VOL, jLVIII. NO. 18.321
Entered at Portland Ores on)
Postofrice as Scond-Cla?s Matter.
PORTLAND, OREGOy, FRIDAY, AUGUST 13, 1919.
PRICE FIVE CENTS.
SECTION
BY FIRE
AIR PATROL REPORTS
25 FIRES IN VALLEY
SHIPYARD
DEMOCRATS IN TEXAS
PROPOSE NEW PARTY
TO FIGHT
LIVING COST
PROSPERITY BLAMED
FOR RISING CARFARES
ALIEN GOLD, SENT FOR MUNI
TIONS, UPSET FINANCES.
FOOD GETS G CENTS
AS LIBEL
PLAXE FLYIXG OVER WILLAM
OXE . FACTION FIGHTS TREND
TOWARD SOCIALISM.
ETTE LOCATES BLAZES.
WILSON -TO MEET
SOLDIUS OH TREATY
Senate Committee Will
Discuss Peace Pact.
WOMEN
HCED
HIGH
Northwest Box Company
Wiped Out by Flames.
LUMBER YARD SWEPT AWAY
Columbia Shipbuilding Plant
1 Suffers -Some Damage.
LOSS !S OVER $50,000
rtailroad Trestle CaTes In, Carrying
Firemen Down; One Man
Seriously Hurt. ,
Parnate estimated at about $50,000
was wrought by a fire early last night
which destroyed the plant of the North
west Box company, Montgomery and
Water streets, and spread to the lum
ber j-ard of the Portland Lumber com
pany. The Portland Lumber company
sustained the heaviest loss, .as nearly
an acre of lumber was aflame when
the fire was at its height.
Two firemen were injured, one seri
ously, while combatting the . flames.
Chris Christensen, attached to engine
No. 1, is believed to have sustained
fractured skull when he fell backward
from a blazing trestle, alighting on
his head, 30 feet below. He was rushed
to a hospital by the Ambulance Service
company.
Rail Trestle (ar In.
George Asher, a fireman in truck No.
2, received a badly lacerated wrist from
falling timbers when the trestle caved
In. He was taker first to the police
emergency hospital and later rushed to
St. Vincent's hospital.
The fire started in the plant of the
Northwest Box company, which lies
adjacent to the Portland Lumber com
pany. A watchman of the latter com
pany said he saw a heavy blaze shoot
kyward and in another instant the
entire factory was burning. The fire
is believed to have been started from
a 'cigarette "which was dropped into a
pile of sawdust at the rear of the box
factory.
Shipyard Firm Singed.
The lumber storage yard of the Co
ijmba River Shipbuilding company, lo
cated north of the lumber yaroV suf
fered a slight loss, the fire communi
cating to adjacent piles of lumber and
also causing slight damage to the of
fice building of the ship company lum
ber yard.
The steam plant of the Northwestern
Electric company, which uses waste
from the lumber mill for fuel. - was
threatened, but suffered no damage
The Northwestern Electric company
sustained a loss through the burning of
a number of cable lines.
The first alarm was turned in at
about 7 o'clock, and in less than half
an hour 2S lines of water were fight
ing the roaring and spectacular blaze.
Nine engine companies, three truck
companies, and two fireboats were
used in fighting the fire.
Bis Trestle I nil apses.
The railroad trestle on which the
tracks were carried into the lumber
yard was destroyed, and was a roaring
mfrno when the firemen arrived on
'.he scene. Lines of hose were centered
cn the fire from the trestle, and it
was in this work that the firemen
were engaged when the trestle went
down. Seventeen firemen were on the
trestle when it started crashing to
earth, a mass of flames, but all except
Christensen reached a point of safety
before the final collapse.
Police had trouble in handling the
thousands of persons who gathered at
the fire and who attempted time after
time to break through the fire lines.
When the cable lines and electric wires
fcesan falling into the roaring furnace,
the crowds quickly surged back to
Joints of safety.
Flames Controlled In Hoar.'
Within an hour from the time the
fire fighting apparatus arrived the fire
was under complete control, although
till burning fiercely directly under
neath the fallen trestle.
By a liberal application o water
tha lumber yard of the Multnomah
Fuel company was saved from any
direct damage. Burning cinders
dropped on the roof of a rooming house
on Front street two blocks distant and
started a small blaze which firemen
quickly extinguished.
Lloyd K. Wentworth, secretary
treasurer of the Portland Lumber com
pany, arriv-ed at the scene during the
early part of the fire. He estimated
the total damage to all plants would
reach in the vicinity of 50,0)0.
Damage Hard to Figure.
Fire Chief Grenfell said that the
direct damage to the plant of the
Northwest Box company and the de
stroyed lumber would not exceed $13.
00. This estimate did not include the
damage suffered by othr concerns
idjacent to these two plants.
Flames were kept from spreading
Into the main plant of the Columbia
Kiver Shipbuilding corporation largely
through the work of the shtpyard fire
lepartment. which got into play almost
.s soon as the plant was threatened.
Shipyard workers dropped all other
ork to man the yard apparatus and
light the encroaching flames, which
-hey held in check until the city de
fiartmtnt thifted its attack to their aid.
Lightning; Blamed for Most Out
breaks In Timber Belt: Men
Rushed to Fight Flames.
SALEM, Or.. Aug. .14. (Special.)
Lieutenant Kiel, following his return
here late this afternoon from a flight
as far south as Eugene, reported more
than 25 fires in the timbered districts
along , his route. The largest fire is
said to be raging in Linn county, while
others are reported in Benton, Lincoln,
Polk and Marion bounties.
State Forester Elliott said tonight
that in most instances the fires were
set by lightning Sunday, and a number
of them are now receiving attention at
the hands of the various county su
pervisors. It is not believed by Mr.
Elliott that any of the fires are of a
serious nature, with the possible ex
ception of the one located on Crab
tree river, in Linn county.
ALBANY, Or., Aug. 14. (Special.)
Bald Peter, located in township 13
south, range 2 east, is the scene of
the latest rorest fire to break out
in the Santiam forest today. It is also
feared that Green Peter, a butte ad
joining Bald Peter, may also be afire.
Forest supervisor C. C. Hall has
ordered a fire fighting crew to take
charge of the blaze and is hurrying
supplies to them.
Bald Peter is located in the Ham
mond Lumber company's holdings and
is 36 miles east of Albany. It is re
ported that 60 acres have already been
burned out and there is rear or tne
fire spreading.
ROAD BONDS VOTED GOOD
Marion County Securities to Be Sold
lo Local People.
SALEM, Or., Aug. . 14. (Special.)
Marion county's market road bonds in
the sum of $850,000, voted at the spe
cial election held on June 3, have been
approved by a Boston bond house, ac
cording to a telegram received here to
night. It is the plan of the authorities
to sell the bonds to local people as fast
as the money is needed, probably
through the Marion county banks.
It is not likely that extensive work
no the market roads here will begin be
fore next spring, although provision
may be made to get construction under
way in the more traveled districts this
fall.
THREE ACRES-YIELD $1040
Returns From Garden Valley Pear
Orchard Held Only Fair.
ROSEBURG, Or., Aug. 14. (Special.)
A three-acre pear orchard in Gar
den valle, belonging to Dr. H. W.
Watrous. produced 796 boxes of fruit
that graded 93 per cent No. 1. The
orchard is nine years old and has had
excellent care, and this year's crop is
counted a fair example of what any
fruit tract of like variety and size, with
good cultivation, should produce.
The 796 boxes weighed approximately
16 tons, and the pears were bought by
a cannery at J65 per ton. The orchard
yielded the owner $1040, practically
$350 to the acre.
HOOD GASOLINE IS - LOW
Shipment From Portland Erroneous
ly Delivered En Route.
HOOD RIVER, Or.. Aug. 14. (Spe
cial.) Unless fuel is received tonight,
a gasoline shortage will limit Hood
River valley motoring tomorrow. A
carload of gasoline shipped from the
Portland station of the Standard Oil
company Monday to the local dis
tributing plant was erroneously de
livered en route and as a result tanks
of all local garages were emptied to
day. Garage men conserved their
stocks for convenience of transient
tourists, and operators of local motor
delivery and bus service were told to
lay in a supply.
BRITISH PLIGHT SERIOUS
Increased Production Only Hope;
Empire Said to Be in Peril.
LONDON". Aug. 5. (Correspondence of
the Associated Press.) Increased pro-du-tion
is England's only hope for de
creasing living costs in the opinion of
Britain's food controller, G. R. Roberts.
Addressing a meeting of Yorkshire
food committees. Controller Roberts de
clared: "I cannot honestly hold out any hopes
that prices will be any lower this win
ter. Without increased production we
shall never get rid of the burden of
h1 :h prices. Without the co-operation
of e ery class in the country we may
start to write the decline and fall of
the British empire."
u
CHRISTY TO WED MODEL
Pretty Widow Who Posed for War
Posters to Become Bride.
NEW YORK. Aug. 18. Howard
Chandler Christy, illustrator and artist,
took out a license here today to marry
Mrs. Nancy May Palmer, a young
widow, formerly of Poughkeepsie, who
for eight years has been his favorite
model. Mr. Christy and his first wife,
who was Miss Mabel Thompson, daugh
ter of an army officer, were divorced
in Zanesville. O.. last June.
Mrs. Palmer posed for several of Mr.
Christy's war posters.
3 DEAD IN AIRPLANE CRASH
Children Victims When Machine
Hits Fence at Langley Field.
BALTIMORE, Aug. 14 Three chil
dren were killed in Patterson park to
day when' an airplane of the SSth aero
squadron, stationed at Langley field.
Vs., crashed into a fence behind which
were several hundred spectators.
even were injured.
FULL PUBLICITY TO BE GIVEN
No Information Brought Out to
Be Kept From People.
COL. HOUSE MAY TESTIFY
President's Advisers to Be Sum
moned if Executive Does Not Yield
Information on League. '
WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 4. President
Wilson's offer to talk over the peace
treaty with the sentte foreign rela
tions committee finally was accepted
today. At the suggestion of republican
members and by a virtually unanimous
vote the committee decided to inform
the president it would be glad to meet
him at his convenience to go over
disputed points in the treaty and the
league of nations covenant. At the
same time the committee voted to call
additional witnesses and continue its
hearings.
Tonight the president set 10 o'clock
next Tuesday for the meeting and wrote
to Chairman Lodge that in line with a
suggestion by the committee he would
not consider the discussion confidential
in nature. In notifying Mr Wilson
of the committee decision. Senator
Lodge had written that members did
not desire to be bound by secrecy.
The president chose the White House
as the place of meeting, although the
chairman had left the way open for
him to come before the committee at
the capitol, if he preferred.
Tumulty Issnes Statement.
The letters were not made public, but
Secretary Tumulty issued this state
ment: "The president received Senator
Lodge's request for an appointment to
meet the foreign relations' committee
to discuss the treaty of peace.
"Of course, .the president welcomes
this opportunity to meet the foreign re
lations committee and has fixed Tues
day morning at 10 o'clock as the time
for a meeting at the White House. The
unprecedented condition of the confer
ence as set by Senator Lodge in his
letter to the president fits in with the
president's own preference as to pub
licity, so that the people of the country
may be put in possession of all. the in
formation he has about the treaty of
peace."
Mr. Lodge told the president' that it
was assumed by the committee that
nothing said at the meeting, would he
Concluded on Page 3. Column 37)
! zvF 1 " l uVs "see.- ve.e
Paternalism, Prohibition, Suffrage,
State-Owned Railways, All
to Be Fought.
FORT WORTH. Tex.. 'Aug. 14. Many
Democrats of Texas, dissatisfied with
tlw present democratic" party leaders
and principles,-conferred here today to
formulate plans for party reconstruc
tion. Two factions participated in the con
ference, one advocating the formation
of a new party, to be known as the
"American party." and the other headed
by former Senator Joseph W. Bailey,
urging reformation within the old or
ganization. Former Governor James E. Ferguson
delivered the keynote address to the
faction terming itself "The American
party." after which a set! of principles
was adopted. "Old -time democrats."
was tlve slogan taken by the other
faction, which was to hear former
Senator Bailey late today.
"The platform" of the American
party expressed opposition to the
league of nations as at present con
stituted; opposes national equal suf
frage and prohibition; demands prison
terms for trust formers and urges re
turn of the railroads to their owners.
The entire American party conven
tion adjourned at 3 P. M. to at'.end the
"oid-time democratic" "rally and hear
Senator Bailey , speak.
In addressing the- American party,
former Governor Ferguson declared the
meeting of national importance inas
much as the movement to return to
paternalism and socialism in state and
federal government would spread all
over tlve United States.
The former governor assailed Sena
tors Culberson and Sheppard. declar
ng if they had followed the mandate
of th people of Texas woman's suf
frage would never have been sub
mitted to the states.
"The time has come," he said, "to
curb the growing tendency for the
government to do everything and man
age every man's business for him.
wlvether he wants it or not: This party
stands for more personal liberty and
proper representation in government"
TURKS KILL BOY SCOUTS
Twenty Creek Lads Give Lives in
Vain Effort to Save Leader.
LONDON. Aug. 14. Nicholas Avgeri
dis, a scoutmaster, and 20 Greek Boy
Scouts have been murdered at Alain,
Asia minor, by, TurKs, according to
Greek official source.
Avgeridis was tortured before he was
killed and the Boy Scouts lost their
lives in endeavoring to save him.
MILLIONS NEEDED FOR NAVY
Roosevelt to Ask for Funds for Re
pair of Vessels.
WASHINGTON, Aug. 14. Acting
Secretary Roosevelt soon will ask con
gress for an additional appropriation
of about $15,000,000 for use in repair
ing naval vessels.
Repair work in prospect, particular
ly that on battleships formerly used as
transpoits. will' keep the yards' busy
for Is months.
LOOKS AS IF THE WAR IS OVER.
Meeting Next Tuesday Is
to Launch Campaign;
PUBLIC MARKET UNDER FIRE
Bakers Asked to Explain Why
Bread Should Go Up.
SIMPLE BUYING IS URGED
Club Leaders Say Part of Present
Trouble Due to Fancy Pack
ages and Goods.
From all indications the present
ruler of this nation, known by the
familiar initials of H. C. of L.. is going
to sit up and view Portland activities
with alarm. He will have sufficient
cause, too. for the women of this city
are determined something must be done
to put housekeeping expenses down.
A meeting was called yesterday
afternoon at the central library, but
owing to the short notice given, few
women attended. Another has been
se for 3 o'clock Tuesday afternoon at
the same plaoe. and bakers will be in
vited to attend and present their rea
sons for the proposed increase in the
price of bread. City Commissioner
Bigelow. Mrs. Goorge McMath of the
price fixing board and J. A. Eastman,
master of the municipal market, will
also attend. They were present yes
terday afternoon and informally put
forth their views.
Bigelow Defends Market.
Commissioner Bigelow defended the
public market, which has been held to
be failing in its purpose by charging
higher prices than other places.
"The primary object of the market
was to benefit the consumer." he said.
"If we are unfair to the producer, the
consumer will soon be Just as badly
hurt, for the .former ' will be driven
away to places where he can get bet
ter prices. .
"We set the maximum prices, and if
we didn't things would be much worse.
The general public has no Idea what a
fight we have to put up to keep the
-farmers down to a maximum as It Is."
Watchers Are at Work.
Mr. Bigelow. said that yesterday he
put two people to work making daily
reports on the market and that as they
are known only to himself, he believes
he will get fair and accurate lists of
figures.
Mr. Eastman pointed out that one
reason for high market charges is that
the men there have to put In Just as
much time tending their stalls as gro
cers do in stores, and" this is just as
(Concluded on Page 3, Column lV) '
Professor Irving Fisher or Yale
Says Remedy Simple: Merely
"Stabiyze the Dollar."
WASHINGTON. Aug. -14. Haled be
fore the bar of the federal electric rail
way commission today. J 1,000.000.000
in foreign gold was arraigned by Pro
fessor Irving Fisher of Tale university
as the chief culprit not only in bring
ing American trolley- lines to. bank
ruptcy, but In sending prices generally
skyrocketing to undreamed of high
levels. -
The flood of bullion, he said, came
before the war. sent over to meet pur
chases in the United States by bellig
erent powers.
With the first appearance of the
golden invader, he said, prices began
to leap skyward, even prices on articles
wholly unrelated to the war
The result of the gold importation
has bier, a depreciation of the Ameri
can dollar, so far as its purchasing
power was concerned. Professor Fisher
asserted. At the same time, its price
or the actual amount of gold it con
t'nej1 y weight remained fixed, he
added and today Its buying power is
one-third of what it was in 1906. and
llt. f WHat " in the sprins of
The remedy Is easy, the witness de
clared. Stabilization of the dollar by
regulation of the price of gold in ac
cordance with the price of fluctuations
was possible, he said, through the sys
tem of dollar values worked out "by
government economists
"WHO'S WHO" BOOK ISSUED
Prominent Men of Northwestern
Stales Are Lis-tcd.
With listings of the names of hun
dreds of th more prominent business
?Js,.Pr0u8Sl,IJal men of northwestern
states, the 1918-1919 edition of Who's
""hy has just come from the
press and is being distributed.' Com
pilation of the work was. for the most
part, done by Dr. C. W. Parker Of Port
land. Portland and Oregon are well rep
resented in the reference volume.
sefrh SJTk'8 brif "graphical
sketch of the men listed, and is pro
fusely illustrated with large and small
cuts of the subjects. The front sec
tion ot the edition distributed here is
devoted to sketches of men resident In
strictly northwestern states, the body
of the book carries listings for north
ern states as far east as Minnesota.
CITY RAIL LINES PROFIT
Seattle Municipal Street Car System
Earns 9808 Net.
SEATTLE. Aug. 14. Net profits of
f.hoS .(SI were earned in the first three
operating months by Seattle's newly
acquired municipal street-car lines, ac
cording to a report issued by Superin
tendent Thomas Murphine.
In addition Superintendent Murphine
declares additional cars are running
and considerable money has been spent
for improvements and additional track
has been laid.
AIR PATHFINDERS DELAYED
Flyers to Start From Mineola Today
if Weather Permits.
MINEOLA. N. Y., Aug. 14. The flyers
connected with the pathfinding air
squadron who expected to get away to
day on the first leg of their cross-continent
tour were balked by unfavora
ble weather conditions.
They will start tomorrow if the
weather will permit.
INDEX OF TODAY'S NEWS
The Weather.
rESTERDAYS Maximum temperature. 83
aegreea; minimum. 5S degrees.
TODAY S Fair and warmer: Saturday, fair
ana continued warm; gentle northerly
winds.
Foreign.
Roumanians to quit Hungary with loot say
reports. Page a.
Pr0M?"" n"r re' pcet ln Turkey. says
.111. Page 7.
Campaign against bolsheviki in Russia costs
Britain SoOO.OUO.Ouu. Page 3.
National.
House committee considers new railroad
problem proposal. Page 2.
Attorney. general hopeful of early price re-
Iier. Page 9.
President Wilson to discuss peace treaty
with senators. Page 1.
IomcM tr.
Restive democrats in Texas propose forma
tion of new party. l'age 1.
Andrew Carnegie's funeral is held. Page 8.
Washington warns Mexico to protect Amer
icans. Page it.
Ford Bets 6 cents damages in libel suit
against Chicago Tribune. Page 1.
Flood of foreiBn gold Is blamed for rising
car tares. Page 1.
Pacific Northwest.
Proposed power plant at Celilo couid dwarf
all others. Pajte 6.
Three serious forest fires rage near Eugene
Page 8.
Three thousand Elks attend Klamath Falls
convention. Page 17.
Fugitives from state asylum believed to be
headed east. Page 6.
Airplane forest patrol reports 23 fires ln
Willamette valley. Page 1.
Sports. '
Benny Leonard-Lew Tendler match hangs
fire. Page 13.
Western team defeated ln Chicago trap
shoot. Page 15.
Pacific Coast League results: Portland 7.
Oakland 6: Seattle 5. Vernon 4: Sacra
mento 8, San Francisco 2; Salt Lake 5
Loa Angeles 1. Page 14. '
Commercial and Marine.
Coarse grain prices decline sharply on locai
board. Page 2o.
Food seizures cause unloading of corn, in
Chicago. Page 23.
Stock market weakened by professional
Belling. Page 2.
Public docks commission approves Improve
ments extending harbor facilities. Page 22.
Port commission to have dredge Columbia
patched up to save costs. Page 22.
Portland and Vicinity.
County treasury leaks like sieve, says John
W. Kaste. Page 12.
City attorney's office holds pre-war tele
phone rate to be legal now. Page 16.
Mother asks to serve out son's $3 fine
Page 16.
Shipyard section menaced by S0O.O0O fire
in nearby plants. Page 1.
Portland women iaunch campaign against
high living costs. Page 1.
Weather reputt, dta aud forecast. Pace -
$1,000,000 Asked From
Chicago Tribune.
NINTH BALLOT BRINGS RESULT
Both Sides Assert They Are
. Satisfied With Verdict.
COURT DEFINES ANARCHIST
Judge Tucker Holds Paper Has No
More Privilege Than Person
in Making Comment.
MOUNT CLEMENS. Mich.. Aug. 14.
A Jury tonight awarded Henry Ford
cents damages against the Chicago
Tribune for calling him an anarchist.
Orvy Hulett. foreman of the jury,
said that they "took nine ballots that I
can remember."
The first one. according to Leonard
Measel. -another Juror, stood 8 to 4 in
favor of awarding Mr. Ford some
damages.
Attorney Alfred J. Murphy, for Mr.
Ford, said:
Tne important issue in this ase has
been determined favorably to the plain
tiff. He has been vindicated.
"Money damages was entirely subor
dinate and were not sought by Mr.
Ford. He stands not only vindicated,
but his attitude as an American citizen
has been justified after a trial which
raised every issue against him which
ingenuity and research could present.
His friends are entirely satisfied."
Victory, Says Tribune Counsel.
Weymouth Kirkland. f counsel for
the Tribune, said:
"We consider it a victory for the rea
son that Attorney Alfred Lucking, in
closing for Mr. Ford, stated that any
thing less than substantial damages
would be a defeat for his client."
The Jury spent three months hearing
the testimony and arguments.
Judge James. G. Tucker, instructing
the jury, held that a newspaper has no
greater privileges in making comment
than has an individual.
The end of the great suit, which
began three months ago. came when
the lawyers and spectators had about
made up their minds that they were ln
for a night of waiting and watching,
with a mistrial as the probable out
come. Jury Out Ten Honrs.
The jury had been out 10 hours when
a resounding double knock was heard
on the high old-fashioned door of the
jury room.
Some of the lawyers had not yet re
turned from dinner nor had Judge
Tucker put in an appearance. Bailiff
Kellcy went to the door and then hur
ried to Walter Steffens, the court clerk,
and whispered:
"They're ready to report."
Mr. Steffens got Judge Tucker and
the absent lawyers on the telephone
and in 10 minutes all was ready.
Mr. Hulett was plainly laboring un
der suppressed emotion as he rose and
faced the court.
"Have you reached a verdict, gentle
men?" asked Judge Tucker.
"We have." replied the foreman.
"You may deliver it.'
Mr. Hulett first gave a directed ver
dict of no case against the Solomon
News company, which distributed copies
of the Tribune of June 23. 1916. con-,
taining the libel.
Text of Verdict.
The award against the Tribune was
then given and the clerk recorded the
following as the verdict:
. "you do say upon your oath that the
said defendant, the Tribune company,
is guilty in manner and form as the
sa,id plaintiff hath in his declaration in
this case complained, and you assess
the damages of the said plaintiff on oc
casion of the premises over and above
osts and charges by him about his suit
In this behalf expended at the sum of
6 cents damages and you find that the
defendant. Solomon News company. Is -not
guilty as directed by the court."
The jury acknowledged the verdict as
correct and hurried from the courtroom.
None would discuss their deliberations
in detail.
The whole proceedings were over
with astonishing brevity. The whole
scene did not require more than five
minutes.
One juror later stated that for six
hours the ballots stood 8 .to 4 to glv
the plaintiff an award. Then two of
the four joined the majority. The re
maining two held out until nearly 8
o'clock, when they surrendered, and
the knock sounded on the door.
Ford Aot Present.
Mr. Ford was not in court. The
Tribune was represented by Captain
Joseph Med ill Patterson, one of ttve
publishers. ' '
The Jurors were heard from fou
times during the day. twic- for their
meals, once for an additional instruc
tion from Judge Tucker and once whea
they asked for a copy of the alleged
libelous editorial, headed: "Ford Is an
Anarchist," on which the suit is base.
The courtroom was orowded while
the court was charging the jury and a
fair crowd remained hour after hour,
hoping to bcpresent when a verdict
was reached.
The air was electric with suppressed
excitement. .
It was a quiet jury. Henry Kelley,
bailiff for 13 .years, said it was the
quietest cne he had ever handled.
Judge Tucker gave the several defi-
iCou'cusd on Pae
Column