RAPID GROWTH OF
. ---, . "
1
From First Humble Beginning, Business Has- Developed Until Demands for
nJ-fflUnilMMIUIWHIMWIIIIWW.IIM.WI.WIU
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By H. 8. Gile.
OGANBERRIES are today atr
tracting almost universal atten-
tion among those horticulturally
inclined, notwithstanding the fact that
loganberry growing in the northwest
has not been at all times a profitable
undertaking. It is not so many years
ince they were a novelty; in fact, the
berry was created or discovered not
so very long ago by Judge J. II.
Logan. The following extract from a
tory written by him many years ago
will best tell in his own words how rearance. which are strongly rasp
. ... ., . , . . , , . berry, with a blended blackberry and
he did it and what his part was in the i,' - -
raspberry navor, containing, however,
matter: more piquancy and richer color than
in i.isu i pian.ea in my vegeiaoi-
garden in Santa Cruz, Cal., all the
varieties of blackberries and rasp
berries obtainable. These were plant
ed without any reference to the asso
ciation of varieties, with the excep
tion that I planted the Texas Early
(a highbush) in close proximity to the
California dewberry (ursinus), having
ln mind a possible cross between these
two berries, it being generally con
ceded that the wild blackberry for
flavor is without a peer, but on ac
count of its many adverse character
istics its cultivation is limited.
"The Texas Early, while not so de-
sirable. possesses qualities for the
purpose of crossing, not possessed by
any other blackberry, that Is, early
and long flowering period, also being
unisexual or staminate. I saw a pos
sible cross between these two varie
ties which, if successful, would be an
Improvement upon both. They were
therefore planted side by side. By
the merest accident, not deeming a
cross possible between the blackberry
0nd the rasoberrv. I nlanted a varletv
yr of the Red Antwerp, which was one
of the best raspberries growing
in
Santa. Pruz at that time
"In 1881 the plants bore. In pur-
... . . , , .
suance with my original Intentions.
the seed of the dewberry was taken
nd planted in August of that year,
umiraimiiiiutiMi-ttiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiniminui!iiiiiiiiiiinntiiniiMHi miuiiiinmiiiiiiiim-uiiniiinnnnininfimnnuHii
prune industry maintains a steady growth!
1 Acreage Has Extensive Increase and "Aristocrat of Breakfast Table" Enjoys Even More Popularity Than 1
1 Ever Markets Are to Be Widened and New Recipes Will Be Published. 1
inifiHtiHHiiniii!itiiiiimuitiiiiuiiiiiiii
By Robert C. .Taulue.
UNTIL within a few yearsago the
prunegrowing business in Ore
gon had not been one of mush
room growth, like many other fruits,
but one of gradual, consistent growth
which, until within the past two
years, has failed to impress us with
its relative importance.
From the dark times of 1900- to
1905, when a mere handful of Oregon
prunes, as compared to the present
tonnage, flooded ths market and
caused thousands of acres to be
pulled out, until two years ago, the
Increase in bearing acreage has been
Email. With the more stabilized con
ditions of the past six or seven years
plantings have been heavy and the
bearing acreage of prunes is due to
ee a heavy increase. Within the last
two years 6000 to 8000 acres of prunes
have come into bearing in Western
Oregon and Clark county. Washing
ton, and there are still 8000 to 10,000
acres planted which will come into
bearing within four years.
At the last session of the Oregon
legislature a bill was passed requir
ing assessors' deputies to list all
bearing and non-bearing acreage of
horticultural and agricultural prod
ucts. A summary for 1918 as of March
"J, 1919, which was not quite com
plete, just published by the Oregon
State Tax commission, shows 17,947
acres of prunes in brarlng and 67D0
acres non-bearing ln dried prune pro
v i?S-MT?v -T , r 111
WiiiiiHHHiWHiiiHMBiHii. ' In I I ' M I H II -4 -
JujoePkc - to ry..
About 300 seedling plants were pro-
duced. They were very much alike
ln aDDearance. but in the sorin I no
ticed one of the seeann-p qulte unlike
the others, having somewhat the ap
pearance of the raspberry. This, as
it developed, was the loganberry."
Characteristics of Loganberries.
The fruit to which Judge Logan
gave his name possesses many of the
characteristics of the native wild
blackberry, except ln color and ap-
either of the parents.
Judge Logan evidently was not a
very strong promoter. He admits
that he never made any money from
the discovery and propagation of the
loganberry. At any rate, not very
much was heard concerning this
berry, to which he gave hia name,
until about 1895, when it made its
appearance In Oregon and proceeded
to make itself very much at home in
the moist, rich soil and mild climate
of the Willamette valley, where it
began to produce enormous crops and
to attract considerable attention.
Between the years 1897 and 1908
a considerable acreage of loganber
ries was planted in the Willamette
valley, resulting ln rapidly increasing
production, without any constructive
effort having been made to provide
markets for this new fruit.
It did not require a very great, ton
nage to supply the local demand.
Some spasmodic attempts were made
to ship loganberries east . in their
fresh state, the shippers feeling cer
tain that their great size and fine ap
pearance would insure long prices
and large profits, .but the very quali
ties which were destined eventually
nh,..u ,,;..
cial possibility defeated the hopes of
the fresh fruit shippers. Loganber
ries as produced in Oregon were too
3uicy to successfully stand long-dis-
tance shipment,
Tne canncrs about this time bean
to take notice. They used a few lo-
ganberrtes and gradually increased
ducing counties of Oregon, as follows:
Prune Acreage
Nun.
CTounty Bearinn.
Benton S4
Clackamas 68
Douglas 2941
Linn 312
Marion .6611
Multnomah 78
Polk 3008
Tillamook 212
"Washington 03G
Yamhill ''! 7
Bearing.
40
310
1M
68
1695
J 2
887
419
1410
Lftne No census No census
Jackson No census No census
Total 17.947
6790
Incomplete.
Large Acreage Shown.
Part of the statistics, as shown by
the report, are not complete, owing
to inability to get the printed forms
for listing acreage finished before the
deputies went to work. It is appar
ent from the census that there are
between 18,000 and 20.000 bearing
acres of prunes being raiBed for evap
orated fruit and between 7000 and
10,000 acres of young fruit which will
soon be in bearing in Western Ore
gon, or a total of between 25.000 and
30,000 acres set to prunes In Western
Oregon.
An estimate on the Clark county,
Washington, acreage of prunes made
by Mr. Newhouse, county agricultural
agent,' is about 6000 acres bearing
and about 1000 acres non-bearing
prunes for evaporating purposes,
making a total for both states of
about 25.000 acres bearing and about
10.000 acres non-bearing.
Idaho and astern Oregon cannot
yet be biassed as an evaporated prune
THE
LOGANBERRY INDUSTRY IS TRUE MARVEL STORY OF OREGON!
rW
the quantity canned, for which they
paid about 4 cents per pound, a very
satisfactory price. Furthermore, they
Indicated their faith in the future
of canned loganberries by writing a
few long-term contracts with certain
growers. This had the effect of cre
ating among them a somewhat opti
mistic spirit as to the future of this
wonder berry as a canned fruit.
Acreage Iacruae Rapid.
Acreage increased rapidly, resulting
In a rather badly overstocked market
in the year 1912. In fact by that
time there was practically no market
Numerous experiments were being
made at about this period by growers
and others in drying loganberries.
Some very fine-appearing samples
were produced and by many the con
clusion was mnediately reached that
dried loganberries would prove to be
the solution of the market problem.
The great consuming public of the
United States, however, did not know
loganberries; had never heard of
them. The natural consequence of
this national ignorance concerning lo
ganberries was a lack of demand for
them, either canned or evaporated,
which quickly resulted in an accu
mulation of stocks which could not
easily be marketed, and for that rea
son canners did not continue to be
steady buyers, contenting themselves
with the supply which they received
from- their growers who held term
contracts.
The open market therefore dropped
from 4 cents to 2 cents and less and
It was not possible to dispose of any
large tonnage, even at a price which
represented less than the cost of pro
duction. During these years while loganber
ries were so cheap there were many
people who were making various uses
of loganberries in their own kitchens.
Scores of persons known to the writer
were making and canning loganberry
juice as they canned other fruits,
surprising their guests with a drink
entirely new and wonderfully good.
They also found that for the purpose
iiiiimntiiitiiiitiiinitiinintiniiHmiiT
section, although it has potentialities
along that line, for the reason that no
acreage is devoted exclusively to
growing prunes for evaporation. The
major portion of the crop of Eastern
Oregon and Idaho is shipped fresh
and evaporation is resorted to only as
a matter of insurance or protection
in case of shortage of help for pick
ing for fresh shipment, shortage of
cars for shipping fre&h, or some other
unavoidable difficulties which would
otherwise cause them a heavy loss.
- Basing our estimate on the
tonnage of 60.000.000 pounds and
taking into consideration the increase
in acreage, and allowing for some
drop In the yield of the older or
chards, we have possibly a crop of
100,000,000 pounds in four or five
years. Good money has been made
the past two years in prunes, and
the only limitation to planting even
at 60 cents per tree is the amount of
nursery stock available suitable to
growing this wonderful fruit in the
has In bearing about 80.
000 to 100,000 acres, non-bearing vari
ously estimated at from 30,000 to 80,
000 acres, no accurate statistics be
ing available. The California crop
this season was the largest in history
to date, being in the neighborhood of
250,000,000 pounds.
It Is estimated that the prune or
chards in Western Oregon and Clark
county, Washington, represent a
value Of J12.500.000 to $15,000,000.
Many new packing plant; will be
necessary to handle the increased
tonnage as the acreage comes into
bearing.
Up to the present time very little
MORNING OKEGONIAN,
Products Exceed Supply Thousands of Acres More
wM?'3aas!!!
Pi r K in g"y
of making punch, fruit cups or for
jelly it was unsurpassed, but it was
not until the growers began to seri
ously threaten the destruction of
their vineyards in 1913, because o
!ack of markets for their fruit, either
fresh, canned or evaporated, that any
extensive commercial test of pressing
and making loganberry juice in a
large way was attempted.
The crops of almost the entire Wil
lamette valley in 1913 had been evap
orated, chiefly because there was no
other outlet for the fresh fruit. This
simply meant that the fruit could be
kept considerably longer in its evap
orated form, but there was, howeevr,
little or no demand for evaporated
loganberries, and in the spring of
1914, wtth a new crop almost at hand
and the warehouses at Salem still
loaded with the 1913 evaporated lo
ganberries, the growers' outlook was
ia t a I ilv in vorir V ( v V.
certainly not very bright.
Education of Public Need.
The great problem was how to
teach millions of consumers the real
value of evaporated loganberries
quickly enough to save the commun
ity from a serious economic loss and
setback, such as would occur if .the
growers should generally destroy
their plantings.
The crop of 1914, as In the previous
year, was pretty generally harvested
and evaporated. There was practi
cally no other alternative. While
these two crops of dried berries were
being peddled about and all sorts of
persuasion and salesmanship failed to
induce the large eastern distributors
to become very enthusiastic about the
product, the very cheapness and fine
appearance of the fruit secured a
rather wide, though limited, distribu
tion, and likewise caused many- con
sumers to try loganberries once and
they liked them.
These two crops brought the grow
ers little or no profit, but the dis
tribution of evaporated loganberries
over such a wide territory resulted
in creating In certain districts a
steady consumer demand of sufficient
importance to absorb considerable
tonnage annually. However, quick
action was now absolutely necessary,
because some growers were already
destroying their vineyards and very
many were seriously threatening not
to produce another crop,' because
evaporated loganberries had not at
this timet from the growers' view
point, created a place for themselves,
and at the best, their future was con
sidered" very uncertain.
This situation is now so completely
has been done toward stimulating
the demand to take care of the prod
ucts from the greatly increased acre
age to insure the permanency of val- .
ues placed upon their orchard lands
by the growers, but" during the past
season the Oregon Growers' Co-operative
association, a state-wide grow
ers' organization, has beer, formed,
partly with that purpose in view, and
if the success which has followed,
other state-wide growers' associa.
tions accrue to the Oregon growers,
the future of their industry will be
taken care of.
New Products Proposed.
The Oregon Growers' Co-operative
association expects to make some ex
periments on new products to elim
inate the small and inferior prunes,
so that they will not interrere with
the sale of the large and more de
sirable fruit, as is sow the case.
Some of the new products will prob
ably include pitted prunes, a prune
jam, prune butter, glace prunes and
a confection of prunes and nuts.
Some new varieties of prunes have
sprung into existence in Western Ore
gon the past few years, some of
which are very meritorious, and
plantings of some of these varieties
will be encouraged.
In market extension it is expected
that the health value of prunes will
be called to the attention of the pub
lic. The food value on a comparative
basis will also be shown. New recipes
for using prunes will be published.
The commonly called Italian variety
of prunes, which is the variety most
commonly grown in the northwest,
on account of its tartness, will make
good pies and it is hoped some time
will rivaj the now far-famed raisin
pie.
The prune during the past few
years has taken its place as an aris
tocrat of the breakfast table and it is
hoped that the stigma of the "boarding-house
joke" may be forever re
. moved from this delightful fruit food.
THURSDAY, JANUARY
-4i4 t " - , ,r ? ' -s.u 3
A Typioe-I Oregon Loganberry Field
Tb D p cr i j
reversed that the production of evap
orated loganberries in 1919 was very
far from supplying the demand. This
feature of the industry should inter
est owners - of land "suitable for
loganberry-growing, but which is.
located so far from manufacturing
plants and other markets that here
tofore they have been content to take
only a small return per -acre, using
it for pasturage and other . similar
purposes, and have valued the land
accordingly. Ten, 20 or more acres
planted to loganberries, with a simply-constructed
dryer, will make
those acres Just as valuable from the
standpoint of production value per
acre, as land which may be worth
$500 or more, because of its proxim
ity to a city or town.
The men who later organized the
-Pheasant Fruit Juice company sent
one of their number east to make a
thorough study concerning the possi
bility of commercializing loganberry
juice. ' They became convinced that
loganberry juice could be made a
great commercial asset to the north
west, providing it could have a suffi
ciently strong advertising and mer
chandising campaign.
The first real encouragement to the
growers came when they were as
sured by this juice company that It
was ready to make at a fixed price
long-time contracts which promised
more than fair profits for all the
loganberries which they could grow.
It was here that the re-creation of
the loganberry industry in the north
west began. Many vineyards had
been destroyed, but the greater num
ber and the best of them were still
in the ground in the spring of 1915.
This infant company undertaking
to save the loganberry industry and
market the product in the form of
loganberry juice realized" fully that
they were undertaking an enormous
task; that they were attacking a
problem which would require vast ex
penditures of money, and would tax
the nerve and staying qualities of
men full of faith in their product and
in their own power to succeed in
their task.
The I'hez company is the consoli
dated outgrowth of the Pheasant
Fruit Juice company and the North
west Fruit Products company, two of
the largest of the pioneers in the
fruit juice business, whose general
offices are at Salem, Or., with manu
facturing juice plants at Salem,
Olympla. Woodburn and Wenatchee,
and with a very extensive and com
plete jam and jelly plant also located
at Salem.
A visit to these plants will con
Mtniiiiiitiiniimiiisiiiiiiiininmtiiiniiimiiiiimin
I LARGE SUMS ARE EXPENDED TO HELP WORKMEN
I State Industrial Accident Commission Has Paid Out $5,289,229 Since Creation of Act by Legislature More
Than 14,000 Employers Are Now Co-operating in Lgw's Support. "
OiuiiiuimiimiiiifiimiimiiiimtiinijiinnmiiiiinHiintwHiuinnuiHniiiiHiiiunutiir
By William A. M-nhall, C'balrnuu. State
Induntrlnl Accident Commission.
DURING the five-year period
ended June 30. 1919, the com
mission administering the state
workmen's compensation law has ex
pended a total of $5,289,229 and of
this large sum injured workmen have
received an average of 92 cents in
compensation benefits out of each
dollar of expenditure.
The extent to which the industrial
operations of the state have come
under the protection of the workmen's
compensation law is shown by the
fact that since the act became effec
tive as an insurance measure on July
1. 1914, the number of employers sub
ject to the law has increased by 215
per cent. In the following table will
be found the number of industrial
injuries reported to the commission
each year and the number of em
ployers subject to the law at the end
of each yearly period: Total
Total "Accl- Fatal
Vearendln? Employers dents Csu.es
June 30. 1915 S.OSS 4..'.4tt . 71
June 30. 1916 6,5114 7.162 72
June 30. 1917 8. SB3 12.134 90
June 30. 1918 11.937 21.877 172
June 30, 1919 14,1-2 S3.17S 158
70.895 063
While the Oregon workmen's com
pensation law is an optional one, it
provides that all occupations defined
by it as hazardous come under its
protection automatically unless formal
rejections of the law by employers
are filed with the commission.' It is
estimated Ui.t at tlia --eit time
1, 1920.
Will Be Planted in 1920
vince the most pessimistic observer
that the directors of this great busi
ness enterprise have faith In them
selves and in the ultimate future of
their undertaking. Large investments
have been made in expensive perma
nent equipment. Hundreds of thous
ands of dollars have already gone
into national advertising and other
publicity, placed there by the man
agers of this company, whose vision
is broad enough to permit them to
view without envy or discouragement
the growers, the land owners, now
advertising manufacturers and deal
ers in the same products, and the en
tire community making large profits
and enjoying a new prosperity, be
cause of this company's enterprise
and their vast expenditure of money,
holding themselves to the firm con
viction that in due time they also
will reap a reward for themselves and
their associated stockholders.
World Fib Aehleved.
They believe that these are days of
solid foundation building, upon which
will eventually stand a great, well
established manufacturing industry,
owning and controlling an enormous
national and international demand
for their advertised products, profit
able not only to themselves, but to
thousands of producers of raw ma
terials and to the state at large.
The demand for loganberries had
become so great ln 1918 that
there was far from sufficient
fruit to supply. This demand came
not only from many entirely new lo
cal buyers, but from buyers far out
side the district where the fruit was
produced.
Buyers were so eager to secure
large quantities of loganberries that
they were willing to take them from
the growers In their own fields and
at prices, which in many cases, es
pecially in 1919, made the crop worth
more than the total value per acre
which the owner had in his most op
timistic mood ever expected to be
able to realize for his land.
It Is believed that this demand is
upon a eolid basis, one which will
continue to increase, keeping pace
with increased production and that
it will continue to absorb all of this
wonderful fruit that may be grown
iu the northwest.
Thousands of acres will be planted
during the spring of 1920 and the
fruit from every acre of loganberries
thus planted can be contracted be- and upbuilding of the Willamette
fore the loganberry tips are put into valley and other valleys of the north
the ground, for a period running west than vast acres planted to small
between 90 and 95 per cent of such
operations are subject to the act.
Where employers in other occupa
tions desire the protection of the law,
special application for tbe insurance
is made to the commission, and the
large number of operations coming
under the law in this manner presents
the widest range as to the character
of the work performed. Included in
what may roughly be termed agri
cultural operations coming under by
application are found general farm
ing, stock raising, dairying, orchard
ing, hop, berry and prune-picking,
nursery work, tree surgery, land
scape gardening, hay-baling, thresh
ing, clover hulling, ensilage-cutting
and operation of tractors.
Application Ia Wide.
A few of the miscellaneous opera
tions include employes ln connection
with cemeteries, veterinary hospitals,
private chauffeurs, bowling alleys,
making moving pictures, and opera
tion of theaters, swimming pools,
amusement resorts, retail and whole-
STATISTICS FOR STATE SCHOOL
VEAH 11M-118.
Number of persons
over 4 and under 20
years of age -07,158
Total enrollment in the
elementary grades
and high schools 1.8,546
Number of teachers
employed . . .r 6,410
Number of school dis
tricts 2.580
Amount paid for teach
ers' salaries J4.Sfi5.780
Total disbursements... 8,049.--.
. - - - - - - - - -
3
to Meet Ever-Increasing Calls From Ends of World
' , . te
u .
. " '". f ."vat1 .sv' ' t
jcr- w-v s -
-lfc-"f A- .
. -
A CluaterOf -
from five to ten years from date of
the first crop, if the grower wishes
to play a perfectly safe game.
The most ideal condition for the
best interest of the growers, com
munity and manufacturers would be
several thousand families owning,
planting and cultivating their own
small tracts, just large enough to be
handled and harvested within the
family, thus conserving to the family
all of the expense which would other
wise go into cultivation and harvest
ing of the fruit. It need not be
pointed out that such a condition
would mean a lot of extra money to
a large number of families through
out the state, which would iu turn
mean prosperity to the communities
where they reside.
Other Fruits Demanded.
With the demand for loganberries,
has also come the long-delayed de
mand for other small fruits, which
cannot be produced anywhere else in
the wide world better than in the
northwest. It has been learned
through experience that with Jhe
fruit juice business, the jam and jlly
business works to perfection, and in
terlocks the one with the other to
the very great advantage of the man
ufacturer of fruit Juices. Thus one
successful Industry brings with it
other industries, and we are all
agreed that the northwest need
nothing more than industries and
their accompanying payrolls.
Could there be a more solid basis
for the continued financial prosperity
uiimiiiiiiiNnniiiiiMiniiiiiiuiunutHnHuiiiiiiiniiimtiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiuis
nminimnmnmiimiMmniiumimiiimituiimminniuinftiiiintunitiniiiHtiM
sale stores, carpet, 'cleaning, cooks,
forest patrolmen, hospitals, inspec
tors and harvesting of natural ice.
Employes of the state and its polit
ical subdivisions have also come
under the law to some extent and in
this group are found firemen, police
men, electric light and water plant
employes and workmen engaged in
the different kinds of municipal im
provements. During the year ended June 0.
1919, there were reported to the com
mission a total of 25,176 Industrial
accidents. Included in this number
were 158 deaths from work accidents,
averaging one fatal case for every
second work day during the entire
year. For the same period there was
paid out under the provisions of the
workmen's compensation law of the
state more than $1,500,000.
The law requires the commission to
set aside in what is called the segre-'
gated accident fund a sufficient sum
of money in each fatal or permanent
disability case, which, with .merest
earnings, vill provide for "all future
monthly payments of compensation to
be made to the injured workman or
dependents. This fund is then in
vested by the state treasurer in Ore
gon securities. Up to June 30 last,
there had been set aside $315,951 for
workmen suffering permanent partial
disability. $190,147 for workmen who
are totally and permanently incapa
citated and $1,558,610 for widows and
children in fatal cases and also for
dependent parents of single work
men who lost their lives as the result
of work-accidents.
The monthly payments In cn'cs of
this character now total $17.ooo. and
aix.ee the law first became effective
""I
x '
. .w. ... .:,y.
-J
Loge - ni
a.
fruits yielding several tons per acre
annually, for which there is a steady
and profitable market? That such a
market can be created has already
been demonstrated. Such a condition
means steady distribution of money
for employment during the cultiva
tion period, it means pleasant and
profitable employment for many
thousands of women and children
during the harvesting period, and
continuous all-the-year-around pay
rolls in the factories, where the fin
ished product la completed as It
should be in our own towns and cit
ies located side by side with the lands
and farms where the raw material ia
produced. In addition to this, the ad
vertising and . the distribution of
these finished products throughout
the wide world spreads Oregon's
name wherever the products are sold
and consumed.
It need hardly be said that the
present- prosperity, ' which is quite
general throughout the Willamette
valley, is due In no small measure to
its fruit industries, among which the
loganberry has taken front rank,
and when the loganberry vineyards
in the central Willamette valley t-hall
have been increased by 20 or 30 times
the present planted area, it will bear
somo resemblance to the great Chau
tauqua grape belt along the south
shores of Luke Erie. It will differ,
however, in the fact that the logan
berry vineyards will bo many times
more profitable to the producer and
of greater value to the community
because of the potential market for
the many products which they will
yield.
$380,363 has been paid. The interest
earnings on bond investments from
this reserve fund are $136,651.23.
While payments in these cases are
largely confined to Oregon, a con
siderable number of beneficiaries re
side. in other states and a small num
ber in foreign countries. Payments
at present are being made to depend
ents in Greece, Sweden, Norway,
Japan, Italy, Spain and Canada.
The industrial accident fund, out of
which compensation and administra
tive expenses are paid, is made up
from monthly payments from employ
ers and workmen. The state in the
past has also aided by contributing to
the fund, but the last session of the
legislature amended the law so as to
withdraw this support until June 30.
1921.
Employers Pay Portion.
The employer each month pays Into
the fund an amount equal to a per
centage of his payroll for the preced
ing month, the percentage rate vary
ing according to the relative hazard
of his employment. In the event the
employer's accident experience is
favorable during the first year he
operates under the law, his rate of
payment for the year following is
reduced by 10 per cent. If the same
experience be had during the second
year, the rate for the third year la
reduced 20 per cent, which Is the
maximum possible reduction.
The last session of the legislature
amended the compensation law by
doing away with the system of ex
empting the employer from paying
into the fund whenever the surplus
assumed certain proportions, and as a
substitute Inserted the provision that
payments were to be made each
month and at the end of the fiscal
year the commission is to credit to
each employer his fair proportion of
the rurplun. As a result of these pro
visions the total possible reduction in
the employer's rate Is dependent upon
the two factors of Lis accident ex
perience and credits from eurp.ua.
V.S. !'" i ? -"(i-v