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TIIE MORNING OHEGONIAN, 3IOXDAY, JANUARY 2, 1923
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GOVERNMENT WAGES RELENTLESS WAR ON PREDATORY
I ANIMALS AND DESTRUCTIVE RODENTS WITH GOOD EFFECT f
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State Legislature Backs Up Work With Appropriation Fourteen Hunters on Payroll in Oregon Kill 1760 Coyotes, 302 Wildcats,
1 13 Bear, Two Cougars and Five Timber Wolves Pests Play Havoc With All Kinds of Livestock. f
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WHILE every state In the union,
through its game department
and sportsmen's associations,
is seeking to restore the wild game and
bird life by propagation and intensi
fied means of protection, the United
States government is waging relent
less warfare on predatory animals
and destructive rodents. For the mod
ern firearms which, have depleted
game herds have only served to make
the coyotes, wolves, wildcats, cougar
and bear more wary and more de
pendent upon domestic animals for
their living.
' Oregon with her wooded Cascade
and Coast range mountains extending
parallel across the entire width of
the state, and with the sparsely pop
ulated eastern Oregon section, Is in a
position to profit fcy the work of the
government. Probably few citizens
realize that the loss of livestock from
wild animal depredations in the state
is estimated at hundreds of thou
sands of dollars yearly. To offset
the loss, the government is expending
J12.000 anrually in Oregon through a
well organized bureau which super
vises the work of trained hunters and
trappers. The state legislature . is
backing up the work with a biennial
appropriation cf 7500 and the state
game commission and various coun
ties are paying sums ranging from
$100 to $250 per month. All the funds
are applied through Stanley G. Jew
ctt, predatory animal Inspector In
charge of the Oregon district.
Fourteen government hunters are
on the payroll In Oregon at the pres
ent time and the number is increased
or diminished as funds provide. All
are maintained in sections where live
stock protection is most needed, rath
er than where animals are most nu
merous. Their record for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1921, was 2187
animals. Of the number 1760 were
coyotes; 02 wildcats; 13 stock-killing
bear. 2 cougar and 5 timber wolves.
Coyotes and wildcats, which form
the chief catch of the department, are
reckoned as the most destructive pre
dstory animals In the state. The wild
cats in eastern Oregon are particu
larly bad on lambs, while In western
Oregon they kill great numbers of
game birds and young deer. Coyotes,
always a menace to young stock and
to f" ep, are chiefly feared for the
frequent occurence of an outbreak of
rabies among.them. During the year
1915-16 when Tables became the worst
in Oregon it was estimated that $750,
000 damage was done to the livestock
of the state.
Thinning out of the coyotes Is
taken to be the only effective means
of combating rabies. The disease
occurs in some sections every year,
but during the past few years has
not reached dangerous proportions.
,The destruction wrought by rabid
animals In the west was the chief In
fluence that Induced the government
to establish Its predatory animal de
partment In 1915.
Timber wolves, although compara
tively rare in Oregon, have been very
destructive to cattle and game in the
Santiam district. Bear are not mo
lested by government hunters unless
they become livestock killers.
The hunters use dogs and traps for
the wildcats and traps and poison
bait for coyotes. Den hunting Is fol
lowed out consistently In the coyote
country In the spring. Large num
bers of the animals, including moth
ers and their litters, are killed.
Poison accounts for by far the great
est number of coyotes and In -rt use
probably not more than 60 per cent
of the animals killed are ever found.
Pelts of all animals killed by govern
ment trappers are sent to the central
office in Portland and disposed of by
the government. The proceeds are
divided among the co-operating par
ties, including the state and various
counties. No bounty Is paid on the
government-killed animals.
Stockmen In every part of the state
have demonstrated their friendliness
toward the work of the predatory an
imal department at all times, accord
ing to Mr. Jewett. Hunters are wel-
corned at the ranches and are eup
plled with free board and hay and
with animals to kill for poison bait.
One sheepman in -eastern Oregon es
timated last year that the govern
ment work is Baving him $8000 a
year in safeguarding his flocks.
Stockmen and others In various dis
tricts estimate that there is not. one
coyote now to where there were ten
when the government work was be
gun six years ago.
While the work In Oregon has dem
onstrated results, the state has not
encouraged it as strongly as many
other western states. Utah has an
annual appropriation of $100,000; Ari
zona. California and Nevada, $25,000
each; Wyoming, $40,000, and New
M ex too, $10,000, as compared with
Oregon's $3750.
Equally important in point of sav
ing of property and touching a much
larger number of people is the work
of the biological survey in the de
struction of rodents In Oregon. The
rodent extermination Is carried out
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by the biological survey in co-opera
t!on with the extension service of
Oregon Agricultural college. Ira N.
Gabrlelson, assistant biologist, is in
charge of the Oregon district, with
head offices in Portland.
The efforts of the survey are
toward educiftion of the farmers In
best methods of poisoning or trapping
Jackrabbits, destructive squirrels, go
phers, moles, rats and mice. Three
men, paid from state funds and op
erating under the direction of the
extension service of the college, poi
soned 25.000 jackrabbits in demon
strations' 1n different parts of the
state during the year. Fderal, state,
county and private funds were ap
plied to the work In general.
The government bureau distributed
3531 ounces of strychnine and 71,000
pounds of poisoned grain to farmers
last year to aid in the campaign
against ground squirrels. The strych
nine and poisoned grain went to- al
most 1000 farmers at a cost price of
$14,000. The work led to the poison
ing of over 200,000 acres of land and
was credited with an estimated sav
ing of $262,000.
Experiments and actual application
have demonstrated that poison will
practically exterminate ground squir
rels, according to Mr. Gabrlelson. The
work is most effective in early spring
and organization work Is in progress
now to reach larger areas and more
farmers than ever this year.
Trapping and poisoning of moles,
gophers, rats and mice also were car
ried out In the educational work of
the department. Exhibits were placed
in leading fairs throughout the state
and representatives worked in the
field wherever possible. Co-operation
of county agents and farmers'
organizations had a large part in" the
work of reaching the landowners and
organizing them for a united effort
along the line. The government
work in Oregon is a part of a cam
paign to reduce losses from rodent
pests that cause an annual damage In
the United States of i500.000.000
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ISTATE LIBRARY SYSTEM SERVICE EXTENSIVEl
I Every Section of Oregon Calls Upon Headquarters at Salem for Supplies of Books; All Kinds
I of Unusual Demands for Reading Matter Promptly Met; Lonely Homes Made Glad.
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ASK each
the state
By Cornelia Marvin, .librarian
SK each of ten Oregonians what
e library means to them
and from each there will be a
different reply.
From six counties will come the re
ply: "The state library is the only
library this county has and all our
books come from Salem; sometimes
they send a 70-pound mail sack of
them and sometimes It is just a single
book sent to a man who has heard
about the library and needs a book
badly." These six counties without
any other library are Crook, Curry,
Gilliam, Grant, Lincoln and Sherman.
From 75 cities of various sizes will
come the answer, "We go to our own
public library for books, but our li
brary la small and usually does not
have what we want; our own libra
rian sends that same night to the
state library at Salem and In a few
days we get our books."
The man who uses one of the
county libraries in Oregon says the
same thing, and he knows that, even
though he gets a book from his own
local library, it is often because the
state of Oregon has a central supply
of books that he has been able to
have what he needs. The seal of the
state of Oregon on a bookplate In
the front of a book tells each reader
that the state is back of every effort
to supply good books. It also makes
It evident that the whole library sys
tem of the state really is an organ
ized system, working down from and
up to the state library at Salem, as
the center of a really great educa
tional activity; educational because
in these days the library Is "a school
cut of school."
Ambitious people turn to It for
reading courses and courses of study;
clubs depend uptfn it for books and
outlines for the year's work; schools
supplement their meager collections
with books from Its shelves; families
in Isolated locations, on . farms and
homesteads, fill their reading tables
with the choicest books that have
been given to the world, and lonely
people and those shut in by bad roads
and distance from centers, turn to it
for recreational reading for the long
winter evenings. The library assist
ants who gather up the books to send
out in response to the day's mall,
know what people are thinking about
and planning, what are their needs
and ambitions and Interests. They
also personify the communities in the
state, for every postofflce in Oregon
is In the state library loan file.
On November 1 of 1921 there were
10,369 readers' cards in the state li
brary mail order file, representing
people who have no personal access
to books, but must depend upon the
mail order system of th& state; these
in addition to the borrowers. There
is no red tape about getting books,
and during the past year the number
of volumes shipped in response to
letters, without any taxpayers' signa
tures, was 98,436, aain of nearly
15,000 over the preceding year. This
does not mean the number of times
the books have been read, but the
number shipped out by mail and
freight for individual reading or re
loaning to groups of people or stu
dents in schools. ,
The makers of the .latest census
have tried to show where people live
and they say that 42 per cent of
them are on farms; 2 per cent in
towns under 1000, and 6 per cent In
towns of under 2500 population; 5 per
cent is a floating population, which
makes 54 per cent of the people In
the average state living in places
which cannot have and support ade
quate libraries of their own. The
only solution is through the state li
brary system, supplemented by coun
ty libraries. No one now thinks of
leaving the matter of local book sup
ply to each little town; no one now
thinks that people who live In little
towns should have -few books and
poor ones at that and that people who
live In cities should have every pos
sible advantage and an opportunity
to follow out cherished plans for
mental activity.
' So the state library is a real and
vital factor in the life of Oregon, and
the "traveling library" and the trav
eling librarian mean something to
the people of Oregon. The great point
is to bear the message to every per
son in Oregon.
The letters which come to the li
brary telling of book needs make a
tremendous appeal and the library
staff puts forth more than the usual
effort for the letters which read, "We
are anxious to have the books at once
as we are 50 miles from a railroad
and do not get mail very often"; or
"We live in a logging camp. There
are several families here and we like
to read, but we have no books";
again, "There are 50 people here in
this camp and no reading at all. If
I could get a library I would keep it
in my home and take good care of it
and see that others did the same";
again, "I am now living in eastern
Oregon and a long way from any li
brary. This is onljca logging camp
and there is no form of amusement,
and reading is the only way we have
to pass the time"; or "Long evenings
have come and we would like' to get
some books to read In our family."
The technical books of the library
are constantly moving throughout the
state. Book on electrical wiring,
acoustic properties of buildings, stor
age batteries, the design of barges
and scows, circular sawmills, the tan
ning of leather, refrigeration, the ac
tion of nitrogen gas under different
pressures and temperatures, pattern
making, saw filing and a book for one
ambitious youngster who wants to
know, '"what makes the Zeppelin go."
Children save their pennies and
write for their own books, often club
bing together. As one boy wrote "I
am In 'pardners' with another boy."
And so it goes and anybody who reads
the state library mail knows the In
teresting and often pVuhetic story of
the aspirations of people who have
few advantages.
The library activities of the state of
Oregon cover many fields besides
those which have been enumerated as
part of the daily work of the library
in its mail order and traveling or
commodity lib '.. business. There
are about 3000 school libraries for
which the state library selects the
books bought each year. This means
that someone in the state library must
know something about books. The 12
county libraries of Oregon are mak
ing library history and are establish
ing new standards for county library
work In the country. Oregon is prob
ably second only to California in the
development of centralized county
systems.
County library boards have been ap
pointed in the following counties:
Deschutes, Hood Itiver, Jackson, Jose
phine, Klamath, Malheur, Multnomah,
Umatilla, Wasco. The new counties
this year are Polk and Union and the
Curry county board has just been ap
pointed. The news of municipal libra
ries is rather limited as county libra
ries are the order of the day, but It
should be reported that Grants Pais
has a new Carnegie building and that
Roseburg and Corvallis, the only
towns in Oregon that could support
good libraries and have not done so
in the past, have come into the library
fold with tax supported libraries.
A unique feature in library history
during the past year was the inspiring
book fair held by the women of Cor
vallis for one week. The choicest
books of the world were on display
and 900 people in Benton county .saw
these books and heard talks on them
and visited over them and planned
their reading and book buying. The
state library branch in the Chautau
qua at Gladstone has become such
an attractive feature that a building
was erected for It last summer.
No large library gifts have been
recorded during the year, but most
libraries report gifts from some in
terested person. The Oregon society
of the Sons of the American Revolu
tion has continued its gift of money
to the state library for the purpose
of putting In the hands of boys and
girls choice collections of books on
this heroic period of our history.
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