VV
J'?"" 7 v"-i .jv--r-.- .-
THE SUNDAY OREflONIAN. PORTKAKD, 'APRIL' 22,' 900.
31
RIVER COMMERCE OF SIBERIA
ow It Has Developed the Country and Made Industrial and
Social Progress Possible.
KRASNOIARSK. Siberia. Sept. l.-Our
train trundled Into this city on time this
morning, which was tho llrst favorable j
sign of a day that has proved fruitful of
Interest and satisfaction. Krasnolarsk Is
not very much of a city, as far as pop
ulation Is concerned, but It Is a .place
where things are happening pretty rap
Idly, and one of the most attractive towns
I have seen along the railway. It Is al
most as old as Tomsk, having been estab
lished as a fort in 1G2S. The town Is most
favorably located, on the left, or west,
bank of the Yenisei River, occupying' a
triangular peninsula between that great
liood and the Katcha Illver, which flows
Into It here. The town Is high above the
rivers, but the shipping and other indus
tries come down to the- water's edge on
both streams. The population of the
town Is nearly 10.000.
A low bridge gives passage westward
across the Katcha River to the opposite
'shore, where & suburban village occupies
the river bank. Far above Is a great hill,
rising to a height of several hundred feet,
called the Tokmak, on the summit of
which is some sort of an ancient shrine.
No road leads to the top of this hill, ex
cept some hardly definable tracks over
the grassy slope, and It took the driver
Of my droshky nearly an hour, to zigzag
bis way to the summit. Once there the
view was superb by all means the most
striking that I have seen In Siberia. To
the west swept the endless succession of
alternate prairies and forests that make
Up this enormous country, the single
track of the railway traceable for miles
by the embankments and the cuts
through hills or forests. Spread out at
the base of the hill, Just across the Kat
cha, lay Krasnolarsk. beautiful at that
distance, however mean its houses might
be on close Inspection. Its cathedrals and
public buildings rising into prominence
among the hundreds of low log houses.
Looking beyond the town, the Yenisei
spread out to a noble stream, spanned by
the new railway bridge, which measures
more than 3000 feet from end to end. On
the other side of the river the railway
wound Its way Into the hills, and the view
was closed In that direction by the range,
which contains some of the richest gold
toilnes In Siberia.
It was this river that made the lasting
Impression In the landscape. As far as
one could see the broad valley extended
north and south, bearing the waters on
their way from the melting snows of the
mountain ranges which form the bound-
nry between the Russian and the Chinese
empires, northward to the Arctic Ocean.
In all the thousands of miles of Its course
this Is the only bridge, unless some moun.
tain tributary Is crossed by a footpath,
before the stream becomes a river, and
this bridge came only because the rail
way came.
The rivers of Siberia are the most nota
ble of the physical features of the coun
try, and tho most generally known. Prob
ably every one remembers out of the ge
ography of his school days that Siberia
has three great rivers flowing northward
into the Arctic Ocean, In succession from
tho Ural Mountains eastward, respective
ly, the Obi. the Yenisei and the Lena.
These wonderful Interior water systems
have been of even more Importance, If
possible. In forwarding the conquest, set
tlement and colonization of Siberia than
were the Great Lakes and the Mississippi
River systems to America. Krasnolarsk,
on the Yenisei, is a fortunato place for
noting some facts about these rivers.
Tributaries of these great rivers and
others yet to bo mentioned so nearly ap
proach each other in the heart of Asia
that from the earliest times the water
ways 'were used by adventurous explorers
or Invaders who were making their way
across the country. Portages were nec
essary in passing from one system to an
other, but they were no longer and no
moro difficult than tho portages In Illi
nois that led from the rivers which flowed
Into Lake Michigan to those flowing Into
the Mississippi River. Though the gen
eral course of these Siberian streams Is
to the Arctic Ocean, owing to the gradual
northerly slope of the entire northern
portion of the Asiatic Continent, the trib
utaries reach the main streams from the
southeast and southwest at such an angle
that the Journey can be made right across
the continent by these nearly connected
highways of Nature. From the Ural
Mountains to Yakutsk, a distance of not
less than 4500 miles. It Is possible to pass
by the rivers with but two short port
ages. The Obi on Important niver.
The Obi, most western of the great Si
berian rivers, has been the most Import
ant factor in the communication with the
Interior of the country. Rising in Mon
golia, it has a course of S300 miles, a drain
ego area of more than 1,1X10.030 square
miles, and upon the river and Its tribu
taries a regular navigation system Is In
operation over more than 10,09) miles.
Formed by two great rivers, as It Is, int
-Irtish and the main stream, which relate
much as do the Missouri and the Missis
sippi, it provides uninterrupted navigation
all the way from the" Ural Mountains to
Tomsk, a distance by the course followed
of about 1D00 miles. The first voyage of
a steamer over this vnUtPjoute was
accomplished In 1S46, and seven years later
a regular line was established.. In 1R61
steamers went up the Irtish as far us
Bemlpalatlnsk. and In 1H3 a steamer went
up the Chullm River, an affluent of the
Obi. to Achinsk, now a station on the
Siberian Railway half way between this
city and Marilnsk. At present regular
service Is In effect, by excellent river
steamers, from Tlumcn, at the base of
the Urals, to Tomsk, by way of Tobolsk,
and from Tiumen by way of Tobolsk and
Omsk to Bemlpalatlnsk. far up the Irtish
River and almost at the base of the Altai
Mountains and the Chinese frontier. In
addition there are two branch lines con
tinuing upstream from Tomsk, one on tjie
Obi and Bill Rivers to Bllsk, and the other
on tho Obi and Chullm to the Town of
Chullm. These destinations are nearly 700
miles above Tomsk.
Many hindrances have cvlnted to pros
perous river trade, but In spite of the
handicaps tho total has been great. Of
the freights from Tiumen about one
fourth has been shipped up the Irtish
River to Omsk and the other towns on
that route and three-fourths to Tomsk
and the neighboring settlements. Tho
rivers are frozen for several months In
the year, and during the lone seasons of
low water, traffic is interrupted at times.
Sometimes the steamers cannot reach
Tomsk and Omsk at all. except with the
greatest difficulty, nnd at such times of
course shipping on the smaller tributary
streams Is quite out of the question. It
1 calculated that there arc four month
of free navigation without delay, and
sometimes that period Is extended. The
rivers never have been Improved to very
great extent. Proper records and observ
ations of the rise nnd fall have not been
made, beacons and lights are absent, the
channel Is cared for only by the personal
effort of the companies operating "on the
rivers, the government having paid vir
tually no attention to that matter. The
erection of a telegraph line along the
course of the Obi and the Irtish Rivers
would be of great value in affording a
means for communicating rapidly tho con
dition of the channels at different points
and the Indications of the rise and fall of
"tho depth of water or the conditions of
freezing and ice Jams.
The Second Great Stream.
The Yenisei, on the banks 'or which
Krasnolarsk stands. Is the second of these
rreat Siberian rivers. It. too, rises In the
mountains of Mongolia, and Is navigable
almost from the Chinese frontier to Its
south. Steam navigation on this rivet
began in 1E63, but was slow of develop
ment because the traffic was Isolated.
having: no direct connection with the
uusmtr&s ui j&uivuuui iiumo. xj uua
time there are a dozen or more steamers
in service, a large number of boats of
other sorts and perhaps 50 barges. "West
ern Siberia, which Is served by the rivers
of 'the Obi system, has a population of
approximately 3,t0?.(0) Inhabitants In an
area of about LOtO.COO iuan miles, while
central Siberia, with as large an area, has
less than one-fourth as many inhabitants.
This fact offers another simple explana
tion why the traffic on the Yenisei sys
tem, which serves central Siberia, is far
behind that of tho Obi and its tributaries.
The regular lines of freight and passen
ger steamers on the Yenisei are those
plying downstream from Krasnolarsk to
Yeniseisk, and upstream from Krasnolarsk
to Minusinsk, each of these routes being
between 300 and 400 miles in length.
The Yenisei has a tributary which com
pares with the parent stream in volume
about as the Irtish does with the Obi.
and contributes likewise to the Importance
of Its prospective navigation. This is tho
Angara, which enters the great river
from the east at the City of Yeniseisk.
The Angara is the outlet of Lake Baikal,
flowing from that lake through the City
of Irkutsk. Its general course then Is
northward and westward, through a dis
tance of nearly 1500 miles, to its union with
the Yenisei. Inasmuch as the Angara
Is a large river when it leaves Lake
Baikal and receives many Important trib
utaries from the area which It drains. It is
of great consequence in the navigation
system of central Siberia. If Its course
were not interrupted by a long succes
sion of rapids steamers could ply all the
way to Irkutsk. For 43) miles from Lake
Baikal, through Irkutsk and down the
Angara to the prison of Bratsk, the river
Is readily navigable, but from that point
to the confluence with the Yenisei' the
rapids will have to be cleared out a great
deal before the channel is practicable.
Tito Great River Systems.
ThcFe two great river systems which
have been described reach the Arctic
Ocean through well-defined estuaries the
Gulf of Obi and the Yenisei Gulf, re
spectively. The third of the northward
flowlngrlvers flows Into the Arctic through
a wide-spreading delta, which became
famous to American readers after the loss
of the Jeannette and the terrible expsrl
ences of the survivors. The Lena River
and its drainage area are far to the north
of the regions watered by the other riv
ers, as well as far to the eastward. So
remote Is It from the more thickly set
tled parts of Siberia that It has 'figured
but little In the development of the coun
try Yakutsk, the most Important town
on the river, has been one of the most
notable of the exile centers, nnd a Fen
fence to that distant region has seemed
the extreme of severity. There aro, how
ever, a few small steamers on the river,
and some day. perhaps. It will have its
share In the commerce of the country. It
is navigable for about 1500 miles. In the
long route of the Siberian Railway the
line crosses a dozen of the navigable trlb-.
utarles of the Obi and the Yenisei, as
well as those two great rivers themselves.
In fact, one of the most visible breaks In
the monotony of the Journey Is the cross
ing of tho successive long bridges which
span these floods. The Lena, however. Is
entirely north of the route of the railway,
and none of its tributaries reaches down
to the line of travel. It cannot contrlbu'e,
therefore, as the other two do, to the
commerce of the line, nor can It serve
as a route by which the traveler north
or south of the railway may reach the
adjacent parts oi the country.
Beyond Lake Baikal are two rivers
which reach the Arctic Ocean by way of
tho Yenisei. These are tho Upper Angara
and the Selcnga. The former flows into
Lake Baikal at the north, draining a con
siderable region which Is rich in mineral
and forest wealth. The stream serves for
the floating of rafts and barges which
bring the products of the district to the
town at the mouth of the river. The other
river, more Important from the shipping
point of view. Is the Sclenga, which en
ters Like Baikal not far from Its south
ern extremity, after a course of hundreds
of miles through Mongolia and Southern
Siberia. The Sclenga Is sufficiently navi
gable to contribute a large Chinese trade
to the Siberian Railway, wh'ch It inter
sects at the town of Verkhne-Udin.k. This
exhausts the list of rivers of note in the
Arctic Bafln. The Amur, which is such
an Important fnctor In the Journey across
Siberia, and on which I expect to spend
nearly two weeks on the way to the
Pacific Ocean. I shall leave to be de
scribed at that time. .
EhKlIiih In Siberia
Hero In the middle of Siberia I fcnve
found hospitality at the genuine English
homo or a genuine English family, the
only one of tho sort I have seen since
I left St. Petersburg, nearly three months
ago. The presence of Mr. C. J. Kelghley
In this remote place Is due to the exist
ence of one of the most Interesting com
mercial undertakings that can be found
anywhere.
English navigators were tho pioneers ot
exploration In the seas north of Russia
and Siberia, seeking In the 16th century
to find a northeast passage to China.
English traders were given the monopoly
of commerce In tho White Sea by the cre
ation of the Muscovy Company. In 13S0
English sailors reached the Kara Sen.
into which flow the Obi nnd Yenisei
Rivera, and met Rumlan vessels there.
In spite o. this It had become virtually
0
nMAxevr circus at KitAsxoiAnsicnuiLmxG i coxstrictiox tor rn
an accepted fact that communication with
Siberia by the waters of the North was
Impossible, nnd the voyages had ceased
long before the present century. Now the
Arctic Ocean nnd the great Siberian riv
ers are the avenues of communication for
a regular and an Important trade between
England and Siberia, and an English man
ager In Krasnolarsk represents an English
capitalist of London In the administration
of this central office. The change has
como as a result of tho daring and the
generosity of a few men.
It was an enterprising Siberian of the
name of SIdorov who began the agitation
which resulted In opening this route of
communication. He argued, from the
communication -which was frequent be
tween the inhabitants near the mouths of
the Siberian rivers, that lt would be Just
as possible to establish through lines of
vessels. He began to present this matter
as early as IBS, but so powerfully nad the
learned geographers of the world con
vinced themselves, that the- scheme was
chimerical that little attention was given
to his arguments at first. Even when
Sidorov offered a large reward to the first
vessel which would enter the mouth of
the Yenisei and bring back a cargo of
graphite, no one was tempted. Not for
nine .years was the first effort made to test
the truth of his calculations, and then the
voyage, under the command of Kruxen
stern. was not successful. It was suffi
cient, however, to convince those who ac
companied It that the Kara Sea was not
icebound. The Russians refusing to be.
Interested. Sloorov went to Sweden, where
Baron Nordenskjold became very friendly
to the Idea. In ISO, after 16 years of agi
tation. SIdorov himself sailed from Cron
stadt, but. halting near the mouth of the
Pechora River to save a British steamer
in distress, he lest his chance and had
to turn back after scoring a failure.
The next step in the activity ot SIdorov
brought Its practical results. The Indefa
tigable Siberian published In Pctermann's
geographical magazine an offer of a re
ward of OCOJ to the first navigator wno
should make the sea .passage from Europe
to the mouth of the Yenisei River. The
offer came to the notice of an English sail
or. Captain "Wiggins, whose name now Is
famous in Siberia, and he decided to try
for that valuable prize. Wiggins loaded the
steamer Diana with a cargo "such as the
country might demand, and In 1874. upon
his first attempt, be reached the mouth ot
the Obi and the Yenisei and returned safe
ly to England, where the reward was paid
him. The next year Baron Nordenskjold
made the voyage, and. leaving his vessel
at the mouth of the Yenisei, ascended that
river to Yeniseisk by boat and returned
home by land routes across Siberia and
Russia. Ths possibilities of the route were
sufficiently demonstrated and the pros
pects of trade stimulated voyages. The
Russian Government shared this Influence
by offering to remit a. large portion of the
Import duties on all goods brought Into
Siberia by way of the Arctic Ocean and
the rivers, and this made the matter take
a definite- commercial form.
The names ot WIgg ns, Nordenskjald and
BOYS' SCHOOL AT
Sidorov arc the ones to be noted ns the barbed wire In great quantities, olive oil.
Important factors In opening this far English preserves and pickles, wine, Amer
Northern route to commerce. The latter lean canned goods, and altogether a stock
gave 20 years of his life and large sums of iJooda that would more than satisfy a
of money in urging tho possibilities of general store In any crossroads town of the
establishing profitable communication In United States. Things nro here. Mr.
this way. I nm not sure that he ever Kelghley tellfl me. that have been here
made the voyage hlmsetf. but his vrsstls evCT "!nco tRo first cargo arrived, and they
were In the trade for some years. One w111 never bo sold, because they were not
of them, the Northern Light, was wrecked, wisely chosen for thte market. The thlngi
Another, tho Dawn, was built In Yeniseisk, that "-mc annually now. however, nre
sailed down the Yenltcl River to the Arc- well cleaned out before the supply Is re
tic Ocean, and thence safely to St, Peters- P-entened. which means that the most Im-
burg. Trapeznikov's steamer, the Louisa, ,
sailed from Hull, passed through tho Karu
Straits, entered the Obi River and as
cended as far as Tobolsk on the Irtish
with a" cargo ot Iron and oil. During the
same summer 1S78 the rich merchant
Siblriakov chartered the steamer Frazer
In Bremen and landed a cargo of tobacco,
sugar and machinery at the mouth of tlrs
Yenisei. Two other steamers entered the
mouth of the Obi with colonial wares and
Iron goods. In exchange for which they
took cargles of wheat and hemp, and
others entered the Yenisei. SldoroVs work
had brought fruit.
Baron Nordenskjold maintained his In
tcrcst In the same undertakings for sev
eral years. With two steamers, the Lena
and tho Vega, he sailed Into the Arctic
In loTS. The Lena entered the mouth of
the great river of the same name and as
cended It to the town"of Ynkutsk. a dis
tance of 1900 miles from tho mouth. The
Vega almost reached Behrlng Straits be
fore being stopped by the Ice, and the
next Summer, continuing tho voyage, com
pleted the first northeast passage from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, for which
the Dutch and English navigators of the
16th century had striven.
In rplte of tho fame of SIdorov and Nor
denskjold. It Is tho name of Wiggins that
Is best known In Siberia. This bluff and
daring English sea captain put his prize
money nnd his energy from that time for
ward for many years Into the business
which he had virtually started. After
making several voyages of his own. ho
Interested English capital In the enter
prise, and a company was formed to trade
Into the Interior ot Siberia by the river
route. For several years Wiggins spent
his Winters In stimulating the courage4
or his partners In tho scheme, and his
Summers -In making voyages, some ol
them successful and some not. The first
steamer In the regular service sailed from
Newcastle In 1SS7. reaching Yeniseisk with
out difficulty, but. owing to an unfortunato
selection of goods for the Siberian tradi',
the venture was unprofitable. Lessons
had
. .. ... ..( "exi oummcr. v nen tne l
been learned, however, of the condl-Lbo lt tho cnd of septcmDe
K In n met nw.l th. rtf.rt ..aim lti.1 .. ..-.....
tlons to be met. nnd the next year the
Ptenmcr LeDrador was fitted out. It was
to go to the mouth of the Yenisei and
there exchange cargoes with the Phoenix
hlch had been left on the river to gathir
Siberian products. Losses were again in
curred and the company wound up Its
affairs. Other Englishmen organized a
second company, with the energetic Wig
gins as a factor, but that enterprise, too
failed, though lt Is declared that the fall,
ure was duo to an unfortunate succession
of Ill-luck rather than to anything In
surmountable In tho trade. Controversies
rose, however. In which Wiggins became
Involved In charges and counter-charges,
and at last he abandoned his years oj
work to develop a commercial route Into
Siberia by way of the Kara Sea and the
great rivers, and departed for South
America, where ho Is said to be trading
now, between the West Coast and the
South Sea Islands. Ho is a picturesque
figure In the history tff Siberia, and a
modern type ot the British merchant ad
venturers of the sort who formed the
advanced guard ot the Hudson's Bay Com
pany and the East India Company.
Trr.de on Commercial Baals,
Today the trade Is on a genuinely com
mercial basis. It has fallen into the hands
of Mr. F. W. L. Popham. of London, a
millionaire merchant with the spirit ot
commercial adventure, and, in spite of a
succession of years ot losses, there is
every reason to believe that the enterprise
has reached the paying stage, Mr. Pop
ham has sunk more than 00.000 already in
his effort to prove that profit Is awaiting
the successful management ot the under,
taking. He has depended upon local man.
agement here until recently, but two years
ago he sent out Mr. Kelghley from Lon
don, and I am Inclined to believe that the
change of policy marked the turning point.
Every one in Krasnolarsk knows the
English Trading Company, the name of
Popham and the resident manager. I
found Mr. Kelghley In a big log house
that was all Siberian without and all
English within. The maid at the door
was a Siberian, but her cap and apron
were of London. The furniture and pic
tures and carpets were from "home."
Mrs. Kelghley came in from a ride dressed
la the habit of an English lady. And the
host ltmself was tho tallest, blondest and
moot typical of English gentlemen. Out
side the house. In the rear, the ocene was
or another sort- Tho great warehouse
opens into a yard which reminds me of a
prison pen stockaded with logs, and In the
yard and warehouse Is the most astound
ing collection of things for sale that It It
possible to conceive. The stock Is low Just
now. because It Is ncarlng the end of tl.e
season, and the steamers have not nrnved
yet this summer, but the variety la still
sufficient to entertain. The warehouse
contains- almost all tho kinds of goods
which one would expect to find in a hard
ware store, a store of agricultural imple
ments and a wholesale grocery, and a lot
of miscellany which I am unable to classi
fy. In rummaging about at will I found
a new fire engine, clcctric-llght globes,
lamps, kerosene cans, coffee, windmill,
plows, steam engines, printing presses,
sewing machines, china and glassware
churns, nails and screws, sugar, carpen
ters" tools, woodonware and tubs and
buckets of paper composition, tobacco.
S?kw
KRASNOIARSK.
" i ." " iiiiuu.
Some Picturesque. Fentnres.
Tho trade has some peculiarly plctur
esquo features, nnd to me the most notable
ot these Is the uncertainty of the arrival
of tho goods. When tho annual steamers
leave Hull or London for Siberia. Mr.
Kelghley, of course, receives notification
by telegraph and mall. The boats leave
London near the end of July.- steam. Into
tho Kara Sea and reach the mouth of the
Yenisei River, all going well. In three
weeks. Before that time. Mr. Kelghley
dispatches his fleet of river boats down
stream, so that they will be waiting at
tho mouth" of tho river when the British
steamers arrive. Then tho goods are
transferred to the light-draft barges. In
tow of steamers, and the larger vessels
turn about and sail for London, while tho
river fleet moves up the Yenisei.
Some three weeks after, Mr. Kelghley.
hero In Krasnolarsk. gets a telegram say
ing that tho steamers have arrived In
London, and that on a certain day they
saw the other fleet start ud the Tenlj.pl
f from tho Arctic Ocean. That Is the last
word that can bo received until tho river
steamers actually arrive at Krasnolarsk.
When luck Is good, the voyage from the
moutn or the river requires about Ave
weeks, and so, at the expected time, every
one In tho city Is watting to seo tho car
goes come In. They may be one or two
weeks late, nnd they may not come at all.
Sometimes they are caught In tho Ice If
the delays have been too ercat. and there
I they stay all winter, half-way to the Arc-
mi uiciu, resuming ineir voyage In the
Spring when the Ice goes out of the river.
Under those circumstances, the manager
here has nothing to do but to wait. He
has no way of getting word from the
frozen-up cargoes, but he knows If Win
ter comes and the boats do not, that they
aro safe In the Ice. Sometimes, if they
aro not too far down the river, a mes
senger will come. In order that London
may bo notified of the exact condition,
but sometimes nothing Is heard till the
next summer, vtnen the boats do come.
er or th flr
cf the next June, the first warning Is the
shriek of the whistles from the steamers
that are towing tho barges, as they
sweep around the great bend of the Yen!
sel. Then the whole of the population of
Krasnolarsk rushes down to the wharves
to see the boats come In, scores of men
arc employed to rush the cargoes under
shelter, and the warehouse Is heaped full
of the new wares from England.
TRUMBULL WHITE.
CENSUS OF LIVESTOCK.
Special Attention Tills Year Hott
Cattle Have Increased.
WASI'INrON, April ll.-The livestock
Interests or the United States are to be
given special attention In the twelfth
census. In previous enumerations the
livestock on farms and ranges have been
enumerated on the farm schedule, but all
other livestock have been disregarded
This limitation Interfered with the corl
rectness of the census figures and re
sulted In misrepresentation of an Import
ant element In national wealth. To re
move the difficulty Congress has passed
a law. npproved February 1, 1900, which
allows the Director bf tho Census to col
ect "Information concerning tho number
nnd kinds of livestock not on farms."
For this purpose a special schedule has
been prepared by the Census Office, on
which .all livestock not on farms or
ranges .are to be reported by the barns or
tnclosures In which they are kept. By
combining the results of this schedule
with those on the farm schedule, ths
office should obtain a full and accurate
picture of the livestock conditions of the
United States, June 1, 1900.
This improvement will be of value not
merely for Itself, but because the De
partment of Agriculture each year makes
nrt enumeration or estimate of the number
of livestock In the country, by correspond
ence with its thousands of special agents
scattered over the United States. Now.
In January, there are few young animals,
and prices of livestock aro high. For
both reasons the average valuation per
head obtained by the Department of Ag
riculture enumeration tends to exceed the
truth. On the other hand that department
confines Its attention to farms and ranges,
omitting livestock In ban and tnclosures.
The latter class are worth rather more
on the average per head than the former.
These two sources ot error thus tend to
counterbalance.
The animals aro to be classified by age,
somewhat as tho people, of the United
States, but ot course with much less de
tail. Th special schedule classifies the
neat cattle Into those under 1
year and those over 1. The sec
ond class is divided Into steers, bulls
and cows, the steers being subdivided into
those 1 and under 2. 2 and under 3, and
over 3; the cows being classified into
those 1 and under 2. and those over 2.
the latter being subdivided Into those kept
for milk and those not kept for milk.
Horses and mules are classified as those
under 1. those 1 and under 2, and those
over 2. Sheep are classified into those
under 1 nnd over 1, with the distinction
In the latter class Into ewes and rams
and wethers. The other classes of live
stock, namely, asses and burros, swine and
goats, are not classified by age.
The object ot this grouping of livestock
Is to furnish some basis for estimating tho
probable Increase of horses, mules, cattle
or sheep In the near future. The widen
ing of tho Inquiry to Include. livestock not
on farms or ranges has the same end In
view, namely, to afford a survey of the
whole livestock interests of the country,
since animals are constantly passing from
the farms or ranges to the barns or en
closures and back.
The following table, derived from the
statistics of the Department of Agricul
ture, shows the way In which the number
of livestock has been Increasing within the
last two years:
Number of livestock on farms and
ranges:
I9S. 1ST9.
Ehep 37,151930 r9,U44'3
Milch cows.. J5S40.!S'5 15,9 0.1H
Olhcrcattle.. 3 3:4.197 r.9W.KS
Mu es rSIi.' 65 2,1,I13
Horses l?.9C0.91l U.C65..0'
190
4I.& 3 065
16.a..3H
2 ,610.054
2.S;,0Z7
13.517,! 24
Total 9S.9V.619 9S,E9?,H3 101,409.030
Increase In two years
Sheep . 4,tKl"B
Milch cows 45L-.74
Total 4.677,579
Decrease In two years
Other cattle 1.(34.143
H0ISS3 43,3.7
Total 2,249,1(8
It will be noticed that the estimated
number of livestock, excluding swine,
goats, asses and burros, in tho country
has increased over 2.500,000 in the last
two years, and lt must be borne In mind
that these figures apply to farms and
ranges only.
The value of the same classes of live
stock, according to estimates from tho
same source, has Increased both because
the number has grown and because the
value per head has risen, the net addition
to the wealth of the country from this
source in the last two years being nearly
one-third of a billion dollars. The total
value on this National nset at the pres
ent time. Including, with these rinses of
livestock asses nnd burros, swine and
goats, and the animals off the farms and
ranges, is probably not less than $3,000.-
ooo.coo.
Il
TORE UP INSIDE TRACK.
But Enclne Ronnded Cnrve After
the Haiders In Safety.
"The wreck on the valley road Is re
garded as something of a curiosity In tho
line of casualties," said an old engineer
to a reporter of the New Orleans Times
Democrat, "because the cars left the rails
In the Inside Instead of the outside of a
curve. As every schoolboy knows, tho
tendency of a body moving in a circle Is to
fly away from the center, by tho oper
ation of centrifugal attraction. The con
sequence la that a train of cars going
around a curvo at a good gait will be cer
tain to hug tho outside rail, and if lt
happens to Jump the track one would
naturally Infer that lt would be on the
side where the pressure Is greatest. For
some reason or other, however, the train
on the Valley road reversed the accepted
order of things, and took a header in
tho opposite direction, nil of which re
minds me of a singular bit ot history.
"It may surprise some of you younger
gentlemen when I say that an incident
babied on the principle I have Just de
scribed played a star role in what was
possibly tho most dramatic passage of
tho entire Civil War. I refer to the pur
suit of Andrews' raiders, when they made
their desperate dash through North
Georgia to destroy railroad communication
with Chattanooga.
"The raiders, as you know, stole a
freight train at Marietta. Co.. and started
northward at tcp epeed. They were pur
sued nlmost Immediately by a detachment
If our boys on a locomotive, and then
ensued tho moot thrilling running fight on
record. Time and again Andrews and his
men attempted to obstruct the track
behind them, but they were so
hard pressed that they were obliged
to take to, their train before they
could do the work. At last they made a
spurt that gave tlrem a few moments'
breathing space and tore a short section
of rail out of a curve. Their pursuers
were coming on full tilt and It seemed ab
solutely certain that they would be ditched
when they reached that point, but. In
credible as It may appear, they passed
straight over the gap nnd held their way
ns If nothing had happened.
"The explanation of the seeming miracle
was simply that the raiders In the excite
ment of the moment had token the rail
from the Inside Instead of the outside of
the curve, and when the locomotive swung
around. It was going so fast that all Its
weight was practically on the sound Iron.
In other words, centrifugal attraction
saved the day, and Instead of burning
the Chattanooga brldse. Andrew? was
caught and hanged as a spy. If lt hadn't
been tor that fatal blunder In removing
the rail, the raiders would doubtless have
accomplished their purpose, nnd what such
a disaster would have meant to the Con
federacy gives the Imagination unlimited
leeway for speculation."
e
VAST SUMS WAGERED.
London Gatnlnrr-IIonae of Lnt Cen
tury The Clubs of Thin.
There were In 1721 In London alcne, S3
well known gambllng-houacs, says the Sat
urday Review. Nearly all respectabl-;
"West End clubs were originally gambling
houses, as was the Cocoa Tree, which Is
still flourlshlre as a club nt CI St. James
street. One night. late In the last cen
tury, there was a case at hazard, the dif
ference of which was 1S.X.
That present pink of perfee'lon,
"White's," was perhaps tne most appalling
gambling-house In Europe. "The youns
men of the nge." says W'alpole, "lot there
10.000. 15.000. :0.000 in an evening."
The play, at this club was only for rou
leaux of S0 each, and generally there was
10,000 In gold on tho table. The game
sters began by pulling off their embroid
ered clothes and put on friezo garment,
or turned their coats Inside out for luck.
They put on pieces of leather to save their
lace ruffles, and to guard their eyes from
the light and to prevent tumbling their
hair, wore high-crowned straw hats with
broad brims, and sometimes masks to
conceal their emotions.
Almack's afterward was known as the
Goose Tree Club a rather slgnlRcunt nam-
and Pitt was ono of its most constant
frequenters, and there met his adherents
Gibbon was also a member when the club
was still Almack's which. Indeed, was
the name of its founder and or.'cinal pro
prietor. TnAVELEnS" GUIDE.
WASHINGTON & ALASKA
STEAMSHIP CO.
Steamship OTT OF SBATTLE" Kill leave
Seattle at 8 P. M. on Tuesday. April 3. and
every 10 days thereafter, tor Vancouver. Ketch
ikan. Juneau and Skagway, making trip from
Seattle to Skagvay In 72 hours.
For freight and passage Inquire ot
DODWKCL CO, LIMITED, AlaEATS.
TRAYELETIS' GUIDB.
.ML
Union Depot. Sixth and J Streets.
TWO TRAINS DAILY
FOR ALL POINTS EAST
"FAST MAIL AND PORTLAND - CHI
CAGO SPECIAL ROUTE."
Leaves for th East via Spokane dally at 3.43
P. M. ArrirrB (it 8:00 A. M.
lavca for rt EUst. via Pndlton una llunt
incton. dally at 1.00 P. 1L ArrlTM. via Huat
lorton and Pmdl-ton. at 6:43 P. it.
THROUGH PULLMAN AND TOURIST
SLEEPERS.
Water line scbeJute. aunjtct to chacr wltt
out notice:
OCEAN AND RIVER SCHEDULE.
OCEAN DIVISION Steamships sail from
Almirorth dock at 8:00 P. M. Leave Portland
Columbia. Monday. April 2; Tnuradar. April
12; Sunday. April 22: Wednesday. May 2: Sat
urday. May 12. State cf California. Saturday.
April 7; Tuesday, April 17: Friday, April 27:
Monday. May 7.
From Ran tTVan!,.. Rtsf,. nf California.
Tuesday. April 3; Friday, April 13: Monday.
April 23; Thursday. May 3: Sunday. May 13.
Columbia. Sunday. April 8: Wednesday. April
18; Baturday. April 23; Tueaday, May a.
COLUMDI.V RIVEU DIVISION.
PORTLAND AND ASTORIA.
Steamer Iluulo leaves Portland dally, except
Sunday, at 8.00 P. M.: on Saturday at 10:00 P.
M. Returnlnr. leaves Astoria dally, except sun
day, at 7:00 A. M.
"WILLAMETTE RIVEU DIVISION.
PORTLAND AND OORVALLI3. OR.
Steamer Ruth, for Salem. Albany. CorvalUs
and way point leavea Portland Tuesday.
Thurdar and Eaturdara at 8.00 A. M. Return.
lr. leaves CorvalUs Monday. Wednesday and
Frldaya at C:0O A. M.
Steamer Modoc, for Salem, Independence and
way polnti. leaves Portland Mondaya. Wednes
days and Frldaya at 0 00 A. M. Returning;
leaves Independence Tuesdays, Thursday and
Saturday at P.30 A. M.
YAMHILL RIVER ROUTE.
PORTLAND AND DAYTON. OR.
Steamer Elmore, for Dayton and way points,
leaves Portland Tuesdais. Thursdays and Sat
urdays at 7 A.M. Returning;. leavei Dayton for
Portland and way points Mondayi. Wednesday
and Friday at C A. M.
SNAKE niVETt ROUTE.
nrpArtiA. wash., and lewiston. idaho.
Steamer Spokane or steamer LeMnton learea
Rlparla dally at 1:20 A. M.. arriving at Lewliton
at 12 o'clock noon. Returning, the Spokane ft
Lewliton leaves Lewlaton dally at 8:30 A. M
arriving at Rlparla ame evening.
W. H. HURLTJURT.
General Passenger Agent.
V. A. SCHILLING. City Ticket Agent.
Telephone Main 712-
NewSteamsliipLinetotlieOrient
CHINA AND JAPAN, FROM PORTLAND.
In connection with THE OREGON RAILROAD
A NAVIGATION CO. Schedule. 1903 toubject to
change):
Steamer. Due to Leave Tortland.
AtlERGELniE" March 23
"MONMOUTHSHIRE:' April 11
"RRAEMAR" May 2
For rates, accommodations, etc. apply to
DODWELL & COMPANY. Limited,
General Agent. Portland. Or.
To principal point In Japan and Cnlna
THE FASTEST AND MOST
DIRECT LINE
TO THE
EASTANDSOUTHEAST
15 THE
ySarvrmWC:
i .
' S PCT0rV
The Direct Line to Denver. Omaha.
Ksnsaj City, St. Louii
Chicago and Other Eastern Points
TWO DAILY
SOLID VESTIBULED TRAINS.
Portland to Chicago Less Than Three
Days.
Only Four Days to hew York and
Boston.
Through Palace and Tourist Sleepers,
Buffet Library v.ars. (Burner Shop)
Dining Cars, (ileaLs a la
carte) Free Iteclln-
Ing Chair Cars.
Through tickets, basftaKe checks, and
steeping car accommodations can be ar
ranged at
CITY TICKET OFFICE
135 Third StnsS
Portland, Oregai
OEOHGn LANO.
Cllr Pas. & Tkt. Agt.
J. H. LOTHROP.
Genl Agent.
FOR CAPE N01V.E
The Uagclllcent Trarw-l'aclllc Passenger
Steamship
TACOMA
Registered tonnage, LM1 tons: capacity.
4000 tons; passenger accommodation. I'M
first class. SCO second class. Thk steam
ship has Just been rilcattd from the gov
ernment service as a troopship, and has
every modern comfort and convenience and
Is the largest steamship In tho Cape Nome
trade. '
Will sail from Tacoma and Seattle on or
about the 2th of May.
For rates and full Information apply to
DODWELL & CO.. LTD.
Telephone. Alain. 96. 32 Oalc Street.
Astoria .& Columbia
River Railroad Co.
LKAVES
UNION
DEPOT.
For Maygtr. rtatnier.
Clatskanle. TCeitDorr.
ARIUVKJ
UNION
DEPOT. Clifton, itorls. War-
rentoo. Plavel. Ham
mond. Fcrt Stevens.
Gearh-irt Park. Seaside.
Astoria and feasaor
Express.
Dally.
Astoria Express.
Dally.
:00 A. M.
T.-00 P. M.
11:15 A.M.
8:40 P. it.
Ticket ofllce. SSS Morrison st. and Union dtpot.
J. C UATO. Gen. Pass. Agt.. Astoria. Or.
WHITE COLLAR LINE
COLUMBIA rtrVEll PUOET SOUND NAVJ.
OATION CO.
PORTLAND AND ASTORIA.
te
BAILEY QATZERT (Alder-street dock)
Leave Portland dally every morning at 7
o'clock, except Sunday. Returning. leave As
toria every night at I o'clock, except Sunday.
Oregon 'phone Main 351. Columbia 'phone 35L
U. H. SCOTT. President.
CAPE NOME VIA DAWSON
Alaska Steamship Company
NEXT SAILING. DIRIGO. APRIL 25.
The only company having through traffic ar
rangements to Atlln and the Klondike. Weekly
sailings from Taccma. For full Information ap
ply to J. L. HARTMAN. Agent. Portland. Or..
1 Chamber ot Commerce.
jrt. i ysssT7jjtr5aw
w
TRAVELERS" GUIDE.
EAST
SOUTH
Leave pcp,t HH!l all I StfttU .Axrlv.
OVERLAND EX
PRESS TRAIN3
for Salem. Rose
burg. Ashland. Sac
ramento. O K d e n.
an Francisco. Mo
jave. Lo Angeles.
EI Paso, New Or
leans and the East
At Woodburn
(dally except Sun
day), morning train
connect with train
for Mt. Ansel. 611
v e rt on. Browns
ville. Springfield
nd Natron, and
evening train for
Mt. Angel and St.
verton. Albany passenger
Corvallts passenger
Sheridan passenger
S:30 P. M.
3:30 A. M.
7:A.iL
0:30 P. M.
Mop.-a.
17 -JO A. M.
M:50 P. M.
loaoAit.
3.30 P. M.
tS :23 A.M.
Daily. tDally except Sunday.
Rebate tickets on sale between Portland. Se
ramento and San franclsco. Net rates $17 tint
clan and ill aecond cUunv including sleeper.
Rates and tlcVets to Eaucra points and Eu
rope. Also JAPAN. CHINA. HONOLULU and
AUSTRALIA. Can be obtained from J. U.
KIKKLAND. Ticket Agent. 110 Third it.
YAMHILL DIVISION.
Passenger Depot, foot of Jefferson Street.
Leave for Oswego dally at 7:20, 0:40 A. M.;
12:30. I:S5. 3:23. 4:40. U.20. 8:30. 11:30 P. M.;
and 0:00 A. U. en Sundays only. Arrive at
Portland dally at G:33. 8:30. '10:50 A. 4L: "
1:33. 3:10. 4:30. 0:13. 7:40. 10.-00 P. M., 12:10
A. M. dally, except Monday, 8:30 and 10:03 A.
M. on Sunday only.
Leave for Dallas dally, except Suriday. at
3:05 P. M. Arrive at Portland at 9:30 A. M.
Passenger train leaves Dallas for Alrll Mon
days. V.'ednesdays and Friday at 2:43 P. M.
Returns Tuesday. Thursdays and Saturday.
Except Sunday.
H. KOEHLER.
Manager.
C. IL MARKHA1I.
Gen. Frt. & Pass. Agt.
on
The Train,
No wonder the Burlington's dining
car service Is popular. The linen Is
spotlessly clean, the waiters prompt,
the food the best the markets afford.
.Best of all. on each table Is a
gorgeous bouquet of flowers grown
In tho company's own greenhouses
at Aurora, 111.
Dining cars on all our Denver
Chicago trains, on our night train
from St. Paul to Chicago, and (after
Slay 1) on our through train from
Portland to Kansas City and St.
Louis by way of Billings, Mont.
Ticket OITlce,
100 3rd SL, tr.Stiri,?;r3J. 3kj.ii.
K. W. FOSTER.
Ticket Agent.
GEO. S. TATLOR.
City Passenger Agent.
GO EAST VJA
'AifeRSgk).
ON THE FAMOUS
Chicago - Portland Special
Ar.d Travel in Luxurious Comfort
Dlnlnrr Cnrs. Service n In Carte.
Librnry-SInfTrt SmnUliifr. Cars.
miner nnd Ordinary Sleriihic Cars.
Free Uccllnlajr Chair Cars.
The only tinln running through solid front
Portland to Chicago. No change of cars. Every
car Illuminated with plntsca gz.
Leave S P. It.. Portland. Arrives C:13 P. U.
- CITY TICKET OFFICE
124 Third St. fhone Main 583
W. C COHAN. J. R. NAGEL.
General Agent. City Ticket Age
reatwortoernI
Ticket omce: llU Third St. 'Plinne U.10
T I tSS "?r pfu!!7 &E! J va
spoils. Duluth. Chlcaic.' Ja
IMS PU. I and all points East. S:00 A. at.
"Birough Palace and Tourist Sleeper. Dining
and Durfet Smoklng-LlLrary Cara.
JAPAN - AMERICAN LINE
STEAMSHIP RIOJUN MARU
For Japan. CMna and all Astatic point will
leave Seattle
About April 25th.
Pacific Coaxi Steamship Ca.
FOR ALASKA.
THE COMPANVS elegant
steamers. Cottage City, City
of Tupeka ami Al - Kl leave
TACOMA 11 A. M.. SEATTLE
P. M.. April 3. 10. 13. il.
T. 30: May 5. 10. 13. SO. Si.
3i; June 4, and eery firth day
thereafter. For further infor
mation obtain company's folder.
The company rtrerves the right to chnnge
steamers, sailing dated and houro of sailing,
without previous notice.
AGENTS N. POSTON. SIB Washington st..
Portland. Or.: F. W. CARLETON. N. P. R. R.
dock. Tacoma: J. F. TKOUURIDGE. Pugit
Round Sunt.. Ocean dock. Seattle.
OOODALL. PERKINS it CO, Oen. ArU- 3. P.
EM
IRE LINE
SEATTLE
NOME
Yukon River Points
S. S. "OHIO." 3600 tons, after two yeaiV
service as TJ. S. transport, has been released,
and will sail from Seattle for Cape Nome about
May 24. Rates First clan. ?1IX and $1J3;
second clan. ST3. Tor berths, etc. apply ta
any railroad agent, or ac:nt ot the Interna
tional Navigation Co.. or to
EMPIRn TRANSPORTATION CO.,
COT First avenue, Seattle, Waih.
IpJ suerr -n
I O CCEEN S.1ASTAJ 1 1
W "gj 7
m
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