PORTLAND, OREGON, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1918. PRICE FIVE CENTS. VOL. LVIII. NO. 18,101. DEFEAT LOOMS US HUNS SEEK PEACE Armistice Signed in Face of. Certain Disaster. N BOCHE APPEAL HELD SINCERE Carrying Out of Allied Terms Hard Blow to Empire. HUGE SUPPLIES ABANDONED Centrist Leader Doubts Germany's Ability to Withdraw Troops Ac cording to Agreement. BT ARNO DOSCH FLEUF.OT. CCopyrtght 1918 by the Press Pub lishing Company. New York World. Published by Arrangement). BERLIN, via Copenhagen, Not. IT. (Special.) So many persons in the new government had said to me that it would be impossible for Germany to meet all the conditions of the armis tice without involving; the ruin of the country that I decided to put their plaint into definite form for what it might be worth and to submit it to Matthias Erxberger, the Centrist leader, who was a member of the dele cation sent to the front on the armis tice mission. Be willingly granted me an interview. "I signed the armistice because there was nothing else to do," he said. "It had been sought by us at the very crisis of the German political situa tion. We could not go on without dis aster. But even as 1 signed it I feared it would be Impossible to live up to the letter of the agreement. As I said, there was nothing else to do. Gtraaa Raae Saspected. "Marshal Foch did not believe In the sincerity of our. demand, nor did he appreciate its urgency. I am pure he thought it was a German ruse, de signed to gain weeks for repose and for preparation for a new attack. He and the others did not seem to realize tnat we were forced to sign any con ditions, however hard, because Ger many mnst have peace. "Now comes the task of meeting. our obligations under the armistice. I do not see how we can do it, except by weakening the country so seriously as to bring on grave political results. "Evacuation of Northern France and Belgium by our troops in the limited time allowed for that process is al most impossible. We are trying our fcest. If not forced too hard, we think we can cross the Rhine in fair order. In that movement, however, I count on the extension to us of certain mili tary courtesy, based on common sense. In order to give our slower divilsons time to get out ahead of the entente troops, even if we may be a little late. Kod Stares Afcaaaoned. "We must leave our army provisions behind, even though the army reserve of provisions is larger than any reserve in Germany, where provisions are sore ly needed. I suppose that cannot be helped. We are giving the soldiers what they can carry to eat en route. "Our fear is that our soldiers fur thest from the Rhine may become panicky, fearing they may never reach the Rhine, and may be internetl. thus disrupting the orderly evacuation by the second and third lines. Should that occur, the army may be. thrown Into such disorder as to do much harm to the tender young German democ racy. "A more serlona difficulty will be the delivery of railroad equipment within the time provided In the terms of the armistice. If arrangements may be made to defer delivery of the equip ment long enough to carry Germany over the critical food situation, then delivery may be easily and willingly xnade. Car Skortage la Acute. "Germany has about 900,000 cars, of which 250,000 are in Poland, Ukra nia, Hungary. Bulgaria and Roumania. and this portion Is at present valueless to us. The remaining cars are now giving maximum service. There is car shortage in Germany always In the Fall of the year. This season the shortage Is unprecedentedly large. "It haa been impossible to move coal or to move sufficiently such stocks of food as we have. Surrender of 150.000 cars within the armistice period will make the car situation in the interior of Germany most difficult. "Our railroad equipment haa been badly worn by the war and by our consequent Inability to keep up re pairs. We are required by the armis tice terras to deliver only good ma terial, leaving to us the old. The de mand for 5000 locomotives is enormous at this time, when one-third of our lo comotives are out of commission. Moving of Prisoners blow. "If we were required to deliver now only the 100 locomotives and the 70. 000 wagons we took from France and Belgium our position would not be so difficult. An orderly political govern ment must depend upon adequate food supply, and as food must be trans ported, you may readily see the prob lem we are facing." Herr Erxberger said the evacuation of prisoners of war would be facilitat ed If all the allied countries would follow the example of England and hurry Red Cross commissions to Ber lin. There will be difficulty in the de livery of Russian prisoners, because Poland. Bohemia and Hungary- will not tCoocludcd on Fa;e 2, Coiumn 2.) $12,000 RAISED FOR WAVERLY BABY HOME WHOLE CITY IS CANVASSED BY WOMES WORKERS. Committee Feels Confident That Fi nal Returns Will Bring Total Above $20,000 Quota. More than 112,000 was realised from the tag sale held yesterday in the in- terests of the Waverly Baby Home, under the direction of Mrs. William Mai-M-mter- Members of the sales committee feel confident that this sum will be exceeded, as there are still many outlying districts to be heard from. Under the direction of Mrs. Ferdi nand E. Reed, a canvass of the ship yards was made, netting the Home 11404. One woman in a canvass of the residence district turned in 11005. A flying squadron composed entirely of women solicited larger sums In cash and pledges. This swelled the fund considerably. The tags sold on the street for 25 cents and SI tags were sold for automobiles and to business houses. The residence sections were canvassed by the Parent-Teacher Asso ciation and the W. C. T. U. The women In charge of the drive are confident that the greater part of the 120,000 quota will be raised. WHIRLWIND HITS NEWPORT Buildings- Wrecked and Scattered Over Path 60 Feet Wide. NEWPORT, Or., Nov. 27. (Special.) A whirlwind came In from the sea yesterday and twisted Its way across one corner of Newport, tearing up ev erythinx in Its 60-feet-wIde path. The residence of Mrs. Marie Chatterton was completely wrecked. A large section of the Rod and Gun Club Hall was torn off and scattered In all directions. Crossing Taquina Bay, the whirlwind became a waterspout until It struck South Beach, where it whirled its way across the sands ard disappeared In the forest beyond. The schooner Rustler, Captain H. A. Knight, was crossing in over Yaquina bar. The whirlwind passed close by his vessel, and boiling water In its wake caused him to think he was run ning on a raef. Captain Knight says the moment the whirlwind passed, the wind changed from a strong south easter to an equally strong north wester. , SHIP HEADS HOLD BANQUET Launching of Soissons Celebrated at Social Gathering. Executives of the Foundation Com pany here and heads of all departments at the yard, gathered at the Hotel Port land last night at a banquet in cele bration of the launching of the last ship yesterday, the Soissons. Bayly Hipklns, Pacific Coast manager, and W. F. Drury, assistant manager, were in the city from Seattle and met with the yard representatives. It was generally voted the affair overshadowed the first annual banquet of .the company here in the display of "get together" spirit. Mr. Hipkins assured the guests that their loyalty was known and appreci ated and that they would be remem bered in future construction expected to be undertaken. FOCH IS AT STRASSBOURG Marshal Reviews Troops and Is Ac corded Great Ovation. PARIS. Nov. 27. Marshal Foch, ac companied by General De Castelnau, arrived at Strassbourg today and re viewed the army of occupation, the war office announced tonight. He then passed through the town at the head of the troops. The marshal was accorded a great ovation. OFFICERS TO GET RELIEF Army Open to Receive Resignations Tnder New Orders. WASHINGTON. Nov. 27. Army de mobilization plans have been changed so ss to open the way for immediate return to civil life of officers who wish to resign and who can be spared from their commands. Orders were sent by the War Depart ment today directing the acceptance of resignations in such cases. HARRY THAW GOES HOME Thanksgiving to Be Spent With Family at Dttsburg. PHILADELPHIA. Nov. 27. Harry K. Thaw, who has been In the Pennsyl vania Hospital for the Insane in this city since March, 1917, has been taken to Pittsburg by his mother over the Thanksgiving holiday. He will be returned to the institu tion early next week. HUNS PILLAGE IN POLAND Troops Declared to Be Looting and Burning Along Their Way. BERNE, Switzerland, Nov. 27. (Havas.) Reiterated reports of out rages by German soldiers in Eastern Poland have been received here. The troops are looting and burning all along their way and treating the In habitants cruelly, it is declared. MAIL CRAFT IS ASSURED War department Turns Over Many Planes for Air Service. NEW YORK. Nov. 27. Captain Ben jamin B. Lipsner, director of the United States aerial mail service, announced here tonight that the War Department had turned over to the use of the mail service "hundreds of airplanes." E TO GET NO TURKEY Thanksgiving Dinner to Be Frozen Beef. LUXEMBURG FOWLS COSTLY Inhabitants Charge $34.20 for Single Goose. CHICKENS COST $5.70 EACH Doughboys Scour Country Vainly In Hope of Finding Poultry and Gen eral Even May Miss Feast. WITH THE AMERICAN ARMY OF OCCUPATION, by courier to Nancy, Nov. 27. (By the Associated Press.) The indications are that the American Army of occupation will spend Thanks giving in their present positions on this side of the German frontier. The Americans already have started a search for the luxuries of Luxemburg for Thursday's dinner. In the absence of turkeys they are casting their eyes at Luxemburg's chickens, geese, ducks and pigeons. The German officers also were fond of chickens and geese, and consequently the farmers and villagers have few on hand. There is plenty, of American fro zen beef at the ports, but the Americans feel they should have some kind of poultry on the day that everybody at home is eating turkey. Chickens High Priced. Officers of the Third division at Remich have priced chickens and found them at from 18 to 30 francs each ($3.42 to 15.60). There are plenty of ducks on this side of the Moselle in the re gion of Remich, but investigation re vealed the fact that they belong to Ger mans living jon the other side of the river and that the ducks came to this side of the stream to feed, because the western side of the river is marshy. Therefore, the ducks are safe, so far as the Americans are. concerned. Some of the officers figure it might be a violation of the armistice to buy a Ger man duck, even through a third party. Goose Prices Out of Sight. The region of Ehnen, where the 26th Infantry headquarters is situated, is noted for geese. The First Division's officers, hearing this, asked -the 26th Infantry for geese enough to feed the division. The cheapest goose the offi cers priced at Ehnen was 180 francs (S34.20). The 26th Infantry sent word to the First Division that it would be lucky if it secured enough goose to feed the General. Hearing of the experiences of the others, the 32d Division, which also is hugging the frontier, awaiting word for the advance, sought to buy pigeons. Officers of the division started out, hoping' to secure enough pigeons at least for their own mess. But it seems the retiring Germans, realizing the scarcity of poultry in Germany, bought every pigeon, goose and duck the Lux- Concluded on Page 2. Column 3.) YANK NEAR UN I tl....l..Tl.ITlt.ttllTTTTT-T TT--T-TTTfT-- - - .- - .-... -.! WbUi Daily Casualty Report. WSHINGTON, . Nov. 27. Casualties reported today total 2402, of which 716 were killed in action, 176 died of wounds, 347 of disease, one in airplane accident, 116 are wounded severely, 272 degree undetermined, 240 slightly and 334" are reported missing in action. Fol lowing is the tabulated summary: Rep. Today. Total. Killed In action...... '...17.0-i9 716 17.775 Lost at sea . . 39 396 Died of wounds. ....... G.K02 176 6.978 Died of disease ..' 8.435 847 8.7S2 Died of accident ...... 1.501 1,562 Total deaths 84.25S Wounded 45..Y76 Missing- and prisoners.. 9.493 1,240 8r..493 628 46.204 634 10.029 Total casualties 89.824 2.402 91.726 Following is the complete list, except those wounded slightly, or in an unde termined degree, of which only those of Oregon, Washington and Idaho are pub lished: , . OREGON. Killed in action Eastman, Guy, Hood River, Or. Died of disease- Carter. Robert E., Coquille, Or. Melby. Harry, Mt. Angel. Or. Nagel, Walter, Warren, Oregon. Wounded severe!- Ftillwell, Ellas, Bandon. Or. Ivie. Lloyd W. , Falem, Or. Miming in action Johnson, Andrew, Portland, Or. Hubler. Kred. Halfway, Or. Kelly, Delbcrt, Dorena, Or. . , Gray, Alex, Sandy, Or. " WASHINGTON. Killed In action Russell, Melvln M.. South Seattle, Wash. ' Wright. Sydney (Corp.), Sumas..Wash. Fleckensteln, John O. (Corp.). Burke, Wash. Leach, Alfred W., Olfmpia. - Wash- Moses. Krman Weymore, Chehalis, Wash. Old. Efton E., Clarkston, Wash. Allen, Thomas, Diamond, Wash. Sheriff, Russell H., Mount Vernon, Wash. Semro, Arthur W., Wilson Creek. Wash.' Curtis, Budd, Friday Harbor, Wash. lose. Freeman E., Washtucna, Wash. Smith. Stacy, Seattle, Wash. Sangston, Joseph J.. -Everett, Wash. Killed In action - fprevioasly reported missing)- Morris, R. C, Sedro-Woolley, Wash. Died of disease Itovey, Thomas E., White Salmon, Wash. Missing in action Imus, L. X.. Snohomish, Wash. Matson, Henry, Paulsbo, Wash. Tuben. Renar, Seattle, Wash.? Haden, Louis J., Omak. Wash. Gumm, Luclen M., Kelso, Wash. Begley, James -G. Cle Elum, ash. Wounded, undetermined (previously re ported roisfcing-) Ross, Rufus, Bush Hotel, Seattle, Wash. Horton, Ben F., Kelso, Wash. Bignold. Nigel, R., Montesano, Wash. Wounded, degree undetermined Markowitz. Sam., Spokane, Wash. Wounded slightly Manning. James H., Seattle, Wash. Fuller. Miles H., Satsop, Wash. Wonnded Henderson, D., Walla Walla (In Canadian list). Returned to doty (previously reported missing) Shiveley, J. W., Spokane, wasn. IDAHO. Killed In action Peterson, William I. Arco, Idaho. Pugmire, Angus, Pocatello. Idaho. Keene. F.arV Al." Nampa. Idaho. Justice. Earl A., Nampa, Idaho. Died of disease Grayson, Charles C. Lewiston, Ida. Mishing In action De Luca, Leonardo, Rathdrnm, Ida. Deluca, Dohienic. Harrison, Ida. Howard, William C, Bonners Ferry, Idaho. Klug, Walter H., Challis, Idaho. Wounded slightly Emtgh. Carl. Salmon, Idaho. Bemis, Claude. Boulder. Idaho. Connervoy, james nuperi, luanu. Ket urnrd to duty (previously reported missing) Folsom. Iavid, Gooding. Idaho. ALABAMA. Killed In action Parkman. Harry E., Thomaston, Ala. Park, Charles T.. Addison,. Ala. Mayes, Turner, Huntsvllle, Ala. McLeod, Lamar Young (Capt-X. Mobile. Ala. Spralt. W. P. (Lieut.). Livingston, Ala. Branonn, Robert W. (Sgt.), Enfaula, Ala. Hall. Eugene L. (Corp.), Atmurc, Ala. Fowler, Dexter W., Bankston, Ala. Loft in. John William, Birmingham, Ala. (Concluded on Page B, Coiumn 1.) THANKSGIVING OUTSIDE AND IN. MILITARISM DEAD IS New Terror- Developing in Southeastern Europe. RELEASED SOLDIERS RAMPANT All Evils of Bolshevism Liter ally Turned. Loose. POLAND AGAIN IS OVERRUN 31 illlons Freed From Army Restraint Turn to Pillage and AH Man ' ner of Excesses. PARIS, Friday, Nov. 22. A detailed account of conditions in Southeastern Europe, where the presence of a million Austrian army deserters who have es tablished themselves in fortified camps in various districts, as well as of hordes of leleased prisoners, has cre ated a dangerous situation, is given in the. report recently prepared for Colonel E. M. House by William J. Rose, an agent of the Slovene government now in Laibach, the new capital of Slovakia. He suggests various meas ures to avert Bolshevism, which he af firms is the danger threatened by the conditions he describes. "When I say that the enemy is Bol shevism I use the term loosely to de scribe what is the perfection of an archy and the negation of law and order," says the report. "Militarism is as dead as a gravestone. There is no shadow of danger that it will rise again, but a fearful menace has come in its place that has become a matter of life and death. Ken Evil Has Arises. "Three special factors have arisen in the last six months, two of them in the last month, which have brought on a condition of things - comparable only with the terror of the French revolution: "First The forming of deserters from the Austrian armies into what seems to be known as Green Guards. This began in the Spring. and had reached by September such dimensions that their numbers were reckoned at a round million. They wear Austrian uniforms. They maintain a sort of discipline among themselves and by their attitude to the' existinggovern ment find enough sympathy among the peasantry to be able to get food. Every kind of pillage of military sup plies helps them to maintain their po sition. ' Excess Follsws Freedom. "The people as a whole suffered little and even welcomed .them into their cottages. These men were simply wait ing for the general disruption, which has already come. "Second The disaster to the Aus trian armies on the Italian front set upward of a million and a half dis gusted, demoralized and debauched as well as hungry troops free from the discipline of four and a half years. (Concluded on Page 2, Column 1.) ANARCHY RISING REPORTS OF LINE-UP AGAINST U.S. DENIED DISCLAIMER ISSUED BV ARGEX. TIXE FOREIGN OFFICE. i Clash Between Chile and Pern Ap pears Likely More Rioting Reported at Iquique. ' BUENOS AIRES. Nov. 27 The Ar gentina Foreign Office has authorized the Argentine Legation at Lima to deny that President Irigoyen promised Senor Bulnes, the special Chilean Ambassa dor to Argentina, that Argentina would Join Chile and Mexico in opposing any intervention by the United States or European countries in South America. A Buenos Aires dispatch last Friday said that the Chilean government had approached Argentina on the subject of Argentina remaining neutral in the event of an outbreak between Chile and Peru. The report was declared to em anate from a reliable source in Buenos Aires. LIMA. Pern, Nov. 27. Peruvian men and women were pursued through the streets of Iquique last Saturday and Sunday by Chileans, according to refu gees who arrived at Mollendo today on the steamer Palena. The niobs in Iquique, it Is declared, were led by prominent Chileans and there was vir tually no interference from the Chilean authorities. Peruvian homes in Iquique were looted and burned. BUENOS AIRES, Argentine, Nov. 26. The Peruvian Foreign Office, accord ing to reports received here, on Mon day formally protested "against anti Peruvian riots in Chile and attacks on Peruvian Consuls. , In reply the Chilean Foreign Office declared that the Peruvian complaint was unjustifiable and based on false in formation. SANTIAGO, Chile, Nov. 27. The complaint of the Peruvian Minister of Foreign Affairs that demonstrations against Peruvians at Iquique were countenanced by the authorities is denied by theChilean Minister of For eign Affairs, which has reassured com mercial and social circles. The newspapers are of the unanimous belief that everything can be arranged by the fulfillment of the treaty of Ancon, signed in 1SS3. In official cir cles, opinion prevails that arbitration would be the best means to bring about the fulfillment of this treaty. MUSTER-0UTF0RCE NAMED Men From Camp Lewis to Aid in Work at Vancouver Barracks, CAMP LEWIS, Wash., Nov. 27. Cap tain. Edgar Perry, Lieutenants H. E. Scantlebury and S. L. Anrud and ap proximately 100 non-commissioned of ficers and enlisted men were ordered today to Vancouver Barracks, Wash to handle the mustering out of the spruce production division. The hundreds of men who made up the spruce division are being recalled from the logging camps and sawmills of Oregon and Washington. SOLDIERS FOR GOVERNMENT German Minority Efforts Declared lo Endanger Empire. COPENHAGEN, Nov. 27. The sol diers' council of Wilhelmshoe, where one of the German imperial castles is situated, has sent a wireless dispatch to Deputy Noske at Kiel, saving they will support the present government in sharp measures against the minority, whose efforts "are fraught with great danger to the revolution and the con tinuance of the empire." ALLIES TAKE OVER DIVERS Twenty-seven Hun Submarines Are Turned Over Cndrr Armistice. HARWICH. England, Nov. 27. Twenty-seven German submarines were surrendered today to the allies. This brings to 114 the total of Ger man U-boats turned over. INDEX OF TODAY'S NEWS The Weather. TESTERDAYS Maximum temperature, 43 degrees; minimum, 33 degrees. TODAY'S Probably fair; southwesterly winas. War. Official' casualty list. Page 1. Tanks near Rhine to dine on beef. Page 1. Foreign. Groundwork laid for German reforms. Page 2. New anarchistic terror rising in Southeastern Europe. Page 1. Defeat looms as Huns seek peace. Page 1. Argentina denies report of line-up against United States. Page 1. Former Crown Princo has hopes of returning to Germany. Page 2. National. President ready to sail next week for Europe. Page 1. FUth liberty loan forecast by Secretary McAdoo. Page 4. Simmons war revenue measure plans Jam med through committee. Page 0. Domestic. California's Governor promises to consider Mooney case carefully. Page 4. ports. Aggies and clubmen promiso hard battle. Page 11. Marines meet Camp Lewis eleven today. Page 11. Pacific Northwest. Oregon, Army camp soon .to demobilize. Page 0. - Commercial and Marine. English dealers '"active buyers of Pacific Coast hops. Page 15. Heavy corn sales on bulges turn prices down ward. Page lo. Marine stocks strong feature of Wall-street market. Page li. Soissons launched at Foundation shipyard. Page 13. Portland and Vicinity. Victory and peace the theme of Thanksgiving - day. Page 16. Discharged teacher appeals case and files new complaint. Pago 10. Li aid is identified as parole violator. Page 10. Moser says Vinton has clear sailing. Page 10. Red Cross calls citizens to sign Christmas honor roll. Page 0. Twelve thousand dollars raised for Waverly baby home. Page 1. her report, data and racecast. rage 10. PRESIDENT READY TO SAILNEXTWEEK Correspondents to Leave Sunday for Conference. NEWS NOT TO BE GARBLED Full Publicity Promised on Ca ble Wire Transportation. WILSON PLANS ADDRESS Chief Executive to Go Before Con gress to Tell Public About Trip. Germany Wants Him. COPENHAGEN, Nov. 27. The Ger man government will invite President Wilson to visit Germany while he is in Europe, says the Berlin Lokal Aozelger. WASHINGTON. Nov. 27. President Wilson's plans for attending the peace conference are all matured, with the exception of the day and hour of sail ing. His departure, however, is cer tain early next week. It is entirely probable that the first announcement of the personnel of the American delegation will be made in the President's address to tne opening of Congress, to be delivered Monday or Tuesday. At the same time the Presi dent may take occasion to make some thing in the nature of a statement to the country, as well as to Congress, on his going to Europe, something no other President ever has done. The most important announcement yet made in connection with the official plans for the peace conference came to day. It was that there would be abso lutely no censorship on the news the American newspaper correspondents send back home. Request Is. Gramted. At the personal request of President Wilson, both the British and French governments will relax all censorship on all Amerioan newspaper dispatches telling of the deliberations. Further more, to facilitate the transmission of news to this country, the government, through Its recently-acquired control of cable lines, will give news preference in transmission second only to Govern ment official business. George Creel, chairman of the com mittee on public Information, an nounced today that the committee's mission in Paris would exercise noth ing whatever approaching censorship on dispatrhes telling of the progress of the conference. All the committee's facilities, Mr. Creel said, arc. to be devoted to helping the American news paper correspondents get the news back home. The committee's office in Taris will be used as headquarters for newspaper correspondents; stenographers, type writers and Interpreters are to be pro vided and the committee's machinery also will be used to assist the corre spondents to get thoir dispatches on the cables. Correspondents Get Passage. Until two or three day3 ago there were grave doubts as to whether any Amcrl''nn newspaper correspondent would be permitted to accompany Pres ident Wilson n the trip. There was. however, to be no restriction on the passage of newspaper men to France by any means they might find available. But finally it was decided to include a correspondent of the Associated Tress 'and correspondents of the other press associations in the President's official party aboard the liner George Wash ington. It was decided at the tamo time to give passage lo correspondents of individual newspapers on the Army transport Orizaba, which - :il sail from Hoboken Sunday at noon. She will be part of the convoy of the President's ship, which will include the superdread nought Pennsylvania and a number of other naval ships. Besides the President's official party the George Washington will carry a naval crew of more than 1000 officers and men. The George Washington, be lng a faster ship, will arrive in France at about the same time as the Orizaba. It seems to be settled, although no of ficial announcement has been made, that the President will go first directly to France and later to England, and possibly Italy. If he intends to visit any of the other European countries his plans have, not become known. Mr. Creel's statement regarding the President's trip follows: o Dincrimlnotiou Khonn, "In the matter of sailing list no dis-" crimination will be made or special privileges granted. All responsible newspaper men, duly accredited by re- ponsible newspapers, arc entitled to passage. It is requested and hoped that cor rection will be made of the very untrue report that attempt will be made to interfere In any manner with the free, full flow of news from America to Europe or from Europe to America. "There is no press censorship of any kind in the United States today, and at the personal request of the President the French and English governments have lifted all ctnsorshlp regulations bearing upon American press matter." Fund Ion. .Not Surrendered. No weight is attached by President Wilson to the argument that upon crossing the sea to attend the peace conference he loses the right to per form executive duties and must allow them to devolve upon the Vice-President. It was rait! officially today that tha iCuueluuvd oil i'agc 3, Column 1.)