Portland Observer Black male income increases during 60s In I960, a young Mark man with a college degree earned about sixty five per rent as much ax a white man with the same edura lion, and rhanres were good that he worked for the federal government. By 1970, the income of a young Mark man with a college degree had in creased tw elve percent more than that of his white neighbor His earnings had increased to seventy eight percent of those of a white man with an equivalent degree, and he was almost as likely to be working as a la w y e r , a d m in istr a to r , manager or technician in private industry as he was to be working in a govern ment job. Between I960 and 1970, the overall earnings of Mark men in the United States increased seven per rent more than the earnings of white males, with young and well educated Mark men leading the increase as they began to enter profes sional level, higher paying jobs. A Hand Corporation study of changes in Black employment and income concludes that although Black male earnings in creased sharply over the ten year period compared to white males' income, whites in 1970 still earned about thirty five (»errcnl more than average Black males. Band economists Pima Welch and James P. Smith, who made the study under Department of laibor spon sorship, said their ronrlu sions about Mark males economic and occupational p-ogress during the 1960s are ' basically optimistic." We found that, of the Black males who started working in the 1900s, more than twice as many entered professional jobs, such as doctors, lawyers, managers and scientists, then did the Blacks of the 1950s," said Dr Welch "And just as important is that only about fifteen perrent of the young Blacks of the 1900s began their work experience as laborers or service workers, com pared with more than thirty five percent of the Blacks of the 1950s," he added. The researchers said that their data was drawn from a period of prosperity, and acknowledged that current economic conditions, while not negating the progress made by Blacks in earnings, w ould hit le s s sk ille d workers harder The study, based on samples drawn from the United Slates Census re ports of 1960 and 1970, concludes that the highest gains in Black men’s income were made by the young and college educated. "We found that the occu pational distribution of these young Blacks im­ proved m arkedly, with more of these men moving into the types of jobs that few Blarks had held pre viously," explained Dr. Smith According to the report, the largest gains achieved hy Blacks were in the private sector and not in government job programs. "What that means," said |)r. Welch, “is that govern ment affirm ative action programs are not artificially boosting Black employment gains. These people are being hired for private sec tor. higher paying jobs on their own, and not neces sarily by government af firmative action plans." This trend, according to Dr Smith, appears to 1 m - a permanent one. "In 1960, a Black man with som e college ex perience was three times as likely to be employed by a government agency than was his white peer. "By 1970. that ratio had larrowed. and Blarks were •inly twice as likely to work for the federal government as were similarly qualified while males," Dr. Smith added. "That applies to slate and local government jobs, too." Because of the gains in wages made by young Blacks during the 1960s, Dr. Welch said that Black income levels improved in the United States. compared »•} white males' Although young Black median poi.d that level of men's income rose by fif income at which as many teen percent in the south people earn less than that over the ten year study amount as earn more. period, Dr. Welch said that "In 1960, more than the net effect of that tw enty three percent of increase just managed to young Black men earned bring earnings of young more each week than did southern Blarks up to what the median level white man. they already were for By 1970, that had increased, young Blacks living in the and alm ost thirty seven northeastern United States. percent of young Blacks One remarkable but often earned a higher weekly overlooked characteristic of wage than did an average the Black community is the white man." he said. uneven distribution of in­ Such hopeful findings come among Blacks them about rising Black income selves, according to the le v e ls are ca u se for study. "guarded optimism," the Because of popular em researchers agree. phasis on between race dif That trend toward higher ferences, there is a ten levels of education among dency to neglect the vast Blarks seems to be partly disparities that exist among responsible for increased the Blarks themselves. But Black male incomes over Blacks apparently live in a the ten year period, the world in which the pie, report says. albeit a smaller pie, is How far a student pro­ distributed in a quite un­ gresses in the educational even manner compared system high school grad with white." Dr. Smith uate, college graduate or explained. elementary school dropout He su ggested several is an important source of reasons for this: “There are differences between Black more diverse schooling le­ and white wages. vels among Blacks, a More Blarks are staying greater instability in their in school longer, the study employment, larger wage declares, and ihose "educa differentials betw een re­ tional returns" are contri­ gions of the country, and buting to higher earnings more variety in the quality among Blarks. of the school environment A second (actor contri­ for Blacks." buting to higher Mark wage If increases in Black levels is where Blarks live income continue at the pace Black Boston features Heritage Trail Black Bostonians have been around for more than 300 years and have amassed a history as varied and interesting as that of the city's other traditional eth me groups. Ironically enough, much of that his lory has been a struggle with a liberal Boston social conscience which has sup ported social change else where but has resisted advancement at home Today's visitors to Boston ran best explore the history of Boston's Black com munity by walking the Hack Heritage I rail which winds through Beacon Hill. The first Black Boston tans arrived in 163k aboard the ship Itesire. from Bar bados. The Puritans paid for them through the sale of "troublesome Indians," and by 1705 there were well over 400 slaves in Boston, most of whom were house servants and apprentice craflsmen. Others were responsible for trans|iorting farm produce from outlying areas During the American «evolution. Black Boston lans were active on both th«- American and British sides Numerous locals, including Peter Salem, ills tinguished themselves at Bunker Hill. According to a newspaper account of the day, "As the British Major John Pitcairn leaned over the ramparts shouting The day is ours,' he was felled by a musket fired by a colored patriot, Peter Salem of Framingham." One important effect of the «evolution was that it sounded the death knell of the slave system in Massa chusetts However, Ne groes began to go to court in the Northern colonies as early as 1766 to sue for their freedom A number of them were successful and there is no known instance of a Black man who sued for his freedom failing to receive it. Such a proce dure was slow and expen give, however, and few Blarks could afford it. This method was soon replaced by petitioning the legislatures of the respec live states. In Massarhu setts in 1773, many slaves requested relief from the (treat and General Court. "We have no property! We have no wives! We have no children! No city! No country!" their petiton read After appointing a commit tee to consider the petition, the assembly tabled it, a favorite political device for delaying sticky issues With the outbreak of the war there came a new series of petitions from slaves in the North and s la v e r y w a s f in a l ly abolished in the Common wealth by a Massachusetts Supreme Court ruling in 1783. The first free Black settlement in Boston was at the foot of Copp's Hill in the North End and was known as "New Quinea." More than 1,000 colonial Boston Blacks, including Prince Hall, founder of the Black Masons, are buried in the Copp's Hill Burying Ground By 1829, the city's free Blarks had risen to relative prosperity with new jobs as laborers, coachmen, window c le a n e r s , sa ilo r s and barbers, and many moved to better quarters on the north slope of Beacon Hill. The 19th Century saw some members of this community move across the Charles River in searrh of better schools. The heart of the Black community next moved to the South End and Roxbury and now most of Koxbury. North Dorchester and parts of Mattapan are predomi nantly Black communities. During the latter part of the century Dr. George Franklin Grant, the first Black instructor at the Harvard Dental School, in­ vented the golf tee and another Black, Jan Matzel iger. made the first shoe last. Today, th«- Living History Center of the Afro Ameri can History Museum is housed in Koxbury in the historic Dillaway Thomas House. Built in the 1750's, it was a parsonage until the 20th Century when the City of Boston acquired it. Now being restored, the Dillaway Thomas House will be the site of a 20th Century Black cultural ex ­ hibit which emphasizes the value of history to the Black community through walking tours, multi media shows, classes for children and adults, a library and a curriculum guide. Craftsmen and artisans will dem onstrate Black crafts from the 18th and 19th Centuries. Funding for this restoration work has been provided in part by Boston 200, Office of the Boston Bicentennial, and the National Park Service, D epartm ent of Interior under the auspices of the M assachusetts Historical Commission. The main structure hous ing the collection of the Museum of Afro-American History is the early 19th Century African Meeting House on Smith Court. Beacon Hill. The structure is the oldest Black church building in America con structed by Black workers for their own use and was an important 19th Century renter for the Abolitionist Movement. The Meeting House, when restored, will contain archives and a permanent exhibition of 18th and 19th Century Afro-American history. A multi media presentation will orient visitors to the significant buildings and landmarks they will en counter along the Black Heritage Trail which begins at the Museum. And. in commemoration of the na lion's Bicentennial. Boston 200 has published a com prehensive brochure de scribing the sixteen cities comprising the Black Heri­ tage Trail. Boating classes a v a ila b le Educated boatmen, those who have taken formal boating courses, are the safest people afloat Train ing helps boaters know how to safely operate their ves sels and to know the equipment their type and class of boat requires. "If everyone operating a boat on Oregon waters had taken a boating education course, the number of accidents would decline and penalties for equipm ent violations would be far less than they are today," a Marine Board spokesman notes. As a part of its increased responsibility for boating safety «-duration, the Ore gon Marine Board encour ages local area boatmen who have not taken a boating education course to attend one of the classes to be held this fail. T’h«- following schedule of U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary and U .S . P o w er S qu adron courses is furnished to aid boaters who wish to in crease their skill and safety afloat. U.S. Coast Guard Auxi­ liary: Flotilla 76, Hilton Hotel. 7:30 p.m. Tuesday. September 23rd. 1975; Flo­ tilla 7 11, Mt. Hood Com munity College, 7:30 p.m. Tuesday. September 30th, 1975. Portland Power Squadron: Benson High School, 7:30 p.m.. Tuesday, Septem ber. 9th, 1975; Roosevelt High School, 7:30 p.m., Thursday, September 11th, 1975. Thursday, August 14, 1975 PEPI’S BOTTLE SHOP Let Pepi’s Bottle Shop be your headquarters tor r-ham pagne. wines, mixers . . . at the lowest prices in town. set during the 1960s, then the census of the year 2000 may show that college educated Blacks and whites would begin their working careers earning comparable salaries. But according to Smith, “There probably will not be full equality of income for all workers in this century. Full racial parity may take another forty years." Since the improvement in the 1960s was exaggerated by the business cycle gains, according to the study, racial income equality may take a good deal longer, and would be partly nullified by a two or three percent increase in the unemploy ment rate. Lloyd Center Next to the Liquor Store. Pepi’s one and only store. Open 9:30 a.m. to 9:NS0*A8U PLANS • (.OMPliIt DENIAL SfR»I((S U N IO N OS C O M F A M V O IN T A t IN S U S A N C I C O V tS A C I ACCIPTID O N VOUS N l t O l O O IN T IS TS V P o rk I , . » - A n y P a rk n S h o p L e t H O U I V W . . k d a y t I 3 0 « m »© J p .m . Sal S 3 0 a . m . «a 1 p .m . D R . JEFFREY B R A D Y , D E N T IS T SLMLLR BUILDING S W 3ra & M o ’ f'Soe St Portland, O regon Joke E levo’o« ’o ?r>«i flo o r a S» Entrance Phone: 2 2 8 - 7 5 4 5 ROZELL’S RDZELL'S FIRST ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION July 16 through August 15. 1975 r o T n n r r ir r ir r r in r r ^ ^ COUPON _ For purchases of: ° 50c through $1.49 - $1.50 through $4.49 $4.50 and above ° F E A T l RING: Fast t'ood items plus © Bar BQ ribs, chicken and beef sandwiches Phone 283 5559 Hours: 10 a.m. 11 p.m. Sun. Thurs. 10 a.m. 12 midnight. Fri. «. Sat. (ALS JUUL; rîJUUUU-SjLÎ-i. ^UJLLWUULSJUe< 5 9 4 9 N.E. Union at Ainsworth PAINTiK □EEA5Y PREMIUM CARS PRINTING - TYPESETTING 30 Years Same Location Glecm C ga A AhuayL 72 Toronado $2795. 69 Gran Prix $1795. Free Estimates Expert craftsm en. No job too small. 67 Jeep Commando let us handle it ft WENDELL E. 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