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THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN; PORTLAND,. APKIL 1900.
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THE WORD "AMEniCA."
An Assertion That It Had Its Origin
In German Literature. .
Berlin Correspondence of Chicago Tribune.
, Tho history of the name "America." has
been partially cleared up by Herr Schlller
Tiett, of Kleln-Flottbeck. near Hamburg.
In an article In the "Runchau fuer Geo
graphic und Statlstlk." He has succeeded
In proving that the name made Its appear
ance In literature In Germany and France
and not In Spain, as has been supposed.
The first to call the New "World America
were the members of a small circle of
dilettanti at St. Die, In French Lorraine.
This circle flourished toward the end of
the 15th century. Among Its members was
Martin Waltzemullor, who afterward Lat
inized his name Into "Ilacomylus" Wald-see-Mueller,
or "Mueller of the Lake of
the "Woods." Under Ms direction a col
lection of maps was published. This was
followed In 1007- by a globe and a world
map combining the old Ptolemaic ideas
and pictures with the Spanish and Portu
guese discoveries.
Waltiemueller Issued at the same time
a "Cosmographlae Introductlo" as lllustra
tratlve text. It was printed on April 25,
1507. In this paper there occurs the fol
lowing passage:
"Nunc vero et hae partes (Europe, Afri
ca, Asia), sunt latlus lustratao et alia
Quarta pars per Amerlcanum Vcspucclum
(ut in sequentlbus audlatur) lnventa est,
auam non video cur quls jure vetet ab
I, Amerlco lnventore, sugacls lngcnll vlro
Amcrlgen quasi Amerlcl terram sive Am
ericam dlcendam, cum Europa et Asia a
mulierlbus sua eortita elnt nomlna."
(Translation: After these portions of
the earth (Europe, Africa, Asia) had been
disclosed, a fourth division was discovered
by Americus Vespucclus, and I see nothing
to hinder us from naming this section
.America, or the land of Americus, partlcu
Jariy as Europe and Asia are named after
women.) '
His Idea seems to havo been that the
discovery of a New World had brought
forward a masculine race and introduced
a masculine era. More Important than
this consideration, perhaps, wore tho allit
eration and tho similarity of sound.
Waltzemueller's proposal was at once
adopted in Germany. The older Aplanus
(Bienewltz) used the name America Pro
vincla in his map of the world, which was
printed as a wood cut in 1522.
The fact that the name was first used
. In literature In Germany and France Is
regarded as sufficient proof that Americus
Vespucclus did not force his name upon
the New World, as older historians main
tained, the Spaniards and Portuguese call
ing America "Novus Mundus," or the
West Indies, throughout the 16th century.
Waltzemueller was. probably on account
of his outlandish Latin name, completely
forgotten until Alexander von Humboldt
reminded the world of his services. Walt
zemueller was led to hold Vespucci to be
the discoverer of America from the fact
that the latter s writings were tho main
source of Information about tho New
World at this period. He afterward
learned of his mistake and attempted to
withdraw his proposal to call tho home
of the free and the land of the brave
America, but It was too late.
This narrows the problem, but does not
solve It. The question Is. How Waltze-
Ivmueller came to call Vespucclus "Ameri
p'n"'!pR"irt nf Alberleo. or. rather, how
Vespucci came to call himself Amerigo
or Americus.
The director of the Peruvian National
Library at Lima, Senor Klcardo Palma,
has attempted to show that America Is of
American origin. The question that re
mains to be answered is, "Did Vespucci
make an easy exchange of his name for a
nickname?"
The Celebrities.
Joseph Jacob In the Fortnightly Review. ,.
Everybody nowadays Is an author mote
or less, but there can be no doubt that dis
tinction in book-writing Is more difficult
to obtain at the present time, because of
the larger number who pursue the rrofes-
I elon if it Is a profession and the same
explanation of the drop In the permlUage
can be offered as In tho case of actors.
But it is also probable, I think, that the
national ability Is more devoted to the
practical life than It was in the 'GOs. Toung
men of promise adopt the professional and
public carer rs, rather than that of author
ship or Journalism. But among the pro
fessions thus selected, thero can be no
doubt of the decline In popularity of the
clerical, indicated by the drop in the fig
urea of our lists from 130 to 71. Clergy
do not loom so large In the Nation's eye
as they did 30 years ago. and it Is difficult
to say whether tho decline In quality and
quantity recently complained of is either
I- the effect or the cause. Law, on the
other hand, appears to be doubly as at
tractive as it was 30 years ago. notwith
standing the pressure of competition with
in the profession. Doctors appear to
stand stationary in attractiveness to the
world and to themselves. As might have
been expected, the services have become
more popular, owing to tho rising tide
of Imperialism and militarism: both on
land and sea there are double tho number
of "celebrities." The reproach that Eng
land Is not a musical nation is slowly be
ing wiped out if one can judge by the
double quota of musicians In the later list.
On tho other hand, artists have some
what declined In number, and, as the later
list Includes sculptors and engravers in
that rubric, the falling off is marked. En
graving, indeed, as a profession and as a
means of obtaining fame has entirely died
out; the engraver nowadays Is a process
maker.
Curiously enough, engineers do not seem
to have Increased in popularity during the
Interval, the truth being that there are
more of them, but they get less credit,
owing to the growth of the class of con
tractors and financiers, who utilize their
services but get the kudos of their ex
ploits. Of the decline of public interest
In science, as a whole, there can be little
doubt. Scientific men must have In
creased more than four-fold in the inter
val, yet their proportional parallas has
declined from 72 to 42. Specialization
doubtless advances science and secures a
man's position, but it rarely brings him
prominently before the public. The pop
ular exponent of science has also disap
peared; we have nobody nowadays exact-
ly corresponding to Professors Huxley,
Tynaall and: uiinora. Tne rapid decline
In the number of travelers who are run
after by the public is a simple illustration
of the fact that the whole world has now
been practically discovered.
Establishment of Slavery tn the South
Popular Science Monthly.
It early became evident that slavery was
to be of no permanent economic advant
age to any part of the colonies within
the glaciated district, say from Central
New Jersey northward. In that portion
of the coastal "belt, the state of the sur
face and the character of the crops alike
tended to make the ownership of slaves
unprofitable. The farms were necessar
ily small. They became in a natural way
establishments worked by the head oS the
house, with the hjip of his children. Such
other help as was needed was. In the
' course of two generations, readily had
from hired white men and women. It was
otherwise in the tobacco-planting region
to the southward. The cultivation of that
plant, to meet the extraordinary demands
that Europe made for It, gave slavery Its
chance to become established In this coun
try. But for that Industry the institu
tion would most likely .have taken but
slight root, and the territory as far south
as North Carolina would have been in so
cial order not very different from Penn
sylvania. New York and the New Eng
land settlements. But. owing to some pe
culiar, as yet unrecognized, adjustments
of climate and soil, tobacco for pipes has
a quality when grown in the Virginia dis
trict such as it has nowhere else in tne
world, and the world turned to smoking
It. with a disregard for expense, that made
each laborer in the field worth some
hundred dollars a year.
The Queen of Spain.
Good Words.
The day Alfonso died. November 25. 1SS5,
Maria Christina's tragic position won all
Spanish hearts. The King had outlived his
brief hour of popularity. He was too
young and frivolous to measure the con
sequences for so democratic a nation as
Spain of today of a frivolous reign. He
could bo brave as befits a man of his
birth, which he proved in the smallpox
plague and the earthquakes. But his real
preoccupations were bullfights and ladles
of light morals. Instead of the serious
sovereign Spain needed, she had only a
mediocre rake, and whatever may be
thought to the contrary, nowadays at
least, tho rule of tho rake Is none of the
wisest. And so Spain was'onco more on
the verge of a resolution. But death at
23 is considered a tragic expiation of the
follies of youthtide. and the country only
remembered the King's extreme youth and
regretted its unfulfilled promise. His er
rors were, after all, the errors of impuls
ive and passionate nature, without a bridle
to Its desires and no higher ideal than tho
enjoyment of the hour. Spain saw but the
corpse of a young man, beside which knelt
a young widow.
Spanish chivalry awoke when the Span
lards reflected that this young -widowed
Queen was a foreigner, a woman on the
point of motherhood, whose fate was In
their hands. When the Prime Minister,
Senor Canovas, came Into the mortuary
chamber to tender her his resignation, the
newly proclaimed Regent, terrified at the
Immediate prospect of her responsibilities,
cried to him, "No, no; don't talk to me of
business matters, at least while Alfonso is
here." But she was even in that awful
hour made to understand that affairs of
state may not yield to privato misery, and
as Reina Gobcrnadora, though her eyes
were full of human tears In the presence
of human unhapplncss, sho was obliged to
take the oath of allegiance to the King's
successor and to the laws of the coun
try, which the confided to the new Min
ister, Senor Sagasta.
A Zulu Legrend.
London Globe.
The following Is a curious, legend "be
lieved In by the Zulus: Once there was a
talking elephant, such an elephant as had
never been seen before, and ho lived upon
children. At length, after devouring many
unprotected children, he drew near to a
woman who had been cutting wood, and
with her child, a bundle of fagots and an
ax was passing by. Immediately she un
derstood the elephant's Intention, and
said: "Spare my child, oh, elephant!" but
the elephant refused. Then the mother
cried again: "If this great wrong must
be, swallow me, too." So the elephant
swallowed mother and child, and they
found themselves with all the other chil
dren who had been eaten long ago. By
and by the child complained of hunger to
the mother, and, with her fagots, she
made a fire, and with her ax she cut
away the elephant's flesh and cooked
food, and they all ate. Again the child
felt hungry, and this time the motherJ
ugmea a larger nro ana cut a. larger
piece of flesh. Filled with pain from the
great heat the elephant ran and ran and
ran and ran till they felt the thunder of
his hoofs racing over hill and valley, and
at last, quite exhausted, he fell down and
died. Then, with her ax, the mother
chopped and chopped till she had made an
opening in the elephant's side, and they
crept out and found themselves in a new
country, and became a new nation.
Excluslvcness In American Works.
Engineering Magazine.
Thero is no doubt that the free Inter
change of Ideas and experiences of per
sons engaged in similar lines of manufac
ture tends to the general advancement
of any art, but there Is, apparently, a
growing feeling that this has been some
what overdone In America, and It Is now
becoming more difficult for visitors to ob
tain permits to Inspect the large Indus
trial establishments of the country. With
in the past few years, or since the great
invasion of American manufactured pro
ducts, especially of Iron and steel. In many
foreign markets, there has been a marked
Increase In the number of foreign visi
tors, engineers, mechanics and other ex
perts, chiefly from Great Britain and Ger
many, to the large industrial establish
ments of the United States, and several
of these visitors havo given the results ot
their observations to the engineering
world. ,
As the result of observation in some
large establishments, and of inquiry else
where. I believe that it is becoming more
and more the policy of manufacturers In
America to keep secret Improvements in
processes of manufacture, and while vis
itors are, and probably will continue to
be, cordially welcomed and even permitted
to make investigations more fully than
they can do at prevent In European estab
lishments, these secrets are now as care
fully guarded In American shops as In
foreign factories.
The Moor Loch.
Robert Bain in Chambers's Journal.
Among tbe lonely hills It Ilea,
Ieep, dark, and still;
And mlrrora back the chanceful skies;
The am, moon, stars, the bird that files.
The broad, brown-abouldered hllL
The world's wide voice la silent here;
The cries of men.
The sob. the laugh, the- hope, the fear.
The things which make earth sad and dear.
Lie all beneath Its ken.
And only he who comes from far.
Seeking the deep
Communion sweet with inn and Mar,
Knows of the calm and Joy that are .
In Its vast, stlrlesa sleep.
For here tbe eternal ooul holds speech,
Trt makes no sound;
-With naught but clouds which one might reach.
The black Cool, the untrodden beach.
And hearkening apace, around.
rime and the things of Time are not;
The path we trod
Ends with the world's end here, and thought
Can neither see nor dream- of aught
Save man's own heart and God.
The American Xegro Today.
Contemporary Review.
The distaste which the new generation
of blacks feel for thorough and contin
uous work is most conspicuously shown
in their objection to following trades.
Owing to the distance caused by the size
of the estates In the age of slavery, which
made It inconvenient to send for white
mechanics, who generally lived in the vil
lages, it was the custom to train negroes
to most of the common handicrafts.
There were blacksmiths, carpenters,
wheelwrights, masons, bricklayers, shoe
makers and saddlers on all of the most
extensive plantations, and many of these
men were very skillful In their trades.
They had frbra boyhood served an ap
prenticeship witn older slaves, and for
years had been called on to do a great
quantity of work. A craft was often
passed down from father to son. and had
thus, on the same estate, been In the
hands of members of the same family for
a century or more. One may travel sow
many hundred, miles through the rural
districts of the South and not come upon
a single black mechanic. And this seems
all tho more remarkable when It Is re
called that In the numerous colleges for
the blacks established in all parts of the
Southern' states manual tasks have been
used as an Important branch of the sys
tem of instruction.
The graduates of them industrial schools
either give up their trades altogether or
they do not return to their native rural
communities as the most promising field
for such pursuits. In most cases the
trades are abandoned, because to follow
them would make necessary a confining
and exacting life In one place. White men
havo practically usurped all the handi
crafts tn the rural districts, while the
negroes still continue to look to the tasks
of the field for a subsistence. These tasks
they can drop In one locality, without
risking their chance of securing work In
another, as would be the case If they were
mechanics. Such tasks they can also per
form with as many Intervals of indolence
as they like.
Adoration of the Black Christ.
From "A Glimpse of Guatemala," A. C and A.
P. Maudslar.
As evening approached, little companies
of pilgrims, bending under their burdens,
filed Into the town, and as night fell the
Plaza of Eaqulpulas was lit up by numer
ous small fires, around which the pilgrims
fathered for their supper. This Import
ant meal ended, they began their religious
functions by laying down petates (mats) In
front of the cacastes Gong baskets carried
on men's backs), which had already been
arranged in a line across the Plaza. Then
each man produced from his cargo a small
wooden box, usually glazed on one side,
containing the image of a saint and these
were arranged in a row against the cacas
tes, between lighted candles, the place
of honor In the middle being assigned to a
box contlnlng a figuro of the Black Christ
When these arrangements were complet
ed, the Indians, who were dressed in long
black woolen garments, with long white
veils fastened to their black straw hats,
prostrated themselves in turn beforo each
shrine, and crawled along from one to the
other on hands and knees, laying the fore
head In the dust, offering up their prayers
to each saint and kissing the box which
contained its image. These acts of devo
tion were several times repeated, and
then, grouping themselves on their kneoz
before the shrine of the Black Christ and
led by one of their number, who seemed
to have some kind of authority over them,
they all chanted the quaint hymn wo had
so often heard In the early watches of the
morning. After slngihg for nearly half
an hour they withdrew to their fires, rolled
themselves In their blankets, and were
soon fast asleep.
The Xative Nevr Zealander.
Blackwood.
At sunset one evening we sauntered Into
a Maori village, and found ourselves in the
grassy enclosure wherein sat the tribe eat
ing Its evening meat Some natives might
have resented our invasion. Not so the
Maoris. With unaffected pleasure, they
made us welcome. Swarthy faces beamed
upon us; many brown hands were out
stretched to grasp ours, and tattoed lips.
In hospitable If quite unintelligible lan
guage. Invited us to partake. Round two
largo dishes tho entire party of men, wo
men, girls, youths and babes were squat
ted, and It was Interesting to see that In
this tribal commune, the smallest child
had evidently as much right to put his
paw In the dish and help himself as had
his elders.
In a pool of gravy In a tin pan lay a
large ham bone at which an Infant was
picking, but the chief provision lay In a
great pie dish full of kumaros (sweet po
tatoes) and some green vegetable. In ad
dition, there was a splendid loaf of bread,
round, fiat, nicely browned 'and closely
resembling a huge wheaten scone. The
method ot cooking was primitive, but ap
parently efficient Catching the glimmer
ing of firelight in one of the larger huts,
we entered and found that it proceeded
from some glowing wood ashes on the
floor. Over the embers were sot Iron bars
which formed a rude grill, whereon was
placed a large tin pan containing an
other loaf, whllo a third still In the dough
stage stood on the floor ready for baking.
Sostrilogry Her Xose.
Harper's Bazar.
Nostrilogy or nasology, the study of
character by the shape of the nose. Is
said to bo a new science as new as other
things under the sun, at least It cer
tainly helps out tho fortune-telling, palm
ist and physiognomist to no small extent
The apostles of this science claim that
every lino and curve of the nose has an
Important significance, and in its rela
tion to the otner features character stands
revealed. It is claimed that the nose of
ten blocks the way to success. This
reminds mo of a little story Julia Mar
lowe tells of herself:
"When I was a child." she said tho oth
er day, apropos of this science of noses,
"I used to dream of the time when I
would be a great tragedienne. Nothing
but tragedy had any charms for me. But
my family assured me that such a thing
as a tragedienne with a pug ncse had
never been heard of. I was greatly con
cerned about my nose, and one day I
consulted our family physician In regard
to on operation to which I wished to sub
mit In order to remove the terrible obsta
clo ot a pug nose. I remember that he
was greatly amused, and assured me that
my nose was all right I knew that was
not so, and I knew that success was more
difficult on account of it But one can
succeed even in spite of such an obstacle
as an uncompromising pug nose."
Black Rain.
Chambers's Journal.
The first case of black rain which comes
under review occurred at Grahamstown
and the surrounding district In August
1SSS, and It extended over an area of no
less than 300 square miles. Since then
there have happened several showers of a
similar character, but less pronounced In
their sable character. Other showers of
black rain nave been recorded In Ireland,
one of which was felt over an area of 400
square miles. .No ono seems to have
microscopically examined the water which
fell at Grahamstown; but it was noted
that the liquid gradually cleared when
placed in a suitable vessel, and a black
precipitate fell from it In the latter
cases referred to the deposit has been
carefully examined, .and was found to
consist of microscopic organisms which
averaged about the 12,500th part ot an Inch
In length, and which were Identified with
the same fungoid organisms that are re
sponsible for blight In the plants which
they Infest and subsequently for smut
mildew, and rust In wheat and barley.
Tho writer sums -up his remarks thus:
"Humidity" Is known to contribute largely
to the copious production ot fungi, and
during protracted drought the regions af
fected thereby will remain comparatively
bare of fungi, but during the seasons of
frequent rainfalls the production of a
funsold Tegetatlon b largely Increased."
AKJTr DISCIPLINE IS CAIfADA.
Tkt Stem fyatnn Which Prevail
"With OBBcera and Men,
New Llpplncott
Tho discipline ot the imperial army Is
very strict This Is equally true of the
"permanent force" of the active militia
of Canada. Without. going into lengthy
detail it may be mentioned that a private
soldier Is not permitted to approach or ad
dress a-commissioned officer unless spoken
to or having- received permission to do so
through his noncommissioned officer. The
most trifling Infraction of the many rules
and regulations which are the result of
years of costly experiment and experience.
onngs swut ana proportionate punisnmenr
In its train. These punishments run the
gamut through confinement to barracks
and answering tho defaulter's roll-call at
stated Intervals, pack drill, deductions
from pay, imprisonment in dark cells upon
limited diet and so on. A slovenly or un-
THE OUTLANDER OP 1884.
- "
MIRAGE." ,
General Gordon ... "What la it that I se em to see
Across the sand waste? Is-It the quick gleam.
Of English steel, or but a deaert-dreamT
Help or. that last Illusion of distress.
The mocking mirage of the wilderness?
Punch's tribute to "Chinese" Gordon. Drawn by Sir John TennleL
cleanly man cannot remain In the corps.
It Is very difficult for one who curses or
uses obscene language to do so. Although
there are canteens at all stations, where
varieties of "extras" in tho way of food,
drink, and tobacco can be obtained at a
slight advance on cost price, the use of
both Intoxicants and the common narcotic
is frowned down upon. The penalty for
being found under the influence of liquor
is very severe, and a repetition of the of
fense will likely pllo enough bad marks
against the unfortunate to cause his dis
honorable discharge. In this connection
it may be stated that each enlisted man
has a number, which Is marked upon
everything appertaining to him,-from rifle
to marching shoes, and against this num
ber and bis name is kept a ledger account
In .the regimental book which covers his
whole military career. He must attain to
a certain minimum of excellence in the
regular balancing ot this account or be
discharged. However, there is a credit
side. By adding to this ho receives good
conduct pay, promotion with Increased
pay and allowances, and various other
comfortable emoluments. Tho stern sys
tem prevalent in the Imperial army as
regards commissioned officers Is too well
known to need any mention. Officers of
the "permanent force" of the active mili
tia of Canada ore on precisely the same
footing.
A Frontal Attack.
Saturday Review.
There Is one class of frontal attack
which history tells us has often been made
and mado with success, but which nowa
days is thoroughly Indefensible. We mean
where a commander, after a superficial
reconnoalssance of an enemy In position,
bewildered by the difficulties which ap
parently crop up to hinder any scheme
he can evolve for outmanoeuverlng htm,
reverts to the good old English custom
of Just "going for him." Doubtless such
elementary tactics have before now won
us brilliant victories or saved us from al
most inevitable defeat and disaster. Un
fortunr tely, the time for such crude ideas
of handling t-oops is past and gone. To
sin ply launch men In an attack across the
cpen under tbe storm of magazine rifle
and Maxim fire, not to speak of machine
shell guns which the Boers so much af
fect is to be guilty of a wicked waste of
life, and. further, is only courting dis
aster. Truo it is that tho extraordinary
pluck and determination ot our officers
and men may and have rendered such
desperate "tactics" (If such an operation
is worthy of the name) a success, but at
what cost? We can recall to our mind a
certain low kopje which suddenly loomed
up before a company of our Infantry the
summit swarming with the enemy's
marksmen but up it our men went and
onward and with a loss of over one-'hird
of their nurabtr. All honor to the men.
who thus nobly did their duty. But a
general action carried out on such lines
would render n victory only one degree
removed from s defeat
Good-Dye to "the Aryans.'
R. S. Conway, In The Contemporary Review.
It Is no longer possible to think of any
one such people as those who were called
"the Aryans." The old method of discov
ering what they were like was to apply a
kind of arithmetic to the vocabularies ot
the existing languages, and to call every
thing "Aryan" which was contained in the
greatest common measure of these vocab
ularies. Thus: "All the nine branches of
language have the same word for cow,
cow In fact; ergo, the Aryans possessed
cows, and had reached at least a pastoral
stage of civilization." Or. again: "The
majority ot tho nine, branches- possess the
word beech: ergo, their ancestors lived
In a land of beeches, and therefore, some
where West of a line drawn from Sweden
to the Crimea." By this simple method a
great many delightful habits were as
cribed to them; they had learned to plow,
to grind corn In mills, to give their sons
and daughters in marriage, and. In short
were quite respectable forbears. But this
romancing has received a serious check.
In a number of cases It has been shown
that the languages of two adjacent com
munities have undergone precisely the
some developments at the same time, al
though all the while the two languages
were perfectly distinct This may happen
whenever one or two conditions Is ful
filled. Either the speakers of language A
must be able to understand language B,
and vice versa, which Is generally the
case when A and B aro kindred dialects,
or else the two must be connected by a
chain of one or more links, each link be
ing a- language Intelligible to its nearest
neighbors on either side.
Soma Cnrlons Rearimental nickname
Notes and Queries.
"Cheeses" is a nickname which has bees
applied to. tho Household Cavalry; and
was given because a century ago It was
remodeled on a somewhat more demo
cratic basis, and some "gentlemen" there
fore declined, to Join! "Come on. Cheese-
-- ZI!!
avw
mongers, charge!" was the cry of the
Colonel at Waterloo.
"Cherry Pickers" Is a name given to the
Eleventh Hussars from the cherry color
of the overalls. They have also been
called "Cherubim." A story Is told of a
party of the regiment having been sur
prised In a cherry garden during the Pen
Insular War.
"Coalheavers" Is a nickname for tho
Grenadier Guards, originating, it Is said,
in the permission formerly given to the
men to work, in plain clothes. In the coal
trade
"The Dally Advertisers" Is a name ap
plied, for unknown reasons, to the Fifth
Lancers.
The Seventeenth Lancers are the
"Death or Glory Boys" a name easily ex
plained, as their banner bears a skull, un
derneath which are the words "or glory."
The "DeU's Own" was the nickname
of the old Eighty-eighth, now the Con
naught Rangers.
The Duko of Cambridge's Own (Middle
sex Regiment) Includes the former Fifty
seventh, known as the "Die Hards," from
their splendid courago at Albuera.
Tho "Dirty Half Hundred" Is a name
for the former Fiftieth, now part of the
Queen's Royal West Kent Regiment
The eighth Hussars are the "Dirty
Eighth." Why this designation should be
suitable to this regiment Is one of the
mysteries of the usually good-natured
spirit of satire to which military nick
names are due. '
Tho Royal Munster Fusiliers are made
up of the former One Hundred and First
and One Hundred and Fourth Regiments.
"Dirty Shirts" was the name given to the
One Hundred and First who fought In
their shirt sleeves at Delhi.
A Stlcklt Minister.
Good Words.
A "stlcklt minister" Is one who, having
passed tho university training and suc
cessfully survived the "trials," as they
are termed, of the ecclesiastical courts,
has reached the position of "licentiate"
or "probationer," which, as in the case
of a deacon la the Anglican communion,
conveys authority to preach but not to
dispense the sacraments, and makes him
eligible for appointment to a parish. Un
til he has reached the' status of an or
dained presbyter he is not a minister In
the full sense of the term; and if he has
grown old In the ranks of the probation
ers, or taken up another calling, such as
that of schoolmaster, be gradually sinks
Into tho limbo of the "stlcklt ministers,"
being men who have stuck fast on the
way to tho full rank of presbyter.
There are not many "stlcklt ministers"
now In the strict sense of the term. Near
ly every licentiate fills some office as as
sistant in "a parish. A very few may re
main for & time, or perhaps permanently.
In the pathetic position of being dependent
on casual employment as preachers when
a Sunday servico is required, receiving a
fee, usually a guinea, for their trouble.
Their lot is far from enviable, especially
wh-n under the faded black coat there Is
found ft man of culture, but lacking the
populci gift or the "push" and Influence
which may have carried his college chums,
whom he may have beaten in class work.
Into comfortable charges.
The Flylnsr Bowl.
From "The Japanese of the llth'Century."
Once upon a time a priest named Jaku
sho went to China, where the Emperor
happened to hold a mass in a temple
splendidly adorned, and entertained a host
of Buddhist monks. The Emperor an
nounced to his guest that on that occa
sion every priest invited should be allowed
no attendant fcnd he ought to receive
food by flying his own bowL This order
was Issued, In fact to examine the ability
of the Japanese priest, and accordingly all
Chinese prelates In their respective turns
caused their bowls to fly and received
food. Now the turn came to Jakusho to
do his duty, and he, who was sitting' on
the last seat In the meeting, began to hold
up his bowl and to walk Into the spot
where food was being given. He was,
however. Interrupted by all looKers-on,
who were unanimous In urging him to fly
his bowl, Jakusho replied thus: "To
cause one s bowl to By Is an art whlcn
needs special training I never underwent
Although Japan saw a few persons who
were acquainted with this art yet they
did not perform it In public How, then,
can I cause my'bowl to flyT" But, seeing
that the Emperor would not cease to ex
act from him the performance of such a
duty, Jakusho turned1 his face toward his
country and silently prayed- with the ut
most devotion to the Buddhas and. Deities
guarding it for their help to protect it
from Ignominy through his failure In the
performance.
Then suddenly his bowl began to turn
like a spun top, went through the air
swifter than all the other priests, and,
receiving his portion, returned to him.
This miracle, so unexpected by the Chi
nese, Impelled the Emperor and all who
were there to adore him as an unparal
leled saint
Sheridan and Cumberland.
Fortnightly Review.
There was a great deal of Jealousy be
tween Sheridan and Cumberland. "While
the former was much the more original in
genius, the latter was the mcro successful
In tho outset In fact his dramatic pro.
ductlons were all the vogue for some
years, and were Instrumental In introduc
ing him to all the literary and distin
guished society of. his day. Although
Cumberland praised the Judicious introduc
tion of the screen scene in "The School
for Scandal." he was charged with be
ing tbe irritable opponent of all merit but
tils own. The story goes that he was
present with his young family at an early
performance of 'the famous comedy Just
named, "The School for Scandal." They
were seated In the stage box. and the
children screamed with delight: but the
less easily pleased fretful author pinched
them, exclaiming. "What are you laugh
ing at, my dear little folk3? You should
not laugh, my angels; there Is nothing to
laugh atl" And he added In an under
tone. "Keep still, you little dunces." When
Sheridan was told of this, he said: "It
was ungrateful of Cumberland to have
been displeased with his children for
laughing at my comedy, for when I went
to see his tragedy I laughed from begin
ning to end." But there must have been
something beyond this to account for Sher.
Man's animosity toward Cumberland,
whom he ultimately pilloried as the Irri
table and conceited dramatist Sir Fretful
Plasiary, in "The Critic"
Those who knew them both account for
it thus: Sheridan, being most anxious to
collect the opinions of the acknowledged
judges of dramatic merit on "The School
for Scandal," asked what Mr. Cumberland
had said on the flrst night of the perform
ance. "Not a syllable," was the answer.
"But did be seem amused?" "Why,
faith," was the reply, "he might have
been hung up beside Uncle Oliver's pic
ture. He had the villainous disinheriting
countenance; like the ladles and gentle
men on the walls, he never moved a mus
cle." .
Bualiivliacklnir.
Blackwood.
Sharp words of command ring out. The
gun is run Into position nose forward, and
a shell sings loudly on its way to the
stockade. It bursts in the roof of a house,
and a yell of, defiance comes back in a
thready cheer from tho Malays In the vil
lase, mingled with the cries of women
and little children. From 20 points In the
line of the stockade little puffs ot smoke
leap out fiercely and the bullets sing and
whlstlo Overhead. Some peck up the
ground In front: others make splashes In
the rice swamp a couple of hundsed yards
to tho rear. A rocket tube is run out, and
the dart from the "fiery blowpipe rushes
forward, hissing and screaming: like a
flying dragon of ancient story. A houso
bursts into flames. The gun drops shell
after shell Into the stockade, the bugle
sounds the charge, and with a boss roar
the Sikhs rush out of cover ajid tear
across tho swampy open which divides
them from the village. Some few of their
number get hopelessly bogged: others
flounder along unchecked by tho knee
deep mire. The white men lead, pistol In
hand, roaring like their men. It Is a mo
ment worth living for. Tho rapid run
forward, the sweep down the hill, through
the swamps, up the grass to the stockade,
every stride taking them nearer to the en
emy. As the line approaches the Are of
the Malays slackens. "D n It all; they're
bolting already!" yells the political officer
as he flounders forward.
Sons of Glen Dan.
From "Song From the Glens of Antrim," by
Molra. CNelll.
Sure this Is blessed Erln.nn thiet the name glen.
The gold Is oa the whin-bush, the wather sings
again.
The fairy "thorn's la flower a" what alls my
heart then?
Flower o the May.
Flower o" the May.
What about the May time," an he far away!
Summer loves the green glen, the white bird
loves the sea.
An' tho wind must kiss tbe heather top. an'
the red hell hides a bee;
As tho bee is dear to tho honey-flower, so one
Is dear to me.
Flower o' the- rose.
Flower o" the rose.
A thorn pricked mo n day, but nobody
knows.
Tho bracken up the braestde has rusted.In the
air.
Three birches lean together, so silver limbed
and fair,
Och! golden leaves are flyin fast, but I scarlet
roan is rare.
Berry of the roan.
Berry o the roan.
The wind eigba among the trees, but I sigh
alone.
I knit beside the turf Ore. I spin upon the
wheel.
Winter nights for thlnxln" long, round runs the
reel. ...
But he never knew, he never knew that here
for him I'd kneel.
Sparkle o' the fire.
Sparkle o' the fire.
Mother Mary keep my love, an send mo my
desire!
Ace of the Earth.
Popular Science Monthly.
Until almost the beginning of the pres
ent century the general belief In all Chris
tian countries was that not only the earth
and man, but the whole cosmos, began to
exist about 6000 to 7000 years ago; further
more, that all was made at once without
natural process, and have remained sub
stantially unchanged ever since. This Is
the old doctrine of the supernatural origin
and substantial permanency of the earth
and Its features. Among intelligent and
especially scientific men this doctrine,
even in the ISth century, began to be
questioned, although not publicly; for in
1751 Button was compelled by the Sorbonne
to retract certain views concerning the
age of the, earth, published In his Nat
ural History in 174). Remnants of the old
belief lingered even into the early part of
tho present century, and may even yet
"oe found hiding away in some of the re
mote corners of civilized countries. But
with the birth ot geology, and especially
through the work of Hutton In Scot
land, Cuvler In France and William
Smith In England, the much greater the
Inconceivably great antiquity o't the
earth and the origin of its present forms,
by gradual changes which are still going
on, was generally acknowledged. Indeed,
as already said, this Is the fundamental
idea of geology, without Which It could
not exist as a science.
JfOT GOOD BUSINESS POLICT.
Government Subsidies to Encourage
Private Enterprise.
Review of Reviews.
England has at times given large steam
ship subsidies, but she has dono it on busi
ness principles. It was a political neces
sity for her to have communication with;
her colonies, and to have steamships which,
could furnish her with a naval reserve and.
a transport service In case of war. In
order to do this, she bad to pay for It
Sho tried to pay as little as she could for
the service rendered; but she could not.
without political, suicide, dispense with
such service. She had the same reasons
for subsidizing steamships that we havo
for maintaining postal communication on
lines which do not pay. It was the soma
reason which had led Germany and Rus
sia to build military railroads or which
led us to grant liberal aid to the Union.
Pacific in 1SE2 and Vl. In all these cases
it was a matter of business for the Gov
ernment to secure its end. The fact that
the returns could not all be measured irk
dollars and cents, did not prevent its being:
sound business policy. In fact, it furnish
ed a strong reason why the Government
might properly make the expenditure, be
eausa there was an advantage to be.
gained of which individual -enterprise
could reap the benefit
But where subsidies have been given,
as has been recently the case In France.
or as was done in America In the Instances
already described, as a means of encour
aging privato commercial enterprise, it has
not proved good business policy. It has
caused waste Instead of economy, loss
rather than gain: It has not proved a
.source of naval strength or commercial
DrosDerity for the Nation which has
adopted it. It has turned out to be simnly.
an Inducement to extravagance
Picture Hanging,
Harper's Bazar.
Today no one hangs pictures In pairs.
The time when regularity of arrangement
was considered the acme of elegance has
vanished, and in its place has come a w lid
struggle after tho unexpected by those
whose ono Idea of artistic effect is to have
nothing match anything else. The weird
result their efforts produce is due to their
failure to appreciate the fact that har
mony, at least, must rule, even although,
uniformity has been discarded.
There must be a scheme to which tho.
general tone of the pictures should con
form. A dark carbon must not hang close
to an etching drawn In delicate lines and
bordered by a broad white mat If water
colors with their sqft tmta elbow oil paint
ings, with their bolder tones, the former
will be faded, the latter coarsened.
Let It be grasped. In the flrst place, that
certain things may go together, whila.
others must be barred from the associa
tion. Etchings, photographs, drawing.,
somo engravings, water colors, pastels,
may Je assembled on friendly terms. Even
then. however, there must be Judgment
exercised In the way they are placed.
Contrary to the natural inclination, dark,
heavily shaded pictures should not alwaja
bang In the strongest itght, but should
In ficrruo cases seek a sheltered position,
away from the glare of the windows.
Near the light may hang tho pictures In
fainter tlnt3, the subdued water colors',
the line engravings, whose best points
need illumination. This order may some
times be reversed when the comer
furthest from tho window shows a decided
need of brightening by light pictures, but
always the gradation of tints should be
borne in mind. Just as In a well-planned
room the darkest corner Is found In the
carpet and melts from that through tha
shades of the curtains and furniture to
the lightest nuance in the wall, so the
lower pictures should he more somber
tn hue thnn the upper, and should lead
the eye unconsciously from the deepest
tono to the highest light
French Food Falsifications.
The Athenaeum.
Tho chemical laboratory of the Paris
municipality has satisfied Itself, as the re
sult of repeated analyses, that, on tho
average, two-thirds of the samples of milk
examined either have water added to
them or are ndulterated in a more or less
Injurious manner. Out cif 140 samples de
clared good, 20 had watfgr added to them.
83 had been skimmed, 2 had been artifi
cially colored, 22 had -boraclc acid or
formol added. One Is left in wonder what
Is the condition of tho jemalnder If this
Is the verdict on those tel-med "good." But
perhaps the climax of thai kind of fraud Is
reached in the egg trade. Eggs are col
ored red with the aid of .pigments, which
are frequently poisonous and are some
times derived from coal. This is, how
ever, by no means the worst. Artificial
eggs are constructed Inside empty egg
shells out of gelatine and Inferior fats.
colored up with saffron, turmeric and
chrome yellow. Can any further develop
ment be possible in this "Industry"? If
It were not for the two highly respectable
writers who have signed this article, ono
would be disposed to consider the state
ment an odd form of pleresantry. The old
proverb, "An egg and a nut you may eat
after a slut" can hardly hold god nowa
days. Dr. Leyds.
rrom "The War in Africa," by J. A. Hob
son. The evil genius of Transvaal politics has
undoubtedly been Dr. Leyds. Tho notion
of an unqualified Dutch political suprem
acy, with a complete dominance of Dutch
language and Ideas, which this Imported
Hollander sought to Impress upon Trans
vaal politics and administration, has been
a chief source of such Ultlander griev
ances as possess a real foundation. His
personal Influence was persistently used to
harden the heart of Paul Krugcr agalnt
corscedlng political power or any consid
erable measure at self-government to the
Ultlander. Born In Java and trained la
the atmosphere of Roman-Dutch law,
which, though In some respects an ex
cellent administrative system. Is hostile
to British notions of liberty, he strovo
to impose this riicld Hollander character
on the laws and public Institutions of the
Transvaal, which for a time became a
perfect nest of Hollander officials, mostly
men who came for what they could get.
and who, hailng got it drifted back to
Holland. ,
Spanish Proverbs.
Chambers's Journal.
Proverbs uncomplimentary to the fair
sex are common in Spain: "A woman,
like a pavement, should be well trampled
on to be kept In order"; "A woman Is like
a candle; twist her neck if you wish her
to be good"; "Beware of a bad woman,
and do not trust a good one": "Crying in
a woman and limping In a dog is all a
sham": "A cock crows on his own dung
hills, but hens cackle everywhere" (this
In reference to tho supposed garrulous
neso and Inquisitive disposition of the
sex); "Show me a magpie without a spot
and I will show you a woman without a
fault" In English, counterparts are not
wanting, for example:
A woman, a dog. and a walnut tree
The more yd beat them the btter they bo.
Mothers-in-law and stepmothers come In
for a good deal of sarcasm; somo of the
proverbs In regard to them will not stand
translation. Of a man who Is accounted
lucky they say, 'Tf he fell from the root
of a house he would fall on the top of his
i mother-in-law."
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