit a certain thing
that I am ashamed to tell of.
This kind of lie is very frequently met
with for different reasons; first, because
nothing is invented or falsified by- omit
ting, and this satisfies a good many that
they are not lying; second, because all
or nearly all of us do things that we do
not care to have everybody know of,
and also very often because we lack
the moral courage to admit what we do
not like to admit.
The temptation to this kind of lying is
necessarily very frequent, and It is so
much stronger because there is very lit
tle risk of being found out. The worst
that might happen is that the fact that
we have concealed may be discovered, and
in this case we always have the oxcuse
that we did not omit anything on pur
pose, or that we intended to speak of
this thing later on, or that we did not
consider tho thing of importance, or
other excuses of similar kind.
Lying by exaggeration is also very fre
quent. To exaggerate is to tell more
than you have seen or done, to multi
ply figures, distances and measures, and
we all exaggerate not once but maybe
a .hundred times a day, not only by
making things greater, but also by
making them smaller. It is exaggeration
when we call a thing microscopical when
It is simply email, or we say a second
when we mean a minute, in all cases
we exaggerate to make a greater effect
upon tho persons who are listening to us,
and this habit of not giving things or
facts their true value is one of the most
tyrannical of all habits, one of the hard
est to break. People who have started to
exaggerate simply" must exaggerate in
everything, it becomes part of their na
ture, and this habit is found everywhere
in men and women, but mostly in women,
who are always by nature anxious to
make an Impression one way or another.
INCREASING LENGTH OF MAN'S LIFE
BY DR. J. EDWARD HEAMAN "
THE 1900 census shows that there has
been a decrease of 10 per cent in
the general deathrate in the United
States since tho last census was taken in
1S90.
In 1900 New York City's doathrate was
20.4. It was 23.2 per 1000 in 1SG0. In other
words, the deathrate of New York City
has decreased 34.5 per cent the last 40
years.. It is estimated that If the same
number of deaths occurred In proportion
to the population at the present time as
was usual from 1850 to 1SC0, thore would
have been 223,000 more deaths In New
York during the 10 years preceding 1900
than was actually the case.
Chicago's doathrate was 19.1 in 1890. The
3900" consus showed that It had been re
duced to 16.2 per 1000. Philadelphia, as
might be. expected, has made practically
no advance. It has shown less improve
ment than any other large Northern city.
Natchez, with a deathrate, according to
the census of 1900, of 38.7 per 1000, is the
unhealthlcat city in the United States.
Buffalo, with 14.8. has an oxcellent record.
Several cities in Michigan have a death
rate of less than 13 per 1000.
The Improvement in the deathrate Is
largely due to tho lowered mortality of
tho diseases mainly affoctlng childron.
There has been a decrease In some of the
diseases which also affect adults, such
Chief Justice Fuller, of our Supreme
bench, why he does not step out from
the courtroom and quiet any two Sena
tors who may happen to be flghtlnjr in
the Senate chamber. To which cynical
question the proper answer has been that
the time has not yet come.
At last, however, and perhaps not to the
Entire satisfaction of tho grumblers, the
time has come. The judges are selected
by the two Nations, Mexico and the
United States, and the date for the hoar
ding has been appointed. In all this affair
the analogy between the organization of
the world and the organization of 13
states, on the seaboard of the Atlantic in
1789, is very curious. The truth is that
the United States has furnished the object-lesson
in the whole affair. How is it
that those 13 states have been united, and
that they have added to their number 32
more states?
It is because they agreed in 17fi to
submit their disputes to a supreme court.
Thl3 supreme court had cognizance of all
cases possible of dispute or discussion be
tween states, excepting African slavery.
That exception cost us the Civil "War.
With that one exception, the Supreme
Court has kept peace between 13, 33, and
now 45 states, who agreed to submit
their disputes to a Supreme Court.
Thus there are hundreds of thousands of
intelligent men in Iowa and Missouri who
hardly hnow that there was once a ques
tion of boundary between these states.
It was a question such as has created
wars hundreds of times in history.
BY PROFESSOR CAMDLLE MELINAUD
Third and last, we have the most fre
quent of all forms of lies, the embroidery
of facts, the retouching of events, the
omission of a detail that displeases, the
addition of another that makes our tale
more attractive. For Instance, I tell of a
conversation that I have had with an
other, a debate in which I have taken
part, and I attribute to myself witty re
plies, that have come to my mind later,
but which I wish that I had given at
the time; I leave out a foolish answer
that I did give, "but which I wish not to
have given. When personal vanity comes
in we embellish for the very pleasure of
embellishing. We idealize every scene,
we substitute pleasant colors for colors
less bright.
Why this habit is so frequent is very
easily understood, because we very soon
really believe in what we are telling, we
are no longer aware that we hare re
touched, we are really convinced tnat we
have given the witty replies, we become
our own victims, and herein lies the chief
danger of this form of lying.
To continue our examination of the
mind of the liar, it now becomes neces
sary to look into his motives for lying, for
we must not forget that nobody lies for
tho pleasure of lying. Even the most
hardened liar will, all things being equal,
rather speak the truth than lie, There
always must be a special reason', a cer
tain motive tltat makes him He: there
must be a temptation to He. In most
cases it is our passions that Induce us to
He. When we passionately desire the pos
session of a person or a thing, we do not
care what means we use to gain posses
sion, and very often the He is a very con
venient means. Then comes the tempta
tion we know that all we have to do to
win is to He. We are already used to
lying, and we cannot resist the tempta
tion. Our hatred will also very often prompt
us to lying. Hatred against a person will
inspire our imagination and suggest the
most ingenuous lies, and hatred will drive
us to make use of these inspirations. Tile
temptation under the Influence "of this
passion Is terribly strong,, and very, very
few have strength to resist It.
Love also makes use of the lie. Per
sons who love will He to appear better in
the eyes of one another; a lover will lie
to lower his rival, he will He to . excite
jeajousy, he will He to call back the dying
love, and even when his own love- is dis
appearing he will lie to his beloved and
to himself to create the illusion of a love
that has ceased to exist.
All our other passions suggest the use
of lying to us the love ot gain creates
innumerable commercial lies; the word
reclaim alone is only another expression
for a lie.
If we look Into politics, could you in
your wildest Imaginations think of a cam
paign In which the candidates on both
sides said nothing but the truth? Does
not party feeling, the necessity of being
loyal to your political party, engender lies
by the thousand? Do we not cwry day
sco Journalists, critics and Judges, whose
highest duty it should be to maintain
truth and justice, ask themselves tho
question, Does this man belong to my
'.party or not? and act accordingly?
Our vanity prompts us to lie. We Ho
to appear greater than we are. If we
have played a poor part at any occasion,
and feel it ourselves, we will He without
as malaria, and typhoid fever. The decline
in the consumption (tuberculosis) death
rate has been more marked than that of
any other disease. On the other hand.
pneumonia is becoming more fatal, and
the number of deaths from pneumonia Is
now greater than that from consumption.
There has been an enormous increase In
the number of deaths due to diseases of
the kldneya Heart disease and apoplexy
also show an increased number of deaths.
The deathrate of cancer reveals an alarm
ing increase In mortality. The average
expectancy of life all over the world Is
increasing. It hag beon estimated that
the life of humanity has gained 25 nor
cent in the last 50 years. In the United
States the average age at death In 1S90
was 3L1 years. In 1900 It was 33.2 a gain,
of 4.1 yearn since the previous census. At
the present time the lowest average at
death Is that of the Soudanese, which is
23 years. In the 17th century the esti
mated length of life was only 13 years.
This limit was also supposed to be about
the average length of life in Geneva In
the 13th century.
The deathrate of the Jews is only one
half that of the people among whom they
dwell. Of two groups of children born
on the same day, one Jew the other or
average American parentage, one-half of
the Americans wlU die In 47 years, while
WORLD
There was once' a similar question be
tween Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
Why did these states not fight with each
'other? Why did not a Sheriffs posse
from Missouri meet another posse from
Iowa and a Deputy Sheriff wound another
Deputy Sheriff? Why did not each Gov
ernor call out ooldlcrs, and the soldiers
fight? That was the way in old times.
Because there was a supreme tribunal.
Tho supreme tribunal settled it, and the
world has forgotten the cause of war.
The existence of this Supreme Court
has made 45 states, which it united, to
be the strongest of nations. 4 This object
lesson is too important to be kept out of
eight. And the real statesmen of the
world, such men as the Emperor of Rus
sia, and William Mdvlnley, and Lord'
Salisbury, and Andrew . White, and Dr.
De Martens, who has been called the
Chief Justice of Christendom they and
men not known by name, succeeded three
years ago in organizing for 24 nations a
tribunal-international, of which the only
duty is the same as one of the duties of
our Supreme Court.
Poor China might have been the 25th
of these confederates. Her so-called gov
ernment declined, and now she is knock
ing at the door and begging to have the
tribunal try one of her unfortunate ques
tions. "When our Supremo Court was organ
ized in 1780, it met and made some orders
of administration and appointed some of
ficers, and then adjourned. Nobody had
a case ready for it Perhaps nobody
THE LIAR II
the slightest hesitation to conceal thta
fact We will exaggerate to enhance our
own value, to turn the attention to our
selves, to place ourselves In th center of
the limelight. If we make a speech and
find that the auditory remains cold, we
will exaggerate, we will use stronger and
stronger means to rouse our listeners Into
enthusiasm.
But cowardice is perhaps after all the
feeling that makes the most use of the He.
Most of our lies are caused because we
lack the courage to appear as we really
are. because we are afraid to take the
consequences of our conduct The child
knows that if it tells the truth it will be
punished, and therefore it lies. The wife
knows that If she tells her husband cer
tain things he will be Irritated or angry,
and she lies; the husbapd comes homeiate
and pretends that his business has kept
him away, because he fears the scolding
he will get if he tells the truth; the poli
tician knows that If he reveals the truth
his party will turn against him, and there
fore he Ilea. In all these cases the He is
inspired by fear; in every case we He to
escape a danger we dare not face, and the
worst of It Is that to cover ono He we are
forced to tell another, and still another,
and so on until lying becomes part of our
nature, and this only because we did not
have the courage to confess our first lie.
I am very well aware that we sometimes
are driven to lying by perfectly honorable
motives, that there are lies that are
prompted by charity and friendly feel
ings for others, but these lies are excep
tional and are without interest here, when
we arc studying tne soul of the habitual
liar.
No matter how often we lie, or how used
we get to lying, we will always try to
prove to ourselves that we have very
good and sufficient reasons to do so. We
aro very Ingenious In finding excuses for
ourselves, or, still better, to find a moral
obligation that forces us to He; and we
shall look a little into these different pre
texts. The most frequently used Is this: "I do
not hurt any one," with the understand
ing at the same time I benefit myself.
In other words, we say that we are jus
tified In lying If we can gain anything our
selves without hurting any one else; but It
is hardly necessary to say that this Is a
very poor excuse. When we say to our
selves that we do not hurt any one, wc
mean that we do not cause any one any
material loss; this may all be very true,
but at the same time we must remember
that when we enter into conversation with
a person there Is a tacit contract between
us that we shall both tell the truth. The
other person Has told me the truth, and It
is my duty to do the same. If I He I
break my contract, I refuse to pay a just
debt. Besides this, by lying I do myself
great harm, I hurt myself in the worst
possible way, I lose my self-respect. I get
used to lying, I make it easier for myself
to He the next time.
Another sophism is this: "I admit that
I He tc this "person, but I do It for his own
good." In other words.' we mean that we
are Justified In lying to prevent another
person from doing a thing that we con
sider foolish. For Instance, a friend tells
me that he Intends to go West to try to
make a fortune. I consider his plan fool
ish, and accordingly I lie to him. I . tell
the first half of the Jews will not die
before the expiration of 71 years. Lom
broso states this fact in another way:
Of 1000 Jew3 born on tho same day 217
will die before the end of seven years. On
the other hand, of 1000 Christian children
453, or more than twice as many, will die
within the same period.
There were 39S1 people over 100 years
of age in the United States In 1S90. The
population then was 62,000.,000, so that the
proportion of centenarians was 1 to 15,000
of the population.
The 190 census revealed the astonishing
fact that there were 701.751 people In Un
united States between the ages of 70 and
75. Between 80 and 5 there were 203.851.
From 85 to 90 the number was 74.240.
There was E64S ranging from 95 to 100.
From 1S78 to 1890 194 centenarians died
In New York City. In 1S92 ono death oc
curred at 118 and another at the age of
124. At the present time, Noah Raby, said,
to be 123 years old. Is living in New Jer
sey. Bruno Cotrlm, said to be the oldest
living person, was still alive at the age
of 150. .a few years ago, in Rio de Janei
ro. Mrs. Nancy Ollifleld, who is living in
North Carolina at the ago of 121. is prob
ably the oldest woman In the United
States. Sho Is a negro. Michael SoUs, of
Bogota, In 1S7S, claimed to be 1S4 years of
age. After a thorough investigation It
dared bring one in. At the end of three
months the Judges met and again ad-.
Joumed. Nobody had a case to bring be-;
fore It. So for two years it met and ad
journed.
But at the ninth quarterly meeting the
celebrated case which decided the rela
tions between the State of Georgia and a
citizen of the United States who was not
of Georgia, was tried and decided. Since
that tlma the court has not often had to
adjourn without any case on Its docket.
The International tribunal consists of SO
judges, appointed .by the 24 nations, two,
three, foar or five, as the nation chooses.
From thcae SO the United States has now
selected two 'judges to determine the
Pious case! The United States has named
Sir Edward Fry, formerly Chief Justice
of the English Court of .Appeals, -and Dr.
F. Martens, of Russia. Mexico has
named Senor Chelll, a distinguished
Italian Judge, and Dr. Lohman, a Dutch
Magistrate of high rank.- These will se
lect a fifth Judge, which will complete the
court for this occasion. Neither nation
may select one of Its own citizens or the
subject of its own sovereign.
The court when assembled will have to
arrange many of the precedents for the
proceedings of future trials. This fact
gives a special interest to the occasion.
Dr. Martens has been called "The Chief
Justice of Christendom" because he has
so often been selected as a member of
courts of arbitration between nations. He
was made doctor of laws by Yale Univer
sity last October. When I saw Mr.
Choate, our Ambassador to England, pre
sent the Chief Justice of America to the
Chief Justice of Christendom, I felt that
that was indeed an omen of the civiliza
tion of the new century.
him that the climate there will ruin his
health, or anything else that I might in
vent to prevent him from going; but.
nevertheless, I am wrong in doing so. If
I would act right, it would be the only
honest way to tell ihe true reasons I had
for wishing him not to go, and then let
him decide for himself.
Another excuse: "I He to this person,
Dut only because I do not wish to hurt his
feelings or to cause him any -sorrow."
For Instance, a young author comes to
me and asks my opinion of his latest
work. I read it and find it poor, but
why should I tell him so? Why should I
not give him a few complimentary words
and send him away happy? I admit that
there is some sense in this way ot rea
soning, under the prjent social condi
tions; that It sometimes would be brutal'
to tell the naked truth, but very often
we do not tell a person the truth, not
because we do not want to hurt his feel
ings, but because we are afraid of mak
ing an enemy of him. It is my opinion
that In almpst.all, not to say all, cases, it
Is possible to tell the truth; it can al
ways be done in a tactful way, so It does
not hurt any one's feelings. And we
should do more good by being always
sincere.
Only under one circumstance I consider
lying Justified, that Is to prevent an in
justice being done to a person. If I, by
telling a lie, can stop the persecution of
a person of whose Innocence I am con
vinced, it would be absurd to hesitate.
I know very well that" strict moralists,
as Kant, will not even excuse this form
of He; but the fact Is that In human
morals It is impossible to give one In
flexible rule; it is Impossible to set a
rule like this: "Thou shalt not He."
There must be allowances made for par
ticular cases. Too much flexibility in
morals is dangerous, but a certain min
imum Is necessary.
There are beautiful lies, generous lies,
heroic lies, as when a mother accuses
herself falsely to save her child, or a son
to save his father, and no one will doubt
that these kinds of lies deserve our high
est admiration.
What I have tried to show through all
this is that, with very few exceptions,
the He is a sign ot immorality. It is born
to conceal a conduct that we dare not
confess; It is almost always prompted by
base and selfish motives, first of all by
cowardice, and its consequences aro as
grave and degrading as Its causes; it
opens the way to all other vices, and our
aim should be to fight it with all means
within our power, first In ourselves and
then In others.
Parents and teachers have no greater
or more important task than to destroy
the tendencies to lying that they will con
tinually meet with In the children under
their care. They must have their eyes
open to the Importance of this fight for
truth In everything and under all circum
stances. They must not deal easily with
little lies; they must set the example
themselves; they must punish lying more
severely than any other fault; they must
teach the children that everything elso
can be forgiven, but not lying. They
must teach the children to have courage
to stand by their acts in all cases, and
teach them that moral cowardice is to be
despised more than anything else, and
that there is nothing greater than perfect
frankness.
If these principles be implanted in our
children from the very first beginning,
and, first of all, if they see that we, their
educators, are frank and sincere under all
circumstances, then we shall have given
them something more valuable than any
other thing that education can give.
wnB concluded that his correct age was
ISO.
Peter Torton, who died several centuries
ago, was supposed to be 185 years old.
Henry Jenkin, of Bolton. Yorkshire.. Eng
land, died in the 17th century at the age
ot 369. This was said to be another case
of authenticated extreme old age, about
which there could be no dispute. Thomas
Parr, born in the year 14S3, died In 1635
at the age of 152. Ho lived the life of a
farm hand In Shropshire, England, and
when over 120 years of age . married a
widow, with whom he lived for 12 years.
During the time of their married life she
attested that he never betrayed any signs
of the Infirmities of age. Until the age
of 130 he did his usual day's work. Several
years before death his eyes and memory
began to fail, 'but he retained the sense
of hearing to the end of his life. The
King, who had heard of this wonderful
man, requested that Parr should be
brought to town. The old man came, but
the high living, to which' he was not ac
customed, soon killed him.
There Is on record one Instance of mar
riage between centenarians. In 1772, ac
cording to the parish register of Dublin,
Pat Stephens, aged 109, was married to
Mrs. Berg, who was 102 years of age. In
1894 a lady in Hungary celebrated the 100th
year of her married life. A few years ago
Townsend Miller, aged 104, entered the
holy bonds of matrimony for 'the fourth
time. Miller Is a half-breed Montauk,
living at Jamaica.
, This Is an ace of old people. Much as
the youngsters would like to have the
old fellows go to the rear and take a com
fortable seat on easy street, tho fact re
mains that at no time In the history of
man has- the world been so thoroughly coo
troUed by veterans.
SINCE corporal punishment has been
virtually done away with in our
school government, there has been
much agitation against the present leni
ent policy. Opinions are continually be
ing aired against it In the press and on
the rostrum. Among them recently we
have the very pronounced expressions
of Dr. G. Stanley HaU, of Clarke Uni
versity. I never hear an argument In favor of
the lash upon a child without bewailing
the common Ignorance among people con
cerning the workings of the human or
ganization, 'particularly that deUcate
part, the nervous system. I never hear
this manner of punishment advocated
without considering the immensity of the
moral question involved.
The person who Is In favor of the
blow as a medium of control Is lack
ing In two great points of essential
knowledge concerning the development
of the human subject. First, as concerns
the physical health; second, as concerns
the moral health. I put the moral Idea
second, as during what we are pleased
to term the nonreasohlng stage wc are
first of all supposed to look out for the
physical welfare of our subject.
Has Dr. Hall, I wonder, or any other
learned professor or student of child cul
ture taken Into account the full effect
of a blow upon a child? I ask this now
purely from Its physiological standpoint.
No blow, however lightly administered,
as punishment upon any part of a child's
body, can fall to work evil, and some
times very serious consequences to Its
constitution.
Apart from ell harmful considerations
physically, there are innumerable argu
ments to be offered from a moral stand
point. Psychologically there are many
and graver considerations.
Government 13 education. We cannot
use any form of restraint upon a child
and separate it from that child's instruc
tionnor give any manner of freedom or
IRREVERENCE OF AMERICAN YOUTH
IT IS" a melancholy fact that the spirit
of Independence inborn and nurtured
In the youth of this country has
reached such a point that they have little
reverence for anything, scarcely as much
for their Creator as they should have;
for old age, they have almost none at all;
in lack of consideration for .their parents,
they go as far as they dare In ignoring
their suggestions and advice, without for
feiting their share of the patrimony they
expect
The majority are so wise in their own
conceit that they do not hesitate to con
tradict flatly any statement, if It Is In any
way different from what they understand
In the matter.
It may be a most trivial matter and of
no consequence whatever, and yet they
will. In the presence of company or the
family boldly declare: "That Is not so."
or any other form ot contradiction with
out stopping to say: "I beg your pardon,
but I think you are mistaken," or, "have
been misinformed," or anything to in any
way pavo the way for their expressing
correction or difference of opinion.
In most families grandparents are tol
erated because they may have something
their children or grandchildren expect at
their death; but In these days of ad
vanced Ideas they are rarely treated with
due respect their opinions are sneered at
or received with a shrug of the shoulders;
as much as to say: "You precious old
Idiot what do you know about any
thing?" Consequently, they are patron
ized and almost driven Into Imbecility and
helplessness by constant contradiction
and opposition at every turn. If they
Join in tho conversation to make them
selves agreeable, they generally ' find it
more agreeable to subside, because of
the discussion anything they may say
provokes.
Modern ideas, .manners, custqms, and
opinions on economics, science, religion,
education, domestic affairs and amuse
ments are so incompatible with the seri- '
WEARING
THERE are women In the world who,
If they spent .their lives contriving
how to wear out the patience of
their husbands, could do It to no better
advantages. If they ever read they
never took to heart that verse of Prov
erbs which tells how the wise woman
bulldeth her house, but the foolish
plucketh it down -with her hands. The
moment they open their eyes In the
morning they begin to complain of some
thing and the. last breath at night Is
spent In some vain regret At break
fast they make It unsafe to speak, and
any remark is sure to be contorted Into
offense; they think that the husband
need not spend the little time ho is at
the table over the newspaper, and soy so;
they are distressed by the service, dis
gusted by the dishes, vexed by the chil
dren, and fill the hour so entirely with
restless nagging that when the door
closes behind him the husband is justified
if he feels himself escaping into free
air and breaking loose from his bonds.
That husband is unlikely to return at
the luncheon hour, even if hl3 home is
within reasonable distance freedom is
too pleasant to be lightly thrown away,
peace Is too precious. He knows, If he
does, that his entertainment will be an
account of headache or some other ache,
for which In some dim way he seems to
blame, of the shortcomings of servants,
the misdoings of children, the unklnd
ness of the neighbors, the depravity of
things in general. And that woman won
ders why her husband never comes home
till every other place Is closed.
Probably when this man does go home
at the late dinner hour It Is because
It Is needs must with him. He would
like to love his home, to enjoy his chil
dren, to comfort his wife; but it is dif
ficult to love that which is unlovable, to
enjoy that in which you meet perpetual'
hindrance, or to give comfort when the
springs of comfort have been exhausted
by long use and-waste. He is one of the
men who think marriage a mistake.
What a different place it Is where a
woman dwells who never dissipates her
power by annoying others with her own
annoyances! If she Is ill with any of
the petty ailments, .she, .keeps. Jt lo her
SPANKING IN THE SCHOOLS
BY CORNELIA COMSTOCK
Indulgence outside the thought that all
which we . do for a child serves to in
struct It morally It not religiously also.
I have never heard one sound argu
ment In favor of corporal punishment.
I have both heard and witnessed much
of Its principles, however tho doctrine
of compulsory measures' and government
through fear and I have found out In
sorrow what It generates In the way of
falsehood and deceits and hatreds and
dissensions.
Anarchists are the outcome of this very
plan. So I may say emphatically that
I do not believe in anarchism In the
home, if that Is what we name It when
the parents or guardians' fall short of
effective measures, being possibly at fault
themselves. Neither am I In favor of
tyranny on either side nor am I in
favor of the doctrine of force either
through brain or brawn. Even the firm,
quiet will can be greatly at fault when
It Is too determinedly set to conquer an
othernot to mention the hand, the
heavy hand that falls.
Look at the Inequality of will power
even among us elders,- but as between
parent and child. If we would develop
the right sort of character, we should
have solid compacts of no "broken wills,"
no TObblng of the mind, no clashing of
horns, only a gentle and firm leadership
under the doctrine of freedom, and. above
all, liberty of thought
You are mistaken, you old and wise
ones, if you think that a child's Ideas
are not worth considering and giving
good hearing and large place In home
rule. How else is reason to be devel
oped In tho child or morals to be ex
panded? Put your opinion always in the
place of the child's up to 10 years of
age, and what kind of a child have you
got? What amount of discretionary
power have you?
Do you really expect to overcome this
first 10 years' training IntQ helplessness
by its next 10 years? Well, you won't
BY MRS. JOHN A. LOGAN
ous ones of the days of the grandparents
of the present generation that It would
be Impossible for the representatives of
two or three generations to agree or to
think alike. Tho younger, believing their
knowledge superior in all respects, they
have no reverence for the elders.
Another cause of differences between
the old and young is the recklessness of
the younger, engendered by the Indulgence
they have always had by the acquisition
of money by their parents and grandpa
rents, who, through economy. Industry
and self-denial, have amassed fortunes of
more or less Importance, .which these
same children consider their own to spend
as they please, without consulting the
wishes of those who accumulated what
ever they have, .the precious descendants
scorning to earn anything or observe the
conomles and prudence that are neces
sary to preserve or increase their hold
ings. In Europe it is very different absolute
obedience Is demanded and received by
every parent. As a result as children
grew older they are more and more rever
ential, especially in Germany. We have
seen the most beautiful devotion to old
age in that country that we have ever
observed anywhere the older the persons,
the more attention they receive, being
always given the best scats at the the
ater, concert or opera, so that they may
hear and see everything.
Whatever plans the young people have
for recreation and diversion Include fath
'er, mother, grandfather and grandmother,
no matter how many generations back.
We have witnessed the tender embrace of
men with three and four score years dif
ference Jn their ages, while the devotion
and 'tenderness of the young and old
women are admirable beyond dscriptlon.
As soon as a German comes into the
presence of his kindred, be they men or
women, he promptly lifts tho hand to
the woman upon which to Imprint a kiss
of affection, and if it should be a man.
OUT A HUSBAND'S
BY HARRIET PRESCOTT SPOFFORD
self and scorns to go about, a beggar
for sympathy: If she has more serious
ones, the doctor knows of them the first,
or her countenance and not her speech
betrays her. She manages her servants
without resort to superior authority, and
if they give her trouble sho Is ashamed
to let another know how far she falls
short In her executive ability. She settles
her own accounts with her neighbors. If
sho has any to settle, which Is unusual;
and she would have a poor opinion of
herself if her children so successfully re
belled that she must call In aid. If
this woman has not enough money, she
quietly ascertains if that Is the IneviU
able condition of things; If it is, she
bows to it and says nothing; If It Is not.
sho states her case and her reasonable
ness Is so well established that there Is
no gainsaying her claim. And not only
here, but In everything else she has
her mind, since her administration has
so proved her worth, that she has but
to express a wish, for her husband to
believe that nothing else would answer.
For it is written, a gracious woman re
taineth honor. The husband returning
to his house finds an atmosphere as
clear and pure as that of Summer table
lands; quiet cheerfulness reigns, he never
hears a complaint and, so far as his
-wife and the management of his family
are concerned, he would not know thero
was a trouble in the world.
And thlj wife who Is never known
to whine, to fret and fume and fuss
about trifles, is young when the other
woman is already old. "Look at me!"
the other one cries. "Old before my time
and all because of my worries! As for
her she has nothing to worry about"
But she might have had. if she had set
out In the beginning to make mountains
out of mole-hllls, to let the household
see that It was too much for her, and
to Insist? upon her husband's bearing not
only his own burden, but hers also. As
It is, no ono within the radius of the
poor, petulant, nagging creature knows
what happiness Is, even when at a dis
tance feeling her Uke a cloud; while, on
the contrary, the woman who keeps her
trials to herself, makes Hght of little
jrleYaricej, handles heavier ones cheer
not unless your child is, and always has
been, a "hard kicker." Look out that
it don't grow to be a chronic or profes
sional one. We are not striving to be
.pugilists.
Now, as to the cultivation ot antag
onisms, we must expect much from Pro
fessor Hall's standpoint But I have
never heard' that the cultivation of tho
muscles was a direct aid to the cultiva
tion of the mind. True, a habit of life
fit to Insure a steady norve is assistance
to brain development That is quite an
other thing. Yet overmuch muscular ex
ercise detract? from brain power. Each
Is fed from the same spring at once.
Energy, which Is health, supplies both.
Do we increase the strength, of mind
when we get a surplus of either fat or
muscle? These mild doses of "Dr. Spank
er's tonics," or less mild, as advocated
by our great minds every now and then,
are like all other tonics a. great pieco
of deception. We have In them an arti
ficial and disagreeable thing In the placo
of a natural and agreeable one. It is a
"snare and a pretense.
There is no profit in any of these at
the. last, and the question Is If we aro
not undermining the constitution mean
while to an extent beyond our estima
tion. We need to be good physicians as
well as wise commanders.
Is It true. Dr. Hall, that "to bo strong
Is to be a philosopher"? Turn It tho
other way. and I will partially concede
It One might as appropriately say a
man of large muscle Is a man of largo
mind. It would be quite as true.
Professor Hall, it seems, would han
his children paddled Into brains. I won't
say a good, mild spanking every day
j might not trim up "the muscles, much e.3
a fine massage treatment I won't say
what it will do toward creating a phil
osopher or generating gray matter. Cer
tain I am that it requires a much finer
and more intricate exercise than this to
cultivate wisdom and a character of an
I admirable sort In a child.
he kisses him on the cheek. Their eldera
are never made the butt of their jokes, or
used to exploit the Imaginary wisdom
of any young person In Germany.
American parents have no one to blame
but themselves for the disregard of their
authority and want of filial affection in
their children; each generation has grown
further and further away from parental
discipline and restraint, until it Is now
the exception when children are obedient
and respectful and try to emulate their
parents and grandparents In whatever of
success they have achieved. When either
grandsire, granddam. father or mother Is
taken away an opportunity is offered for
the children and grandchildren to mani
fest their devotion by their tenderness
and thoughtfulness and respect for tho
opinions and authority of the bereaved
one which belong to the day of their
death to the authors of our being.
In a few brief years the present gener
ation will belong to the past, and they
should remember that they may pass un
der the rod which they have held over
those who have gone before them. The
commandment "Honor thy father and thy
mother that thy days may be long In tho
land," etc.. Is not only a command from
the Most High, but it carries with It a
promised reward.
How few young women, when they aro
fortunate enough to be at the head of a
home, once presided over with dignity,
good taste, wisdom and thoughtfulness by
mother or mother-in-law, have any ap
preciation of her duty and ability to make
that mother or mother-in-law forget tho
affliction that has deposed her and taken
out of her life Its chief happiness, setting
aside her authority with Impunity, coun
termanding her orders, rearranging tho
appointments of the home, "making fun
of mamma's old-fashioned Ideas of doing
things." answering curtly, and In a thou
sand ways wounding the desolate heart
that has no other refuge but to quietly
submit and in the solitude of her own
chamber weep over what has been?
PATIENCE
fully, and adjusts her own affairs with a
lofty consideration of the right her hus
band has to peace within his doors, not
only preserves her own happiness, but
makes the happiness of all who feel her
bright presence or her sweet Influence.
THEY FOOL THE BUMBLEBEE
His HIve-LIvln Cousins Tickle Him,
and Steal III Honey.
The men who study Insect life have
found that the big black and yellow
bumblebee is often swindled of the re
sults of his hard day's work at honey-gathering.-
The dapper little hive bee
knows how to play upon his weaknesses.
The hive bee is a thorough city dweller,
living In a bee metropolis which has Its
bee mechanics, builders and nurses, bee
boards of health that look after the ven
tilation of the city and the removal of
the gqrbage bee policemen who guard
the hle against moths and other honey
thieves, with bee queen to rule over alL
The clumsy, loud-buzzing bumblebee,
however. Is a veritable farmer and lives
with a comparatively small family in his
mud farmhouse in the clover fields. Ha
Is such a simple soul that the hive bees
look upon him as a hayseed
Several of them will meet him when ha
is on his way home with a load of honey
' and Induce him to stop and have a chat
in the bee language. Then they pat him
and rub him and the bumblebee loves to
be tickled. Thus they work upon his
good nature until he actually lets them
take part of his bag of sweets all of It
sometimes.
When he has been robbed In this fash
ion the smart hivo beees bid him an af
fectionate good-bye, acting just as if they
were slapping him on the back, and prob
ably telling him that he must come up
to town and take dinner with them some
day when he is not busy. Whoever knew
a bumblebee to have a day to himself.
Then the robbers go home and lay their
plunder away, while the bumblebee sots
out for his farmhouse, congratulating
himself upon having such good friends,
likely enough, and quite convinced that
he Is Indeed a highly popular fellow.
Rev. William Austin Smith, of Providence.
R. I., has accepted the call extended him by
St, Paul's Episcopal Church, of Milwaukeo,
Wis., tho most aristocratic rellclous orgaul
xation ot the Cream City,