TTTE MORNING OREGONIAN. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 7. 1021
STRUGGLE OF IRISH
FREEDOM
1
Settlement of London Ends
Centuries of Conflict.
FINAL WAfl DESTRUCTIVE
l-'jiclloiinl Friction Between Sinn
Fein and I'lster Increases
Difficulty of rcace.
LONDON, Dec. 6. Five years of
armed conflict in Ireland between
the forces of the British crown and
Sinn Fein, ended in a truce at noon
on Monday, July 11, during the con
"lnuance of what, at a conference
in London, negotiations for peace
were undertaken by Premier Lloyd
Qeortre, representing the BrltlBh gov
ernment; Sir James Craig, the Ulster
premier; and Eamonn de Valera, the
Irish republican leader.
The term "Sinn Fein." which, in the
Gaelic, literally means "ourselves1
rlone," originated In 1905 when Ar
thur Griffith and other intellectual
Irishmen organized it ostensibly to
promote the sale of home manufac
tures and to further national eco
nomic enterprises.
The armistico came after seven
centuries of strife between the peo
ple of the two islards. going as far
back as the days of Strongbow and
culminating on Faster Sunday, April
75, 1916, in the now famous "Dublin
it volt," in which 180 civilians were
killed and 614 wounded and the sub
sequent "state of war."
Reparation Is Heeent Movement.
Whilo the history of Ireland's
struggle for existence as a separate
nation roaches Into the dim distance
of the past, the movement for sepa
ration from government by the Brit
ish parliament and the setting up in
Ireland of machinery for the adminis
tration nf her own affairs, culminat
ing in the decision now reached, may
be said to have assumed a definite
anfl determined form only as far back
as the time of Gladstone and Parnell
Fought for years by conservatism
in England and opposed even more
bitterly by unionism In Ulster, the
home rule movement headed by John
Redmond and later Irish leaders, had
a troublous time right up to the open
ing of the European war. The liberals
under I'rime Minister Asqulth had
succeeded In getting a home rule bill
to the passing point. It was approved
by Kedmond but on the eve of the
great war, Ireland's hopes of home
rule were blasted by the "Ulster re
bellion" when Sir Edward Carson, at
the head of 100,000 protestant volun
teers, defied the British government
to put the measure into effect. The
conservatives, by their political ma
neuvering, thwarted immediate action
on the home rule bill in parliament
and w-hen Germany invaded Belgium
the problem was shelved, to be drawn
out seven years later when the re
newed activity of the Sinn Fein and
the policy of repression adopted by
the British government forced the
issue to an attempted settlement.
Lenders Turn To Germany.
During the first two years of the
war Ireland remained relatively qui
escent and the British leaders hoped
that the Irish had decided to let the
Irian question remain In abeyance un
til the war was over under a promise
that the home rule bill would be put
into effect when the world war was
ended.
This was not to be. Some of the
Irish leaders saw in Germany a lib
erator for Ireland and Germany saw
In Ireland's disaffection an opportun
ity to weaken Great Britain's war ef
forts. The upshot was the landing of
Sir Roger Casement In Ireland from a
German submarine. The sinking off
the Irish coast of a ship loaded with
German ammunition simultaneously
with the outhreak of the "Easter re
bellion" in Dublin on April 25, 1916.
The British had learned of the plan
and Casement was arrested and sub
sequently executed. The Sinn Fein
leaders, had proclaimed Ireland a re
public and Patrick H. Pearse was
designated as provisional president.
The fighting in Dublin lasted until
April 30, and the property damage
there was estimated at $10,000, 0U0.
Within a week there were 60,000
British troops in Ireland. Martial
law was declared in the city which
was overrun with troops. Eventually
many Sinn Feiners surrendered and
hundreds were captured by the crown
forces. Altogether, as a result of the
revolt, 14 Sinn Fein leaders, including
President Pearse. were executed, 79
were sent to prison and 1706 were de
ported.
De Vnlern 11 mr President.
Subsequently Eamonn de Valera
succeeded Pearse as president o the
Irish republic. Ireland was heavily
garrisoned with British troops for the
remainder of the war.
A notable effort to compose the
differences between Great Britain and
Ireland occurred in the summer of
1917 when the famous Dublin con
vention was held under the chair
manship of Sir Horace Plunkett. Al
though the convention failed fully to
attain its purpose of formulating a
plan of peace, It did reach what Sir
Horace Plunkett called the "basis of
an agreement" that Ireland should
have a parliament of its own, but
Ulster again blocked the way to
peace. It would not consent to be
ruled by a parliament for all Ireland.
The growth of the Sinn Fein move
ment was rapid after the "Easter
rebellion" and up to the end of the
world war in 1918. In the following
December of that year, when the
British general elections were held,
the result showed the Sinn Feiners
had won in 73 parliamentary con
stituencies. The successful candi
dates, however, refused to go to
Westminster. They held the elections
were an act of self-determination and
that their choice was "an Irish par
liament in an Irish republic."
Dull Kirrann Organised.
Soon afterward the Sinn Fein members-elect
of parliament organized the
Dail Eireann. or Irish parliament. In
Dublin. Charles Burgess was chosen
speaker and a committee, composed
of De Valera, Count Horace Plunkett
and Arthur Griffith, was appointed to
present the claims of Ireland to the
Paris peace conference. De Valera
and Griffith were both In prison at
the time but the former escaped on
February 3, 1919. Later he appeared
in the United States to float a bond
issue and to plead the cause of the
"republic." to rfle presidency of which
he had been elected the following
March 3.
With the signing of the armistice
ending the world war and the organ
ization of the Dail Eireann began a
guerrilla warfare between the forces
of the crown and the Sinn Feiners,
which continued up to the truce of
1921.
During this irregular conflict, vil-.
lages and towns from Lisburn to'
Cork and from Templernore to Tralee
were sacked and bured, crown forces
were ambushed, police barracks were
destroyed and there were wholesale
reprisals by police "auxiliaries" or 4
cadets and "Black and Tans" con
stables recruited in England who
wore a khaki tunic with a black cap.
Dublin Riot. Declared War.
On May 26 of the present year, the
historic Dublin custom house was
burned with a loss of $10,000,000. the
killing of 18 persons and the arrest
of more than 100 suspects. Damage
wrought by fire and dynamite on the
preceding December 12 aggregated
115,000.000. De Valera, in replying to
the charge of "military crimes" by
Sinn Feiners. declared that British
soldiers had no right In Ireland and
that as they were invaders "they
were treated as invaders were usually
treated In times of war."
Official British reports on the war
fare in Ireland during 1920 showed
that 343 persons had been killed and
446 wounded. 68 courthouses and 530
police barracks destroyed and 2801
places raided for arms. Cable advices
from Ireland since January 1, 1921.
indicated that hundreds more had
been killed and wounded, although
no official estimates were obtainable
from either side.
One of the notable events In this
bitter campaign of attack and re
prisal was the death by hunger strike
of Terence MacSwlney, lord mayor of
Cork. He had been arrested on a
charge of sedition and sentenced to
Brixton prison for two years. While
he and other Sinn Feiners were In
the Cork jail they went on a hunger
strike and MacSwiney died after 73
days of abstention from food. Later
those of the hunger strikers who sur
vived were released.
Three Parliament Proposed.
The new government of Ireland act
was passed by the British house of
commons In December, 1920. It pro
vided for a northern and southern
parliament and for a central parlia
ment containing representatives of
both the north and the south. De
Valera, In a manifesto, denounced the
plan and demanded "complete inde
pendence or death."
This was followed on May 2. 1921,
by the appointment of Viscount Fltz
aian ae the first lord lieutenant and
governor-general of Ireland under the
new partition measure.
Ulster accepted the act and pro
ceeded to hold elections and organize
Its parliament. In all the rest of
Ireland, however, the Sinn Feiners
again swept the elections, winning
124 out of 12S stats. They refused to
organize under the home rule act and
declared that the new members elect
ed would constitute the new Dail
Eireann, or parliament of the Irish
republic.
In the north Sir James Craig was
chosen parliamentary leader in the
place of Sir Edward Carson, who re
tired. King Opens Ulster Parliament.
The Ulster parliament opened on
June 22, 1921, and was attended by
King George and Queen Mary. The
king urged the Irish people to "for
give and forget" past wrongs and
strive for peace In Ireland and con
ciliation between the people of that
country and the British empire.
"I appeal to all Irishmen," he said,
"to pause, to stretch out the hand of
forbearance and conciliation, to for
give and forget, and to Join in mak
ing for the island which they love a
new era of peace, contentment and
good will." V
It was the king's speech that
started the parley for peace which
eventually brought about the truce.
In bringing the two factions together
General Jan Christian Smuts, the
premier of the Union of South Africa,
bore no small part. He had been in
London to attend the British impe
rial conference of dominion premiers
and went to Dublin on July 5 on a
mission for the British government.
Upon his arrival it was reported De
Valera had waived the idea of abso
lute independence for Ireland and.
with Lloyd George on his side, was
ready to consider dominion rule for
Ireland.
General Smuts Btated that the Irish
ojuestidn was "a soluble problem" and
bore a resemblance to conditions in
South Africa, which were now hap
pily removed.
Armistice Finally Declared.
A few days aftetr King George Im
portunate appeal to all Irishmen to
settle their differences, De Valera re
ceived an invitation from Premier
Lloyd George to confer with Sit
James Craig, the Ulster premier, and
himself with a view to reaching a
satisfactory solution. To this De Va
lera replied:
"We most earnestly desire to help
in bringing about a lasting peace be
tween the peoples of these two is
lands, but see no avenue by which it
can be reached if you deny Ireland
her essential unity."
Subsequently General Smuts con
ferred with De Valera and it was re
ported that, after a conference with
other Sinn Fein leaders, he was will
ing to modify his demand for an inde
pendent republic. Shortly afterward
General Sir Nevil Macready, the Brit
ish military commander in Ireland,
announced that arrangements were
being made on both sides for a ces
sation of hostilities.
At noon on Monday, July 11. for
the first time in years unarmed po
licemen appeared on the streets of
Dublin, Belfast and Cork, the tram
cars resumed operations, theaters
were opened and there were other
signs of a return at least to tempor
ary peace.
UiWuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
casaaagBaa
Fars and individual style shops.
Broadway at Morrison
The year's most important
blouse event
' ' ' l '
Charming New Crepe de Chine and Georgette
Overblouses
The sort which sells regularly at 12.50 to 15.00
Yes, and more. For included are hand
beaded Jupon blouses whole frocks in
themselves !
There are six chic styles in heavy crepe de
chine or very firm georgette.
There are many smart, new touches high
or subdued colorings all new, all desirable.
Liebes gift bonds
a sure solution of the gift prob
lem may be purchased for any
desired amount.
ESTABLISHED 1B64
There are fabrics which alone would cost
more than the price of each fresh,
lovely blouse.
They're blouses youll be proud to wear
and prouder still to purchase for gifts !
It is impossible to exaggerate the importance
of this event either as to quality or to
price !
Bring as yoar packages
We will wrap, mail or express them
for you without charge. A special
desk has been arranged third floor.
Don't try to save money buying cheap or
big-can Baking Powders. You can't do it. You'll
throw out more in spoiled bakings than you save
on price of the powder. And don't think that old style high
priced powders axe best because they cost most They are not.
BAKING
POWDER
CALUMET
has proved in millions of bake-day tests that
it is the best baking powder ever made that's why
it is the biggest selling baking powder in the world
today. No other baking powder makes such temptingly good
tender, wholesome bakings. No baking
powder of anywhere near the same quality
is sold at such a low price.
You use less of Calumet because
it is the highest grade baking powder.
One teaspoonful is equal to two teaspoon
fuls of many other brands.
HT MADE BY A TRUST
V CONTENTS 1 La
n en!"
And there is no "luck" about it
whtn you use Calumet No loss. It is ab
solutely sure. It is the most economical of
all. Millions of housewives use it and
so do leading domestic science teachers
and cooking experts.
You wive when you buy It.
You save whan you use It.
Calumet contains only such ingre
dients as have been approved officially by
the U. S. Food Authorities.
HIGHEST SwSKdT
NOTE THIS
A pound can of Calumet contains full 16 oz. Some
baking powders come in 12 oz. cans instead of 16 oz.
cans. Be sure you get a pound when you want it
VETERANS NAME OFFICERS
1C. AV. Ross Is Klected Commander
of Camp at Salem.
SALEM. Or., Dec. 6 (Special.) H.
W. Ross was elected commander of
Hal Hibbard camp No. 5, United
.Spanish War Veerana, at a meeting
held here last night. Officers will be
installed at the first meeting of tho
camp in January. Other officers elect
ed were:
Albert Frohmader, senior vice; Ar
thur Girod, Junior vice; W. E. Han
son, officer of the guard; John Sey
mour, officer of the day; Robert
Kumrow, trustee for three years, and
E. J. Raymdnd, trustee to fill the
unexpired term of O. J. Hill, vho ro-
InE OLIVER OIL-GAS BURNE
Ic witb cm! acj wrmoA Ckatyar.
UkcjyocrtloT-crruiefecuttBT. Cnm
mmttt fc-: t. Kerpa wmn bona vumu.
M-IM 1 3 N. .. tut. .. odor, chot.pl
ob- frtyinw cl or M, B. h her.
mm foot ip. . bk b-iur. tlnM. q-i kc. Ahmm
loo o.-f 19 y.ori, Immmm'i chant fwimii. uMr
X BaJI r-rl. JI kMl luti
aMtMlttav Ims shsmIi tin, i
wttttW yon burK OOaJ of wood.
Oki Furniture Co
209 2d St.
Portland Ore.
cently left Salem for California
Last night's meeting was in the
nature of a homecoming and quests
were in attendance irim Woodburn.
Silverton and other towns Luncheon
was served.
Baker Chamber Supported.
BAKER, Or., Dec. 6. (Special.)
Indorsement of the stand taken by
the Baker county chamber of com
merce on the freight rate question,
that the proposed lowering of rates
by transcontinental carriers on east
ern commodities shipped to Pacific
coast terminals without a similar re
duction in rates for short hauls
would work detriment to intermoun
tain communities, was voted at the
meeting of the Baker Klwanis club
today.
Student Shot Accidentally.
HALSET. Or.. Dec. 6 (Special.)
Saturday night as Preston Newton
was climbing into a buggy he was
accidentally shot in the arm by his
brother Everett, who was attempting
to load a shotgun. The arm was not
broken, but was found to contain 21
shot from the elbow to the wrist.
Young Newton is a Halsey high
school student and member of the
basketball team.
dependent on the river boats, as In
days of old, has passed into history
and conditions are again normal.
Train Service to Resume.
EUGENE, Or.. Dec 6. (Special.)
The trl-weekly night train service
on the Coos Bay branch of the South
ern Pacific lines, which was taken off
a few days ago a second time on ac
count of the storms on the coast, will
be resumed Wednesday morning, when
the first train in about a week will
leave at 1 o'clock.
Storm Tieup Over.
WHITE SALMON, Wash.. Dec. .
(Special.) The big storm, which tied
up cross-country traffic, as well as
the raltToads. leaving White Salmon
Aberdeen Pythians Elect.
ABERDEEN, Wash., Dec. 6. (Spe
cial.) W. H. TucKer was elected
chancellor commander of Aberdeen
lodge Knights or Pythias, to succeed
D. H. Voeller, at the semi-annual
meeting held last night In Pythian
temple. The session was followed by
a banquet. Other officers chosen
were: Charles Cloud, vice-chancellor;
E. E. Casey, prelate; R. V. Mack,
master of arms; J. E. Stewart, inner
guard; H. J. Fletcher, outer guard; M.
Bowen, master of work, W. H.
Thomas, keeper of records and seals;
Oliver Miller, master of exchequer;
A. T. Fisher, master of finance; W.
H. Tamblyn. trustee. The officers
will be installed in January.
Orpheum matinee today, 15-25-50-Ad.
CUT THIS OUT IT IS WORTH
MONEY
DON'T MISS THIS. Cut out this
slip, enclose with 5c and mail it to
Foley & Co., 2835 Sheffield Ave., Chi
cago, 111., writing your name and ad
dress clearly. You will receive in
return a trial package containing
Foley's Honey and Tar Compound,
for coughs, colds and croup; Foley
Kidney Pills, for pain in sides and
back; rheumatism, backache, kidney
and bladder ailments; and Foley Ca
thartic Tablets, a wholesome and
thoroughly cleansing cathartic, for
constipation, biliousness, headache,
ind sluggish bowels.
SOLD EVERYWHERE.
SECOND BIG WEEK
NOW!
Portland's
Picture
To Date
1
I HSMMBHlw i -J m Advinaiu-
I B WW IM' 1 I m I F
-blw aun am
CnntlnnODR
Shown Start
A. !.. 1, 3, 3,
7 and 9 P. M.
PRICES Matinees 35c. 50c, 75c. Evenings 50c and 75c. Children
20c any time. These prices include tax.
Cuticura Soap
The Healthy
Shaving Soap
Cptfgojm Bona) ihavaa wfthont nut Eti i j nlinaV.
mm
WASHINGTON AT ELEVENTH
THC
Jensen & Von Herberg Preaent
SHEIK
Agnes Ayres and Rudolph Valentino
From the novel by Edith M. Hull
THREE
DAYS
KNOWLES' PICTURE PLAYERS
imirmy with
LAST
NOW
"STRONGHEART"
has not only won
the hearts of those
who have seen him
BUT he is already
THE TALK OF
PORTLAND!
In
Hal G. Evarts' Sat
urday Evening
Post Story
"THE
SILENT
CALL"
Is by far the Most
talked-of, best-liked
picture we have ever
shown.
Autographed
Photographs of
"Strongheare'
For the Kiddies
KEATES'S? DRGAN
Next Week
CONSTANCE
TALMADGE
ftlft Bookn S5.SS for SB
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4