THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAN, PORTLAND, FEBRUARY 23, 1902.
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TODAY'S WEATHEK-Showers and cooler,
with southerly winds.
YESTERDAY'S WEATHER Maximum tem
perature, 00. minimum temierature, 4C; pre
cipitation, none.
rOKTLAXIJ, St'XDAY, FEB. 2.1. 11)02.
SO.MC J.VER PARTS OF HISTORY.
The origin of names, even those of
greatest Importance, often depends on
accidental circumstances, which it is
impossible to trace to their real sources.
England got its name from the Angles
and France from the Franks; but the
origin of the name of Rome Is un
known. Jonathan Carver gave the name
Oregon to the world; but how it came
to Jonathan Carver eio one can ever
know. The name of Washington has
been traced to a locality called
Weyssng, in the north of England, as
far back as the eleventh ceniury. Lin
coln is Lindum Colony. The word is a
hybrid of Celtic and Latin, and the
name is traced back to the Roman oc
cupation of Britain.
One of the most curious of these or
similar inquiries relates to the manner
in which the name America came to
be applied to the continents of the
Western Hemisphere. It is familiar
enough the name Is that of Amerigo
Vespucci, the Italian navigator; but
Amerigo never laid claim to the orig
inal discovery, and died without know
ing that his name was thus to be im
mortalized. Amerigo did not "steal the
name from Columbus." He was merely
fortunate in the circumstances that be
stowed it upon himself.
Following the discovery of Columbus,
"Vespucci made , several voyages how
many cannot be known, with certainty.
Seme say two in the service of the
ICing of Spain, and two in the service
of the King of Portugal. Whatever the
number of his voyages, they were made
during the lifetime of Columbus, and
the authority for them rests upon let
ters written by himself, which no longer
exist, in the originals. It is not even
known In what language they were
written. But translations of these let
ters, in various languages, obtained eur
jency In Europe. A Latin version was
put forth in 3507. by a cosmographer
named Martin Waldseemuller, known
otherwise as Hylacompylus, at St. Die,
an obscure town in the Vosges Moun
tains, In the northeastern part of
France. It was due to this little pub
lication that the name of America, from
Amerigo, was given to the Wesrn
Hemisphere. In that book are these
words: "And the fourth part of the
world, haing been discovered by Amcr
icus. it maj be called Amerige; that
is, the land of Amerlcus, or America."
Again: "Now truly, as these legions
are more widely explored, and another
fourth part Is discovered, by Americus
Vesputius, as may be learned from the
following letters, I uee no reason why
it should not justly be called Amerigen
that Is, the land of Americus, or
America, Its discoverer, a man of acute
Intellect; inasmuch as both Europe and
Asia have chosen their names from the
feminine form."
Hylacompylus says he made his Latin
version from the French. Italian,
Spanish and Portuguese versions also
existed. They seem to have emanated
from a common fource, and not from
each other; therefore it is not conceiva
ble that there were no genuine orig
inals. But the claim of a hemisphere
for Amerigo's name was not made by
him; It was made for him. It is per
haps the most remarkable instance in
history of so great fortune and renown.
The name America passed very slowly
Into use among the English. No copy
or version of the Amerigo letters was
published in England, and there is no
record of them there till after the lapse
of a long period. Curiously enough,
the first mention of Amerigo in Eng
land was in a play, written and pub
lished at an early stage in the develop
ment of English dramatic literature.
This play bears the title of "Interlude
of the Four Elements." It belongs to
the type known as "moralities," or
"moral plays" and their form was one
of the steps or stages through which
the English drama passed in Its prog
ress to its perfection in the Elizabethan
era. A morality was a play enforcing
a moral truth or lesson by means of
the speech and action cf characters
which may be personified as abstrac
tionsfigures representing virtues and
vices, qualities of the human mind, or
abstract conceptions in general. The
lesson which this play was designed to
teach was the advantage of the pur
suit of science. First, Humanity goes
through a course of astronomy, and
after an interval of relaxation resumes
his studies on the subject of the ro
tundity of the earth, under the guid
ance of Experience, a traveled cosmog
rapher. But Ignorance intervenes with
his medley, and In the end (which is
I Imperfect) Nature Is left giving counsel
to Humanity to continue his studies.
This play is a genuine curiosity of the
early English drama. It contains an
allusion to the discovery of the West
Indies and America, "within this twenty
year"; and it is believed to have been
written about the year 1517. It has this
passage: "But this new lands found
lately been called America because only
Americus did first them find." The play
was printed in 1519 some eighty years
before the beginning of the great dra
matic career of Shakespeare. Little
was said, however. In English literature
about America for a long period. The
all-embracingShakespeare names Amer
ica but once, and that is In "A Comedy
of Errors," a play probably of com
posite authorship, in which Shakes
peare's part is not certainly defined.
He has only two other allusions that
belong with certainty to America. One
is "still-vexed Bermoothes" (Bermudas);
the other is mention of Mexico in "The
Merchant of Venice." The discoveries
of the Cabots, sailing under the English
flag, beginning early in the history of
American expeditions and continuing to
the death of Sebastian Cabot, about the
year 1557 though they gave England
the title and footing in the Western
Hemisphere which she asserted In after
years were attended with compara
tively little interest at the time; for
England could not do much till over
throw of the Spanish Armada in 15SS
opened the way, as Bacon expressed it,
to her "commandment of the sea,"
This sort of inquiry is much pursued
in our time. Our American Institutions
of learning are devoting large effort
and increasing effort to all subjects
relating to the history and antiquities
of America. Sources of information
that once were passed over without curi
osity or interest are now eagerly ex
plored. Every historical society and
every college is endeavoring to make a
collection. Numerous private individ
uals are making constant effort to col
lect materials. The new interest awak
ened in the history of Oregon has set a
price, in most cases a high one, on
books and documents which till recent
ly were almost without quotable value.
The body of literature that might be
called "Oregonana" is not small, but
competition for it Is making it scarce.
Carver's Travels, Meares Voyages, the
Narratives of Franchere, Townsend,
Ross, Cox, Dunn, White and others are
no longer easy to find; and even the
missionary accounts of Samuel Parker
and Gustavus HInes, that found few
buyers fifty years ago, are now scarcely
obtainable. Vancouver's Voyages have
advanced to a great price, and every
version of the expedition of Lewis and
Clark is in great demand, including the
latest one, that of Dr. Elliott Coues,
whose notes make it the best of all.
This fine edition, however, when pub
lished, only ten years ago, found at the
time hardly any sale. Now, the person
is fortunate who can find the volumes.
INCREASE OF S.MALLPOX.
The prevalence of smallpox in widely
separated points throughout the coun
try is a condition rather surprising
than alarming, since medical science
may be said to hold the key to the
situation. Experience proves that
v, henever a sufficient number of cases
of smallpox develop in any populous
community resort is had to general and
even compulsory vaccination, which, to
gether with measures of quarantine and
fumigation, speedily reduces the danger
of epidemic to the minimum.
Portland, though a railroad center
from which a restless human tide con
stantly ebbs and flows, has not had a
general smallpox panic for many years,
though there has seldom been a time
In which a limited number of persons
suffering from this disease have not
been under the care of the city and
county medical authorities. For some
years past vaccination has been made
compulsory in the public schools,
though lately there is a tendency to
relax vigilance in this respect, follow
ing the contention of certain parents
whose religious scruples are stronger
than their prudence a contention that
has been supported by legal decision.
There are now, as the report of the
board of health shows, a greater num
ber of cases of smallpox undergoing
treatment in the pesthouse and in pri
vate houses under quarantine than for
some months past; yet so vigilant are
our health officers and so effective the
measures used to prevent the spread
of the disease that there is little uneasi
ness in regard to It.
Other cities are not so fortunate. Chi
cago has reached the stage of alarm in
dicated by the organization of a general
vaccination crusade, based on the fact,
as shown by statistics, of an increase of
smallpox cases in the Central West to
nine-fold the number of a year ago.
Philadelphia has so many cases that an
expenditure of $225,000 has been voted
for its extirpation. In St. Louis the
disease Is quite prevalent, though under
strict control. The same may be said
of Kansas City and other centers of
population in the Mississippi Valley.
The cause of this outbreak is not
clearly to be found In the rise of senti
mental notions of "liberty." The effi
cacy of vaccination in controlling the
disease is well known, and It would
seem that at this stage of public en
lightenment it should be practically
universal. The anti-vaccination idea
has, however, lately had some vogue.
Then there has been carelessness
In renewing vaccination, and, worse
than all, carelessness in several in
stances in regard to the purity of the
virus provided by the health authori
ties. The distressing prevalence of te
tanus following vaccination In St. Louis
and one or two other cities some weeks
ago was most "unfortunate, not only In
that a number of lives were sacrificed,
but because of the widespread fear of
vaccination that was thereby Induced.
It is not probable, however, that the
fear thus induced has any part in the
increase of smallpox as shown by sta
tistics. The recent Influx of laborers in
large numbers to the cities, from dis
tricts remote from systematic medical
supervision, is doubtless responsible to
a large degree for introducing the in
fection in the cities named. Inefficient
Isolation of the initial cases has been
another factor in its dissemination.
There is just one way to stop the
spread of smallpox. Not one of the 346
patients found in Chicago during the
past three years was vaccinated accord
ing to the standard. In over 3C00 vac
cinations in an infected locality, not
one took the disease. True and effect
ive vaccination Is the safeguard, and
when this is universally resorted to as
a measure of common prudence, the
spread of smallpox can be stopped and
other diseases practically stamped out.
Almost if not quite as many deaths
In the United States are caused by
I pneumonia as by tuberculosis. The
United. States Census shows that while
consumption increased only from 102,199
deaths In 1S90 to 111,059 In 1900, pneu
monia increased in the same period
from 74.-J9G to 105,971. This rate of in
crease, if sustained, would make the
deaths from pneumonia this year about
equal those from tuberculosis. Dr. C.
L. Wilbur, chief of the division of vital
statistics, reports that only one death
in twelve was caused by tuberculosis
in Michigan in 1901; that for two years
consumption has been second to pneu
monia, the deaths from these two
causes In 1901 being 2421 and 2393, respectively.
VICTOR HUGO.
Next Tuesday Paris will begin her
celebration of the 100th anniversary of
the birth of Victor Hugo. The celebra
tion will last six days, and will include
public ceremonies of the most elaborate
and splendid character. When Hugo
was burled in 1SS5 his dead body lay In
state beneath Napoleon's Arch of Tri
umph, and was then taken amid a na
tion's pomp to the Pantheon, and today
his country and his city are preparing
to do his memory magnificent honors.
No literary man since Voltaire has been
so elaborately honored as Victor Hugo.
Sober-minded Americans writing from
Paris confess that to their astonish
ment the name and work of Victor
Hugo have taken national rank in the
mind of the French race, much as
Goethe among the Germans. When we
remember that Goethe was so great a
man In his intellectual endowments that
Napoleon Bonaparte spoke of him with
a respect that he expressed for no other
European save the English statesman.
Fox, the spectacle of all France devot
ing a week to celebrating the centenary
of Hugo seems to an intelligent Ameri
can or Englishman "a matter for won
der. There is only one adequate explana
tion for this popular apotheosis of Hugo
and that is the peculiar mental and
moral qualities of the French people.
The solid, deep German mind can com
prehend Shakespeare, and a great Eng
lishman like Coleridge, Byrcn or Car
lyle could comprehend the apotheosis
of Goethe, but we venture to say that
no great Englishman or German will
read of this apotheosis of Hugo by
France without a smile. The apotheo
sis of Voltaire in his last days Is un
derstandable, because Voltaire, if not
a great man, was in certain lines one
of the greatest writers that ever lived.
His wit and power of ridicule as an
effective Instrument of literary art have
never been equaled; his services and
sacrifices for humanity were very
great; he was the inspirer of a great,
terrible and yet on the whole benefi
cent insurrection against the Intrenched
despotism of Continental Europe. The
direct and indirect services of Voltaire
to France, to literature, and the cause
of human freedom were very great, and
he deserved the apotheosis he obtained
in his dying days from Paris and the
French people. But an intelligent Eng
lishman or American cannot understand
this Impeding apotheosis of the memory
of Hugo as if he stood for France and
French thought and literature, even as
Goethe stands for Germany and
Shakespeare and Milton for England.
There is no question about the popu
larity of Hugo with. France. It lasted
with scarcely any serious shadow from
1S2S to his death in 1885, and most as
tonishing of all, it has endured despite
the fact that all the great French crit
ic?, like Salnte Beuve, Merlmce and Le
maitre, are agreed In thinking Hugo to
be nothing but a man of exuberant
imagination fecundated by aT powerful
memory. This they hold to be the
whole of his talent He was a man, In
their judgment, without Ideas, without
restraint reason, a man of vast van
ity and egregious egotism. As a writer
of romance or serious fiction of perma
nent quality, these great French critics
agree that Hugo is secondary to Bal
zac and George Sand. They think
lightly of his dramas, even the best of
them, such as "Hernanl" and "Ruy
Bias." As a mere lyric poet, he was at
his best, for he had .a vast command
of words and was wonderfully versatile
in his versification. These critics grant
that he was a bold and skillful literary
innovator, who replaced the classical
school of Racine with the romantic
school of literature, but these great
French critics stoutly maintain that the
value of Hugo lies in the impulse his
Innovations gave to other writers rather
than in the superior power or beauty
of his own work.
Matthew Arnold, a great English
critic, said that while Hugo, like Du
mas, was a great romance writer, he
was by no means a great poet. The
only Englishman of eminence who dif
fers from Arnold in this estimate of
Hugo is the poet Swinburne. The Eng
llFh critics probably reflect the opinion
of those American men of letters who
are sufficient masters of the French
language to pronounce equally authori
tative judgment. The average intel
ligent American, knows Hugo chiefly
through reading his famous romance,
"Notre Dame de Paris," and "Leff Mls
erables." The last-mentioned romance,
published in 1S59, had a vast vogue
In its day, and in its merits and its de
fects is a fair reflection of the quality
of Hugo's genius. The farrago of nasty
nonsense concerning the famous dirty
word uttered by General Cambronne,
commander of the Old Guard, at Wat
erloo, when asked to surrender, could
only have been written by a French
man. To an American or an English
man it reads like the ravings of a vic
tim of delirium tremens or morphine.
A benevolent old archbishop, who, when
hlssllver is stolen by an ex-convict
whom he has fed and warmed and com
forted, tells a lie when the convict is
arrested, and, to save him from return
to the galleys, says he made the con
vict a present of his silver, is a figure
in this romance. To an American or
English mind the archbishop Is not an
apostle of humanity at all; he is only an
old fool turning loose on society a hope
less scoundrel, but Hugo makes a hero
out of the bishop and out of the grace
less convict, too. That is French, or
at least It is Hugoese, humanity. The
lovemaking of Marius and Cosette ex
cites contempt in an English mind, for
It Is sensibility saturated with sickly sen
tlmentalism. Enjolras, the fellow with
the beautiful Greek face, who is killed
fighting behind the barricades, is an
other of Hugo's Impractlcables, or un
accountables, the kind of creatures out
of which nihilists, anarchists and kin
dred enemies of society are recruited.
This disposition to apotheosize anarch
ists was exhibited by Hugo when he
published his rhapsodical eulogy of
John Brown, of Harper's Ferry fame,
whose gallows he compared to the cross
of Christ.
The morality of Hugo's romances Is
always vicious when they have any
morality at all, but that, of course, does
not hurt them for French circulation.
Zola is far more repulsive in his realism
than Hugo in his romanticism; but
Zola's most repulsive book recognizes
the Nemesis of retribution for physical
or moral transgressions, so that as a
moralist the author of "L'AssomoIr" is
clean above Hugo, who in prose or
poetry is always a sentimentalist. As
a political figure, Hugo was a failure.
He was a Napoleonist In feeling in
youth because his father was a distin
guished General of the First Empire.
He was a Bourbcnist to please his
mother. He was devoted to Louis Phil
ippe until the revolution of 1S4S, and
wounded personal vanity made him a
bitter enemy of Louis Napoleon. After
twenty years of exile he returned to
public life. He sympathized with the
Commune, although he did not act with
it. As a member of the Chamber of
Deputies and the Senate he was always
of radical socialist tendencies. He was
bitterly opposed to capital punishment.
His political career was a failure, as
might have been expected, for men of
exuberant poetic Imagination, which Is
not balanced -by strong understanding
are totally unfit for the work of govern
ment. Nevertheless, Hugo by his lyric
genius always managed to pose before
the people as the friend of humanity,
of the poor and downtrodden. He sang
the glories of France in war and peace,
and if popularity be as good as fame,
verily Hugo has his reward. He was
a man of amazing versatility of liter
ary talent, but the great French critics
are probably Just in their judgment
that he had too much fustian in his
work to endure long the test of time;
that he was a man of exuberant Imag
ination and vast memory, but without
ideas, a literary parodist Instead of a
thinker.
OBSERVANCE OF LENT.
Ritualistic denominations generally
find In religious habit and the mandate
of the church powers sufficiently potent
to enforce a partial abstinence from
worldly pleasures and gastronomic en
joyment during the period ushered in
by Ash Wednesday and brought to a
close by the ringing of Easter bells.
Even In churches of the non-ritualistic
order, the season is observed with ser
vices somewhat out of the ordinary. A
sort of "hush," so to speak, falls upon
the social world at this period that is
not all traceable to religious devotion.
It affects to a greater or less extent the
lives of a large number of orderly, con
templative persons In every Christian
community, inducing unwonted quiet
In the social realm.
Thousands of persons are subject to
this influence who scout the traditions
out of which the observance of the sea
son grew, and while there Is nothing in
the tenets of their religious faith that
compels a cessation of pleasures or a
reduction of table expenses, they seize
upon the occasion with relief, as prom
ising a period of needed rest and per
haps of retrenchment, in this way se
curing practical benefits to body, mind
and purse.
The assumption of religious devotion
as the main incentive to this attitude
may betray Itself in many ways to the
amusement of those who do not share
the zeal of the ritualist, but this does
not detract from the real benefit de
rived from an observance without
which social extravagances that are a
menace to health would go on, un
checked and unchallenged. Rest and
reflection are too rarely Indulged In this
strenuous age. The demands of mod
ern life are exacting enough at best,
and if the Lenten season had nothing
else to recommend it. It would still be
worthy of respect as an interval in
which, by common consent, the brakes
are put upon the. wheels of society.
Beyond this practical view lies the fact
that to a large number of people in
every community Lent is a season of
religious and moral strengthening, con
tributing to serious reflections upon the
important things of life. As a public
display of religious virtue and self-sacrifice,
It Is entitled to little considera
tion, except as kindness and courtesy
compel enlightened people to respect the
feelings of others; certainly then is
no reason, while taking note of the
frivolity and Insincerity that masquer
ade under churchly mandates, to be
lieve that the season Is devoid of In
spiration to an unpretentious host who
In religious matters observe the exhor
tation to silence and privacy in their
devotions.
The unanimous Indorsement given
by the House to the constitutional
amendment providing for the election
of United States Senators by popular
vote ought to satisfy the upper chamber
that it cannot refuse longer to submit
such an amendment to the states with
out plain defiance of the popular will.
The House represents a large majority
of the people In its vote, and the people
have a right to expect that the Senate
will give them an opportunity of decid
ing whether or not to amend the Con
stitution in a most important particu
lar. The United States Senate has no
business persistently to suppress any
amendment of this kind. To do so looks
like an effort at self-perpetuation in
contempt of the popular will, repeatedly
expressed through that body of Con
gress that is nearest the people. Two
thirds of the Legislatures of the states
can force the calling of a constitutional
convention, but the Senate In fairness
has no business to force the people to
this resort. Congress should at once
afford them full opportunity to decide
whether to amend the Constitution or
not. In Great Britain, If the House of
Commons should make a persistent de
mand for reformation and reconstruc
tion of the House of Lords from a
hereditary assembly Into an elective
body, it could. If in earnest, enforce its
will, as its mere threat to do so forced
the House of Lords to submit to the
passage of the famous reform bill of
1832. But our lower house, under our
form of government, cannot enforce Its
will on our "House of Lords."
Charles Francis Adams, In his late
address before the New York Historical
Society, Is mistaken in his view that
President Grant and Secretary Fish in
the outset favored the inclusion of the
so-called "Indirect claims" in the Amer
ican case before the general tribunal.
This meant an absurd . claim for ex
traordinary damages for indirect losses
caused by the Alabama, such as loss of
trade transferred to- English bottoms,
increased rates of insurance, and all
imaginable losses of any description in
cident to "the prolongation of the war.
These claims, according to Mr. Sum
ner's figures, would have swelled our
damages to an enormous sum. Grant
and Fish were both strongly opposed
to the presentation of this absurd claim
for Indirect damages. 'Grant said that
the tribunal would not consider them
for a moment. Mr. Fish agreed with
this view, but said that It was Impolitic
to offend Mr. Sumner, occupying as he
did a formidable position as chairman
of the committee on foreign relations;
that the best way of getting rid of
Sumner's opposition was to let the in
direct claims go before the general tri
bunal. Grant, in his "Memoirs," says:
"It is always a mistake to say more
than you mean, and as we never meant
the Indirect claims, we should not have
presented them, even to please Mr. Sum
ner." The excitement in England was
Intense. The American Government
had to withdraw the claims, and the
Geneva arbitrators of their own free
motion declared that all such claims
were invalid and contrary to Interna
tional law. Justin McCarthy, in his
book of reminiscences, quotes from a
letter he had received from John Bright
in which the latter said, concerning
the seeming surport of Mr. Sumner's
pressure of the indirect claims: "It
may be that Grant and his friends are
playing with Sumner's cards." Mr. Mc
Carthy's comment Is this: "Brlght's
ideas were perfectly correct. Grant af
terward frankly admitted that the prin
ciple of indirect claims had been adopt
ed by the Government chiefly to please
Sumner; that the Government never
had1 any thought of pressing them, and
that they never ought to have been
adopted to please anybody." Justin Mc
Carthy was in this country at the time
in intimate relations with Mr. Sumner
and on friendly terms with President
Grant.
Andrew Carnegie said in a recent ad
dress that it was one of the most cheer
ing facts of our day that "under pres
ent conditions the wages of labor tend
to rise and the price of necessaries to
fall." This statement Mr. Carnegie has
since qualified by saying that by "our
day" he meant our generation, and that
in clothing the fall has been remark
able, and in many other articles equally
so. The truth is that while the cost of
foodstuffs ha3 risen greatly since 1S93,
nevertheless, on the whole, laborers the
country over were never better off.
Dun's Review shows that while the cost
of living for 1901 was higher than the
cost of living In any other recent year,
nevertheless the condition of the Amer
ican laborer was never better as a whole
than at present. When the period of
depression culminated on July 1, 1897,
with prices at the lowest point In our
history, it was estimated by labor ex
perts that 3,000,000 of men were unable
to find employment, which means that
15,000,000 persons'were living on as little
as possible. Today there Is full employ
ment and each has his own family to
think of instead of unfortunate rela
tives and friends. Dun notes the fact
that the number of depositors in sav
ings banks has advanced to the highest
point on record, and the increased num
ber of life insurance policies stands for
phenomenal figures. The farming popu
lation Is prosperous, the rise in bread
stuffs falling little short of 90 per cent,
while meats rose 30 per cent and dairy
and garden products 73 per cent.
One of the most charming things
about the Northwest that has recently
come from the press Is Wonderland, the
Northern Pacific's descriptive annual,
for 1902. After a sketch of the attrac
tions of the country about the eastern
end of the Northern Pacific Railway
comes the story of mining in Montana
from the early days to the present, and
though present operations lade the ro
mantic glamor of the early placer days,
they are no less Interesting and are
even more wonderful. Reproductions
from the early newspapers of Montana
and from old account books add to the
historic value of the article. A descrip
tion of the Northern Cheyenne Indians
Is another chapter of peculiar Interest
and value. Other chapters describing
Puget Sound and Alaska afford a glance
of 2000 miles through storyland, with
many views of natural and industrial
scenes, Including one of Mount Hood
from Portland. Much matter upon the
Lewis and Clark expedition through the
Northwest and the Columbia River was
prepared for this year's 'Wonderland,
but It was found that that would have
expanded the book beyond practicable
limits, and It was reserved for next
year. The successive Issues of Wonder
land compose an essential part of th'e
history of the great Northwest, and It
Is dressed in the most charming style
possible.
In spite of the tremendous fight made
by the dairy Interests of the country
on oleomargarine, a total of 10S,000,000
pounds of the product was made and
sold in the United States last year.
These figures constitute a heavy indict
ment against the taste of the American
people, providing this enormous quan
tity of oleomargarine was bought and
eaten with a full knowledge of its char
acter. If, ho'wevcr, it was palmed off on
an unsuspecting public as butter. It
forms a heavy Indictment against the
honesty of its manufacturers. The ef
fort to regulate the sale of this product
Is legitimate in so far as it is confined
to making oleomargarine stand upon its
own merits and appear In market under
its own name. Beyond this, as for ex
ample the effort that has been made in
some states to force manufacturers by
law to color the product pink or blue In
order to make it disgusting In appear
ance to consumers, the crusade against
oleomargarine Is not justified. It is
only when it is put out as butter that
dairymen have a right to protest
against it, and in this protest they will
no doubt be joined by such consumers
as have a decent regard for pure food.
The manager of every one of the
railroads centering in Chicago has made
It a rule that every employe, from the
highest to the lowest, Including messen
ger boys and scrubwomen, must be vac
cinated or lose his or her place. Every
car arriving In Chicago from any direc
tion is fumigated under the direction of
the city health department before pas
sengers are allowed to enter it again.
These precautions are necessary, for
smallpox is prevalent in the territory
surrounding Chicago. In Wisconsin
8000 or 9000 cases have occurred within
the past thirteen months.
The venerable ex-Governor Holbrook,
the war Governor of Vermont in 1SG1-62,
observed his 89th birthday en the 15th
Inst. He Is strong physically and ment
ally, takes daily walks upon the streets,
and manifests a lively interest in public
affairs. He Is, we believe, the last eur
vlvor of the "war" Governors of 1S61
62. Of more than ordinary interest is an
article on another page by Professor J.
S. Diller, of the United States Geological
Survey, on the volcanology of the Cas
cade' Range. To students of geology It
will prove fascinating, nor will It be
void of interest to the general reader.
IS IT PEACE, JEHU?
Christian charity rules at Northwestern
University. It has expelled Prorcssor
Pearson as unworthy of a seat on the
right hand. It will not give any more
bounty to the heretical brother, even on
account of Him whose mercy endureth
forever.
What a pity that man, who is of few
days, should be to full of trouble! Char
ity may extend to the uttermost parts or
the earth, but to Professor Pearson, nay.
The authorities of the institution have a
discerning judgment. They seem war
ranted in the assumption that it Is a
pleasure to the Almighty that they are
righteous. They are an elect body, and
although they sin against the word ot
Him who died for them, is It not better
to sin with the elect than to be righteous
with the reprobate?
The true Christian way would be to try
to save Professor Pearson from perdi
tion. This would bo- the moral but not
the religious way. Professor Pear
son's dishonesty in declaring his con
science outweighs, before the judsment
seat, all the suffering of his Savior for
h!s salvation. In this sense they who
profess religion most are not the vainest
of vanities.
Our heretic is a blasphemer a noxious
blasphemer. He Is like the Christian
missionary who scoffs at the wooden god
of a naked South Sea Islander, or the
stuffed snake of a painted savage; who
sneefs at Mohammed In Constantinople.
He is like Catholics who have maligned
Protestants, and like Protestants who
have maligned Catholics. Unless rescued
by Christian charity. Professor Pearson
will have a long wait for his turn to enter
the pearly gates, on account of the crowd
ahead of him.
Yes, Indeed, there is plenty of religion
for everybody, but not enough to make us
love a sinful brother. Otherwise, the sal
vation In the reservoirs of our several
sects Is running over.
To the heathen the greatest mysticism
of Christianity Is its sects. Therefore,
since the spiritual current Hows in every
human soul, the question is whether
Christianity has not borne us to peculiar
results, beyond its real limits of morality.
The untutored savage sees God in the
clouds or heard Him in the wind. He
rears images to his conceptions. The
Christian world. Instead, has reared a
structure of rites and ceremonies. But
may not God be heard in the sound of
wind as well as In the sound of a creed?
While we are breaking ourselves to pieces
with words, may not the heathen perti
nently ask, "What knowest thou, that we
know not? What understandest thou
which is not in us?"
The Pearson episode shows a disposition
to throw aside the false structure that has
bullded up around Christian precept. It
makes distinction between religion ana
piety a religion. More and more, people
understand by "religion" forms of wor
ship, and by "piety; precepts of well
doing. "Piety," says Froude. "consists in
the discovery of the rules under which we
are actually placed, and In faithfully
obeying them." Simple Christianity is pi
ety, complex Christianity Is dogma. Je
sus spoke simply: "Not every one that
saith unto me. Lord. Lord, shall enter into
the kingdom of heaven, but he that doeth
the will of my Father which is in heav
en." And no piety is more sublime than
that of Socrates:
Oh. that my lot might lead me In the path
of holy Innocence of thought and deed, the path
which august laws ordain; laws which In the
highest heaven had their birth, neither did the
race of mortal roan beget them, nor shall ob
livion ever put them to sleep: the powtr of
God Is mighty In them, and groweth not old.
The constant trend of morality is to
ward religion, and the constant effort of
jnan is back to morality. Religion be
gins with morality. But it is ever reach
ing after more mystical expression In
its search for the unknown. Because It
gropes, it teaches ceremonial conduct
more and more. The ceremony becomes
the object of conduct, whereas once con
duct was the object of ceremony.
But there arc no- arbitrary tests of mor
ality. Idens of good conduct change from
age to age. They are also different In
the same period. Some people would
measure the morality of a country solely
by tho paucity of Its Illegitimate births;
yet a neighboring people with less con
spicuous family virtues may be superior
in industry. Statistics on the relative
number of suicides, divorces, murders, as
saults, would be no sure guide of mor
ality. Religion crucified Jesus. About his
morality has grown up the falsework ot
religion. It is a startling spectacle.
Christianity was at first a revolt against
religion. But it in Its turn has become
artificially organized and has persecuted
in its turn. In its name the mest un
moral acts have been done. It has insti
gated murder, pillage and rapine. It has
Incited men to tear out a brother's Hcsh
with red-hot pincers; to rend him by
machines of torment; to pour molten
lead into his ears. It caused the massa
cro of St. Bartholomew. The final
tragedy of Bruno was In the name of re
ligion. The Spanish robbers and cut
throats who ravaged the world in the 16th
century were intensely religious. So
have been those who persecuted Jews
because they crucified the Son of Gcd.
So were the devout people of New Eng
land, who hanged Quakers and witches.
Blessed are the authorities of North
western University. They have given an
Immediate, concrete example of how
Christian morality and Christian religion
can bo differentiated.
The remark that we cannot doubt mir
acle or revelation because we have not
the requisite experience, has no bearing.
This matter has been thoroughly threshed
out and Hume has capped the climax.
And Paine, poor Tom Paine, whose very
name gives chills to our .spinal marrow,
summed up the aigument in a conclusive
way. though his name is Tom Paine.
It Is a contradiction in terms and ideas to
call anything a revelation that comes to us at
second-hand, either verbally or In writing.
Revelation Is necessarily limited to tho first
communication. After this It la only an ac
count of something w hlch that person says waa
a revelation made to him: and though he may
And himself obliged to believe It, It cannot be
Incumbent on me to believe It in the same
manner; for It was not a revelation made to
me. and I have only his word for it that It
was made to him.
Ministers of the Gospel are ruled by a
morality that they seldom think about.
Christianity as a religion calls upon them
to suppress heretics, for that is the
function of every religion. The Ideal way
to Induce uniformity Is with the wrack,
the flame and the fagot. Persecution ac
cords with the purpose of ail sects. Re
ligion, however, is subservient in whole
some extent to morality, and for this
reason Christian charity saves Professor
Pearson from, the stake.
SLIXGS AND ARROWS.
The Carolina Style.
Come, all yo stalwart Senators, for great af
fairs of state
Call forth your best endeavors, so take corners
for debate.
No longer deal with topics grave In speeches
without bounds.
But seconds get. ad referees, and settle them,
by rounds.
For Tillman and McLaurln now have shown
you how to cope
With questions worthy of your time inside the.
tight-drawn rope.
With finish fights you henceforth shall the gal
leries beguile.
And argue every old debate in Carolina stvle.
Henceforth the Senator who thinks his col
leagues overlook
The Interests of his state can place a vigorous
left hook;
And If some watch-dog wants to stop a hunsry-
looklng grab.
He'll step forth on the floor and land a vicious
short-aim Jab.
To get In on committees they will all rush In
the ring. ,
And each hand out the chairman a convincing
full-arm swing.
No further need with language strong each
other to revile
The best and safest logic Is the Carolina stvle.
Should some one Intimate Depew knows mora
of love than law.
That learned doctor will Jump up and counter
to tne Jaw.
Should Morgan solemnly arise to talk a weeS
or so.
Tho man who wants the floor will plant a
crushing body blow.
Should s-ome hot Southern gentleman free sil
ver doctrine teach.
He's likely to go up against lank Fairbanks'
lengthy reach.
A session with the modern rules would provs
well worth one's while
If everything Is settled In the Carolina style.
And oh! tho possibilities for poor neglected
states.
Which hitherto In Consress had but physical
lightweights.
Tho bruiser In the Senate will forthwith be
come the race.
And Jeffries and Fitzslmmons will bo taken
from the stage.
While old John L. and Sharkey, and McGov-
ern,,and the rest.
Will all bo sent to Washington to fight like all
possessed.
The state that has a heavy-weight can well
afford to smile.
When things are done and fights are won la
Carolina style.
See first page.
For the Safety of the Prince.
Washington, Feb. 22. In order to assure
Ills Imperial Majesty William II that
his royal brother will be preserved from
harm, during his visit to America, tho
Stat-Department has gathered the follow
ing encouraging dispatches and forwarded
them to Berlin by fast freight:
New York, Feb. 21. Great precautions
have been taken to keep the Indians tem
porarily in subjection. The blockhouses
have teen fortified, and the old smooth
bore rifles have been replaced by flintlocks
of a modern pattern. A large force of
scouts have been looking for Indians, and
report having seen only Dr. Parkhurst
and Senator Wellington, the latter having
strayed over from, the camp of his tribe in
Maryland.
Chicago, Feb. 21. The streets have been
cleared of buffaloes, and a coyote scalp
bounty has practically destrojed the last
of those fierce animals. A number of
Belgian hares have been shot, and the
English sparrows are said to be thor
oughly Intimidated.
Milwaukee. Feb. 21. All the dogs which
formerly roamed the streets after nightfall
are in the pound or the menus which havo
been prepared to attcenpt the palate of tho
brother of our gracious Kaiser. The sheep
are In the fold, and the stein is on the
table.
Washington. Feb. 21. Senators Tillman
and McLaurln are temporarily restrained
of their liberty, and Congressman Wheeler
has been searched and found wanting fire
arms. His wants, however, will not bo
supplied till the Prince Is out of rangft-
Xot So Blind, After All.
The chances that young lovo Is blind
Seem lately to diminish;
Since many ardent lovers find
That they can sec their finish.
Anecdote of Father ot Hit Conntry.
"If you were to live till 1902," observed
Hon. Benjamin Franklin, as he and Gen
eral Washington were sipping juleps in
the shade of the sheltering Virginia oaks,
"you would not find a single friend of
your boyhood."
"Oh. I don't know," said the father of
his country, gently, "I guess I would meet
up with one of your jokes now and then,
they Feem to be about as fresh now as
when Rameses first sprung them."
Th Hon. Benjamin Franklin purchased
the next round.
'Rail for Prince Henry.
Let the much-extended dachshund weaver a
garland of his bays.
Let festoons of Welnerschnitzels on all build
ings meet our gaze.
Let Saengerfests In unison pour forth both
beer and rrarc.
Let the Fluegelhorn its mellow welcome
speak;
Let Columbia. In German, softly whisper,
"Koinm herein";
Let Turner bunds in wooden shoes and low
hat3 get In line.
Let us chop the burning bourbon and fill full
the foiming Stcln.
For we're Germans, jolly Germans. aU thl3
w eek.
Let's abate the Duchy dialect we hear In
vaudeville.
Let's omit to call the Kaiser "Mo und Gott"
or "Chesty Bill."
Let's commit R. .Wagner's music and emit It
with a will.
Till the timbers In said Wagner's cofiln
creak.
Let's forget our rash friend Coghlan and tho
things he had to say
Of that incidenc of Dewey's when he owned
Manila Bay,
Let the strains of "Hoch der Kaiser" sound
not on this glorious day.
For we're Germans. Jolly Germans, for a
week.
"Woman Way.
Thu is ib boas ft JicV tniM
Tb ii lie lm Jck vm to ts3d
Tlu is the house lbt JkVs wife wirtfdBtuitf
. . , lA
Thu is tie tocje tnu Jc nu
A Mlitak e Somewhere.
Mountains shlnin' clear an' white
'Long the eastern sky.
Blue above as warm an" bright
As 'tis In mid-July;
Pussy willows blossoming.
Currants llushln' red.
Birds a chlrpln" chimes o' Spring,
Chilly winds Is fled.
February still Is here,
Sprlrg Is et to come.
Seems as If In this here year
Nature's mixed things some.
J. J. MON'TAGUE.
Ex Libris.
Wlllard Holcomb.
Clothes are the binding; manhood the book;
Chooso not your friends by their outward look;
Velvet or vellum or cloth of gold.
Little they tell what the heart doth hold;
Hand-made paper or parchment rare
Change net the character written there:
Covers are naught so the text be fair.
See that the letters are fair and clear.
Tree from error and void of blear.
Plain and honest and easy to read
Simple lines no deceptions breed;
Though It be tattered and torn and old.
A book or a friend with a heart of gold
. 13 worth all the treasure the earth can hold.
j&sy
ill