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THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, POBTLAlfo, APRIL -1900.
WMBOofa
c3-gsr Ju
Tesra'a Advice to His Sob.
(From the Epanlat,)
Sir m, I bI4 you buy few books.
But read tb few wlUi on;
Tour.own loved langwage study much.
And read roar Latin rare.
Too many write In other tongues
Who do not know their own;
They better use. as Greeks bars dose,
Their zuui7e tongue alone.
Tilth diligence regard the thought
That books, forsooth, contain;
'And all that seemeth of most worth
Let margin notes detain.
6bould your misfortune vw bs
To glvs your strength to rhyme
Which God forbid then think of me.
Devote lt little time.
The less of verses you shall mak
The mors you'll be esteemed;
6o learn of me who much have made
It little hath redeemed:
The smallest hours lt yledeth ma.
And but a .narrow bed;
A carden small, and flowers few,
A table poorly spread.
Perry Marshall la Springfield Union.
BIOGRAPHY OF SUMNER
IBbtorfleia Storey's' Life of the Great
Cfcmmploa. of Freedom Late
Pnbllcatlo as.
Tho great distinction of Charles Bum-
laerwas the ability and fidelity with 'which
he served the cause of freedom, giving to
lit the support of his large resources of
I Scholarship and powerful eloquence, and
proving; faithful even unto death. In
"Charles Sumner," -which has Just been
added to the American Statesmen series.
Ofoorfleld Storey portrays Sumner's noble
career as a champion of freedom in the
United States Senate, and his high serv
ices as chairman of tho committee on for
elgn relations during the years when wls--dom
and Judgment were imperatively nec
essary. His work is a fitting tribute to
one of the conspicuous and shining figures
among the statesmen of the United States.
Charles Sumner came of typical New
England stock. His family on both sides
'was of English origin, but his ancestors
left England very soon after the landing
of the Pilgrims and dwelt in the neigh
borhood of Boston for nearly two cen
turies before his birth. His childhood was
in no way remarkable. He was educated
In the schools of Boston, and was an am
iable, quiet, refined and studious boy.
Though apparently never 111. his health
was not robust, and, having little inclina
tion for 6ports, he early acquired the
tastes of. a. scholar. His father at first
did not Intend to give him a college ed
ucation, and lt is a little curious that
Sumner himself, in later years the cham
pion of peace, wished to enter the West
Point Military Academy. His applica
tion for a cadetshlp failed, and the father's
opportune appointment as Sheriff, with a
larger Income, enabled the son to enter
Harvard College In September, 182S.
Sumner had long felt an overmastering
desire to visit Europe, and In 1S37 he
determined to go. The two and a half
years which he spent in Europe enlarged
Us horizon, added to his knowledge, filled
Tils memory with a wealth of associa
tions and made him a citizen of the world.
It was now that he established personal
relations with leading foreigners, and
gained an Influence which later was of
great value in tho conduct of our foreign
affairs.
Sumner returned from Europe in May,
1S40. but he took no part In the Presiden
tial campaign of that year nor hi that
of 1S44. His entry into public life dates
from his Fourth of July oration at Bos
ton in ISC His oration was an argu
ment against war. It was received on
both sides of the ocean with every variety
of approval and disapproval, but all
agreed that Sumner had shown rare cour
age, high purpose and marked eloquence.
In a single year, from a private citizen.
little Interested In politics. Sumner became
niv anti-slavery leader In Massachusetts.
During 1817. he wrote in the newspapers
against the Mexican war and against
slavery. February 4, In Fanuell Hall, he
urged tho Immediate withdrawal of our
troops from Mexico. In IStS, the Free
Boilers nominated him for Congress
against Robert C Wlnthrop. He was de
feated, but the campaign gave him wide
influence and National reputation. The
Massachusetts campaign of 1S30 resulted
in the triumph of the Democratic and
Free-Soil coalition. There was. Indeed, no
choice for Governor, but the combined
Democrats and Free Sollers had a major
ity in the Legislature. From the ouuet.
the object of the Free Sollers had been to
elect a Senator, and now. when victory
was won, Sumner was their choice. He
secured a two-thirds' vote In the Demo
cratic caucus, and his nomination was
made unanimous, with only a few dissent
ing votes, but after the state ofllcers
had been elected by the combined votes
of Free Sollers and Democrats, it. was
found that enough Democrats in the Hour e
to prevent his election refused to vote for
him. There followed a struggle from
January 14 till April 21. 1S51. During the
contest, Sumner was bitterly opposed by
the Whigs, who denounced the coalition
as an iniquitous conspiracy, and. smarting
under their recent defeat, spired no pains
ot take from the Free Sollers the prize
of victory. "Webster exerted all his Influ
ence, and seems to have been joined by
Lewis Cass, who represented a certain
number .of Democrats.
But the Democrats did not feel satisfied
with their position in refusing to carry
out their agreement after all their own
candidates had been elected, and. they at-,
tempted to meet the difficulty by offering
to vote for some other Free-Soil candidate.
The Free Sollers, however, stood firm,
believing Sumner their best man. Fall
ing with his supporters, his opponents
next sought some concession from Sumner
himself. He was asked by the editor of
the Times, a Democratic Journal of Bos
ton, to write a letter modifying his speech
against the fugitive slave law, so as to
make lt easier for the Democrats to sup
port him. He declined. Individual Dem
ocrats and committees urged him to give
some assurance that he would not agitate
the slavery question In the Senate, or
would give other questions precedence:
but he replied that he had not sought the
office, and if It came to him. It must
come to an absolutely Independent man
Those opinions were known and vyio
rould ro to the Senate resolved to assert
them. This inflexible determination of
(Sumner's supporter?, with considerable
I pressure from the constituencies, finally
triumphed, and so many of Sumner's op-
mixm
ponents yielded as to secure his election.
The chapters on Representative Brooks
assault on Senator Sumner is chiefly in
teresting for tho comments ot some of
the Senators, as the main facts are well
known. Senators Slldell and Douglas were
In the ante-room when come one rushed
in and cried out that a man was beating
Sumner. Slldell said. In the Senate: "We
heard the remark without any particular
emotion; for my part, I confess I felt
none. I have no associations or relations
of any kind with Mr. Sumner. I did not
think lt necessary to -express my sym
pathy or make any advances towards
him." Senator Douglas said: "My first
Impression was to come tnto the Senate
chamber and help put an end to the af
fray If I could; but It occurred to my
tnlnd in an Instant that my relations to
Mr. Sumner were such that. If I came Into
the hall, my motives would be miscon
strued, perhaps, and I sat down again."
Senator Toombs, of Oeorgia, who wit
nessed the assault, said: 'The blows were
very rapid, and as hard as he (Brooks)
could hit. Ther were hard licks and very
effective. As for rendering Mr. Sumner
any assistance. I did not do It. As to
what was said, some gentlemen present
Condemned It in Mr. Brooks. I stated to
him. or to some of my own friends prob
ably, that I approved It That is my
opinion."
Sumner longed to take part in the cam
paign ot ISO, but this was clearly Impos
sible. He could not refrain, howier, from
writing letters In support of the Republi
can candidates, and he wrote many in
answer to requests from different parts
of the country- In none of his speeches
or letters, at this time or afterward, was
there the least expression ot indignation
at the attack upon himself or any per
sonal allusion to his assailant. Tears
afterward, when walking with George
William Curtis in the Congressional cem
etery, his attention was called to the cen
otaph of Brooks, which he had 'hot seen.
Curtis asked him: "How do you feel
about Brooks?" Sumner answered: "Only
as to a brick that should fall upon my
head from a chimney. He was the un
conscious agent of a malign power." Sum
ner's hostility was directed against slav
ery, not against slaveholders.
The seizure of the British mall steamer
Trent by the San Jacinto in the Fall of
1S61 and the arrest of Mason and Slldell.
the Confederate agents, gave Sumner the
opportunity to render his country perhaps
the greatest single service of his life.
He was In Boston when the news came,
and at once said: "We shall have to give
them (Mason and Slldell) up." Sumner
exerted all bis Influence to promote a
peaceful adjustment. He strongly urged
that Mason and Slldell be surrendered,
and showed Lincoln that, according to
the doctrines always maintained by the
United States, the capture was unjustifi
able. He Insisted that England, on the
other hand. In demanding their release
abandoned claims on which she had al
ways Insisted, and lt was thus In our
power to win a diplomatic victory by
surrendering the prisoners and accepting
England's surrender of rights which she
had always asserted and we had as con
stantly denied.
.But the peremptory tone of the English
demand and the strong feeling in this
country made such a course very dif
ficult, and for a time lt was doubtful
what the answer would be. Sumner per
sistently urged his views on Mr. Lincoln,
and on December 25 he read to him and
the Cabinet private letters from Cobden
and Bright, which -sustained him. Ctfb
den wrote: ."I am sure that the President
and people of the United States would
be but too happy to let these men go
free, unnatural and unpardonable as their
offences have been. If by It they could
emancipate the commerce of "the world.
If I were In the position of your gov
ernment, I would act upon their tradi
tional policy and thus by a great strategic
movement turn the flank 'of the European
powers, especially of the governing classes
of England. I would propose to let Mason
and Slldell go, and stipulate, at the same
time, for a complete abandonment of the
old code of maritime law as upheld by
England and the European powers."
Sumner's anxiety and his appreciation
of the crisis appear in numerous letters.
Thus he wrote to Dr. Lleber-on December
24: "War with England Involves Instant
acknowledgment of the rebel states by
England, followed by France; breaking
of the present "blockade, with capture of
our fleet; the blockade of our coast from
Chesapeake to East port; the sponging of
our ships from the ocean; the establish
ment of the Independence of the rebel
states; opening of these states by free
trade to English manufacturers, which
would bo Introduced by contraband into
our states, making the whole North
American continent a manufacturing de
pendency of England. All this I have nut
.to the-President, But my anxious desire
is to associate with our decision about
Mason and Slldell some triumph of our
traditional policy with regard to maritime
rights." He labored with his English
friends to prevent war. To Cobden he
wrote. December 31, 1661: "On reaching
Washington for the opening of Congress,
I learned from the Prerldcnt and from
Mr. Srward that neither had committed
himself on the Trent "affair, and that it
was absolutely an unauthorized act- Sew
ard told me that he was reserving him
self In order to see what view England
would take. It would have been better to
act on the case at once and to make the
surrender In conformity, with our best
precedents; but next to that was the
course pursued. The question was not
touched in the Cabinet. It was also kern
out of the Senate. These circumstances
will let you see how little there was of
study or .effort against England. Telling
the President a few days ago that it was
now important to drive out from the Brit
ish Government their distrust of his ad
ministration and to plant confidence in
stead, he said at once, with perfect sim
plicity: 'I never see Lord Lyons (the
British Minister). If It .were proper, I
should like to talk with him. that he
might hear from my own lira how much
I desire peace. If we could talk together,
he would believe me." "
In the same letter, Sumner says: "Last
evcting. at a dinner by the Secretary of
War. where were Seward, Chase and two
or three Senators: while we were seated
tho President entered and took a seat
at the table. The conversation was much
ot 11 on the Trent case. Speaking of the
course of England. Seward said he had
no memory tnr injuries, and that in sur
rendering Mason and Slldell he did it in
good faith laying up nothing for future
account or recollection. I mention this
conversation and the surrounding circum
stances that you may know the Inner sen
timents of our Cabinet, and especially ot
th- n.an who Is most suspected by Eng
lishmen. Seward may be careless or has
ty he is not vindictive. The President is
naturally and Instinctively for peace, be
s'des being slow to conclusions. He
covets kindly relations with all the world,
especially with England. I say this con
fidentially, tor I have seen him almost
dally and most intimately ever since the
Trent question has been under discus
sion." Sumner pressed upon both Bright and
Cobden the idea that interference by Eng
land in behalf of slavery would be a
crime against civilization, and pointed out
clearly the danger that such conduct
would leave behind It "an ineradicable,
undying sting."
Pending the settlement, Sumner was
very anxious to prevent any discussion
In Congress which would embarrass the
Administration. When the resolution of
the House approving the action of Can
tain Wilkes was sent to the Senate, he
moved its reference to tho committee on
foreign relations. But Hals of New
Hampshire moved, that It be sent to the
committee on naval affairs, and. to avoid
debate, Sumner yielded. On December
26. the last of the seven days allowed by
Earl Russell, Senator Hale made as oc
casion In the Senate to assail vehemently
the suggested surrender of National honor.
Sumner spoke briefly In reply, urging that
the matter be left with the Administra
tion unembarrassed by any action in Con
gress, The Administration decided to surrender
the prisoners, and Seward, in announcing
the decision, wrote thatlt was made "upon
principles confessedly American." But
he took the narrow ground that the error
of Captain Wilkes lay.ln not selzlnr the
Trent herself and bringing her before a
prize court for condemnation. This view
was, indeed, sustained by the opinion of
the Crown lawyers, but lt was not sound.
He added in his letter that, "If the safety
of the Union required the detention of the
captured persons, lt would be the right
and duty ot this Government to detain
them," thus substantially asserting the
right to disregard international law when
ever lt seemed expedient. This conten
tion naturally was rejected by Earl Rus
sell, and It was felt that the subject was
left In an unsatisfactory position. The
Government was attacked for Its course,
and the country felt sore over what seemed
a humiliation.
The President sent to the Senate the cor
respondence relating to the Trent case,
and Sumner moved its reference to his
committee, making a speech on January
7, ISO, in which he stated fully the his
tory of the case and discussed the prin
ciples involved, the historical precedents
and the position of the two governments.
By this review he established his main
proposition when ho stated thus: "The
seizure of the rebel emissaries on board
a neutral ship cannot be Justified, accord
ing to declared American principles and
practice. There is no single point where
the seizure Is not questionable, unless wo
Invoke British precedents and practice,
which, beyond doubt, led Captain Wilkes
Into his mistake. In this surrender. If
such lt may be called, the National Gov
ernment does not even stoop to conquer.
It simply lifts itself to the height of Its
own original principles. The early efforts
of its best negotiation the patriot trials
of Its soldiers In an unequal war at length
prevail, and Great Britain, usually so
haughty. Invites us to practice upon prin
ciples which she has so strenuously op
posed. Thefe are victories of force; here
Is a victory of trutlu If Great Britain
has gained the custody of two rebels, the
United States have secured tho triumph
of their principles."
This speech was generally approved by
men of all parties on this side of the
ocean. It smoothed ruffled sensibilities
and turned apparent humiliation Into tri
umph. It converted many who had de
fended the capture. It strengthened Sum
ner's personal Influence greatly by""?ettlng
men see that he was a conservative states,
man. and an International lawyer. In
whose hands the foreign relations of the
United States were safe.
While anxious not to provoke war when
intervention was seriously considered In
Europe, Sumner desired equally to .avoid
inviting lt by an appearance of fear. Of
fers of mediation had been made by Rus
sia in 1S61, and In 1SG2 the French Emperor
tried to secure the co-operation of Russia
and England In obtaining a suspension of
hostilities for six months or longer. Fall
ing In this, he tendered his good offices
to facilitate negotiations, but his offer was
declined. In England. Intervention In
various forms .was from time to time sug
gested In the press and in Parliament.
In consequence of all this, on February 28,
ISO. Sumner reported a series of resolu
tions drawn by him. These recited the
offer of the Emperor and the dancer that
"the idea of mediation or Intervention In
some shape may be .regarded by foreign
governments as practicable," and then de
clared that "any further proposition from
a foreign power. Intended to arrest the ef
forts of the United States to crush the
rebellion, was calculated to prolong and
embitter the conflict." and would be re
garded by Congress as "an unfriendly
act." These resolutions were passed
promptly, and, being communicated
through our Ministers to foreign govern
ments, did much to end a course ot action
which had kxclted the hopes of the Con
federate states, and had created Irritations
which might at any time have led to war
with new enemies. It was a bold nnd
dignified step, which was Justified by tho
the Senate adjourned. Sumner re
mained in Washington till July. Though
tho Emancipation Proclamation had
aroused the anti-slavery sentiment In Eng
land, and had led to manifestation of
sympathy with the North, our relations
with England and France were never more
critical than between March and October,
ISO. Influent al Englishmen like Glad
stone openly declared that the South w u d
succeed, nnd so thought many of Sumners
closest personal friends. The tone of
Earl Russell was most Irritating; the es
cape of the Alabama and Florids, the
building and equipping of ships of war
for Confederate use In English shipyards
and the depredations of the privateers
created Intense feeling in this country,
well expressed In Lowell's "Jonathan to
John." The climax was reached when.
In September. Earl RurEell at first rp fused
to stop the Confederate Ironclads, nearly
ready at Birkenhead, and Minister Adams
sent his famous note, in which he said:
This Is war."
During this period Sumner constantly
corresponded with his English friends, im
pressing them the fixed resolution of the
North to restore the Union, no matter at
what cost of civil or foreign war; insist
Irs that England could not, upon moral
grounds', throw her weight for slavery,
and In every way endeavoring to prevent
war. In Washington he was In constant
consultation with Lincoln and Seward, and
In touch with each difficulty as lt arose.
The replies of Bright and Cobdn kent
Sumner advised of English feeling and
English difficulties, and they were at ones
shown to the President. This familiar
and frank correspondence helped our Gov
ernment and strengthened the hands of
those Englishmen who favored the North,
of whom, from first to last. "John Bright
was the bravest and most unfaltering.
He never deserted nor doubted the suc
cess of lhe Government,"
Mr. Storey concludes the volume with
this estimate of Sumner: "Charles Sumner
was a great man In his absolute fidelity
to principle, his clear perception ot what
his country needed, his unflinching cour
age, his perfect sincerity, his persistent
devotion to duty, his indifference to selfish
considerations, his high scorn ot anything
petty or mean. He was essentially simple
to the end. brave, kind and pure. In his
prime he was a very eloquent speaker, and
his unbending adherence to the highest
morality gave him Insight and power In
dealing with great questions and a strong
hold upon the moral forces of the country.
He was a man of great ability, but not of
the highest intellectual power, nor was
he a master of style. He was not in
cisive In thought or speech. His orations
were overloaded, his rhetoric was often
turgid, he was easily led Into irrelevance
and undue stress upon undisputed points.
His untiring Industry as a reader had
filled his memory with associations which
perhaps he valued unduly. Originally
modest and not self-confident, the result
of his long contest was to make him ego
tistical and dogmatic. From the time ha
entered public life till he died, he was a
strong, force, constantly working for
righteousness. He had absolute faith In
the principles of free government as laid
down In the Declaration of Independence,
and he gave his life to secure their prac
tical recognition. They were not to him
glittering generalities, but ultimate, -practical
truths, and in this faith Lincoln and
Sumner were one. To Sumner moro than
to any single man. except possibly .Lin
coln, the colored racei owes Its emancipa
tion, end .such measure of equal right as
It now enjoys. To Sumner more than to
any single man, the whole country owes
the prevention of war with England and
Franco wher. suoh a war .would have
meant disruption of the Union." Hough-,
ton, Mifflin & Co., Boston,)
i
PAClrtC COAST WRITER.
Xlsa Mabel ClareCrmft, AatTsex e
"Hawaii Set.
One of the brightest books of travel that
have appeared for some time past is "Ha
waii Nel." a new edition of which Is pub
lished by William Doxey, of San Fran
cisco. It is quite an Ideal blend of history,
description and personal experience, writ
ten with sympathy, humor and pungency.
It will not be popular among the mission
ary folk, but it will bo heartily liked by
people who love fair play, and don't look
at everything from a strictly business
point of view. To a man closely allied
with the "missionary" government on the
Island, "The Lounger," of Critic, re
marked that it bore rtehr heavily on
the missionary element. His reply was
that a book on Hawaii that didn't.
wouldn't be good for much. Miss Mabel
Clare Craft, the author, has recently be
come the Sunday editor of the San Fran
cisco Chronicle a position to which few.
If any, women have attained on any lead
ing American newspaper. The Land ot
Sunshine says that Miss Craft waa tho
MISS 91ABEL
first woman to win the University of Cal
ifornia gold medal, and that she has
earned every step of her advancement in
journalism.
COLONIZATION IS AMERICA.
John Flake's History ot "Old VI r
glnla and Her Neighbors."
In the series of books on American his
tory, upon which John Flake has tor many
years been engaged, the two volumes on
"Old Virginia and Her Neighbors." a ne
edition of which has been published, come
between "The Discovery of America" and
"Tho Beginnings of New England." The
opening chapter, with lto brief sketch of
the work done by Queen Elizabeth's great
sailors, take tip the narrative where the
concluding chapter of 'The Discovery ot
America" dropped lt. Then the story ol
Virginia, starting with Sir -Walter Raleigh
and Rev. Richard Hakluyt, is pursued un
til the year 1753, when the youthful ueorge
Washington sets forth upon his expedition
to warn the approaching Frenchmen from
any further encroachment upon English
soli. "That moment." the authpr says,
"marks the arrival of a new era, when a
book like 'Old Virginia and Her Neigh
bors'which Is not a local history nor a
bundle of .local histories can no longer
follow the career of Virginia, nor ot the
Southern colonies, except as part and par
cel of the career of the American people."
That "continental state of things," which
was distinctly heralded when the war ot
the Spanish Succession broke out during
Nicholson's rule In Virginia, had arrived
in 1751. The struggle agalnot France, so
long sustained by New York and New
England, acquired a truly continental
character when Virginia came to take part
in It, Great public questions forthwith
came up for solution, some of which were
not set at rest until after that young land
surveyor had become President of the
United States. With the first encounter
between Frenchmen and Englishmen In
the Alleghanles, the stream of Virginia'
history became an Inseparable portion ot
tho majestic stream In which flows the
career of the American Union.
Mr. Fiske follows tho main stream of
causation from the time of Raleigh to the
time of Dinwiddle, from its sources down
to Its absorption into a mightier stream.
At first our attention Is fixed upon Ra
leigh's Virginia, which extended from
Florida to-Canada. England thrusting her
self In between Spain and France. With
the charter of 1609. Virginia was practical
ly severed from North Virginia,' whle
presently took on the names" of New Eng
land and New Netherlands and received
colonies of Puritans and Dutchmen. From
tho territory thus cut down, further slices
were carved from time to time, first Mary
land In 1632. then Carolina In 1663, then
Georgia In 1732.
The work begins with a concise survey of
the voyages of the sea kings ot the 15th
and 16th centuries Columbus. Cabot,
Drake, Cavendish and others. Columbus
spirit was that of a Crusader, and his
aim 'was not to discover a New World
(an Idea which Boerds never once to have
entered his head), but to acquire tho
means for driving the Tqrk from Europe
and setting free the Holy Sepulchre. In
stead of beginning a Crusade, which might
have expelled the most worthless and dan
gerous ot barbarians from Eastern Eu
rope, Spain began a Crusade against ev
erything In the shape of political and re
ligious .freedom, whether at home or
abroad. By 1609, when Spain sullenly re
tired, baffled and browbeaten, from the
Dutch Netherlands, she had taken from
America more gold and silver, than would
today bo represented by $3,000,000,000. and
most of this huge treasure she bad em
ployed In maintaining the gibbet for po
litical reformer and the stake for here
tics. The second, third and fourth chap
ters deal with the planting of colonies in
America,, the founding of Jamestown, and
the starving time In Virginia. Haklight
favored English colonization In America
because he was Impressed with the be
lief that the population ot England was
fast outrunning the means of subsistence.
There was In many quarters a feeling that,
with its population of about 6.090,000, Eng.
sland was getting to be overpeopled. This
was probably because lor some time past
tho supply of food and the supply ot work
bad both been diminishing relatively to
the number of neoDle. In the remain'
'log chapters of the first volume graphic
sketches are given or-itne man ot too
first settlers in Virginia, the overthrow of
the London Company, the founding ot
Maryland, domestic broils and civil war.
Tbesecond volume contains an account
of the coming of the Cavaliers, a brilliant
narrative ot Bacon's rebellion, and a re
view of the affairs ot Virginia in the reign
of William and Mary. Tho 100 years be
tween the breaking out of Bacon's re
bellion In 1676 -and the Declaration of In
dependence wero for Virginia a century of
political education. It prepared her for
the great work to come, aai brought her
into syrapatny more or less euccuro nuu
other colonies that were struggling with
similar political- questions, especially
Massachusetts. The succeeding chapters
treat of Maryland's vicissitudes after the
death ot Cromwell, social life In the -Old
Dominion, the Carolina frontier, the gold
en age of pirates and the movement of the
settlers from tidewater to the mountains!
It was about 1730 that the Scotch-Irish
began to pour Into the Shenandoah Vol
ley. This settlement ot the Valley soon
CLARE CRAFT.
began to work profound modifications In
the life of old Virginia. Hitherto It had
been purely English, and predominantly
Episcopal, cavalier and aristocratic. There
was now a rapid Invasion ot Scotch Pres
byterlanlsm, with small farms, few slaves,
and democratic Ideas, made more demo
cratic by life in the backwoods. It was
impossible that two societies so different
In habits and. Ideas should co-exist side
by side, pending representatives to the
same House of Burgesses, without a stub
born conflict. For two generations there
was a ferment which resulted In the sep
aration of church and state, complete re
ligious toleration, the abolition of primo
geniture and entails, and many other Im
portant changes, most of which were con
summated under the leadership of Thomas
Jefferson between 1776 and 17SS. Without
the aid of the valley population, these be.
glnnlngs of metamorphosis In tidewater
Virginia would not havo been ac
compMshed.
The Shenandoah Valley," says our au.
thor. "was not absolutely given up to
Scotchmen and Germans; It was not en
tirely without English Inhabitants from
the tidewater region. At the northern
end 'of the valley was a little English
colony gathered about Lord Fairfax's
home at Greenway Court, a dozen miles
southwest from the site of Winchester.
There was much surveying to be done.
and the Lord of Greenway Court gave this
work to a young man for whom he had
conceived a strong affection. The name
of Fairfax's youthful friend was George
Washington. Fairfax, In engaging Wasn.
lngton to survey his frontier estates, put
him Into a position which led up to his
wonderful public career. For this advance
of the Virginians from tidewater to
the mountains served to bring on
the final struggle with France. The
wholesale Scotch-Irish Immigration was
fast carrying Virginia's frontier to
ward the Ohio River. Hitherto the
i struggle with the House of Bour-
bon had been confined to Canada at
one end of the line and Carolina. at the
other, while the center had not been di
rectly Implicated. In the first American
Congress, convened by Jacob Lelsler at
New York in 16S0. for the purpose of con
certing measures of defence against tho
common enemy, Virginia took no part.
The scat of war was then remote, and
her strength exerted at such a distance
would have been of little avail. But In
the 60 years since 16S0 the white popula
tion of Virginia had Increased four-fold,
and her wealth had Increased still more.
Looking down the Monongahcla River to
the point where Its union with the Alle
gheny makes the Ohio, she beheld there
the gateway to the Great West, and felt
a yearning to possess it; for the westward
movement was giving rise to speculations
In land, and a company was forming for
the exploration and settlement of all that
Ohio country. But French eyes were not
blind to the situation: and lt was their
king's pawns, not the English, that opened
the game on the mighty chess-board.
French troops from Canada crossed Lake
Erie and built their first fort where the
city of Erlo now stands. They pushed
forward down tho wooded valley of the
.Allegheny and built a second fortress
and a third. Another stride would bring
them to the gateway."
At such a crisis Governor Dinwiddle had
need of the ablest man Virginia could af
ford, to undertake a Journey of unwonted
difficulty through the wilderness, to ne
gotiate with Indian tribes, and to warn
the advancing Frenchmen to trespass no
farther upon English territory. As the
best person to entrust with this arduous
enterprise, the shrewd old Scotchman se
lected a lad of 21. Lord Fairfax's sur
veyor, George Washington. History does
not record a more extraordinary choice
nor one more completely Justified. (Hough
ton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.)
Current History.
After being published nine years as a
quarterly. Current History (Boston, Mass.)
now makes Its appearance as a monthly.
The character, the scope and the general
editorial direction of the work undergo
j r
n
J
no change. The literary and .historical
standard "is fully maintained; while the
usefulness of the magazine asTa summary
of contemporary history Is Increased by
by a, more abundant use of portraits,
maps and other Illustrations; and the
greater frequency of the issues gives an
added freshness and interest. The yearly
subscription price remains the same. While
reflecting with sufficient fullness and phil
osophic insight, the progress ot opinion
on all Issues ot the day. Current His
tory's main object is to put 6n record In
convenient form for permanent preserva
tion and easy reference all the essential
facts of history as It is being made. In
the present number, the developments In
South Africa are traced in all their bear
ings, with many accurate maps and por
traits to elucidate the text. The Ameri
can colonial problem, the Issues of the
Presidential campaign, the open door in
the far East, the European pollticlal sit
uation, currency reform, election results
(tabulated), work of Congress, business
and commerce Canadian affairs, isthmian
canal question, progress of science, new
Inventions, art, education, music, drama,
literature, religion under all these head
ings and many others, tho leading, facts
are faithfully and impartially recorded.
Portaits, maps and other Illustrations
abound, and biographical sketches ot
prominet personages are numerous.
American Regeneration.
The opening chapters ot William Morton
Grlnnell's volume, "The Regeneration! ot
the United States," are devoted to a con
sideration of tho early history of the
United States, with Its lofty political ideals
reduced to practice, as contrasted with
the political and business degeneration
which characterized the last half of the
19th century. The state of affairs during
the 20th century, as the author views it.
Is still moro gloomy. Trusts assimilate
all Industries, production becomes cheap,
and men live well, but there Is no inde
pendenceall except the leaders are
slaves. "Tho nation had grown so great
in numbers. In power, and in wealth so
as to excite the envy of the rest of the
world, and pride, which had always been
a strong characteristic, was augmented by
their, marvelous achievements, until they
practically stood Isolated from the rest of
the -world, and were feared and disliked in
an equal degree." This-condition aroused
the enmity of Russia and Germany, and
they declared war against the- United
States. Notwithstanding the heroism dis
played by Its sailors, tho United States
Navy, being far outnumbered, was shat
tered, and the Atlantic seaboard fell Into
the hands of the enemy. After a pro
tracted war. In which the United States
met with serious reverses, peace was pro
claimed, but the country was In a sad
condition poor and disorganized; money
waa scarce, manufacturers had in large
part failed, and only those industries
which ministered to the wants of the vast
army had thriven. The people had, how
ever, been chastened, and, taking heed
to the failures in the past, started to re
build the country into a sure and lasting
foundation. The volume closes with a
picture of the regenerated nation, happy
In Its universal prosperity. (G. P. Put-
nam a Sons, New York.)
History ot English Kings.
"The History of English Kings, accord
ing to Shakespeare." by J. J. Bums. Is a
scholarly manual, designefd to convey ac
curate Instruction In a popular form. "It
is the aim of the writer," he says in his
preface, "to put Into one handy volume
a goodly portion ot Shakespeare's his
tory." In tho main. Instead of translating
the blank verse Into prose, he has taken
the characters whose biographies he
wishes to give, whose names appear In
the table of contents, and. In most cases,
give title to the plays and selecting the
portions of th? drama which contain the
King's chief words and deeds, has Joined
them In whole or In part, as they stand in
tne drama, tilling in the spaces with mat
ter which forms with the poetry a. contin
uous story. The term "King" is used
with due Intention, including Falstaff.
tho king of the realm ot humor. When
the path wanders outside, those scenes in
which the hero takes part a convenient
term, not always Implying anything wa
think of as heroic or beyond those scenes
which throw a direct light upon them, lt
is to secure some choice bit of literature
too good to leave behind, often a Ilnj
which has brightened by use Into a pro
verb. A little sketch leads up to the story
of the second Richard; a glance at his
famed ancestor, the "Black Prince." in the
act of winning his spurs; a look toward
the English people of those days as they
appeared to the clear vision of Chaucer,
of the author of "Piers Plowman." or
that rare old chronicler. Sir John Frols
sart. Thereafter each story Is a prelude
to the one that follows; as. for Instance,
In telling the tale of Richard II. much
more than a beginning Is made upon that
of his successor. At the opening of each
story there is a looking back to get the
leading string well In hand. (D. Appleton
& Co.. New York.)
BOOK NOTES.
Origin of the Title of Cyrus To-nrn-send
Brady's Neir Novel.
In reply to an Inquiry as to the origin
of the title of his new historical novel,
"Tho Grip of Honor," Cyrus Townsend
Brady wrote that it was suggested by a
stanza from Burns' poem. "An -Epistle to
a Young Friend": .
Tne fear o hell's a hangman's whip.
To haud the. wretch In order.
But where ye feel your honor grip,
t Let that ay be your border;
Its slightest touches. Instant pause,
Debar a' aide preterms;
And resolutely keep Its laws.
Uncaring consequences.
"The concluding lines," said Mr. Brady,
"indicate so admirably the motif of the
story that the appropriateness ot the title
was apparent." It Is a story of John Paul
Jones and the American Revolution, the,
hero being one of Jones' Lieutenants,
whose honor is put to the severest test.
"Red Rock" la rapidly approaching the
100.000 mark. Mrs. Burnett's "Tho De
Willoughby Claim" is in Its 4oth thousand,
and Mr. Seton-Thompson's "Wild Ani
mals" Is in Its 61st thousand. Dr. van
Dyke's new book, "Fisherman's Luck,"
has overtaken and Just passed its prede
cessor, "Little Rivers," being now In its
22d thousand.
"Plant Structures." by John Merlo Coul
ter, as Its title Implies, treats of the struc
tural and morphological features of plan!
life ana plant growth. "Plant Structures"
Is not Intended for a laboratory guide,
but to be used In connection with labor
atory work. Tho Illustrations in this vol
ume, as in "Plant Relations," constitute
one nf tne marked features, and add much
to Its attractiveness and usefulness. (D.
Api.etcn & Co., New York.)
"The Fortune of War," by E. N. Bar
row, Is a novel of the last year ot the
American Revolution. The scene passes
mainly In New York City during the Brit
ish occupation, partly on one of the
prison ships and partly In the patriot camp
at Morrlstown. The life In the headquart
ers of the two armies Is cleverly contrast
ed, and tho suffering of the Continentals
during that fearful Winter are vividly de
pleted. The story has a strong "love in
terest." (Henry Holt & Co., New York.)
"Stories From the Arabian Nights," se
lected by Adam Singleton, Is prefaced by
introductory papers on the Arabs and
their history, the origin of the Arabian
Nights, etc The stories themselves are
In Sir Richard Burton's translation,
scrupulously edited for young readers.
The four stories given are "The Tale, of
the Birds, the Beasts and the Carpenter,
"The Second Voyage of Slrfbad." 'Thi
City of Brass" and "Hasan of Bassorah."
The book contains a number of Illustra
tions. (D. Appleton & Co..- New York.)
A new volume on "Healthy Exercise"
comes from the pen of a distinguished
physician, and one who backs his theories
with practice. Dr. R, H. Greene, as a
physician, knew the necessity of regular
exercise, but had neglected to take It,
with the result that a long rest was in
evitable. Dr. Greene's attention was
called to the subject of physical culture..
He strongly advocates the series of ex
ercises recommended by Le Grange, tho
well-known authority on physical culture
The beneficial effects of this system hap
led him to write this little book on
"Healthy Exercise," which should find its
w-iy into the hands of the active busi
ness and professional man who uses his
brain at the expense of his physical
strength". (Harper & Bros., New York.)
In "A Maker of Nations." Guy Boottfby
pictures the adventures ot a modern sol
dier of fortune. The opening scene showB
the picturesque and various mingling of
all nations In Cairo. From Egypt, the
reader follows the hero to South America,
and takes part In the dramatic episodes
of a revolution, which are lightened by
the leve story that runs throughout. (D.
Appleton & Co., New York.)
A. C. McClurg & Co.. Chicago, have In
press and will shortly publish 'The Pri
vate Memoirs of Madame Roland." edited
by Edward Gilpin Johnson. The present
work Is based upon a translation mado
from Bosc's original edition of the me
moirs, and published at London within
two years after Madame Roland's death
by the guillotine; and it will be the first
English translation to be published sinco
the above named, and now very scarce,
English edition.
"The Rhymer" Is the title of a charm
ing and moving romance of Edinburgh and
Scotch rural life, of which the poet Burns)
is the central figure. His character Is
portrayed with vivid touches, which throw
into sharp relief both he nobility and tho
weakness of his complex nature, and the
subsidiary personages the drawn with
equal sureness. The drama In which they,
move is not less noteworthy for the f lten
sity of its romantic Interest than for its
remarkably reproduced historical and local
color. The book will be published imme
diately by the Scribners.
Professor .John Flske has expressed
much enthusiasm for a forthcoming book
by George lies, called "Flame, Electricity
and the Camera," In which the author
shows how wonderfully man's material
progress has been accelerated through tho
multiplying of his resources by each new
discovery along these lines. The chango
from the cave-man. Just discovering that
he could make- flame, to the man at the
verge of the 20th century, who telegraphs
without wires, photographs colors and
nasfnMne? nil tta nTKis mnnrata f? enArlaFn
science, has an evolutionary bearing fhat'jf
is impressive. Doubleday, Page & Co
of New York, will publish the work.
"A Friend of Caesar" is the title of a.
historical novel, by William Stearns " 4
vls, which Tho MacMlllan Company has
on press for Immediate publication. TJia
story, which 13 laid in Rome, begins when
Julius Caesar is Just rising into power,
nnd ends with his great victory and tho
establishment of his empire. It Is a novel
of wide scope, vigorously written, and tho
author has attempted to put the reader on
an intimate footing with the people of tho
Rome of Caesar's days. The plot Is stir
ring, as n truthful portrayal of such
times would hardly fall to make lt; It
shifts from a Roman country house to tho
capital and thence to Syria and Egypt.
Stories that appeal to the spiritual feel
ings arc published under the title "Tho
World's Mercy." The author Is Max
well Gray, whose "The Silence of Dean.
Maltland" some years ago so stirred fic
tion readers. The titular story portrays
the misery and degradation of a woman
wed to a brutal drunkard and her down
ward" steps, as thrown upon the world,
sho nnds refuge with a man who soon
regrets his relations with her, and finally,
her husband comes upon her In her ex
tremity an.t takes iter into his arms. "Tho
World's Mercy" is painful reading. Much
better Is "The Widow's Clock," with Its
home simplicity, and "Sweet Revenge," a
pretty bit of comedy. (D. Appleton & Co..
New York.)
Rev. W. H. FItchett, the author ot
"How England Saved Europe," is com
monly spoken ot as an Australian, al
though he was born In Lincolnshire. Eng
land. When ho was only a few yeara old.
his father went to Australia, and the son
wo3 thus brought up as a thorough-going
colonial. He Is a man of herculean fame,
and of tireless Industry. He has been a
Wcsleyan minister, thp head of the Ladles"
Methodist College In Melbourne, the edi
tor of the Southern Cross, a religious Jour
nal of large influence, and of the Aus
tralian Review of Reviews, and an edi
torial writer on the Melbourne Dally Ar
gus. His first book, "Deeds That Won
the Empire," was mado up of a series of
historical tales, which he published In tho
Argus under the nom de plume of VUette.
"Phjslology and' Morphology of Ani
mals." The work of Darwin on the de
rivation of species and the descent of man
awrkened a new interest In the lower an
imals and furnished additional evidenco
of their close kinship with ourselves. A
fresn field of study was thus opened up.
cn.brnclng the likenesses and differences
of action, as well as structure found
throughout the animal kingdom.
In "The Comparative Physiology and
Morphology of Animals" Professor Joseph
Le Conte gives us In his well-known cleat
and simple style and with the aid of nu
merous Illustrations an interesting outline
of these similarities and variations of
function, as displayed among the various
classes of animals, from the lowest to tho
highest man included. (D. Appleton St
Co., New York.)
"Knights in Fustian," by Carolina
Brown. Is a story a of most interesting
episode occurring in Indiana during tho
war for the Union, its theme being a plot
by the Knights of the Golden Circle, as
alleged at the time and since much argued
and discussed, to. assist the Confederacy
to victory, and then force a separation
of the Northwestern states from tho
Union. The story of the attempt to mako
the plot effectual In the Indiana county
in which the novel is laid and its-frustration
by the hero, is graphically told. Tho
Introduction of several historical charac
tersGovernor Morton, for one has been
accomplished with much skill. The lovo
story which is woven into the textuto of
the historical narrative Is original, and In
It at least one of Its episodes is unique.
The' book will be brought out by Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.
An experiment of great Interest to read
ers of tho Bible Is announced by Tho
Macmlllan Company. They will pub
lish Immediately In current and popular
English "The Epistles of the New Testa
ment." The work has been dono by Rev.
Henry Hayman, D. D.. Rector of Aldlng
ham. England: Hon. Canon of- Carlisle.
The author's plan has been to keep with
the most careful fidelity to the thoughts,
of tho Apostles, whilst claiming a per
fectly free hand as regards the languago
In which he has ventured to present them.
In the latter respect he reverses the prac
tice of every earlier version In our lan
guage, but the departure Is Justified by
tho changes that havo taken place In our
native tongue. The result will be found
to bo very helpful In the understanding ot
the epistles. The authorized version Is
printed on tho left-hand pages, and the
modern English on the right.
In her unpretentious study of "Wotan,
Siegfried and Brunnhllde." Miss Anna. A.
Chapln has caught the very ersence of tho
spirit of Wagner's treatment of the Nleb
elungen Lied, on both the library and tho
musical sides. "In studying the art of
Wagner," says the author, "one might
spend a lifetime and yet grasp the sub
ject inadequately. But the spirit of Wag
nerthe philosophy, the poetry and the
elemental strength must be understood
by all who can feel and think. The truths
which he tells are simple and universal,
expressing the philosophy of all. thinkers
who have, through the ages, reiterated
the message of wisdom in the ears of hu
manity." Tho work Is not weighed down
with abstruse. linguistic questions, nor by
musical technicalities, but, thanks to MIrs
Chapin's s.ourid knowledge and sympa
thetic insight, lt appeals as Strongly to
the advanced Wagnerian scholar as to tho
Intelligent layman. (Harper & Bros., New
York.)
"Whence She Came.
"Mrs. Newcash boasts that she, caino
from a very old. aristocratic family. She
doesn't look It,"
"Oh, I don't know. She looks as If she
might have been cook for one sometime
Lpr other."-I,hiladelphla Bulletin.
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