s
THE MORNING OREGONIAN, TIITJIISDAY, 3IAT 8, 1919
LONGEST TREATY EVER DRAWN IS HANDED TO BEATEN FOE
Fafnous peace document drawn up between 27 allied power and their associates totals about 80,000 words, represents work of 1000 experts covering 32 months' labor.
PARIS, May 7. The treaty of peace
between the 27 allied and asso
ciated powers on the one hand and
Germany on the other was handed to
the German plenipotentiaries at Ver
sailles today.
It is the longest treaty ever drawn.
It totals about 80,000 wordsdivided into
15 main sections, and represents the
combined product of over 1000 experts
working continually through a series
of commissions for the three and a
half months since January 18. The
treaty is printed in parallel pages of
English and French, which are recog
nized as having equal validity. It does
not deal with questions affecting Aus
tria, Bulgaria and Turkey except inso
far as binding Germany to accept any
agreement reached with those former
allies.
Following- the preamble and deposi
tion of powers comes the covenant of
the league of nations as the first "sec
tion of the treaty. The -frontiers of
Germany in Europe are defined- in the
second section, European political
clauses are in the tihrd, and extra Eu
ropean political claus es in the. fourth.
Next are the military, naval and air
terms as the fifth section, followed by
a section on prisoners or war and mili
tary graves and a seventh on responsi
bilities. Reparations, financial terms
and economic terms are covered in sec
tions eight and ten. Then comes the
areonautic section, ports, waterways
and railway section, the labor cove
nant, the section on guarantees and the
final clauses.
Preamble.
The preamble names as parties of the
one part tl. United States, the British
mpire, France, Italy and Japan, de
scribed as the five allied and associat
ed powers, and Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil,
China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guate
mala, Haiti, the Hedjaz. Honduras, Li
beria, Nicaragua. Panama. Peru, Portu
gal, Roumauia. Serbia, Siam, Czecho
slovakia, Poland and Uruguay, who
with the five above are described as
the allied and associated powers, and
that on the other part, Germany.
It states that:
Bearing in mind that on the request
of the then imperial German govern
ment an armistice was granted on No
vember 11, 1918, by the five allied and
acsociated powers in order that a
treaty of peace might be concluded
with her, and whereas the allied and
associated powers being equally desir
ous that the war in which they were'
successfully involved directly or indi
rectly and which originated in the dec
laration of war by Austria-Hur gary on
July 28, 1914, against Serbia, the decla
ration of war by Germany against Rus
sia on August 1, 1914, and against
France on August 3, 1914, and in the
invasion of Belgium, should be replaced
by a firm, jus and durable peace, the
plenipotentiaries (having communicat
ed their full powers found in good and
due form) have ag-eed as follows:
From the coming into force of the
present treaty the state of war will
terminate. From the moment and sub
ject to the provisions of .his treaty
official relations with Germany and
with each of the German states; will be
resumed by the allied and associated
powers.
League of Nation Outlined.
The covenant of the league of nations
constitutes section one of the .peace
treaty, which places upon the league
many specific duties in addition to its
general duties. It may question Ger
many at any time for a violation of
the neutralized zone east of the Rhine
as a threat against the world's peace.
It will appoint three of the five mem
bers of the Saar commission, oversee
its regime, and carry out the plebiscite.
It will appoint the high commissioner
of Danzig, guarantee the independence
of the free city and arrange for treaties
between Danzig and Germany and Po
land. It will work out the mandatory
system to be applied to the former
German colonies, and act -- a final
court in part of the plebiscites of the
Belgian-German frontier, and in dis
putes as to the Kiel canal, and decide
certain of the economic and financial
problems. An international conference
on labor is to be held in October under
its direction, and another on the inter
national control of ports, waterways
and railways is foreshadowed.
Membership The members of the
league will be the signatories of the
covenant and other states invited to
accede, who must lodge a declaration
of accession without reservation within
two months. A new state, dominion or
colony may be admitted provided its
admission is agreed to by two-thirds of
the assembly. A state may withdraw
upon giving two years notice, if it has
fulfilled all its international obliga
tions. Secretariat A permanent secretariat
will be established at the eat of the
league which will be at Geneva.
Assembly The assembly will con
sist of representatives of the members
of the league, and will meet at stated
intervals. Voting will be by states.
Each member will have one vote and
rot more than three representatives.
Council The council will consist of
representatives of the five great al
lied powers, together with representa
tives of four members selected by the
assembly from time to time. It may
co-operate with additional states anj
will meet at least once a year. Mem
bers not represented will be invited to
send a representative when questions
affecting their interests are discussed.
Voting will be by states. Each state
will have one vote and not more than
one representative. Decision taken by
the assembly and council must, be
unanimous except in regard to pro
cedure, and in certain cases specified
in the covenant and in the treaty,
where decisions will be by a majority.
Armaments The council will formu
late plans for a reduction of arma
ments for consideration and adoption.
These plans will be revised every 10
years.
Once they are adopted, no member
must exceed the armaments text with
out the concurrence of the council. All
members will exchange full informa
tion as to armaments and programmes
and a permanent commission will ad
vise the council on military and naval
questions.
The council will formulate plans
for the establishment of a perma
nent court of international justice
to determine International disputes
or to give advisory opinions. Mem
bers who do not submit their case
to arbitration muse accept -the jurisdic
tion of the assembly. If the council,
less the parties to the dispute, is
unanimously agreed upon the rights of
it, the members agree that they will
not go to war with any party to the
dispute which complies with its recom
mendations. In this case, a recom
mendation by the assembly adopted, no
member must exceed the armaments
fixed without the concu-rence of the
eouncil. All members will exchange
fun information as to armaments and
programmes, and a permanent commis
sion will advise the council on mili
tary and naval questions.
Preventing of war: Upon any war.
or threat of war, the council will meet
to consider what common action shall
be taken. Members are pledged to sub
mit matters of dispute to arbitration or
inquiry and not to resort to war until
three months after the award. Mem
bers agree to carry out an arbitral
award, and not to go to war with any
party to the dispute which complies
with it; if a member fails to carry out
the award the council will propose the
necessary measures. The council will
formulate plans for the establishment
of a permanent court of international
Justice to determine international dis
putes or to give advisory opinions.
Members who do not submit their cases
to arbitration must accept the jurisdic
tion of the assembly. If the council,
less the parties to the dispute, is unan
imously agreed upon the rights of It
the members agree that they will not
go to war with any party to the dispute
which complies with its recommenda
tions. In this case a recommendation
by the assembly must be concurred in
by all its members represented,
on the council and a simple ma
jority of the rest, less tne parties to
the dispute, and will have the force of a
unanimous recommendation by the
council. In either case if the necessary
agreement cannot be secured the mem
bers reserve the right to take such
action as may be necessary for the
maintenance of right and justice.
Members resorting to war in disregard
of the covenant will immediately be
debarred from all intercourse with oth
er members. The council will in such
cases consider what military or naval
action can be taken by the league col
lectively for the protection of" the
covenants and will afford facilities to
members co-operating in this enter
prise. "
Validity of treaties AH treaties of
international engagements concluded
after the institution of the league will
be registered with the secretaries and
published. The assembly may from
time to time advise members to recon
sider treaties which have become in
applicable or involve danger of peace.
The covenant abrogates all obligations
between members inconsistent with its
terms, but nothing in it shall affect,
the validity of international engage
ment such as treaties of arbitration or
regional understandings like the Mon
roe doctrine for securing the mainte
nance of peace.
The mandatory system The tutelage
of nations not yet able to stand by
themselves will be entrusted to ad
vanced nations who are best fitted to
undertake it. The covenant recognizes
three different stages of development
requiring different kinds of manda
tories: Communities like those belong
ing to the Turkish empire which can be
provisionally . recognized as independ
ent, subject to advice and -assistance
from a mandatory in whose selection
they would be allowed a voice; commu
nities like those of Central Africa, to
be administered by the mandatory un
der conditions generally approved by
the members of the league where equal
opportunities for trade will be allowed
to all members. (Certain abuses, such
as trade in slaves, arms and liquor,
will be prohibited, and the construc
tion of military and naval bases and
the introduction of compulsory military
training will be disallowed); other
communities, such as Southwest Africa
and the South Pacific islands, but ad
ministered under the laws of the man
datory as integral portions of its ter
ritory. iTi every case, the mandatory
will render an annual report, and the
degree of its authority will be defined.
General Provisions Set Forth.
Subject to and in accordance with
the provisions of international conven
tions existing or hereafter to be agreed
upon, the members of the league will
in general endeavor through the inter
national organization established by
the labor convention to secure and
maintain fair conditions of labor for
men, women and children in their own
countries and other countries, and un
dertake .to secure just treatment of
the native inhabitants of territories
under their control; they will entrust
the league with the general supervi
sion over the execution of agreements
for the suppression of traffic in wom
en and children, etc., and the control
of the trade in arms and ammunition
with countries' in which control is
necessary; they will make provision
for freedom of communications and
transit and equitable , treatment for
commerce of ail members of the
league, -with special reference to the
necessities of regions- devastated dur
ing the war, and they will -endeavor
to take steps for international preven
tion and control of disease. Interna
tional bureaus ' and ' commissions
already established will be placed un
der the league, as well as those to be
established in the future.
Amendments to the Covenant.
Amendments to the covenant will
take effect when ratified by the coun
cil and byv a majority of the assembly.
Boundaries of Germany. -
Germany cedes to France Alsace
Lorraine, 5600 square miles, and to
Belgium two smail districts between
Luxemburg and Holland, totaling 382
square miles. sne also cedes to Po
land the southeastern tip of Silesia
beyond and including Oppelin, most of
Posen and West Prussia, 27,686 square
miles, East Prussia being isolated from
the main body by a part of Poland.
She loses sovereignty over the north
easternmost tip of East Prussia, 40
square miles north of the river Memel,
and the internationalized areas about
Danzig, 729 square miles, and the basin
of the Saar, 738 square miles, between
the western border of the Rhenish
Palatinate of Bavaria and the south
east corner of Luxemburg. The Dan
zig area consists of the V between
the Nogat and Vistula . rivers made a
W by the addition of a similar V on
the west including the city of Danzig.
The southeastern third of East Prussia
and the area between East Prussia
and the Vistula north of latitude 53
degrees 3 minutes is to have its. na
tionality determined by popular . vote,
5785 square miles, as is to be the case
in part of Schleswig, 2787 square miles.
Belgium. v
Germany Is to consent to the abro
gation of the treaties of 1839, by
whiiih Belgium was established as a
neutral state, and to agree in advance
to any convention with which the al
lied and associated powers may de
termine to replace them. She is to
recognize the full sovereignty of Bel
gium over the contested territory of
Moresnet and over part of Prussian
Morefnet, and to renounce in favor of
Belgium all rights of the -circles of
Eupen and Malmedy. the inhabitants
of which are to be entitled within six
months to protest against this change
of sovereignty either in whole or in
part, the final decision to be reserved
to the League of Nations. A commis
sion is to settle the details of the fron
tier, and various regulations for change
of nationality are laid down.
Luxembourg.
Germany renounces her various
treaties and conventions with the
grand duchy of Luxembourg, recog
nizes that it ceased to be a part of the
German zollereign from January 1 last,
renounces all right of exploitation of
the railroads, adheres to the abroga
tion of its neutrality and accepts In
advance any international agreement
as to it reached by the allied and as
sociated powers.
Left Bank of the Rhine.
As provided in the military clauses,
Germany will not maintain any forti
fications or armed forces less than 50
kilometers to the east of the . Rhine,
hold any maneuvers, nor maintain any
works to facilitate mobilization. In
case of violation "she shall be regard
ed as "committing a hostile act against
the powers who sign the present
treaty and as intending to disturb the
peace of the world."
By virtue of the present treaty Ger
many shall be bound to respond to
any request for an explanation which
the council of the League of Nations
may think it necessary to address to
her.
A lsace-Lorr nine.
After recognition of the moral ob
ligation to repair the wrong done in
1871 by Germany to France and the
people of Alsace-Lorraine, the terri
tories ceded to Germany by the treaty
i
WHAT THE HUNS HAVE TO PAY THE WORLD FOR THEIR FOLLY OF fOUR YEARS' WAFARE.
Germany by the terms of the treaty restores Alsace-Lorraine to France, accepts the internationalism
of the Saar basin temporarily and of Danzig permanently, agrees to territorial changes toward Belgium
and Denmark in East Prussia, cedes most of upper Silesia to Poland and renounces all territorial and
political rights outside Europe, as to her own 'or her allies' territories, and especially to Morocco, Egypt,
Siam, Liberia and Shantung. She also recognizes the total independence of German-Austria, Czecho
slovakia and Poland.
Her army is reduced to 100,000 men, including officers; conscription within her territories is abolished;
all forts 50 kilometers east of the Rhine razed, and all importation, exportation and nearly all produc
tion of war material stopped.
.Allied occupation of parts of Germany will continue till reparation is made, but will be reduced at the
end of each of three five-year periods if Germany is fulfilling her obligations. Any violation by Ger
many of the conditions as to the zone 50 kilometers east of the Rhine will be regarded as an act of war.
' "The German navy is reduced to six battleships, six light -cruisers and 12 torpedo-boats, without sub
marines, and a personnel of not over 15,000. All other vessels must be surrendered or destroyed. Ger
many i3 forbidden to build forts controlling the Baltic, must demolish Heligoland, open the Kiel canal
to all nations and surrender her 14 submarine cables. She may have no military or naval air forces
except 100 unarmed seaplanes until October 1 to detect mines, and may manufacture aviation material
'tor six months.
Germany accepts full responsibility for all damages caused to allied and associated governments and
nationals, agrees specifically to reimburse all civilian damages, beginning with an inital payment of
20,000,000,000 marks, subsequent payments to be secured by bonds to be issued at the discretion of the
reparation commission.
Germany is to pay shipping damage on a ton-for-ton basis by cession of a large part of her merchant,
coasting and river fleets and by new construction, and to devote her economic resources to the rebuilding
of the devastated regions.
She agrees to return to the 1914 most favored nation tariffs, without descrimination of any sort; to
allow allied and associated national freedom of transit through her territories and to accept highly detailed
provisions as to pre-war debts, unfair competition, internationalization of roads and rivers' and other economic
and financial clauses.
1 She also agrees to the trial of the ex-kaiser by an international high court for a supreme offense
against international morality and of other nationals for violations of the laws and customs of war, Hol
land to be asked to extradite the former emperor and Germany being responsible for delivering the latter.
' . 'le: leaJue f nations is accepted by the allied and associated powers as operative, and by Germany
in principle, but without membership. Similarily, an international labor body is brought into being with
a permanent office and an annual convention.
' A great number of international bodies of different kinds and for different purposes are created, some
under the league of nations, some to execute the peace treaty; among the former is the commission to
govern the Saar basin till a plebiscite is held 15 years hence; the high commissioner of Danzig, which
is created into a free city under the league, and various commissions for plebiscites in Malmedy, Schleswig
and East Prussia; among those to carry out the peace treaty are the reparations, military, naval, air,
.financial and economic commissions; the international high court and military tribunals to fix respon
sibilities, and a series of bodies for the control of international rivers.
Certain problems are. left for solution between the allied and associated powers, notably details of the
disposition of the German fleet and cables, the former German colonies, and the values paid in reparation.
Certain other problems, such as the laws of the air and the opium, arms and liquor traffic are either
agreed to in detail or set for early international action.
of Frankfort are restored to France
with their froaitiers as before 1871. to
date from the signing of the armistice.
and to be free of all public debts. Citi
zenship is regulated by detailed pro
visions distinguishing those who are
immediately restored to full French
citizenship and those who have to make
formal application therefore and those
for whom naturalization is open after
three years. The last named class in
cludes German residents in Alsace-Lor
raine, as distinguished from those who
acquire the position of Alsace-Lor-
raJners as defined in the treaty. All
public property and all private prop
erty of German ex-sovereigns passes to
France without payment or credit.
France is substituted for Germany as
regards ownership of the railroads and
rights over concessions of tramways.
The Rhine bridges pass to France with
the obligation of their upkeep.
For five years manufactured products
ot 'Alsace-Lorraine will be admitted to
Germany free of duty to a total amount
hot exceeding in any year the average
of the three years preceding the war
and textile materials may be imported
from Germany to Alsace-Lorraine and
re-exported free of duty. Contracts
for electric power from the right bank
must be continued for ten years.
For seven years, with possible ex
tension to ten. the ports of Kehae and
Strassbourg shall be administered as
a single unit by a French administrator
appointed and supervised by the cen
tral Rhine commission. Property
rights will be safeguarded in both
ports and equality of treatment as re
spects traffic assured the nationals,
vessels and goods of every country.
Contracts between Alsace-Lorrainers
and Germans are maintained save for
France's right to annul on grounds of
public interest. Judgments of courts
hold in certain cases, while in others
a judicial exequatur is first required.
Political condemnations during the war
are nuli-and voll and the obligation
to repay war fines is established as in
other parts of allied territory.
Various clauses adjust the general
provisions of the treaty to the special
conditions of Alsace-Lorraine, certain
matters of execution being left to con
ventions to be made between France
and Germany.
The Saar.
In compensation for the destruction
of coal mines for Northern France and
as payment on account of reparation,
Germany cedes to France full owner
ship of the coal mi Vies of the Saar
basin with their -subsidiaries, acces
sories and facilities. Their value will
be estimated ty the reparation com
mission and credited against that ac
count. The French rights will be gov
erned by German law in force at the
armistice, excepting war legislation,
France replacing the present owners,
whom Germany undertakes to indem
nify. France will continue to furnish
the present proportion of coal for local
need- and contribute in Just proportion
to local taxes.
The ba3in extends from the frontier
of Lorraine as re-c.nnexed to France
north as far as St. Wendel, including
"ii me west ine valley of the Saar as
far as Saarholzbach, and on the east
the town of Homburg.
In order to secure the rights anj
welfare of the population and to guar
antee to France entire freedom in
working the mines, the territory will
be governed by a commission appointed
by the league of nations, and consisting
of five members, one French, one a na
tive inhabitant cf the Saar, and three
representing three different countries
other than France and Germany. The
league will appoint a member of the
commission as chairman to act as ex
ecutive of the commission. The com
mission will have all powers of gov
ernment formerly belonging to the
German empire. Prussia and Bavaria
will administer the railroads and other
public services and have full power
to interpret the treaty clauses. The
local courts will continue, but subject
to the commission. Existing German
legislation will remain the basis of the
law. but the commission may make
I modification after ' consulting a local
representative assembly which it will
organize. It will have the taxing pow
er, but for local purposes only. New
taxes must be approved by this assem
bly. Labor legislation will consider the
wishes of the local labor organizations
and the labor programme of the league.
French and other labor may be freely
utilized, the former being free to be
long to French unions. All rights ac
quired as to pensions and social insur
ance will he maintained by Germany
ana tne saar commission. There will
be no military service, but only a local
gendarmerie to preserve order. The
people will preserve their local assem
blies, religious liberties, schools and
ianguatre, but may vote only for local
assemblies.- They will keep their pres
ent nationality except so far as indi
viduals may change it. Those wishing
to leave will have every facility with
respect to their property. The territory
will form part of the French customs
system with export tax on coal and
metallurgical products going to Ger
many and on German products entering
the baei-n, and forfive years no import
duties on products of the basin going to
Germany t German products coining
into the basin for local consumption.
Franch money may circulate without
restriction. After 15 years a plebiscite
will be held by commur.es to ascertain
the desires of the population as to con
tinuance of the existing regime under
the league of nations regime under
France or union with Germ.inv. The
right to vote will belong to all inhab
itants over !' resident therein at
the signature. Taking into account
the opinions thus expressed, the league
will decide the ultimate sovereignty.
In any portion restored to Germany
the German government must buy out
the French mines at an appraised val
uation. If che price Is not paid within
six months thereafter this portion
passes finallv to France. If Germany
buys b'ack the mli.s, tne league will
determine how much of the coal shal?
be annually sold to France.
German-Austria.
Germany recognizes the total inde
pendence of German-Austria in the
boundaries traced.
Teherho-Slovakla.
Germany recognizes the entire Inde
pendence of tho Tchecho-Slovak state.
including tne autonomous territory of
the Ruthenians south of the Carpath
ians, and accepts the frontiers or this
state as to be determined, which in
the case of the German frontier shall
follow the frontier of Bohemia in 1914.
The usual stipulations an to acquisition
and change of nationality follow:
Poland.
Germany cedes to I'oiand the greater
part of Upper Silesia. Posen and the
province of West Prussia, on the left
bank of the Vistula. A field boundary
commission of 75. representing the al
lied and associated powers, and one
each representing Poland and Germany,
shall be constituted within 15 days of
the peace to delimit this boundary.
Such special provisions as are neces
sary to protect racial, linguistic or
religious minorities and to protect free
dom of transit and equitable treatment
of commerce of other nations shall be
laid down in a subsequent treaty be
tween the five, allied and associated
powers and Toland.
Eant Pnuala,
The southern and the eastern frontief
of East Prussia as Sucing (word ob
scure) Poland la to be fixed by ple
biscite, the first in the regency' of Al
lenstein, between the southern frontier
of East Prussia and the northern fron
tier of Regierrungsbesirk Allenstein
from where it meets the boundary be
tween East and West Prussia to Its
junction with the boundary between
the circles of Oletsko and Augersburg,
thence the northern boundary of Olet
sko to its junction with the present
frontier and the second in the area
comprising the circles of Stuhm and
Rosenburg and the parts of the circles
of Marienburg and Marienwerder, east
of the Vistula.
In each case German troops and
authorities will move out within 15
days of the peace and the territories be
placed under the International commis
sion of five members appointed by the
five allied and associated powers with
the particular duty of arranging for a
free, fair and secret vote. The com
mission will report the results of the
plebiscites to the five powers with a
recommendation for the boundary and
will terminate its work as soon as the
boundary has been laid down and the
new authorities set up.
The five allied and associated powers
will draw up regulations assuring East
Prussia full and equitable access to
and use of the Vistula. A subsequent
convention, of which the terms will bt
fixed by the five allied and associated
powers, will be entered Into between
Poland. Germany and Danzig, to assure
suitable railroad communication across
German territory on the right bank of
the Vistula between Poland and Danzig,
while Poland shall grant free passage
from East Prussia to Germany.
The northeastern corner of East
Prussia about Memel Is to be ceded by
Germany to the associated powers, the
former agreeing to accept the settle
ment made, especially as regards the
nationality of the Inhabitants.
DbiIk.
Danzig and the district immediately
about it is to be constituted into the
"free city of Danzig," under the guar
antee of the league of nations. A high
commissioner, appointed by the league
and president, at Danzr shall draw uiJ
a constitution in agreement with the!
duly appointed representatives of the
city and shall deal in the first instance
with all differences arising between
the city and Poland. The actual boun
daries of the city shall be delimited by
a commission appointed within six
months from the peace and to include
three representatives chosen by the al
lied and associated powers and one
each by Germany and Poland.
A convention, the terms of which
shall be. fixed by the five allied and
associated powers, shall be concluded
betweetppland and Danzig which shall
Include Danzig within the Polish cus
toms frontiers, through a free area in
the port: insure to Poland the free use
of all the city's waterways, docks and
other port facilities, the control and
administration of the Vistula and the
whole through railway systems wltn
In the city and postal, telegraphic and
telephonic communication between Po
land and Danzig, provide against dis
crimination against Poles within the
city and place its foreign relations and
the diplomatic protection of its citizens
abroad in charge of Poland.
Denmark.
The frontier between Germany and
Denmark will be fixed by the self-determination
of the population.. Ten
days from the peace, German troops and
authorities shall evacuate the region
north of the line running from the
mouth of the Schlel. south of Kappel,
Schleswig and Friedrlchstadt along the
Eider to the North Sea south of Ton
ning; the workmen's and soldiers' coun
cils shall be dissolved, and the terri
tory administered by an international
commission of five, of whom Norway
and Sweden shall be invited to
name two.
The commission shall insure a free
and secret vote in three zones. That
between the German Danish frontier
and a line running south of the Island
of Alsen. north of Flensburg and south
Of Tondern to the North Sea north of
the Island of Sylt will vote as a unit
within three weeks after the evacua
tion. Within five, weeks after this
vote, the second zone whose southern
boundary runs from the North Sea
south of the Island of Fehr to the
Baltic south of Sygum. will vote by
communes. Two weeks after that vote
the third zone running to the limit of
evacuation also will vote by com
munes. The international commission
will then draw a new frontier on the
basis of these plebicites and with due
regard for geographical and economic
conditions. Germany will renounce all
sovereignty over territories north of
this line in favor of the associated
governments, who will hand them over
to Denmark.
Heligoland.
The fortifications, military establish
ments and harbors of the Islands of
Heligoland and Dune are to be de
stroyed under the sunervlsion or tha
allies by German labor and at Ger
many's expense. They may not be re
constructed or any similar fortifica
tions built in the future.
nniHla,
Germany agrees to respect as per
manent and inalienable the inilenenil-
ency of all territories which were part
of the former Russian empire, to ac
cept aDrogation of the Brest-Litovsk
and other- treaties entered into with
the Maximalist government of Russia,
to recognize the full force of all trea
ties entered Into by the allied and as
sociated powers with states which were
a part ot the former Russian emniro
and to recognize, the frontiers as rte.
termined thereon. The allied and asso
ciated powers formally reserve the
right of Russia to obtain restitution
and reparation of the principles of the
present treaty.
German Rights Outside Europe,
Outside Europe, Germany renounces
all rights, titles and privileges as to
her own or her allies territories to all
the allied and associated powers and
undertakes to accept whatever meas
ures are taken by the five allied powers
in relation inereto.
Colonies and Overseas Possessions.
Germany renounces in favor of the
allied and associated powers her over
seas possessions with all rights and
titles therein. All movable and immov
able property belonging to the German
empire or to any German state shall
pass to the government exercising
authority therein. These governments
may make whatever provisions seem
suitable for the repatriation of German
nationals and as to the conditions on
which German subjects of European
origin shall reside, hold property ot
carry on business.
Germany undertakes to pay repara
tion for damages suffered by French
nationals in the Cameroons or its
frontier zone through the acts of Ger
man civil and military authorities and
of individual Germans from January 1,
1S00 to. August 1. 1914., Germany re
nounces all rights under the conven
tion of November 4, 1911, and Septem
ber 29, 1912, and undertakes to pay to
France in accordance with an estimate
presented and approved by the repatria
tion commission all deposits, credits,
advances, etc.. thereby secured. Germany
undertakes to accept and observe any
provisions by the allied and associated
powers as to the trade in arms and
spirits in Africa as well as to the gen
eral act of Berlin of 1S85. and the gen
eral act of Brussels of 18'0. Diplomatic
protection to inhabitants of former
German colonies Is to be given by the
governments exercising, authority.
China.
Germany renounces in favor of China
all privileges and Indemnities resulting
from the Boxer protocol of 1901 and
all buildings, wharves, barracks, forts.
munitions or warships, wireless plants
and other public property, except dip
lomatic or consular establishments, in
the German concessions of Tien-Tsin
and Hankow and in other Chinese ter
ritory except Kiaochow and agrees to
return to China at her own expense all
the astronomical instruments seised in
1900 and 1901. China will, however,
take no measures for disposal of Ger
man property in the legation quarters
at Pekin without the consent of the
powers signatory to the Boxer proto
col. Germany accepts the abrogation
of the concessions at Hankow and Tlen
Tsin, China agreeing to open them to
international use. Germany renounces
all claims against China or any allied
and associated governments for the
internment or repatriation of her citl
sens In China and for seizure or liqui
dation of German interests there since
August 14. 1917. She renounces in
favor of Great Britain her state prop
erty in the British concession of Canton
and of France and China Jointly of the
property of the German school in the
French concession of Shanghai.
Slam.
Germany recognizes that all agree
ment between herself and Siam. in
cluding the right of extra-territoriality
ceased July 22. 1917. All German pub
lic property, except consular and diplo
matic premises passes without com
pensation to Slam. German private
property to be dealt with in accord
ance with tho economic clauses: Ger
many waives all claims against Siam
for the seizure and condemnation of
her ships, liquidation of her property,
or internment of her nationals.
Liberia.
Germany renounces all rights under
the international arrangements' of 1911
and 1912 regarding Liberia, more par
ticularly the right to nominate a re
ceiver of the customs and disinterest
herself in any further negotiations for
the rehabilitation of Liberia.
She regards as abrogated all com
mercial treaties and agreements be
tween herself and Liberia and recog
nizes Liberia's rights to determine the
status and condition of the re-establishment
of Germans in Liberia.
Morocco.
Germany renounces all her rights,
titles and privileges under the act of
Algeciras and the Franco - German
agreements of 1909 and 1911 and under
all treaties and arrangement's with the
Sheriflan empire.- She undertakes not
to intervene in any negotiations as to
Morocco between France and other
powers, accepts all the consequences
of the French protectorate and re
nounces the capitulations. The Sheri
flan government shall have complete
liberty of action In regard to German
nationals and all German protected
persons shall be subject to the common
law. All movable and immovable Ger
man property, including mining rights,
may be sold at public auction, the pro
ceeds to be paid to the Sheriflan gov
ernment and deducted from the repara
tion account. Germany is also required
to relinquish her Interests in the stave
bank of Morocco. All Moroccan goods
entering Germany shall have the same
privileges as French goods.
Ka-ypt Prolrrlorate Rerngslxrd.
Germany recognizes the British pro
tectorate over EgjDt declared on De
cember 18. 1914. and renounces as
from August 4. 1914, the capitulation
and all the treaties, agreements, etc,
concluded by her with Egypt. She un
dertakes not to intervene in any nego
tiations about Egypt between Great
Britain and other powers. There are
provisions for jurisdiction over German
nationals and property, and for Ger
man consent to any changes which may
be made In relation to the commission
of public debt. Germany consents to
the transfer to Great Britain of the
powers given to the late Sultan of Tur
key for securing the free navigation of
the Suez canal. Arrangements for prop
erty belonging to German nationals in
Egypt are made similar to those in the
case of Morocco and other countries.
Anglo-Egyptian goods entering Ger
many shall enjoy the same treatment
as British goods.
Turkey and Bulaarla. "
Germany accepts all arrangements
which the allied and associated powers
make with Turkey and Bulgaria, with
reference to any rights, privileges or
interests claimed in those countries by
Germany or her nationals and not dealt
with elsewhere.
Shantaait.
Germany cedes to Japan all rights,
titles and privileges, notably as to Kiao
chow. and the railroads, mines and
cables acquired by her treaty with
China of March 6. 1S97. and other
agreements as to Shantung. All Ger
man rights to the railroad from Tsing
lao to Tsinaufu. including all facilities
and mining rights and rights of exploi
tation, pass equally to Japan, and the
cables from Tslngtao to Shanghai and
Chefoo, the cables free of all charges.
All German Btate property, movable
and immovable, in Kiachow is acquired
by Japan freef all charges.
Military, Naval and Air.
In order to render possible the initia
tion of a general limitation of the arm
aments of all nations. Germany under
takes directly to observe the military,
naval and air clauses which follow:
Military Forces.
The demobilization of the German
army must take place within two
months of the peace. Its strength may
not exceed 100,000, including 4000 of
ficers, with not over seven divisions of
infantry, and three of cavalry, and to
be devoted exclusively to maintenance
of internal order and control of fron
tiers. Divisions may not be grouped
under more than two army corps head
quarters staffs. The great German gen
eral staff is abolished. The army
adminlstrative service, consisting of
civilian personnel not included in
the number of effectives, is reduced
to one-tenth the total in the 1913
budget. Employes such as customs of
ficers, first guards and coast guards,
may not exceed the number In 1913.
Gendarmes and ljcal police may be in
creased only in accordance with the
growth of population. None of these
may be assembled for military train
ing. Armaments.
All establishments for the manufac
turing, preparation, storage or design
of arms and munitions of war. except
those specifically excepted, must be
closed within three months of the
peace and their personnel dismissed.
The exact amount of the armament and
munitions allowed Germany is laid
down in detail tables, all in excess to
be surrendered or rendered useless.
The manufacture or importation of
asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases
and all analogous liquids is forbidden
as well as the Importation of arms, mu
nitions and war materials. Germany
may not manufacture such materials
for foreign governments.
Conscription.
Conscription is abolished in Germany.
The enlisted personnel must be main
tained by voluntary enlistments for
terms of 12 consecutiveyears. the num
ber of discharges before tne expiration
of that term not In any year to exceed
five per cent of the total effectives. Of
ficers remaining in the service must
agree to serve to the age of 45 years
and newly appointed officers must
agree to serve actively for 25 years. No
military schools except those r so
lutely indispensable for the unite al
lowed shall exist In Germany two
months after the peace. No associations
such as societies of discharged soldiers,
shooting or touring clubs, educational
establishments or universities may oc
cupy themselves with military mat
ters. All measures of mobilization ara
forbidden.
Fortresses.
All fortified works, fortresses and
field works situated in German terri
tory within a zone of SO kilometers east
of the Rhine will be dismantled within
three months. The construction of any
new fortification there is forbidden.
The fortified works on the southern
and eastern frontiers, however, may
remain.
Control.
Inter-allied commissions of control
will see to the execution of the provi
sions for which a time limit js set, tha
maximum named being three months.
They may establish headquarters at
the German seat of government and go
to any part of Germany desired. Ger
many must give them complete facil
ities, pay their expenses and also tho
expenses of execution of the treaty. In
cluding the labor and material neces
sary in demobilization, destruction or
surrender of war equipment.
Nnva I.
The-German navy must be demobil
ized within a period of two months
after the peace. She will ie allowed
six small battleships, six light cruisers.
12 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats and no
submarines, either military or com
mercial, with a personnel of 15. urn
men, including officers, and no reserve
force of any character. Conscription is
abolished, only voluntray service being
permitted, with a minimum period of
25 years service for officers and 12 for
men. No member of the German mer
cantile marine will be permitted any
naval training.
All German vessels of war in foreign
ports and the German high sea fleet in
terned at Scapa Flow will be ourren
dered. the final disposition of theso
ships to be decided upon by the allied
and associated powers. Germany must
surrender 42 modern destroyers, 60
modern torpedo boats and all subma
rines, with their salvage vessels. All
war vessels under construction, includ
ing submarines, must be broken up.
War vessels not otherwise provided for
are to be placed in reserve or used for
commercial purposes. Replacement of
ships except those lost can take place
only at the end of 20 years for battle
ships and 15 years for destroyers. Tho
argest armored ship Germanv will hn
permitted will be lu.000 tons.
Germany is required to sweep un the
mines in the North sea and the Baltic
sea. as decided upon rv the allies. All
German fortifications in the Baltic de-
lenaing the passages through the Belts
must be demolished. Other coast de
fences are permitted but the number
and caliber of the guns must not be in
creased. During a period of three. m..nil..
after the peace German high power
u 7it-a siaiions at isauen. llannvr
and Berlin will not be permitted to
send any messages except for commer
cial purposes and under supervision of
the allied and associated governments.
nor may any more be constructed.
Germany will be al owed io renoir.
German submarine cables which have
oeen cut, out are not being utilized by
the allied powers, and also portion's
of rabies which after having been cut.
nine oeen removed, or at any rate not
being utilized by anv one of thu allii
and associated powers. In such cases
tn rabies or portions of cables re
moved or utilized remain the nrnnortv
of allied and associated powers, and ac
cordingly 14 cables or parts of cables
are specified which will not be restored
to uermany.
Air:
The armed forces of Germanv must
not include any military or naval air
forces except for not over 100 unarmed
seaplanes to be retained till October 1
to search for submarine mines. No
dirigible shall be kept. The entire air
personnel is to be demobilized within
two months except for luoo officer' and
men retained till October. No aviation
grounds or dirigible sheds are to be al
lowed within 150 kilometers of the
Rhine or the eastern or southern fron
tiers, existing installations within
these limits to be destroveil Th
anufacture of aircraft and carta of
aircraft is forbidden for six months.
ah military and naval aeronautical ma
terial under a most exhaustive defini
tion must be surrendered within three
months, except for th hundred sea
planes already specified.
Prisoners of War.
The repatriation'of German prisoners
and interned civilians is to be car
ried out without delay and at Ger- .
inany's expense by a commission com-
posed of representatives of the allies
and Germany. Those under sentence
for offenses against discipline are to be
repatriated without regard to the
completion of their sentence. Until
Germany has surrendered persons
guilty of offenses against the laws and
customs of war. the allies have the
right to retain selected German offi
cers. The allies may deal at their own
discretion with German nationals who
do not desire to be repatriated, all
repatriation being conditional on the
immediate release of any allied sub
jects still in Germany. Germany is to
accord facilities to commissions of in
quiry in collecting information In re
gard to missing prisoners of war and of
imposing penalties on German officials
who have concealed allied nationals.
Germany is to restore all property be
longing to allied prisoners. There is
to be a reciprocal exchange of infor
mation as to dead prisoners and their
graves.
(raves.
Both parties will respect anil main
tain the graves of soldiers and sailors
buried on their territories, agree to
recognize and assist any commission,
charged by any allied or associated
government with identifying, register
ing, maintaining or erecting suitable
monuments over, the graves, and to af
ford to each other all facilities for tho
repatriation of the remains of their
soldiers."
Responsibilities.
"The allied and associated powers
publicly arraign William Second- of
Hohenzollern. formerly- German em
peror, not for an offense against crim
inal law. but for a supreme offense
against international morality and the
sanctity of treaties."
The ex-emperor's surrender is to bo
requested of Holland and a special
tribunal set up composed of one judge
of each of the five great powers, with
full guarantees of the right of de
fense, is to be guided '"by the highest
motives of international policy with a
view of vindicating the solemn obliga
tions of international undertakings and
the validity of international morality,"
and will fix the punishment H feels
should be imposed.
Persons accused of having committed
acts in violation of the laws and cus
toms of war are to be tried and pun
ished by military tribunals under mili
tary law. If the charges affect nat
ionals of only one state they will l.s
tried before a tribunal of that state:
if they affect nationals of several
states, they will be tried before Joint
tribunals of the states concerned. Ger
many fchall hand over to the associated
governments either Jointly or severally
all persons so accused and all infor
mation necessary to insure full knowl
edge of the Incriminating acts, the
discovery of the offenders and the Just
appreciation of the responsibility.
The judge (garbled in cabling) will
be entitled to name his own counsel.
Reparation.
The allied and associated govern
ments affirm, and Germany accepts on
behalf of herself and her allies, the
responsibility for causing all the loss
and damage to which the allied and
associated governments and their nar
tConcludeti ou rage V.)
3