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Portland Observer • Black History Month • February 28, 1990
NATIONAL FOI
Articles and Essays by Ron Daniels
Glory: Black History and Struggle
Die history o f Black America has always
b een , fun dam entally, a struggle to be free.
E n slavem en t and racial opp ression w ere
m ore than p h y sica l restrictions and the use
o f co er cio n against a p eop le. D om ination
c o u ld o n ly be ach ieved w hen the m ind and
spirit, as w e ll as the b od y, w as controlled
and broken. M ore than a century ago, the
sla v e s cam e to understand that their free­
dom c o u ld on ly be ach ieved if assum ed an
a ctiv e role in the stru ggle to liberate them ­
s e lv e s , m entally and p h y sica lly . Freedom
handed d ow n from above to the oppressed,
is n ot freedom at all. F reedom is on ly teal
w h en the op p ressed th em selves, through
their ow n initiative and inner strength, shatter
the chains o f bon dage.
This is the central m essage o f "G lory,”
a h istorical dram a depictin g the ordeals o f
a B la ck regim en t w h ich fought during the
h eig h t o f the C iv il War. The film is based
partially o n the actual letters o f U nion
A rm y c o lo n e l Robert G ould Shaw (played
b y M atthew B roderick), w ho trained and
led the M assachu setts 54th R egim ent in a
d evastating assault on Fort W agner, South
Carolina, in July, 1863. The son o f wealthy
abolitionists, Shaw w as convinced that
African-American troops, if properly trained
and equipped, could exceed the perform ­
ance o f w hite Northern troops. A s the film
unfolds, there is a synthesis o f sorts b e ­
tw een this abolitionist-inspired b e lie f in
the equality o f B lack s and w hites, w ith the
A frican-A m erican desire to strike a per­
sonal and c o lle ctiv e blow against the e v ils
o f slavery.
The w ise st d ecision o f * ‘Glory* ’ direc­
tor Edward Z w ick w as to focus the heart o f
the film not o n B roderick's character, but
instead on four fictional B lack m en, w ho
are used to represent the divergent person­
alities within the 54th R egim ent. D enzel
W ashington portrays a Nat Tum er/M al-
colm X styled character, a Black man whose
back has been bloodied many tim es by the
shot and screen new com er Andre Braughter
does an excellen t jo b as a N e w England
educated, m iddle class B lack m an, w ho
finds his roots and identity by bonding with
his fe llo w B lack soldiers. The d evice per­
m its alargely w hite audience to se c both the
diversity and hum anity am ong the African-
A m erican soldiers, w ho have volunteered
into the U nion Arm y in order to liberate
their brethren in the South, as w ell as them ­
selves. Through the ordeal o f co n flict, in
battle against w hite slaveholder officers,
the B lack soldiers b ecom e active partici­
pants in the struggle for freedom .
This is not to suggest that " G lo ry "
holds up to historical exam ination. A s
A m erican film s g o , it is generally very
good , particularly the detailed accuracy o f
the battle seq u en ces. H ow ever, it is short o f
the mark w ithin the fram ework o f B lack
slaveh old er’s lash, w h o fights in order to
settle scores. M organ Freeman plays the
regim ental sergeant, a former gravedigger
w ho fights because o f his w illin gn ess “ to
die for freedom .” Jihm i K ennedy portrays
a rural and illiterate ex-slave, but a crack
social history
" G lory” provides m any exam ples o f
w hite racism w ithin the ranks o f N orthern
troops and officers, w ho refused to accept
the idea o f B lack m en carrying guns. But
this racism w ithin the m ilitary w as sim ply
a reflection o f bigotry w ithin the entire
Northern society and political establish­
m ent as a w h ole. L incoln didn't free the
slaves with the Em ancipation Proclam a­
tion as a humanitarian gesture, but so le ly as
a m ilitary decision to disrupt the South's
labor supply. The war w as w id ely unpopu­
lar am ong w hite Northern workers, and
they targeted their grievances by m aking
B lack s scapegoats. O n July 13, 1863, only
days before the galant and blood y assault
by B lack troops on Fort W agner, the white
working class in N e w Y ork C ity rioted
against the c ity 's B lack population. Hun­
More African-American
Contributions To
Technology
by Professor McKinley Burt
A t the request o f several teachers w e
interrupted this series last w eek to reprint
the article on R u ssia's fam ed African p oet,
Alexander Pushkin, whose statue looks down
upon the n ew M cD on ald 's fast food restau­
rant in M o sc o w .
A nnie E a slev : This prolific m athem a­
tician d ev elo p s and im plem ents com puter
co d e s used in solar, wind and other energy
applications. She has m ade major contribu­
tions in research and m anagem ent at the
N ational A eronautics and Space A d m in i­
stration's Research Center in C leveland,
O h io. A native o f Birm ingham , Alabam a,
her expertiste is in identifying energy c o n ­
version sy stem s that offer the greatest
im provem ent over com m ercially available
system s.
Jam es Harris: W hen this nuclear ch em ­
ist jo in ed the scien tific team at the L aw ­
ren ce B erk eley Laboratory, it was not
im agin ed that w ithin a few short years he
w ou ld be honored as co-discoverer o f tw o
n ew ch em ical e le m e n ts-E le m e n t 104
(R u th e rfo r d iu m ), and E lem en t 105
(H ahnium ). T h ese d iscoveries are am ong
the m o st im portant in scien ce this century.
Dr, W illiam A , B row n: In the fash ion
o f " Im h o te p " , c h ie f A rchitect and Pyra­
m id Builder for Egyptian King Z oser (Third
(D y n a sty ), this black architect is respon­
sib le for ‘all* A ir Force facilities d esign and
construction around the world. A sp ecialist
in 'm athem atical criteria' in building stan­
dards, he heads the Air Force construction
sta ff at the Pentagon.
Dr, G eorge R. Caruthers: This Black
astroph ysicist has m ade m any major c o n ­
tributions to ‘S p ace A stron om y’. H is de­
sign o f the A pollo 16 'Far Ultraviolet camera/
Spectograph' “ is the m ost significant single
contribution to the program." A t age 25 he
w as granted Patent N o. 3 ,4 7 8 ,2 1 6 (N o v .,
1 9 6 9 ) for an ‘ ‘Im age C onverter for d etect­
ing electrom agn etic radiation." This in-
ventor-engineer has 6 3 publications in the
areas o f electronic astronom y, aerodynam ­
ics, upper air p h ysics, etc.
Dr, Patricia D a v is. C .P .A . and m athe­
m atics and statistics major at Stanford
U n iversity, is a vice-presid en t and 'head o f
Bank O f A m erica's W orld Banking D iv i­
sio n 's System s F inancial Services Group*.
Her job has the exact sam e relationship to
the firm as w as that o f the V izer or C h ief
M inister to the Pharaohs o f the m iddle
Egyptian dynasties.
has the o fficia l title, "D irector, Dryden
Flight Research C enter.” H e is the person
m ost responsible for A m erica's technical
advancem ent in m any areas o f sop h isti­
cated transportation m odes as in volved in
space exploration.
Brigadier G eneral Dr, D avid M . H all:
A logistics m athem atician. Dr. H all m an­
ages ‘billion s ’ o f dollars o f data processing
equipm ent and an 18.8 overall billion d o l­
lar budget for the U .S. Air Force. The
overw h elm ing m agnitude o f his financial
responsibilities can be seen in the context
that he m anages m ore m onies than is the
entire national budget for over one-hundred
individual countries.
Dr. Shirlev A nn Jackson: This 'theo­
retical physicist* w as the first B lack w om an
to receive a Ph.D. from the M assachusetts
Institute o f T ech n ology. A m em ber o f the
M IT Corporation and . . . the sch o o l's
Board o f Trustees, Dr. Jackson now sp e­
c ia lizes in solid or condensed state ph ysics.
N ow a researcher for the B e ll System Labs,
she uses com puters, im agination and so ­
phisticated m athem atics to explain the
behavior o f ph ysical system s on the m icro­
scopic level. She has also been associated
with the Fermi N ational A ccelerator L abo­
ratory, and has served as a visitin g scientist
at the European O rganization For N uclear
Research.
ERVER
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Established In 1970
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F O M lL A N D O B S E B V ia
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the race riot, these were “ dark and terrible
d a y s."
O ne o f " G lo ry ’s" m ost m oving se ­
qu ences w h ich depicts B lack troops reject­
ing discrim inatory w ages beneath those o f
w hite soldiers is also historically accurate,
but insufficient. The E nlistm ent A ct o f
July, 1862, had set the pay sca le for white
privates at $13 per m onth vs. $7 per m onth
for B lack privates. The 54th M assachusetts
R egim en t refused any pay for m ore than a
year, and the p olicy o f discriminatory wages
w as finally reversed in 1864. H ow ever,
m any other B lack troops protested the p ol­
icy as w ell. In the third South Carolina all-
B lack regim ent, sergeant W illiam W alker
m obilized his fellow soldiers, stacking their
rifles and refused to fight under Jim Crow
w ages. Predictably, W alker w as court
m artialled and s h o t
F inally, " G lo ry ” g iv es the audience
the false sen se that B lack troops w ere an
excep tion to the rule in C ivil War com bat.
A ctually, a total o f 180,000 B lack s fought
in the U nion Arm y by the end o f the war.
M ore than 3 8 ,0 0 0 died, a 4 0 percent higher
casualty rate than for white Northern troops.
B lack s fought in over tw o hundred fifty
separate engagem ents, beginning as early
as the fall o f 1862. There w ere also scores
o f B lack officers, including abolitionists
M ajor M artin R . D el any and C apt ain P. B . S .
Pinchback. Ex-slaves, both wom en and men,
worked as spies behind Confederate army
lin es. A frican-A m ericans, civ ilia n s and
soldiers alike, were not passive w itnesses
in the struggle for freedom . D esp ite these
w eakn esses, “ G lory" m akes a substantial
contribution to our awareness o f the role o f
A frican-A m ericans in the con flict to abol­
ish hum an bondage.
To B e E q u a l
by John E. Jacob
A New South Africa?
Dr. Isaac G illiam IV : This supervisor
for N .A .S .A . 'Sp ace Shuttle O perations'
PORTIA
Gary Ann Garnett
Business Manager
dreds o f people, m ostly w om en and ch il­
dren, w ere killed; thousands m ore w ere left
hom eless. For B lack abolitionist Henry
H ighland Garnet, w ho w as nearly killed in
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Pan-Africanism: Is It An Idea
Whose Time Has Come. . . Again?
In portraying the reaction to the release
o f N elso n M andela, a national network
television broadcast captured the Rev. Calvin
Butts, the brilliant, progressive, youn g p as­
tor o f the historic Abyssinian Baptist Church,
speaking from his pulpit in the heart o f
Harlem. In expressing his joy that M andela
w as n o w out o f captivity. R ev. Butts said
“ W e are an African p e o p le ,” whatever
affects A frican peop le anyw here, affects
African peop le everyw here. R ev. Butts w as
thus upholding the ph ilosophy and prin­
c ip les o f pan-A fricanism : the con cep t that
A frican p eople throughout the world m ust
unite and w ork together for the d ev elo p ­
m ent o f our African hom eland as a basis for
the develop m en t and progress o f African
p eople throughout the world.
The con cep t o f pan-A fricanism has
been a constant current w ithin the stream o f
B lack p olitical thought in A m erica. It did
not take long for the idea to em erge from
am ong the captive sons and daughters o f
A frica in A m erica, that A m erica w as a
hostile territory w here A frican peop le w ere
un w elcom e excep t as slaves. D esp ite the
ruthless attem pt to brainwash and de-A fri­
can ize A frican people in A m erica, a crav­
ing for A frica persisted in the hearts and
m inds o f at least som e o f the p eop le o f
African descen t in this country.
Martin R. D el any, W ilm ot S. B lyden
and B ish op Henry M cN eal Turner were
am ong the 19th century A frican-A m erican
leaders w h o extolled the virtures o f ancient
African culture and civ iliza tio n and articu­
lated v isio n s o f what B lyd en called “ Pan-
N egroism " as a strategy to em pow er and
restore B lack p eople to their p osition o f
historical greatness on the world stage. In
the early 20th century W .E .B . D u bois actu­
ally convened a series o f pan-A frican co n ­
ferences and congresses where African people
from around the world d iscu ssed the cur­
rent situation and focu sed on the future
prospects for A frica and the race. And o f
course pan-A fricanism w as the cornerstone
o f the ph ilosophy and m ovem ent o f M arcus
G arvey w ho em phatically proclaim ed:
"E urope for the Europeans, A sia for the
A sian s and A frica for the A fricans at hom e
and abroad.”
In the latter h a lf o f this century it w as
M alcolm X w ho stood apart from the c iv il
rights leaders in stressing the pan-A frican
and international dim ensions o f the struggle
o f African p eop le in A m erica. M alcolm
constantly rem inded us that w e m ight be a
m inority in A m erica, but that w e are a
South A frica appears to be joining the
w orldw ide parade o f countries abandoning
unworkable, dictatorial system s to exp eri­
m ent with dem ocracy.
But unlike m any o f the countries o f the
eastern bloc, it is n ot revolutionizin g its
system ; m erely agreeing to create precon­
ditions that w ill allow further change to
system or becom e an econ om ic basket case.
N o t surprisingly, they’re ch oosin g the for­
m er route.
Finally, Mr. M andela w as released
because B lack South A fricans refused to
com prom ise with an e v il system , continued
to support their organizations that w ere at
war with apartheid, and kept up the pres­
occur.
That's a lon g w ay from the euphoric
pronouncem ents that greeted the release o f
ceived that they are in a n o -w in situation,
and that the slow deterioration o f the c ou n ­
try’s econ om y and its standing in the w orld
could on ly snow ball into com plete c o l­
lapse.
A secon d reason w as the e ffects o f the
sure for change.
A ll o f these reasons su ggest that the
release o f Mr. M andela is just the beginnin;
the spark leading to the total co lla p se o f
apartheid.
B ut only if the three factors continue to
be in force.
W hite South Africans m ust be m ade to
see this is no viab le alternative to dism an­
tling the system o f racial dom ination. Black
South A fricans m ust continue to keep up
the pressure. A nd foreign nations and
com panies m ust keep the sanctions in place
until there’s a final resolution o f the issues.
T o his credit. President B ush has said
that our sanctions w ould rem ain in force
until change is established, not sim ply talked
ab ou t
South A frica’s President D e Klerk is
working to convince his countrym en that
apartheid m ust go and appears to be anx­
sanctions.
M any opponents o f sanctions argued
that the stubborn South A fricans w ould
ious to enter into serious negotiations with
B lack leadership to reach a consensus on a
new system that treats all groups fairly.
never give up their system , so bans o n trade
or other econ om ic pressures w ere futile.
A s for black resolve to continue to
press for freedom , that is o b viou s. A s Mr.
N e lso n M andela from the ja il w here the
racist South African governm ent h eld him
fo r 2 7 y e a n .
N elso n M andela was released for rea­
sons that su ggest further pressure w ill be
necessary to destroy the apartheid system .
O ne reason for his release w as the
realization that continuing along the path o f
w hite dom ination in a nation where w hites
are a sm all m inority is a prescription for
su icide.
South A frica’s leaders correctly per­
T hey also said that A m erican com pa­
nies w ould sim ply be replaced by foreign
com panies w ith few er scruples, and that the
on ly real victim s o f the sanctions w ou ld be
B lack s denied the opportunity to work for
Am erican com panies with m ore enligh t­
ened p olicies.
H ow ever persuasive such arguments
w ere, com m on sense su ggested that if you
deliver body blow s to a country's econ om y,
its p eop le w ill begin to qu estion the need
far sacrifice and ultimately change the system
that causes the sanctions.
And that is exactly what happened.
M oderate South A frican ! w ere faced
w ith a choice: either change the apartheid
M andela said in his first words as a free
man:
" W e have waited too long for our
freedom , and w e can wait n o longer. N ow is
the tim e to intensify the struggle.”
Mr. M andela has proved h im se lf a man
o f dign ity and extraordinary ability w h ose
presence provides South Africans o f all
races w ith leadership that can usher in a
new era for that sad nation.
A t present, he has been released from
one prison into another, larger prison. For
that is what his country is f o r the Black
m ajority. W ith continued pressure from
w ithout and from within, today's prison
can be transform ed into tom orrow 's
garden.
CREED OF T H E BLACK PRESS
The Black Press believes th at Am erica can best lead the world away from social and
national antagonisms when It accords to every person, regardless of ra te , color, or
creed, hill human and legal lights. Hating no person, fearing no person, the Black
Fraas strives to help every person In the firm belief that all are h u rt as long as anyone
Is held
back.
m ajority in the world. For those w h o ridi­
culed the idea o f identifying w ith A frica,
M alcolm bristled “ w hy y o u left your m ind
in A frica." O n the African continent, it w u
Dr. K w am e Nkrumah, President o f Ghana,
w ho m ost forcefully projected the v isio n
and id eology o f A frican unity and pan-
A fricanism as v eh icles for the liberation,
em pow erm ent and develop m en t o f A frica
and the African diaspora.
W ith the call to B lack P ow er, B la ck
con sciou sn ess and nationalism in the '6 0 s
and '7 0 s pan-A fricanism gained a certain
currency and popularity am ong m ovem en t
activists. Leaders lik e K w am e Tur-, (for­
merly Stokely Carmichael) o f SNCC, Timmy
Garrett o f th Center for B lack Education,
O w usu Sadaukai (H oward Fuller) o f M al­
colm X Liberation University, Imamu Amiri
Baraka o f the congress o f A frican P eo p le
and countless others pressed pan-A frican­
ism and the concep t that " w e are an A frican
p e o p le ” to the fo refron tof the B la ck libera­
tion m ovem ent. There w as a genuin e b e lie f
during this period that pan-A fricanism w as
essential to the survival and progress o f
African peop le in A frica, A m erica and
throughout the diaspora.
This upsurge o f pan-A fricanism pro­
duced organized efforts to provide p olitical
and material support for A frica. O rganiza­
tions like P an-A frican Sk ills su ccessfu lly
convinced skilled African-Americans to lend
assistance to various initiatives, institu­
tions and enterprises in A frica. The S ou th ­
ern African Support Project (S A S P ) w as
also organized to provide concrete m aterial
support for projects in southern A frica.
O n the p olitical front, boycotts w ere
directed at U .S . corporations d oin g b u si­
ness in southern Africa like G ulf O il (Angola)
and Polaroid (South Africa). The G ulf boycott,
w hich w as spearheaded by a young m an
nam ed Randall R obinson, had a great im ­
pact. O f course Randall R obinson w ou ld
later b ecom e the E xecu tive D irector o f
Trans-Africa. T his influential lob b y for
A frica and the C a m bean can also be said to
be a product o f this period o f pan-A fricanist
ascendancy. Last but not least A frican
Liberation D ay, as an A frican-A m erican
focal point for education and p olitical
m obilization around A frica, w as first or­
ganized in 1972. I can still hear O w usu
Sadaukai c losin g his address to the crow d
o f 35,0 0 0 peop le in W ashington, D .C .
ham m ering hom e the words “ W e are an
African P eo p le.”
Civil ^Rights journal
by Bertfamln F. Chavis, Jr.
Liberia Needs Liberation
The W est African nation o f Liberia
needs to be liberated from the sen seless
fratricide that is n ow en gu lfin g this nation.
During the last several m onths, m ore than
100 ,0 0 0 Liberians have had to flee their
hom eland to avoid the blood shed and k ill­
ings.
The global com m unity needs to speak
out m ore forcefully against the brutality
and repression o f the aspirations o f the
p eople o f Liberia, by the governm ent o f
Liberia, led by the ruthless G eneral Sam uel
K. D oe. Reports that are now com in g out o f
Liberia from Liberian refu gees attest to the
grow ing accounts o f v icio u s indiscrim inate
acts o f violence by the Liberian Army against
the peop le o f Liberia, in particular innocent
w om en and children in c ivilian areas o f the
country.
The thirty m illion A frican-A m ericans
here in the U nited States esp ecially n eed to
be m ade m ore aware o f this im pending
crisis and n eed to be m ore in volved in
helping to resolve the co n flict and stop the
m erciless killin g o f African p eop le by som e
A fricans w ho are being controlled and fi­
nanced by foreign interests. Toward this
end, a little history w ou ld be im portant to
note.
Liberia w as form ally founded in 1822
by A fricans w ho had been slaves in the
United States. The C ongress o f the United
States and at the tim e, U .S. President Jam es
M onroe, provided the m oney and transpor­
tation for these “ freedm en" to g o back to
A frica to set up a U .S .-sty le A frican nation.
In 1847, Liberia-- w ith U .S. aid and su p­
port-- becam e A frica's first so-called p o st­
colon ial independent republic.
There w ere, how ever, som e obviou s
problem s in the historical d evelop m en t o f
Liberia as a nation. First, there w ere hun­
dreds o f thousands o f A fricans already
dw ellin g in the land now known as Liberia.
S econ d ly, m any o f the so-called "freed
U .S . sla v e s" were pre-conditioned to think
they w ere better than the indigenous A fri­
cans living in Liberia. Thirdly, there were
som e authentic African nationalists resettled
in Liberia, but m any o f them were pre­
vented from organizing the m ajority native
population. In sum , the historic strategies
o f " d iv id e and conquer" and "m anipulate
and exp loit' ’ w ere put into operation in the
develop m en t o f Liberia w ith the com p licit)
o f som e A fricans both resettled and native
O f course, this history cau sed over the
years an enorm ous resentm ent b y the na­
tives o f the region to all those w h o had
com e to disenfranchise and exploit the native
population.
Thus, in 1980, Sam uel D o e o f on e ol
the indigenous tribes, led the overthrow ol
the Liberian government and has ruled Liberia
sin ce 1980. The problem is that Mr. Doc
has seem in gly forgotten the history o f in­
dignity that he sought to replace. Today,
general D o e w ith full U .S . support o f his
army, is killing his ow n p eo p le throughout
Liberia. T ragically, the m ain interest o f the
U .S . governm ent appears to be the sam e as
itw a s 168 years ago: " d iv id e and conquer"
and exp loit the richea o f the land for U .S.
econ om ic and strategic interests.
O nce again, Am erican foreign policy
toward A frica is a sad and tragic c o m m en ­
tary. W e m ust raise our v o ic e s lou d and
clear in protest to the m assacre o f hundreds
o f people in Liberia, Sam u el D o e and his
regim e stand as a moral insult to the dignity
o f humanity.
Kenneth B . N ob le o f the N e w York
T im es docum ented in interview s w ith som e
o f the Liberian refu gee victim s the e sc a la ­
tion o f the brutality. Several days a g o in the
sm all tow n o f Butuo, Liberia, N o b le re­
ported that Mrs. M in do P aye and her fam ily
w ere asleep in their h om e w hen D o e 's
uniformed armed forces attacked them. M n .
P aye's son and husband w ere killed by the
soldiers and her 11 -year o ld daughter w as
severely w ounded. M indo P aye cried out,
" T h ey just shot us like a n im als." T his
incident unfortunately exem plifies the current
situation in Liberia.
There is no justification for fratricide.
D oe has exposed his o w n incapacity to rule
or lead Liberia. There w ill soon be another
popular uprising in Liberia, but the next
tim e the target w ill not be the “ e lite " o f
Liberian society, it w ill be D oe him self.
The liberation o f Liberia has been too long
com in g into being, but it w ill be com in g
sooner n ow than later.