THE MORXIXG OREGONIAN, SATUEDAT. SEPTEMBER 8, 1917. V
PRESIDENT DAMS
STREAIV1 OF GOLD
Embargo Placed on Exports of
Bullion Because of Steady
Flow- to Orient.
8AN IS NOT ABSOLUTE
Ijicenscsaiay Be Granted by Fed
eral Reserve , Board if Export
of Metal Will Not Endan
ger Public Interests.
TVASHINGTOX, Sept. 7. President
Wilson tonight placed an embargo, ef
fective September 10, on the exporta
tion of coin, bullion and currency. At
the same time, he authorized the Sec
retary of the Treasury to license such
exportation) where. In the opinion of
the Federal Reserve Board, they are
not harmful to the public Interest.
The embargo, which applies to all
nations, places absolute control over
crold exports In the hands of Secretary
McAdoo and the Federal Reserve Board.
Officials believe that the measure will
go far toward conserving the huge
store of gold accumulated in this coun
try since the beginning of the war, a
store which recently , has been drawn
upon rather beavily by Japan, Mexico
and Spain.
Curtailment Only Object.
Strict adhesion to the embargo Is re
garded as unlikely and undesirable.
Curtailment, however, of the free move
ment of gold to the Orient appears
probable. For some time treasury and
reserve board officials have viewed
with some concern the tendency of gold
to flow away from the United States,
a movement which started with the
financing here of the allies. Recently
the Federal Reserve Board requested
the bankers of the country to aid, so
far as possible. In checking the grow
ing exports.
-The President's proclamation amend
and supplements his general export
embargo proclamation of August 27.
Appended to It is an Executive order
providing that applications for the ex
portation of coin, bullion or currency
shall be made to Federal reserve banks,
and passed upon finally by the Federal
Reserve Board.
Exports Far Exceed Imports.
Within the five-week period, ending
August 17, exports totaling $73,000,000
were more than four times as great as
imports The movement has been too
recent, however, to affect substantially
the great volume of gold in this coun
try. The stock is $3,000,000,000, of
which approximately 40 per cent has
been imported since January. 1915.
Imports of gold for the current year
have totaled more than J33S. 000,000.
Exports were recently estimated to
have approximated $300,000,000, or
more than twice as much as the vol
ume exported altogether In 1916. Much
of this gold has gone to Japan, which
has a balance of trade against the
United States, and recently exporta
tions to Spain have assumed large pro
portions. CARMEN NEEDM0RE PAY
CContinued From First Pase.l
only one platform man Instead of two.
Mr. Griffith declared this could not be
done if the safety of the public is to be
considered. On some of the stub lines,
which he descriptively termed "sore
thumb" routes, one man is now used on
each car, and it is possible that this
kind of service will be extended. But
it could not be generally used on the
congested lines, said Mr. Griffith, with
out making over the cars, and then only
at great inconvenience and possible
danger to the public.
"Owl I Pay Expenses.
A suggestion to cut out the "owl"
ear service gave little promise of fi
nancial saving. Mr. Griffith said that
the "owls" now pay operating expenses.
A great many people are served by
them and would have to walk borne
long distances if they were eliminated.
An item that did offer a chance to
save a little money was the free tick
ets to policemen. The city franchise
requires the company not only to haul
policemen and firemen in uniform
without charge, but requires the dis
tribution of free tickets to policemen
to take them to and from their work
in citizens' clothes. Last year an ag
gregate of 325,000 free tickets was fur
nished to the policemen. By requiring
policemen, excepting when on duty, to
pay their fares the same as other
working-people, a saving of $16,250 an
nually could be affected.
Food Costs Are Cited.
Th commission heard much testi
mony to demonstrate how the cost of
living has advanced in the last six
months, necessitating an increase in
employes' salaries. Mrs. Evelyn Spencer,
an . experienced ' housewife, was called
by W. S. U'Ren, attorney for the em
ployes, to cite some examples, as fol
lows: Bacon now is 45 cents per pound,
it was 28 cents a few years ago; cheap
cuts of - meat that formerly were 10
cents a pound now are 20 cents; pot
roasts' were 14 cents, now 22 cents;
mutton was 8 cents, now it is 18 cents.
Flour, sugar and all . other items of
rood have increased proportionately.
Clothing almost has doubled in cost.
Any man earning less than $75 a
month, said Mrs. Spencer, must depend
upon more fortunate friends or neigh
bors for cast-off clothing, as $75 a
month will not even buy food for an
average family.
"What about shoes?" suggested Com
missioner Miller.
At this point Chris Helm, an em
ploye of the city, jumped up. He had
. pair of new (shoes under his arm,
naving bought them for a son going
to school. The pair cost $3.50. A year
ago the same shoes cost $1.75.
But the Commission pursued the in
quiry along this line no farther. Com
missioner Corey explained that he Is
the proud father of six children, and
knows all about the high cost of sup
porting them.
"Yes. the Commission will take offi
cial cognizance of the high cost situa
tion," agreed Chairman Miller.
Electric Lights Not Advanced.
"But how about electric lights?" In
quired R. A. Loiter, attorney for the
company. The testimony showed that
the charges for electricity have not in
creased. "We can offer plenty of testimony to
show that these men no longer can
keep their families in decency on their
present wages," interposed Mr. U'Ren
in agreeing to allow the Commission
to take "official cognizance" of the
high living cost.
Employes of the company testified at
length during the afternoon regarding
their wages and working conditions.
R. Walker, president of the brother
hood, explained that men now starting
into the service are paid 28 cents an
hour. Their hourly pay is graduated
upward with the years until the fifth
year, when they receive 35 cents an
hour, thS maximum wage.
While 10 hours is the basic day, the
men are paid pro rata for overtime and
get allowance for only the actual time
at work for service under 10 hours.
The men's working time frequently Is
distributed through the day, explained
Mr. Walker, so that fully 18 hours
elapse, while 10 hours of actual work
is accomplished. On the more favored
runs, of course, little time elapses, but
it varies all the way from 10 hours up
to 18 hours.
36 Cents Minlmuas Asked.
The men have asked for a new wage
scale, graduated from 36 cents per
hour for the first year to 45 cents an
hour for the third and succeeding years,
and a basic day of eight hours.
Mr. Walker explained that more than
200 employes, to his actual knowledge,
are continuing at work only In the hope
of gaining their advance. If the ad
vance is not granted they will quit.
The company will have difficulty in
getting men, he thought. The safety
of the public is better protected, he
asserted, when the cars are operated by
older men.
O. P. Sidler, member of the brother
hood's executive committee, gave testi
mony regarding the schedules -under
which the men now work. He operates
out of the East Ankeny barns, where
there are 93 separate runs and on only
10 of these is the daily work accom
plished In less than 10 hours.
There are two "three-piece" runs di
vided as follows: From 6:34 to 9:08 A.
M.; from 12:29 to 6:09 P. M.: from 7:05
p; M. to 12:48 A. M. The men actually
put in 18 hours and 14 minutes and
work 14 hours and 33 minutes. While
this is an extreme case, said Mr. Sidler.
it is necessary to maintain this sched
ule to satisfy the public demand. He
cited numerous other typical runs,
showing that from 11 to 16 hours must
elapse in working an ordinary 10-hour
day.
"Do you think these schedules which
work such a hardship on the men are
due to any carelessness or incompe
tence on the part of the company offi
cials?" inquired Mr. U'Ren.
Company Welcomes Suggestions.
"By no means," replied Mr. Sidler.
"The company always is ready to re
ceive suggestions from us and always
has tried to change . the schedules to
accommodate us. But the first thing
to be considered is the service de
manded by the public It is necessary
to have these burdensome shifts to
satisfy the public demand."
Mr. Sidler then submitted as evi
dence the schedules of,- working time
as proposed under the eight-hour sys
tem. Most of the runs will be ar
ranged in straight eight-hour shifts.
There will be little lapsed time, the
men will suffer no inconvenience and
the standard of service will be main
tained. The new eight-hour schedules have
been worked out, Mr. Sidler said, by
Mr. Griffith and the employes' commit
tee. The employes were paid for the
time they devoted to this work. Mr.
Griffith wants the employes to main
tain a standing committee on sched
ules, he said, the company to pay lor
the time.
If the eight-hour day is adopted
about 200 motormen and conductors
will be added to the force on the city
lines, which now numbers approxim
ately 1100 men.
But at frequent intervals yesterday
members of the Commission suggested
the advisability of curtailing some of
the service. Whether the public would
rather suffer a few inconveniences in
travel or pay a higher fare was the
question that constantly presented it
self. Mileage Unusually Large.
Charts and diagrams presented by E.
W. Moreland, statistical engineer for
the company, showed that the track
mileage for the streetcar system of
Portland per unit of population is
greater than that in any of the larger
cities of the country with the excep
tion of Los Angeles and Denver; Port
land has more cars In city service in
proportion to its population than any
other city in the United States.
Mr Iloreland also showed that Port
land has - less population per square
mile than any other city in the United
States excepting only Seattle, Los An
geles and Denver and the difference
between these four is slight.
The logical assumption from these
calculations therefore was that the
average distance that each passenger
is carried is greater in Portland than
in any other city.
Commissioner Miller maintained that
a reduction of service can be accom
plished without great inconvenience to
the public.
Mr. Griffith contended the company
would be handicapped in handling its
traffic
"It seems to me," continued the Com
missioner, "that Portland is better
served than any other large city of
the country."
"That is our aim and ambition,
sir." responded Mr. Griffith, smiling
broadly.
More Pay for Clerks Planned.
"It is' a very laudable ambition,"
agreed Mr. Miller, "but I wonder
whether we could not eliminate some
service, although I believe the people
can and should be served efficiently."
"Isn't some of this service the result
of orders of the Commission itself?"
interrupted Mr. U'Ren.
"Not-very much," replied Mr. Miller.
C. N. Hugglns, ' treasurer and as
sistant secretary of the company, tes
tified at the afternoon session that the
company plans to increase the wages
of clerks and other unorganized em-'
ployes approximately 20 per cent, which
will add further to the future costs of
operation.
Mr. Huggins also explained the dis
tribution of costs between the main
tenance account and depreciation ac
count over which there had been much
dispute at previous sessions.
The hearing will be resumed at 9:30
this morning.
RAILWAY WORK MAY STOP
Alaska' Commission Paces Increase
of 22 Per Cent In Cost.
WASHINGTON, Sept. 7. Rapidly ris
ing costs of labor and material have
faced the Government with a possible
curtailment of the work on the Alaskan
railway or an ultimate increase in the
cost of the road, first estimated at
$35,000,000.
Secretary Lane has . informed the
House appropriations committee that a
special commission is now Investigat
ing and will prepare a report for Con
gress. The work now is costing 22 per cent
over the estimate.
Sprnce Mills Told to Hurry Ontpnt.
OREGONIAN NEWS BUREAU. Wash
irgton, Sept. 7. Senator McNary today
was furnished a copy of a telegram
sent by the Secretary of War to all
sprues mills In Oregon and Washington
having Government contracts urging
them to speed up on Government or
ders. The . Secretary also advised the
mills they must put Government orders
ahead of all other business.
Mormons Will Not Return to Mexico.
SALT LAKE CITT. Sept. 7. Of the
5000 colonists of the Mormon Church
who have located in Mexico, only to
be forced by revolutionary troubles
back across the border, not more than
500 will return to Mexico, according
to Joseph C. Bentley, who has charge
of the colonv and who has just arrived
here.
GRAND JURIES TO
INVESTIGATE PLOT
I. W. W. Plans to Thwart Draft
Are Found in Almost Every
Part of Country.
GERMAN MONEY EMPLOYED
Chicago Seems to 3e Headquarters
of Conspirators Who Plan to
Cripple Industry, Destroy
Crops and Cause Riots.
WASHINGTON, Sept. 7. Numerous
indictments for conspiracy to thwart
the Government's war plans appear to
be In prospect as a result of Wednes
day's Nation-wide raid of Industrial
Workers of the World offices by De
partment of Justice agents.
Evidence Is said to be fast accumu
lating to support the belief that a gr
gantlc conspiracy has existed for some
time to cripple the Government in car
rying on the war, that Its ramifica
tions have extended into virtually
every state and that numerous anti
war activities which appeared to eman
ate from many sources in reality had
their fountainhead in a single group of
conspirators.
Anti-draft demonstrations, crippling
of war Industries by so-called labor
disturbances, burning of crops and con
tinuous preachment of anti-ally senti
ment, intended to embarrass the Gov
ernment and retard the exercise of Its
full strength In prosecuting the war,
appear from recent disclosures to have
been included within the scope of the
alleged conspiracy.
German Money Employed.
In the formation and this workings of
this alleged conspiracy the Department
of Justice has begun an inquiry more
comprehensive, it is said, than any
launched since this country's entry into
the war.
How closely the anti-war activities
and propaganda have been inter-related
is to be determined largely by the Fed
eral grand jury now sitting at Chicago,
investigating documents seized in raids
Wednesday of Industrial Workers of
the World and Socialist offices of that
city. Indications are that the alleged
conspiracy had its origin in Chicago
and for some time was actively directed
from that city.
There are also indications that Ger
man money financed. In part, this prop
aganda; that German funds were spent
freely to further the ends of the con
spirators and that of the many per
sons believed to be actively identified
in carrying on the work, few knew of
this source of financial support.
Many Investigations Probable.
The grand jury inquiry will not be
confined, from present indications, to
Chicago. United States Attorneys who
have not accumulated documentary evi
dence which apparently supports the
theory of a great conspiracy are said
to be few in number. It is probable
that much of this evidence will be pre
sented to other grand juries.
So vast Is the accumulation of papers
of all descriptions seized by the Gov
ernment agents that the great bulk
till lies unsifted and the exact deter
mination of their contents and signifi
cance probably will not be reached for
several days.
William C. Fitts, the Assistant Attorney-General
who conceived and di
rected execution of the idea of a Nation-wide
seizure of I. W. W. papers
at a prearranged hour, devoted virtu
ally his entire time today to considera
tion of reports from all sections of the
country as to the results obtained.
West Is Affected.
"The results are very satisfying,"
was all that Mr. Fitts would say.
The Government's hands have been
greatly strengthened by the seizure of
papers in contemplated proceedings
against persons identified with the I.
W. W. and others whose activities have
been for some time under surveillance
of the department's bureau of investi
gation. Many of these documents are said to
relate to labor disturbances in the West
and the Pacific Northwest, which re
cently resulted in determination by the
Government to use all forces at its
command, if necessary, even to the ex
tent of dispatching troops to the scene
TA
The House of Hits
R
LAST DAY
FLORENCE
LA BADIE
in
When Love Was
Blind
TOMORROW
'The
Argonauts
of the West, 1849
The Giant of All Picture Plays
No
Advance
in
Price
of trouble, to prevent the tie-up of war
Industries or their serious curtailment.
OREGOXIANS HELD AS I. W. W.
Portland and Astoria Men Caught
In. Raid by Soldiers.
SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 7 Nearly a
ton of alleged seditious literature was
seized and three men, who the police
said, were Industrial Workers of the
World, were arrested here last night
in a raid by- city police and seven
members of the provost guard of the
Presidio on an office said to be con
ducted by the organization.
The men arrested were Luigl Pa
rent!, who the police said, was sen
tenced to six months in Jail for al
leged anarchistic street utterances soon
after the preparedness parade bomb ex
plosion here last Summer; Nicholas
Poventi, of Portland. Or., and Paul Petl,
of Astoria, Or. The charge was dis
turbing the peace, but the police said
the men would be turned over to Fed
eral authorities.
OREGON SOLDIER SHOT
OFFICERS THISK LOTUS BOfCHOK
IS VICTIM OF HIGHWAYMAN.
Private In Company B, Third Oregon,
Is With Unit at Kortbt Yakima.
Hope for Recovery Held Out.
NORTH YAKIMA, Wash., Sept. 7.
(Special.) Louis Bouchor, of Portland,
Or., a member of the detachment of
Company B, Third Oregon Infantry,
stationed here, was shot last night by
an unidentified assailant and is in a
critical condition at a hospital, but was
somewhat improved tonight with a
fighting chance to recover. He has not
been able to make any statement re
garding the shooting. No arrests have
been made.
Lieutenant Stevens and Sergeant
Welch, of Bouchor's company, said to
night that they believed Bouchor either
was shot by a highwayman who held
him up or by some enemy. Shortly
after the shooting, Bouchor is said to
have declared:
"I'll get the wobblles if they'll give
me a chance," but the officials attach
little significance to this statement, as
Bouchor appeared partly delirious.
Bouchor had spent part of the night,
up to about an hour before the shoot
ing, in company with police officers on
their nightly rounds. He left them
with a cheerful good night, but did not
Indicate where he was going. He did
not, however, go in the direction of
camp. .
Louis Bouchor, the Third Oregon
soldier shot at North Yakima, Wash.,
yesterday, where his company was on
guard duty, is a son of Mrs. Oliver
Bouchor, of Linnton, records at the
Adjutant-General's office show. Ha
is 34 years old, and enlisted in Com
pany B on April 7, this year. He is
an engineer by occupation.
HOSPITAL IS BOMBARDED
ONE AMERICAN DOCTOR. IS KILLED
BY GERMANS.
Sixteen Persona, Five ef Them Amer
icana, Are Wounded' Ten of In
jured Hoapltal Patients,
By the Associated Press.
BRITISH HEADQUARTERS IN
FRANCE AND BELGIUM, Sept. 7.
Following their policy of attacking
military hospitals both near the front
and in the rear, German airmen on
Tuesday night dropped a number of
bombs on a group of British-American
hospitals on the coast. One bomb fell
in a hospital occupied by a St. Louis
unit, wounding one man.
Other bombs fell on a Harvard, hos
pital, killing one and severely wound
ing three other officers of the medical
corps of the American Army. Sixteen
other persons, five of them Americans,
were wounded. Ten of these 16 were
hospital patients.
Lone Robber Holds Up Bank.
ELDORADO, Ark., Sept. 7. A lone
robber, masked, entered the bank at
Huttig, a village near here, at noon
today and, after binding Assistant
Cashier Reason, escaped with more
than $6000.
AMERICA 111 WAR IS
HELD AS GOOD Oltl
Lloyd George Says United
States, Never Defeated,
Will .Win With Allies.
GERMANYS HOPES WANE
Armed Invasion of Russia Under
taken Only When Intrigue Falls,
Declares Premier Suprem
acy Depends Upon Sea.
BIRKENHEAD, England, Sept. 7
Premier Lloyd George in a speech here
today on receiving the freedom of the
city declared that the whole allied
cause and the freedom of the world de
pended on supremacy at sea, and that
he was certain it would be main
tained. German statesmen, he said,
had been at great pains to impress
upon their people that the submarine
figures given out by him in the House
of Commons recently were inaccurate.
He declared these figures were abso
lutely correct and that they put an
end to all hopes of the enemy to win.
The Premier said that the news from
Russia in the last few days had not
been good. He thought when the rev
olution came that it would have the
effect of postponing victory, but he
had expected an earlier recovery.
"However, through all we must ex
ercise patience," he added. .
German Intrigue Falls.
"What I am concerned about most,"
the Premier went on, "is not the ef
fect which the failure of Russia would
have on the war, but the harmful ef
fect It would have on the cause of
democracy in the world."
"One thing gives me satisfaction,"
he continued. "German attempts to
sow dissension between the allies east
and the allies west failed. Germany
only decided to Invade Russia with the
sword because all her other methods
and machinations failed."
The Premier said he repudiated with
scorn the calumny that England was
responsible for the war.
"England drew the sword In honor
of her pledged word," he declared.
America Is Undefeated.
"America, who has now come into
the conflict, has never known defeat,
and on this occasion, too, she with her
allies will triumph over her foe."
"With the whole united strength of
our people we will win," the Premier
added, "but we shall only Just win.
It will need all our strength, so don't
let us throw it away. It is a mighty
force that has set Itself to destroy this
empire and it will take all our strength
to beat it."
LONDON. Sept. 7. Coincldentally
with the announcement that Premier
Lloyd George would deliver an im
portant speech on the war aims of the
allies at Birkenhead today, prominence
is given by the newspapers to a state
ment by Sir Edward Carson to a cor
respondent, in which Sir Edward de
clares: "There Is a great deal of very loose
and mischievous talk about peace.
Some people seem to imagine we have
only to conclude a treaty with Ger
many and all will be well. But I
should like to ask what Is to happen
then? Are the nations of the world
to proceed with preparations for the
next conflict?
"The truth Is, a treaty of peace does
not necessarily secure peace in the
only sense wherein it can be of any
real use to progress and humanity."
Sir Edward then quotes the German
Emperor as saying there is no inter
national law, that treaties are scraps
of paper, and so forth, and adds:
"President Wilson Is right when he
declares no terms signed by the pres
ent rulers of Germany would afford
the slightest security for the peace of
the world, and nothing Is more certain
than that just in proportion as the mil
itary defeat of Germany Is incomplete
the duration of peace will be short."
Phone your want ads to The Orego
gonlan. Main 7070, A 6095.
If" jr
NEW DAILY TRAIN SERVICE
GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY
between
Portland and American Lake
Lv. Portland 10:00 A. M. Ar. American Lake 2:50 P. M.
returning
Lv. American Lake 12:40 Noon. Ar. Portland 5:55 P. M.
Lv. American Lake 5:00 P. M. Ar. Portland 10:00 P. M.
Trains Leave NORTH BANK STATION, 10th and Hoyt Streets.
For tickets and additional information call
CITY TICKET OFFICE, 348 Washington St, or at Depot.
H. DICKSON,
C. P. &T. A.
Telephones:
Marshall 3071,
A 2286.
oUpm
cfel CO J? O
C"Mercriandise of o Merit Only"
BOYS, When You Say
Good-Bye
to Knickers !
Cm
LUKauuucn nmna
Be Sure to Have
Your First
Long Trousers
Suit Right
You'll find correct fit and
lots of style in these particular
suits. They are made for
growing boys like you to fit
your proportions, and they have
the same smart style you find
in so-called young men's clothes. .
Be sure to see our
I
j LANGHAM-HIGH Clothe
i
They're here in all sizes from 32 to 36 the new trench mdels
and belter models, in plaids, mixtures, checks, overplaids, anc). blue,
green and brown flannels. ,
Priced $18 and $20:
! BOYS' SUITS $6.50 to $20
Suits with perfect style and workmanship; many with two pairs
o of trousers. For boys 6 to 18 years. All materials.
BOYS ARMORCLAD SUITS NEW ONES FOR
SCHOOL WEAR CHALLENGE
t THEM ALL AT $5.00
BOYS
MACKINAWS
Very Exceptional at
$6.50
Fifty of them just received for
the BIRTHDAY SALE !
New Fall models; smart plaids;
sizes 8 to 18 years. Wonderful
values !
RAINPROOF
COATS
For Boys Priced
$3.95
We have just unpacked 50
rubberized coats, in slip-on style,
with collar buttoning high. Ex
cellent quality. All sizes for
boys 4 to 1 6 years.
Fourth Floor Lipman, W olfe & Co.
A. First Showing of
Men's NEW FALL Overcoats
Special at $20 and $25
Coats that have lots of style and pep. We've just unpacked
them and. oh, but they're smart!
Every style, color and material that's good this Fall is included.
Sizes 34 to 46. Come in and try some of them on.
Fourth Floor Lipman, Wolfe & Co
MEN HATS
At. $2.95 and $3.45
you could ask for. In French silk felt. Angora mixed and
plain Angora, and all the newest colors and blocks are here I
Stetson Hats, $4 and $5 Miller Hats $5
Schoble Argyle $4 ' P ember tons $3
Alain Floor Just Inside W ashinglon-Street Entrance.
I
I
f New Fall FURNISHINGS
JEFFERSON
SUPERW EIGHT
UNION SUITS, $1.45
Of Egyptian cotton, made
with patent closed crotch. Long
sleeve, ankle length.
MEN'S FLANNELETTE
NIGHT SHIRTS, 98c
-r-Shirts of exceptional quality,
with military and turn-down col
lars; well made.
MEN'S
FLANNELETTE
PAJAMAS AT $1.45
ood quality pajamas, well
cut and neatly made. "Built to
fit." Many colors.
MEN'S PURE LINEN
HANDKERCHIEFS, 17c
Three for 50c A special price
for pure linen handkerchiefs.
With quarter-inch hem.
MEN'S HEAVY OXFORD SHIRTS
SPECIAL AT $1.29
Better take advantage of this sale to supply needs. Coat-style
shirts, with double French cuffs.
Alain Floor Just Inside Washington-Street Entrance.
A Presentation of
Autumn's Newest Fashions in
FOOTWEAR
Brings
Women's Fall
BOOTS
$8, $9 and $10
Beautiful styles with glazed kid
vamps, gray and ivory cloth tops.
Plain toe model, with long forepart;
Cuban, Louis leather heels.
Second Floor Lipman, Wolfe Sr Co.
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