As I See It
Lee P. Brown: Man on the move
P art I
MUpT IrtW i TOGETHER FPf? FULL
ANU EQUAL EMPLOYMENT.
P o rtl» n d /O b « e rv e i
By I enwoud G . D a v is
T h u rs d a y , June 15, 1972
The N o r t h w « » '» B e st W e e k ly
A B la c k O w n e d P u b lic a tio n
u b lis h in g C o m pa n y, ’ -01
N . K iliin g s w m th, ! . ; :
> , i egon 9721?
S u b s c rip tio n $5.25 r e i y e i in T ri-C o u n ty <iea by m a il, t i n
sid e the I l l-C o u nty u e ■ - »( ce net ye a i by m a il.
M a ilin g
address - i .
U F R iJ i t :
A
Phone 283-2480.
. Box 3137, P o rtla n d , CHegon 97208.
Hi N D t.R x N. 1 u b lis h e i/ L d it o i
V erna L . H e n d e iso n
\s>t Pubiistiei business n mage
H elen H e n d rix
IN P .\
P e rso n n e l and P ro d u c tio n M an ag er
Uny e loneous r e fle c t on up >n the c h a ra c te r, sta n d in g o i rep
u ta tio n ol ie rs o n , f ir m c cm p c ra tiu n , w h ic h m a y ap p ea r in Hie
P o r tla m i i . -‘'s e rv e r w ill he c n e e rfu lly c o rre c te d upon being
b rought tv the a tte n tii n ot tne e d it o r .
The
Editor’s
Desk
ALFRED
LEE
WASHINGTON Conversation with OMBE
HENDERScN
BRIEFS
The issue is race
The U n ited States House of R e p re s e n ta tiv e s passed an educa
tio n t i l l c o n taining a s tro n g a n ti-b u s in g m e a s u re . T he b ill w ill
st- p, f o r 18 m on th s, anv school c e s e g re g a tio n o rd e re d by the
fe d e ra l c o u rts u n til a ll appeals have been e xh a uste d . T h u s the
fu ll p o w e r o f the I m ted States g o v e rn m e n t w i l l be a im ed at de
nying black c h ild re n t h e ir n g h t s , gu aranteed by t h e lm t e d States
C o n s titu tio n .
B ut even th is b ill is not s tro n g enough f o r som e s e g re g a tio n
fo rc e s . P re s id e n t N ixo n asked f o r a s tro n g e r b ill. And Con
gressw om an E d ith G reen o f O re g o n , C h a irm a n o f the House
E d u ca tio n C o m m itte e , iead the fig h t to d e fea t the sch o o l a id b ill
because its a n ti-b u s in g p ro v is io n s a re not s tro n g enough to s u it
h e r. M rs . G reen has long been one of the c o u n trie s le a d in g ops-
ponents o f busing.
M r s . G reen and o th e rs who oppose busing to le sse n r a c ia l
is o la tio n say it is not a qu e stion of ra c e . B ut i t is not the bus
ing . f c h ild re n th a t ra is e s th is h o s tility : it is tr a n s p o rtin g b la ck
c ild re n to w h ite n e ig h b o rh o o d s, o r even m o re , tra n s p o rtin g
w h ite c h ild re n to b la ck ne ig h bo rh o od s th a t b rin g s the a n g er.
Race is the issu e . T h e re is no m o ve m e n t to h a lt a il bus
ing.
ose p e rso n s, lik e M r s . G re e n , who have not advocated
an end to a ll busing o f school c h ild re n and who re m a in e d s ile n t
when both b la ck and w h ite c h ild r e n we re bused to m a in ta in seg
re g a tio n , cannot t r u th fu lly say th a t t h e ir o p p o sitio n to busing is
not rooted in r a c is m .
Model schools fail
I he N A A C P and the A lb in a .M in is te ria l A llia n c e opposed the
in itia tio n of the M odel S c h o o l syste m in ¡ 9 h 4 ,m a in ta in in g th a t
it would f u r th e r is o la te b la ck students in the e le m e n ta ry sch o o ls.
The Mode! School p ro g ra m placed the e le m e n ta ry scho Is of
M bina and unew bite sch o o l, B u ckm a n , m a se p a ra te a d m in is tra
tiv e d is t r i c t . The idea was to use fe d e ra l funds to p ro v id e
com p e n sa to ry e d u c a tio n " to up g ra d e the q u a lity o f e ducation
p ro v id e d for- black and p o o r w h ite c h ild r e n . T h e p re m is was
’ "a ChlWren * ould not be rea d y to go to school w ith w h ite
c h ild re n fo r a t le a st ten y e a rs .
The " u p g r a d in g " co n siste d o f txu Id m g r e p a ir s , equ ip m e n t,
supp res. sp e cia l p ro g ra m s , and " c o m b a t pay” , a r e x tra s TOO
pe- y e a r f o r te a che rs w illin g to teach in the M od e l Schools
B la c k s on the lo ca l and n a tio n a l le v e l said it w o u ld n ’ t w ork
Studies have d e m o n strate d the co m p e n sa to ry e ducation - o r
m a s - iv e s •penditur ; s o l m oney - is not e ffe c u v e . The c m ial
lf ?dUCatton * em t0 be the b e lie f o f the te a c h e r that tne
i f Z rJ e " rnr ^ d “ ’ee,<arnP,e o f o th e r c h ild re n who a re le a ro -
‘ ?
c “ « b a r -oes not have re s p e c t f o r the c h ild , his fa m .
U y and ,s c o m m u n ity , she cannot teach that c h ild .
N w. -eve- y e a n la te r. th e P o r tla n d C ity C lu b , a fla t a
c o m p re h e n sive study o f the M odel Schools has reachec the
cone csior. that they have not been e ffe c tiv e . T he C ity C lu b
proposed the in te g ra tio n , r a c ia lly and e c o n o m ic a lly , of t ie
o rtia n d School D is t r ic t . O n ly th ro u g h p u ttin g m in o r ity and
lo w -in c o m e c h ild re n w here the re s o u rc e s a re w ill thes have
tru e o p p o rtu n ity fo t an equal e d u ca tio n .
Now th a t the w h ite p o w e r s tr u c tu r e has found w hat black
people have oeen sa ying a ll along— w h a t excuse is th e re not
to m ove ahead q u ic k ly w ith tw o -w a y bu sin g to b rrn g q u a lity
education io a ll the c o m m u n itie s o f P o rtla n d ?
rh e .t ibset v e r 's o ffic ia l p o s itio n is e xp re sse d o n ly in its Pub
lis h e r s C o lu m n (7 he O b s e rv a tio n P o st) and the E d it o r ’ s I e s k .
A n y o th e r m a te ria l th ro u g h o u t the p a p er is the o pinion of the in
d iv id u a l w it e r o r s u b m itte r and does not n e c e s s a rily re fle c t
the .p in io n o f the O b s e rv e r.
SH O P
lENOW'S
FOR
“ B R A N D S you know
- V A / R IE T IE S y o u lik e
- S IZ E S v o u w a n t
The F rie n d lie s t
Stores In Town
Since 1908
’ «111 S ( m . i « ...,,*
' S* ’ h A t
| u
1 ’ /J m t A N f
** l i n i h a - d e t G r e e le .
» « '» • O * H .ily P íe t e
• • M d e» S I
O . V .
•
* »•* »• * SE
* 11« «f
4 N f
Met«.««.
M eW cerb
il
*
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O ...V .O «
* z «<d 4
l,.- .
* i • • • O • ► «»o I j |
A
M fM B fB O . U N irtO GBOCiBS
C a n c e r deaths among b la cks
m A m e rica have ris e n 32 p e r
cent between 1949 am! W67,
a cco rd in g to H ow a rd I n iv e r -
s ity . T h e r a te of in cre a se
among w h ite s w as 3 p e r c e n t.
F o r the f i r s t tim e in the h is -
f W ashington p o litic s , a
black m an is vested w ith the
p ow er to c o m m it the lo c a l
d e le g atio n to the I -em o cra tic
N a tio n a l C o n ve n tion to the
P re s id e n tia l ca n d id ate o f h is
ch o ice .
W a lte r E . F a u n tro y , the
lone n o n -v o tin g b la c k m e m b e r
of the House o f R e p re se n ta
tiv e s
m ay m ove to th ro w
W a sh in g ton ’ s 15 vo te s at the
lie m o c r a tic co n ve ntio n to the
ca ndidate who has won th e C a l-
ifo m ia p r im a r y .
T he vo te s of the W ashington
d e le g a tio n a re c o m m itte d to
F a u n tro y f o r two b a llo ts as a
" f a v o r it e s o n ," u n til the J u ly
co n ve n tio n .
U ry
R e c ru itin g begins in A la b a
ma f o r a " f e w hu n dre d ’ p e r
sons to m ake up " R e s u r r e c
tio n C ity N o . 2” at M ia m i
Beach d u rin g the I e m o c r a tic
N a tio n a l C o n ve n tio n , said the
R ev. R alph A b e rn a th y .
T he " C i t y , ” u n d e r sfionsc r -
ship o f the S outhern C h ris tia n
L e a d e rs h ip C o n fe re n ce (S C -
L C j, w ill
be
designed I
d ra m a tiz e the pi lg h t o f the N a
tio n ’ s p o o r.
T he SCLC set up a " R e s u r
re c tio n C it y ” in W ashington
in 1968 a t the end of the P o o r
P e o p le 's M a rc h to get the a t
te n tio n o f C o n g re s s .
P-C opens
(C o ntin u e d fr o m page I)
consum e i
h a b its . I he p ro
g ra m a ls o o ffe rs d is c o v e ry o f
co m m u n ity
re s o u ic e s , d is
cussion g ro u p s ami fa m ily
tra n s p o rta tio n to and fro m the
c e n te r. W h ile p a re n ts a re in
se ssio n , c e n te r s ta ff w o rk
w ith the c h ild r e n .
F a m ilie s in te re s te d in p a r
tic ip a tin g in the P a re n t-C h ild
S e rvice s p ro g ra m should te le
phone 233-6267 fo i fu r tfie i in
fo rm a tio n .
P a r e n t - C h i Id
S e rv ic e s ,
In c ., is » d e le g a te agency o f the
P o rtla n d M e tro p o lita n S te e l
ing C o m m itte e , the C om
m u n ity A c tio n A g e n cy fo r u r
ban M u ltn o m a h C o u n ty.
Notice
I le C aucus w ill hold its
m o n th ly m e e tin g on Jane IHth
at 6 :0 0 p .n i. at the E lk s C lu b ,
T illa m o o k ami W illia m s Ave.
A c c o rd in g to D r . B ro w n , " A l l
B la c k s in te re s te d in im p ro v
ing the c o n d itio n s of B la cks
in the State of O regon a re
in v ite d to Join am! p a rtic ip a te
in the C a u cu s.
The fo llo w ing a re e x c e rp ts
fro m the re m a rk s of John L .
J e n k in s , D ir e c t o r ol the I ,s.
C o m m e rc e I re p a rn n e n t’ s o f
fic e of M in o r ity B u sin e ss E n
t e r p r is e , to the P o rtla n d o b
s e rv e r.
" I n o rd e r f o r t ie m in o r ity
e n te rp ris e e f f o r t to he suc
ce ssfu l th e re has to be a t r i -
p a rt base. I he p riv a te s e c to i
m u st do its sh a re in te rm s ot
m aking m oney a v a ila b le lo t
o p e ra tin g c a p ita l and m a k in g
m o re p u rch a se s ol goods and
su p p lie s fro m min<-i itie s . The
g o ve rn m e n t m ust do a ll it can
to m ake m o re g ra n ts , loans
arxi g u a ra n te e s to m in o iit ie s :
m o re te c h n ic a l a ssista n e;
and req u e st te c h n ic a l a s s is
tance fro m the p riv a te s e c to r.
" I he b la c k c o m m u n ity m ust
take advantage of t ie o p p o rtu
n itie s and a ls o re q u e st m o re .
The c o m m u n ity has to become
co g n iza nt and c re a te m o re
txisin e ss f o r m in o r ity b u s i
n e sse s.”
J e n k in s sa id the <>MBL
m ust do m o re f o r women in
iM S iM l -, .m: foi
It
s p o n s o r» !
a
n a tio n a l
c o n fe re n c e to a s s is t wom en in
g e tting into b u sin e ss.
’ ’( M H E is a p ro g ra m to d e -
ve lo p m in o r itie s to t i e (Kiint
w here we can e n te i the e cono
m ic m a in s tre a m . In the p ro
cess ol g e ttin g th is a s s is ta n c e
fro m the p riv a te s e cto i anil
the g o v e rn m e n t and in g e ttin g
C o operation fro m t ie m in o rity
c o m m u n ity , we w ill te able t-
m ake it p o s s ib le f o r b la ck bus
inesses to h ire b la ck je o p le .
At the o[iening - I H e Johnson
P u b lic a tio n s P u d d in g in C h i-
• J
wh e hope in b u ild in g Johnson
P u b lic a tio n s was th a t it could
be i sym bo l to - t ie r in m o t ity
A m e ric a n s . I t can h a )i|e n in
A m ei ica ami it can happen to
m in o r it ie s . "
( M id ,
p i o vules m anage
m ent ami te. fin ica l a ssista n ce
through b u s iie s s de ve lo pm e n t
- ig a n i/a tio n s which p ro v id e
in fo rm a tio n f o r m in o r itie s :
p ro v id e o u t-re a c h fu n c tio n s :
and re p re s e n ts m in o r ity bus
inesses at banks and le n d in g
associations.
The iron curtain lifts:
End of an era
I h I s
c o lu m n is t
seldom
w r ite s about n o n -|x jlittc a l in
d iv id u a ls . H o w e v e r, because
some p e rs o n s have m ade m a
jo r c o n trib u tio n s to s o c ie ty , I
deem it a p p ro p ria te to analyze
th e m . T h e re fo re , I w ill devote
th is c o lu m n and the next one to
one n o n -p o lltlc a l [ie rs o n .
No doubt m o s t people in
P o rtla n d have heard of 1 ee
P a tr ic k
B ro w n . M any know
that he is D ir e c t o r of Hie I aw
E n fo rc e m e n t P r o g r a m
at
P o rtla n d
State I n tv e rs ity .
M an y know th a t he is a P rofe s
s o r o f Law E n fo rc e m e n t at
PS D , o th e r » know that he is
the O N I V B la c k m an in the
I m ted s ta te s (and perhaps the
w o rld , th a t has a D o c to ra te of
C r im in o lo g y I w g ie e . Some
know that he is a m e n d e r
of t ie
fo llo w in g : P o rtla n d
H ig h
C r im e
Im p a c t T ask
F o rc e ; C h a irm a n , E d u c a tio n ,
I ra in in g and M a n p o w e r De
ve lo p m e n t
A d v is o ry
T ask
F o rc e ol th e N 'a iio n a l A d v is o ry
C o m m is s io n on C r im u u I J u s
tic e
S ta n la rd s and G o j I s ;
C h a irm a n , C ity -C o u n ty C i t i
zen’ s A d v is o ry C o m m itte e to r
C o m p re h e n s iv e
P e rs o n n e l
R eview ; Ad hoc C o m m itte e fo t
P la n n in g N a tio n a l C o rre c tio n s
A cadem y; a n d C h a iiT ii.tn .i >re-
gon B la c k C a u c u s . I hese a re
ju s t i few ol the many o ig a n t-
za tlo n » and c o m m itte e s that tie
is a s s o c ia te d w ith . H o w e v e r,
I am not c o n c e tn e d w ith I ii .
w ■ , '
le s s o i, chairm an,
c h e i ishes th e C h a itn ia u s h ip o f
the O regon B la c k Caucus Hie
m o s t. It Is w ith in the fr a m e
w o rk of the Caucus that lie c m
[x i! his e x p e rtis e at w o rk and
he can be m o s t e ffe c tiv e It is
here th a t h is o rg a n iz a tio n a l
genius
can t v illu m in a te d .
B ro w n is o b v io u s ly a le a d e r
and not a fo llo w e i . He is at
ease d ir e c tin g o th e is . He is
[le iv e p tiv e enough to realize
that the re s t o f the B la c k s in
die c o u n try have placed th e ir
hopes ami a s p ira tio n s in th e n
re s p e c tiv e state and n a tio na l
B la c k C a u cu se s,
T h e ie to re ,
he fe e ls that B la c k s in t iregon
can do no le s s . Be is fu lly
aw a re of tlie s h o ite e m in g ol
the B la c k s in the S tate. How
e v e r, he has c o n tu lo iu e in the
young B la c k s as w e ll as in the
o ld e r B la c k s .
M ost
B la c k s th a l know
B ro w n know that he Is a lw a ys
m o re than w illin g to help them
in w h a te ver they a re d o in g , lie
is he sieged w ith req u e sts to
g ive a s s is ta n c e to e n o in w u s
p i og i am s ami p ro je c ts i»y
w h ite as w e ll as B la c k p e o p le .
I ee P a tr ic k Brown’ » g re a te s t
lia b ilit y is that he is too In -
vo lve d . He Is m o v in g m f if t y
d iffe re n t d ir e c tio n s ami »mg
one hundred ami l ifty d iffe re n t
th in g s . B i own staled th a l if la?
goes Im la y o r to iiio r ro w , he
w a n t« ) if s lid th a t he " n e v e r
refused to lend I lls e x |ie itis e
t> a b ro th e r o r s ls ie r ” , thal
lie was " n e v e i lo o b u s y to l is
ten o r respond to the need of
a b ro th e i o i s is t e r ” , im t m ost
of a ll he w ants to te le n ie n i-
te re d
t o r tr y in g to do h is
’ ’ s m a ll” p a it fo r the B l.n k
cause.
N o ll. :
P a r t II o f ” 1 ee P .
B ro w n : M an on Hie M o v e " w ill
he continued next w eek. I
w ould a lso lik e to acknow ledge
that | e rro n e o u s ly le d out the
fo llo w mg M iddle C la s s educa
to rs that have been itw m lin g
the B la c k Caucus m e e tin g s ;
Kay J e n itg a n , A s s is ta n t P io -
.
A ll,
PSI ; Iv a V .I a iie ,|n s tiu i to r of
R eading iml study s k i l ls , I ’St ;
ami J u liu s S lo k e s, In s tiu . tin
in H U «
I ' ■' '.
« iile e i.
B io w n - the m an. W hat is tfie
I r iv in g fo rc e lie h irxl the man?
Is it p e rso n a l a m b itio n ? Is it
c o m m itm e n t? Is it l im e ami
fo rtu n e ?
Is is recognition?
AAhat is hi* so u rc e ot energy ?
\A hat does lie think dx»ut c e r
ta in th in g s?
I ee I ’ . I io w n , pei h ip s , !«■ t
sum m ed h is own lif e up when
lie d e c la re d th a t " e v e r y m an
is put on e i r t h I i a purpose
ami he has some goal to f u l
fill.’
He is le tim te ly try mg
1. fu lfill his co i l, w h never it
m ay 1«. He sees one o l h is
g o a ls on e a rth as lie lp in g e ra -
d ic .ite
ra c is m in A m e ric a .
W h e th e r he is in the c la s s
ro o m ,
n ca m p u s, w r itin g ,
speaking o r h o ld in g w o r k -
.
man is fre e u n til A l. l BLA C K
ARE F R E E .” He r e
lie v e s that th e re is no such
thing as a " B la c k m ilit a n t , "
p e r se. B u t th a t A l I B la ck
people should he M il 11 AN I '
M r . Browm’ s c o m m itm e n t to
tlie B la c k cause is e x e m p lifie d
in h is e le c tio n as th e C h a irtn a n
of the i ire go n B la c k C iu c u s .
( If i l l the Io II, s ta te , im l na
tio n a l o ig u n iz a tin n s that lie is
i m e m b e r o r c h a n n u n (, he
MEN
Ron Hendren
IN WASHINGTON
President Nixon, bts V iet
nam p ro b le m s not w ith s ta n d
The R u ssia n people have
ever enjoyed tlie d e g re e of
p ro s p e r ity atta ine d by A m e r
icans. A f u ll s ix ty p e i cent of
the re s id e n ts o f M oscow s t ill
Io not enjoy the lu x u ry of p r i
vate a p a rtm e n ts . W h ile the
»st o f liv in g in W ashington is
unquestionably h ig li, fa m ilie s
fo rc e d to s h a re housing a re
a im o s t un h ea rd o f in th is na
tio n ’ » c a p ita l.
ing, has scorer) f re ig n p o ll y
ga in s in a m a tte r of m onths
w h ich no A m e ric a n PresaJent
in re c e n t tim e s has te e n able
to a tta in .
He
has reco g n ize d t h e
w o r ld ’ s la rg e s t sle e p in g g ia n t
and achieved d etente w ith th is
c o u n try ’ s p r in c ip le riv a l - a l
m o st w ith in the sam e b re a th .
W h ile these g u n s may not
A u to m o b ile s
ami t e le v i
e n su re his r e - e le c tio n , th e re
sio n s, by now c o n s id e re d a l
can he lit t le doubt that h is f o r
m ost e s s e n tia l ite m s in Hie
ays in to P e kin g and M oscow
m ted S ta te s, a re s t ill s c a rc e
have p ro ve n to be m a s te rfu l
lu x u rie s in R u s s ia .
In th e ir p la n n in g and a lm o s t
A lth o u g h
e x p e c ta tio n s of
b r illia n t in th e ir e x e c u tio n . g re a te r m a te r ia l w e ll-b e in g
W ith o u t q u estion the m o re
in that c o u n try a re no doubt
im p o rta n t of h is t i ips was to
r is in g , it is e q u a lly c le a r that
R u ssia . E v e r sin ce the end of we cannot depend e n tir e ly on
W o rld W a r II A m e ric a has
in te rn a l
R ussian p re s s u re s
been locked in to a g e n e ra lly
f o r g re a te r w e alth ver sus de
q u ie t but p o te n tia lly deathly
fense e x jie m lltu re s in p la n n in g
s tru g g le fo r m ilit a r y s u p re m
our own m ilit a r y o u tla y . A t the
acy o v e r th a t n a tio n , a s tru g g le
very le a s t, h o w e ve r, it m ay
w hich has d ra in e d the re
now lie p o s s ib le to d is |ie l once
so u rce s o f both c o u n trie s
and f o r a ll th e m y th o f a m o n o -
n e a rly to the b re a k in g p o in t.
-ith ic c o m m u n is t m ove m e n t
A lthough
the p re s id e n t’ ,
l« n t on r u lin g the w o rld at
a g re e m e nts w ith the R ussian
w h a te v e r c o s t. A m i th a t goal
le a d e rs do not e n s u re tire end
m its e lf ju s t if ie s P re s id e n t
o f th is c o m p e titio n - indeed,
N ix o n ’ s t r ip s .
m any o f o u r d iffe re n c e s w ith
M o re im p o rta n tly . It m ay
the c o m m u n is ts w e re only ac
now he p o s s ib le to devote
centuated by the v is it - th e re
a g re a te r p ro p o rtio n of o u r
do»» at le a s t seerri to Ire some
own r e s o u ic e s to som e of the
hope th a t the co ld w a r w ill not
needs at hom e w hich f o r so
co ntinue to be fought in te rm s
long have gone u n a tte n d « !. As
of a v ir t u a lly e n d le ss o u tflow
I have M U lx-( - -, I ...... , ,e
o f funds fo r defense.
h ild re n in th is c o u n try who
M any needs o f the people in
h iv e never seen a lo r e s t, men
th is c o u n try am i In R ussia have
ip s b le o f w o rk in g who have
not been m et o v e r the past two
no jo b s , tow ns w hich need w a t
decades s im p ly because de
e r and sew erage sy s te m s ,
fense spending was the highest
p o llu te ) s tre a m s w h ich need
p r io r it y . If both c o u n trie s can
c le a n in g ami c itie s w h ich need
by a g re e m e n t c u r t a il th is o u t-
re v iv in g . If the s o lu tio n s to
¡ * " h Ips Aider II iri , UK)
»me of H e s e p ro b le m s can le
R ussians can w itn e s s g re a te r
i b y -p ro d u c t of an e a sin g ol
e ffo r ts being m ade to solve
in te rc o n tin e n ta l te n s io n s , then
some of tb e lr m u t u .ilp ro b le m s
s u re ly it a ll m u s t be w o rth
at home.
w h ile .
Finally,
a painless way to save.
N ow there's<i painless,alm ost fo o l
p ro o f ix.iv to save. S a v e -O -M .itit.
It w orks "«-ry sim ply. You te ll us
how m iit n you 'd lik e to save eat h
m onth, and w e ll transfer it fro m
y o u r f ir s t N a tio n a l < het k in g
account to y o u r savings account.
A iilo m a iita llv . t o n 'll never
miss the money. H a rd ly even
realize you re saviug it. ( 'n til.
of u m rs r, you look at your
savings a tto u n f. It's a pleasant
surprise A n d com pletely painless!
F IR S T N A T IO N A L B A N K
OF OREGON
Al, m l . , I O il