Morning Oregonian., April 09, 1917, Page 6, Image 6

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TIIE 3IORXIXG OREGONIAX, 3IOXD AY, APRIL. 9, 1917.
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PORTLAND, MONDAY, APRIL 8, 1917,
WHAT LED TO THE DECISION.
-- When we look back at the relation
i of the United States to the war as it
- existed only a few months ago, there
" teems on the face of things to have
; been a radical change of policy on the
part of President Wilson. Only in the
4 light of recent events are we able to
- ' explain fully his act at that time.
The note which the President sent
to all the belligerents last De
cember at about the same time
..- that Germany made peace over
tures seemed to be designed to
bring- about peace negotiations, and
was resented for that reason by the
allies and their friends. It drew from
them a frank statement of their aims,
while it drew from the central powers
nothing but a statement of readiness
to name terms of peace at a confer
; . ence. On January 22 the President
made a speech to the Senate in which
he defined the Ideals of the United
States in terms which closely resem.
bled the declared alms of the allies.
A statement of the terms which
Germany was prepared to offer has
since appeared in the Journal de Ge
neve, and the New Republic vouches
for it as "substantially correct, though
Incomplete." It follows:
Evacuation of France, except the min
ing district of Brley, In exchange for
channel port (Calais or Dunkirk) and an
Indemnity of 15.000.000,000 francs; restor.
atlon of Belgium except that Belgium la
not to be allowed to have a national army,
permanent German garrisons in Namur,
Liege and Antwerp, control of Belgian rail
roads and ports and favorable treatment
In an economic treaty.
Germany's refusal to reveal these
terms in reply to the President's note
Is ascribed by the New Republic to
"knowledge on Germany's part that
a statement of them would consoli
date belligerent and neutral opinion
;; against her." That journal continues:
Her hope was to secure a conference,
detach imperial Russia, and then extort
these conquests from the isolated western
I powers.
I It is highly probable that the Presi
dent knew, when he add-essed the
Senate, that these were Germany's
terms. He had surely observed that
submarine war had been carried on
against allied ships anc" against those
of other neutrals with increasing dis.
regard of the assurances given to this
country, and he may reasonably have
inferred that the U-53's raid off Nan
tucket had been made to test the effi
cacy of the submarine at long range
off the American coast in prepara
tion for a resumption of unrestricted
operations. He probably foresaw, if
lie did not actually know, that Ger
many would soon throw off all re
straint, for various circumstances Jus
tified that opinion the clamor of Ger
man extremists, the straits for food to
which Germany was reduced, the fear
In Germany that defeat would come
in this year's campaign and the hope
that food shortage in Britain, already
becoming serious, would be so aggra
vated by greatly increased loss of ships
as to reduce the empire to Impotence
i for victory.
I Knowing or foreseeing all these
things, the President would naturally
consider the consequences to this
country and to the world at large If
the war should end with German vic
tory or in a draw which would leave
Prussianism undefeated. The least
he could do would be to defend Amer
) lean rights at sea by means of armed
neutrality and thereby prevent the al
lies from being starved out or deprived
of the means of winning. But he had
to consider the effect on the United
States of the German victory, or of in
complete German defeat, which was
etill possible. This would mean Ger
many supreme in Belgium, entrenched
in Antwerp and a French port to
threaten-England, in possession of the
best French iron district and dominant
in the Balkans and Turkey. Many
incidents of the last twenty years had
proved Germany's aggressive designs
. :. this country and its neighbors.
. nly by arming on the same scale as
!rmany was armed cculd this coun-
''"' i then have remained safe, and this
' : -iree of armament would have been
' 'ssary until Germany had recov-
.- 1 from her present exhaustion suf
. f ''antly to challenge the United
V"" ' "-es- Meanwhile German intrigue
: : ."!ild have continued-in this country
"Tteep it unarmed and asleep under
. influence oT the pacifist opiate.
,' -3 United States would have lived
. '4 constant danger of sudden attack
- -Jr a ruthless, conscienceless foe.
. 4 Even with this knowledge, amply
einforced by discovery of the plan for
an alliance with Mexico and Japan.
t.he President continued until nfrnr th
f. . 6ixty-fourth Congress had adjourned
" V to ask no more than the arming and
t : protection of ships. He may have been
held back by his well-known aversion
for war, by the expectation that Ger
many would declare war, by reluctance
to ally this republic with despotic
Russia, or by doubt whether Congress
iwould consent to go beyond the arm
s-Trig and protection of ships, or by all
tVf- these considerations.
' 'succession of events combined to
' " Ve his doubts and hesitation.
. ,: " , 5 indignation at the Senate fili
. showed the people to be behind
1 Sid stiffened the spines of doubt-
"V.longressmen. The sinking of
;;oe" American ships in one day in a
culiarly barbarous manner was a
- ' 3&r act of war. Russia in a week
,:-fcanged from a despotism into a re
public. Finally armed neutrality was
Xiid to be an ineffective half-meas-;
, "Vfring no right to prevent plot
, ."" I this country from aiding Ger
I Ambassador Gerard came
Vnd doubtless shed light on the
jhostility of Germany to this
1, on the empire's ulterior aims
its present military power,
icision was to make no half
r it to ally this Nation with the
democratic nations of the world
in arms and to end the menace of
Prussianism once for all.
.Those Americans who calmly con
sider the vital issues at stake in the
war and our interest in them, the dis,
position of Germany toward this coun
try as revealed by a number of signifi
cant incidents, and the far-reaching
consequences to our country of a vie
tory for the leagued despots, cannot
but rejoice that the President decided
as he did. Under his leadership we
have embarked on a war the extent
and cost of which cannot be estim ted,
but the necessity of which cannot be
denied, if this Nation, together with
the rest of the world, is to be freed
from a. danger which would have over
hung us like a black cloud. By stay.
ing out of the war we might have
gained an insecure peace and a few
more billion dollars paid for with
blood, shed In reality for our own
safety, and then perhaps shed lnjvain
By going in, we assure the safety of
not only ourselves but of all other
democracies, and with-, it a lasting
peace, which can be founded only on
freedom, Justice, humanity and inter
national right. We have chosen the
harder but the better part.
OCT WITH THEM.
T pledge my allegiance to my flag and the
puD!ic ror which it stands, one Nation, In,
divisible, with liberty and Justice for all.
"If there is a teacher who cannot
lead his pupils In the salute and pledge
he should resign forthwith" says
Corvallls correspondent today.
The Oregonian would add that if
there is such a teacher and he does
not resign, he should be discharged
forthwith. It would also add that if
there is any school director who will
not discharge such a teacher he should
resign forthwith.
The time is past for temporizing
with lukewarm loyalty and lack of
patriotism.
It has been said in effect that to in
culcate devotion to this republic may
be offensive to some adopted citizens.
Not to inculcate it in the schools Is
offensive to the native-born and to
most of the alien-born who are en
Joying the blessings of this- free coun
try. They are the many, the others
the few.
There is no quality In freedom which
binds Americans to permit a grain of
foreign ties or sympathies to leaven
the whole youthful conception of al
legiance to flag and country.
PUT J.OXET IN THE WAR CHEST.
The proposal of the Government to
borrow a large sum of money to be
lent to the allies is both good strategy
in the war and good business. It is to
our interest to preserve their economic
resources, and our Government can
borrow money at 3 to 3 per cent.
while they are paying 5 per cent or
more. It is good policy to give them
the benefit of the more abundant and
cheaper money in this country and of
the higher credit of our Government.
The high cost of living is partly due to
the superabundance of money and
credit In this country. We can reduce
the excess, steady prices and at the
same time facilitate payment for the
great volume of exports to Europe.
The allied nations would not be
likely to accept a gift of money from
this country, hence financial aid will
take the form of a loan by the United
States Government, which will sell its
bonds and use the proceeds in pur
chase of their bonds bearing the same
rate of interest. The Government will
be amply secured for even yet Great
Britain a"nd France, the leading mem
bers of the alliance, have not reached
the ratio of debt to national wealth or
national income which they reached in
the Napoleonic war. They have actu
ally grown stronger during the war, so
far as foreign trade and national in
come are concerned. Comparing 1916
with 1915, British exports to this coun
try were $52,000,000 more and French
exports $25,000,000 more, and since
the war began British national Income
has increased from $12,000,000,000 to
$15,000,000,000 a year. Notwithstand
ing immense borrowing, British bond
interest uses up only 7 per cent of na
tional income as compared with 11 per
cent in 1815, while France must pay
only 11 per cent of lier income in in
terest. Though the resources of the
two countries in IS 15 'were only one
sixth of the present total, they have
paid off all the obligations of that pe
riod. It is a point of National pride for
this Nation to make a liberal loan to
the allies without one dollar of profit.
We have been continually taunted on
one side with keeping out of the war
to make money out of it, and on the
other side with Insisting on the free
dom of the seas that we might carry
on this traffic. We should gladly con
tribute the entire sum of our profits on
munitions to the common cause, if for
no other purpose than to prove thein
Justice of this reproach.
PRODUCE MORE FOOD.
An Imperative "duty is inrposed on
the American people by the prospec
tive short crop of wheat and other
cereals, as indicated by the Govern
ment report. The short crop of 1916,
in other countries as well as this,
cleaned up the surplus remaining from
the phenomenal crop of 1915 and
caused us to scrape the bottom of the
bin. There will be practically no sur
plus remaining from last year's crop
when the next harvest begins. The
present outlook is that that harvest
will yield no more than our normal
consumption unless the acreage shown
is much increased, and for that the
season is already far advanced.
In these circumstances we owe a
duty to ourselves, to our country and
to the nations with which we shall
co-operate in the war. That is to pro
duce as much food as possible and to
waste none. Europe relies chiefly on
the United States to make good its
deficient food production with our sur
plus. So long as the entente powers
are fighting Germany, they are fight
ing our battles, and it is almost as
much a -patriotic duty for us to see
that their people are fed as it is to do
the same for our own people. The
shortage of wheat and other cereals
should be made up by increased pro
duction of other food, which it is not
yet too late to sow or plant. For the
same reason we should be careful not
to waste wheat, flour or bread, or
other grain which is scarce, and
should use substitutes. By so doing
we can so reduce home consumption
that we shall have a surplus for
Europe, where it will do good serv
ice in sustaining the strength of the
British, French, Italians and other
nations which are fighting the Ger
mans. The same rule applies to potatoes, of
which there is a shortage in all coun
tries. Consumption should be reduced
by substituting other vegetables, such
as rice, and production should be in
creased by planting all available
ground. This year's sugar supply wil!
also be short in consequence of de
struction of Cuban canefielda In the
insurrection. A larger acreage of
sugar beets in Southern Oregon will
help to make up this deficiency.
Every person who helps to produce
food of various kinds helps the United
States to win the war In several ways.
He Increases the supply for all who are
engaged in the common cause. He
helps . to maintain the financial
strength of the United States by main
taining the volume of our export
trade. He helps to keep down the cost
of living for himself and his neigh
bors, for the price of food rises and
falls in proportion to its scarcity or
abundance. He also benefits his own
health, for there Is no healthier occu
pat i 01 than outdoor work in the farm
or garden.
CHCKCHES ARE GROWING.
Statisticians give ample justification
for the belief that periods of world un
rest serve to give stimulus to religious
undertakings, and this is illustrated by
the progressive Increase in church
membership during the past' two years.
A student of denominational figures
estimates that the growth of member
ship in various denominational bodies
In the United States during 1916 was
747,000. The- Increase in 1915 was
543,000. The total enrolled church
membership in the United States is
now given as 40,016,789. This does not
Include, of course, a large number of
children in the families of church
members, who fairly might be counted
in any estimate of the proportion of
church members to the total popula
tion of the country. It Is therefore
concluded that about half the people
of the United States are "affiliated"
with some church. This is said to be
the largest percentage the country has
ever known.
Inasmuch as a recorded member
ship alone Is not complete evidence of
a religious awakening, it is interesting
to note that there has been at the
same time a large extension of spirit
ual and material activities. Church
attendance has increased, which is, on
the whole, a better sign of real inter
est than increased membership. Sun
day schools particularly have gained
ground, indicating that parents are
taking more interest in the religious
preparation of their children. Gifts to
various enterprises correlated to the
church have been larger than ever be
fore in history. The movement for
clergymen's pensions in some denomi
nations is viewed as an indication of
the awakening sense of social Justice,
which is extended also to other fields.
Added financial burdens have been
met cheerfully both in foreign and do
mestic activities.
There has been at the same time
strong realization of the necessity for
interdenominational co-operation. This
is exhibited in the showing made as to
the number of new churches estab
lished. The net gain in 1916 was only
117, while in 1915 there was a net loss.
Coming at a time when membership
was growing so rapidly, this can mean
only one thing, and that is that ineffi
cient churches are being weeded out.
Duplication of effort, especially in
rural communities, has long been a
problem. This is now being met. So
lution has been helped by attention
called to it by numerous social sur
veys, which are coming in fashion. It
is a hopeful sign, too, because it shows
that we are still willing to be con
vinced. When the actual need of ac
tion is pointed out to us, we govern
ourselves accordingly. Future prog-,
ress on a large scale is possible when
we are in this frame of mind.
TO FORESTALI, AN EPIDEMIC.
Vigorous efforts will be put forth
during the present year to find means
for forestalling a repetition of last
year's widespread epidemic of infant
paralysis. In these measures the two
states most seriously affected in 1916
New York and Massachusetts and
also Vermont, which already has ex
tended public aid, are taking a lead
ing part. It is realized, however.
that the subject 1s one of deep con
cern for every state, since the method
by which the disease spreads is still
mystery to physicians and the fact
that any given locality has been lm
mune thus far is not a guarantee that
it will continue to escape. The er
ratic manner in which the epidemic
appears in communities at random,
apparently skipping some only to in
vade others farther from the original
centers of infection, has been most
puzzling. It has seemed to defy all
known' laws of hygiene.
It is clearly, therefore, a public
duty for all to give such help as they
can in combating the disease. Presi
dent Faunce, of Brown University, put
the case in a nutshell in a recent ad
dress in which he pointed out the mu
tual responsibility of all citizens and
the profound necessity for intelligent
and thorough preparedness. "The case
of Infant paralysis in our neighbor's
house," he said, "is your affair and
my affair, for it may come down the
street and enter your house and my
house." For neighbor's house and
street we may read neighboring city
and state, with equal truth. The prob-
em is not local; it knows no state
boundaries and is not confined to
either urban or rural situations. Re
cent estimates by the United States
public health service show that only
four states in the Union escaped the
epidemic last year. This does not
mean, however, that they necessarily
will escape in 1917.
Importance of every possible pre
ventive measure is emphasized bv
figures showing the deadly character
of the disease. Official analysis of
existing cases in New York City, made
last October, showed that 26 per cent
terminated fatally. Of the recovered
cases, 65 per cent showed serious
paralysis of one or both lower limbs,
the patients being unable to walk,
while 19 per cent were partially para
lyzed, although able to walk. It is be
lieved that the proportion will not vary
materially from these figures in the re
turns from the country at large. The
total number of cases in the United
States in 1916 was not far from 25,-
00. It was the worst outbreak of in
fantile paralysis the world has ever
known.
It is obvious that much danger lies
in any effort to belittle the serious
ness of the prospect. It is pointed out
.that no reasonable precaution should
be neglected. In this connection the
announcement of a Vermont univer
sity professor, that it Is chiefly through
diseased noses and throats that the
virus enters the central nervous sys
tem, and that normal noses and
throats seem to neutralize the poison,
while it is accepted with some reserve
by physicians, is regarded as suggest
ing obvious precautionary measures
that can do no harm, even if they
do not Justify all the promise of en
thusiasts. It is felt that careful at
tention to the nose and, throat, es
pecially of the child of tender years,
is indicated and that parents ought to
consider this phase of the .subject, es
pecially in the critical period of the
next two years. Residents of com
munities that have been unaffected
previously are under as strong an ob
ligation in this regard as those of
affected districts. No rule of immu
nity is known.
At least one Important phase of Ger
man military efficiency is believed to
have been due to study of American
methods. As is well known, one of the
most highly organized institutions in
the United States is the traveling cir
cus. The circus method of breaking
camp,, packing and loading their
equipment and transporting It, and the
speed with which the process is re
versed and the tentage. raised again,
made a deep Impression on German
army officers prior to the present war,
when American circuses were visiting
their country, and officers were de
tailed to make an especial study of the
system and to adapt it to the sit
uation of soldiers in the field. This
is vouched for by American officers
who have been in Germany since the
war began. Circus methods were
found especially valuable in entraining
artillery, and particularly in loading
wagons on cars.
One result of the Russian revolution
has been to remove the cause of much
Jewish sympathy for Germany. Rus
sian Jews favored Germany not be
cause they loved Germany, but be
cause they hated Russia for Its perse
cution. Deposition of the persecutors
and grant of full equality to Jews in
Russia have turned many Jews, who
are democratlo in their sympathies
above all, to the side of the allies.
If the Administration wanted to si
lence General Wood, it could have
done better by giving him plenty of
hard work at Washington than by
sending him to Charleston. He has
great ability, long experience and Is a
tireless worker. In time of war these
qualities should not be sacrificed to
pique.
When news of President Wilson's
war speech reached the Metropolitan
Opera-House in New York the orches
tra played "The Star-Spangled Ban
ner" and Mr. Gerard called for three
cheers for the President, thus reliev
ing the pent-up feelings generated by
several years of residence in Berlin.
No better man could be chosen for
the chairmanship of a National com
mittee on food supply than Herbert C,
Hoover. His capacity for organization
has been proved and his experience
in Belgium has taught him about all
there is to know about the Importance
of food.
When knocked down, the pacifist
who insulted Senator Lodge recognized
the existence of a state of war, though
he opposed the same course by the
American people when they were as
saulted in the persons of some of their
people.
The rush of young men to marryi
with the clear intention in many in
stances of evading military service im
posed upon the unmarried, leads one
to wonder what material the young
women in the case are made of.
Dethronement of Emperor William
before he is conquered is impossible,
The feat was . practicable in Russia
with a weak ruler, but Germany is
different. Revolutionists there will
back up blindfolded to a wall.
The reply of the Russian Minister of
Justice to the Socialist Democratic
leader in the German Reichstag is
chiefly remarkable for total absence of
comfort for the house of Hohenzol
lern.
One of our first problems will be to
eliminate the element of chance in the
running down of submarines a field
in which there will be unlimited op
portunity for the exercise of our
vaunted inventive genius.
In all efforts to increase our food
supply the thought must be kept up
permost that time is flying. The
greater part of trie important work
must be done within the next few
weeks.
Fundamental requirements of our
proposed vast new intelligence depart
ment, or secret service. It would be
well for volunteers to bear in mind,
will be intelligence and secrecy.
The rise of Trooper Venable to be
Captain Venable, all In the space of a
few months, disposes of all assertions
that this is not a land of opportunity,
even in time of war.
Thanks solely to the help of the
United States, Cuba Is in a better posi
tion to give help to the cause of world
freedom than it ever has been before.
A. free-running translation of Terre
bonne would be "good earth," and if
the precious metals are found therein,
the name is more than appropriate.
A New York court has held, that a
taxi driver's tips are part of his wages.
When a waiter neglects a "tight" cus
tomer he is striking for a raise.
Men now engaged in tying up
necessary Industry by strikes must re
member that the time of public pa
tience is likely to be short.
Yes, Jupiter Pluvius, we know the
rain this year has been short of the
regular allowance, but we will forgive
you the balance.
What is to be the popular song of
this war? Can some composer match
Tipperary" or "A Hot Time la the
Old Town"?
South America evidently proposes to
have something to say about being
made a German colony.
It required half a century for North
Carolina Confederates to raise the flag.
but she is up to stay.
The raider will not find a neutral
port of refuge, unless it be Mexican.
If you cannot get into anything else,
join the Nathan Hale Volunteers.
Nothing feazes Bryan. When he
isn't am, he am am for war.
A way may yet be found to bring
those sugar refiners to time.
American troops will need a battle
line of their own-In Europe.
The would-be recruit an inch or two
short needs another rolling.
Without Cuba, we could win; with.
her, we will. v
Give the people a chance at the war
bonds.
How to Keep Well.
By Dr. XV, J. Etiss,
Questions pertinent to hyglen. sanitation
and prevention of disease. If matters of gen
eral Interest, will be answered In this col
umn. Where space will not permit or the
subject Is not suitable letters will be per
sonally answered, subject to proper limita
tions and where stamped addressed envelope
Is Inclosed. Dr. Evans will not make diagnosis
or prescribe for Individual diseases. Re
quests for such services cannot be answered.
(Copyright. 1B16, by Dr. W. A. Bvans.
Published by arrangement with the Chicago
Tribune.) '
HOW RAILROADS GUARD HEALTH.
A few of the railroads are now em
ploying sanitarians to look after the
health of their employes and also to
see that no incident of the passenger's
travel hazards his health unduly. I
have been interested in reading a re
cent article on health conditions writ
ten by Dr. Campbell, sanitarian of the
Illinois Central.
The water on railroad coaches is now
good and safe. Traveling men will do
well to drink as little water as possi
ble from promiscuous supplies, but take
in a camel load when they reach the
train. The Federal Public Health
Service has supervised passenger coach
water supplies for a year or more.
Dr. Campbell says that 90 per cent of
polluted wells are polluted at the top
or within three or four feet of the top.
To prevent this the wells used by em
ployes of the road are covered with
cement. The layer of cement la placed
two or three feet below the surface of
the ground and slants outward so that
Its outer edge la six or eight Inches
deeper In the ground than la the edge
next the well. The cement extends
three feet laterally beyond the well.
For those employes who are forced to
drink pond and stream water the fol
lowing device is used: Two barrels are
set ao that the bottom of one ia about
three feet above the top of the other.
The upper Is called the sedimentation
tank. The lower, the sterilizing tank.
A one-inch pipe Is inserted in the
upper barrel about eight lnchea from
the bottom and permlta the water clari
fied by sedimentation to run through
a stone filter and then Into the sterili
zation tank. Hypochlorite of lime tab
lets are added to the water in this tank.
The sterilization tank is provided with
a drinking faucet. The sedimentation
tank has a drain faucet at Its bottom.
This is to drain off mud and other
sediment.
The track crewa and bridge gangs
working In malarial districts are clven
quinine during the mosquito season.
I he foremen give the men two five
grain quinine capaulea on Wednesday
night and again on Saturday night. Dr.
Campbell says that this method has re
duced malaria among the men 90 per
cent.
When, two years ago, 21 miles of
double track In the Yazoo delta washed
out they rebuilt it with crews not one
of whom developed malaria. "The
Western Union men working alongside
our men fell by the wayside and suf
fered severely."
In one bad terminal surrounded by
swamps the method 'waa given a good
trial. Not one case of malaria de
veloped in IS months In the crewa
working under the foremen at this
point. The expense of running an en
gine fell from $1.21 to 90 cents a day.
When a washout on the banks of the
Mississippi River occurred they threw
In a force of 2000 laborers. Typhoid
fever broke out. They vaccinated all
the force against typhoid and not an
other case developed.
The kitchens of the dining cars have
received the attention of the sani
tarian. The upper half of the door en
tering the kitchen la open and screened.
A large canopy la placed over the range
and an exhaust fan over the canopy re
moves the hot air and keeps the kitchen
bearable. .
The.e Illustrations point out a few of
the dutlea of a railroad sanitarian.
Food for a Baby.
J. A. D. writes: ."What food can be
given an 8 months' healthy baby once
or twice a day as substitute for the
mother's natural milk? The mother's
milk is good and plentiful, but she feels
the child should begin to get used to
other thingB also before the warm
weather seta In."
REPLY.
Start with orange Juice. Give toasted
bread, cracker, or zwieback. Cereal. Be
fore long add well-chopped spinach, turnips,
parsnips, carrots, beets and potato. A lit
tle later give meat Juice, soup and then
finely chopped meat.
Sick Headache.
B. S. N. writes: "I am a woman 62
years old. Have had 'a peculiar head
ache since childhood. I will be feeling
well as usual when all at once every
thing will become blurred and all ob
jects seem to dance before my eyes.
This blinding lasts about 25 minutes.
after which my head will ache severely
ror two or three hours. I feel very
weak for a day or two after having one
of these headaches. Lately have had
them very often.
"1. What Is the cause of my trouble?
2. Can It be cured?- 3. If so, how?
"I have a son 15 years old who has
the same trouble. 4. Is It more easily
cured while young?"
REPLY.
I think yon have sick headache or mi
graine. The absence of nausea does not rule
out xnlgrulne or sick headache. The trouble
runs In families. It generally gets well
spontaneously In persons about your age.
Your son has some years of occasional dis
comfort before him. Have him eat sparing
ly, live In the open air, and keep his bowels
regular.
No, Not "Giants."
S. M. O. writes: "A friend of mine
recently broke her engagement to a
very worthy young man. she having
been made to believe that the children
of tall people or a tall person are
giants. She is about 5 feet 6V4 inches
tall, he 6 feet 2 inches. She comes
from a family of the average height,
while his people are all rather tall, he
being the tallest, and his height sup
posedly due to terrible pains during a
siege of Illness while a boy. Any light
you may be able to throw on this
height subject would be greatly appre
ciated, for I contend that she is mak
ing a mistake."
REPLY.
Inheritance Is the chief factor In deter
mining stature. If the man's family are tall
and the woman's family also, tall children1
can be expected. ir there Is a low stature
strain In the stock It Is liable to manifest
Itself In one or two of the children. Of
course, the lady made a mistake. Men B
feet 2 and women 5 feet 6 are not "giants."
Neither are they liable to breed giants.
Wood Bloclca for Pavement.
ASHLAND, Or., April 6. (To the Ed
itor.) We have read quite a number
of times that the $6,000,000 road bond
measure to be voted on June 4th Is a
bill gotten up by the paving Interests.
Is there anything in the bill that
would bar the use of wooden blocks
for paving Instead of concrete?
It is well known that wooden blocks
make the very best and lasting pave
ments, it being less expensive, more
reliant, and Oregon has a world of the
finest timber for that purpose in the
world, and nearly all of it is already
on the ground right where it will be
needed. Why not give It a trial?
CHAS. B. HOWARD.
There is nothing in the act barring
use of wood blocks.
IT on or tor McKtnley, Too.
PORTLAND. Or., April 7. (To the
Editor.) I noticed in the window of a
downtown store three pictures. Presi
dent Washington's, President Lincoln's,
and President Wilson's. To be complete
they should also have had President
McKlnleys. He carried the country
through a crisis and was not called a
second Lincoln, either, and in fact,
seems to be entirely forgotten. While
not a serious war, it might have been,
and ha should be honored as much as
anyona. SUBSCRIBER,
NOT VOICE OP NATION'S WOMEN
Miss Ttaakln's, Attitude on War Resoln
tlosi Shames Xtwbtrj Suffragist.
NEWBERO, Or.. April 7. (To the
Editor.) When I heard Miss Rankin
was made a Representative to the
United States Congress I was pleased.
I believe in woman's suffrage.
When I read In The Oregonian "Miss
Rankin soba when- name is called and
says ahe can't vote for war" I was
filled with shame and indignation.
Of course, 49 men voted as she did,
but that was only a little over 11 per
cent of the men voting, and Miss Ran
kin's vote made 100 per cent of the
woman vote. - That la the way many
will look at It and. as they do. will de
cide that Congress is no place for
women.
I want to.. call attention to the fact
that Mlsa Rankin does not represent
the women of the Nation. I believe
there are as many strong, right-thinking,
noble women In the United States
as men- women who realize what our
Nation has done for them and their
children, women who want to stand
by our colors and uphold the President
in every effort to maintain the dignity
of our Nation and protect lta people
women, who. If they were going to
sob, would sob for the women and
children of Belgium, for the women
and children who have been murdered
on the high seas, and the women .and
children who have fallen prey to bombs
dropped upon them.
They are women, too, who count the
cost. Some of us know what it was
In the Spanish War to send out young
sons under the flag, to 11a awake most
of many nights, to weep and pray, to
have the news of a battle and read
such a number were killed, to hold
onto something while rapidly scanning
the column beneath to see If names
are given. They know, too, what It
means to hear their sons are low with
fever In the hospitals of the Philippines,
and some have never again seen their
dear ones.
But these women would not sob, were
they in Congress, but would vote clear
ly and emphatically that a mad-dog
nation should be put out of power to
Injure. Don't take Mlsa Rankin for a
sample of America's womanhood.
MRS. M. C. WIRE.
MEASLES WOT HARMLESS MALADY
Stricter Quarantine RegnlatlODa .Are
Advocated by Phyalctam.
BANKS. Or.. April 7. (To the Ed
itor.) I sometimes read Dr. Evans' col
umn In The Oregonian, for Instance
that on diabetes and the recent one on
measles. i nave nad in the present
epidemic of measles at Banks about 75
cases. The infection Is very virulent,
and some of the cases very severe.
Lobar pneumonia has developed in one
of my cases, and both pneumonia and
enteric fever In another, a child of 2
years, which is Just now recovering
after about a four weeks' Illness. No
deaths, but some very critical cases.
The path- of Infection is very trace
able, and to urge the enforcement of
regulations against It is the purpose of
this letter.
The Banks school of four rooms was
infected by one pupil. Every pupil in
that room not Immune about one more
than half got the infection and suf
fered a severe attack. No pupil in the
other three rooms got it at that time.
In Borne neighborhoods it is general
others are free. '
My experience, as well as the gen
eral authorities, differs from Dr. Evans
in this. There Is undoubted evidence
that through direct contact, or being
confined in the snmA rnnm n.uh i .
ed persons, is the usual source of the
infection, but that sometimes the con
tagion is carried in the clothes or
otherwise by one not having the dis
ease. Again, the doctor is wrong in the
"".uujuon. Among my cases
the usual nerlnH wn i a .
longer than that than less, sometimes
"minis i ways.
Popular fallacies concerning this
contagion and its comparative harm
lessness -should be corrected, and
strictest quarantine observed against
this severe and dangerous malady
J. B. ZIEGLKR. Ml D.
COPPERHEADS' SAD FATE IN 1S01
Veteran Recall. Draft of Eleven aa Re
sult of Efforts Against Recruiting.
...FCl?.,3FST OROVE, Or.. April 7 (To
the Ldltor.) There Is so much in the
papers about pacifists and copperheads
that it carries me back in memory to
Civil war times. In one township in
Iowa there were so many copperheads
who discouraged the young men from
enlisting, that it became necessary to
call a draft in orde- to make up the
?.U?.ta reo-u,red from that township.
hlle preparations were going for
ward for the draft thean rar.Tu.rh..j.
advised the young men who were free
from family obligations to leave for
Canada, and as eleven of these young
n:u wuo were ararted could not be
brought back. It became necessary to
call a second draft, with the result
that eleven of these same copperheads
were drafted and had to go to war to
take the place of the young men they
had discouraged from enlisting.
It occurs to me that if the present
day copperheads continue to discour
age enlistments, they may find their
own names among the drafted.
I hear some say It Is too bad to en
list boys only 18 years old. Before I
was 16 I walked 25 miles, from Cas
cade to Dubuque. Iowa, to enlist in Co.
L, First Iowa Cavalry. We had no
railroad and this was our nearest reg
ular recruiting office.
The year I was 16 I voted for Abra
ham Lincoln for President, all sol
diers being given the privilege of vot
ing, regardless of their asre. I have
been voting for Republican Presidents
ever since. But now I consider it my
duty to support President Wilson and
our Government In the present crisis
ARTHUR B. THOMAS.
Railway learnings and Rates.
BROADBENT. Or.. April 8. (To the
Editor.) (l) What were the net earn
ings of all the railroads in the United
States in the year 1916?
(2) What countries own and operate
their own railroads?
(3) How do the rates compare with
those of the United States?
(4) About what amount does the
United States have to pay the railroads
for carrying the malls a year?
(5) About what per cent less do the
express companies charge since the
parcel post went In effect?
H. A. JOHNSON.
(1 We cannot give 1916 figures at
present. The operating revenues of all
railroads in the United States for the
fiscal year 1915 were ,2.956,133,202; op
erating expenses, $2,088,6S2,956.
(2) In 47 countries railroads in vary
ing proportions of the total mileage
are owned by the state; In two others,
Serbia and Bulgaria, all railroads are
state-owned; in Australia all but about
2000 miles of a total of 22,006 miles are
state-owned. Out of 687.123 miles of
railroads in the world 224,299 are state
owned. (3) According to the Railway Library
(Slason Thompson, 1910), the average
freight receipts of railroads per ton
per mile are lower in the United
States than the average receipts of
any juntry In Europe. Figures or
detailed comparisons are impracticable
of publication In this column.
(4) In 1915 it was 158,148,751.
(5) A few months after the parcel
post was established a new block sys
tem of rates of express companies was
ordered by the Interstate Commerce
Commission, entailing a material re
duction In charges. It is Impracticable
to d:ermlne the competitive effrot of
the parcel post on express- rates In
view of coincident Government regu
lation, oz express cnargts, y
In Other Days.
Twenty-five Years Ago.
From The Oregonian April . 1892.
The large plant of the Portland Dis
tillery and the Cattle Feeding Company
at Troutdale was destroyed by fire
Thursday night. The Portland fire de
partment, headed by Chief Morgan,
gave assistance In men and equipment
which were rushed out by train. '
The Oregonian prints this morning
a lengthy extract of Robert Ingersoll's
sermon at the burial of Walt Whitman.
Ingersoll had differed with Whitman
all his life on religious subjects.
The long-promised cablecar system
to the city park and new baseball
ground la at last a fact and the cars
began running yesterday morning.
The principal further nominations
thus far made by the Republican state
convention are: Presidential elector,
David M. Dunne, of Portland, vice, W
D. Hare, of Hlllsboro: Supreme Judge.
Frank A. Moore, St. Helens; Attorney
General, Lionel R. Webster, of Jack
sonville. Paris Lieutenant Acastay, who mur
dered the Baroness Deilard. was exe
cuted early yesterday.
The Cakewalk erase hit the Expo
sition building last right and a vast
multitude gathered for the evening fes
tivities. J. c. Lynch waa master of
ceremonies.
i A- LaIan1' "Wtfe of Alonio La-
land, who published the Oregon Ad
thJ first dally paper ever pub
lished In Portland, has returned from
Lewiston. where she has spent a num
ber of years.
ITalf a Century Ago.
From The Oregonian of April o, ig8T.
Rev. Henry Ward Beecher In a re
'e.nt,, lec, tre at the Brooklyn Academv
of Music advocated the extension of
woman auffrage.
Lieut. Jamea llalloran. of Oregon,
has passed the board of examination
at San Francisco and sailed for New
lork to Join his regiment.
N;, Thwlng andMiaa Clara Hill, of
Portland, were married April 6.
P. J. Malone. one of the veteran re
porters of the Pacific Coast and a
shorthand reporter, who has no su
perior and few equals, was in the city
yesterday.
George Edes and family, of Salem,
have gone East for a few months' visit.
len1" CrUr, i3.ln a 8tate of 8le
1600 men inside and five pieces of
artillery. There Is no blockade from
the sea. Thirty thousand men are out
side with four small field guns.
Additional honor roll members of the
Harrison street school are Edward
Wilcox. John Bird and Ella and Mary
Taylor.
LOYALTY I.V THE PCBLIC SCHOOLS
Teacher Who Cannot Lead Pnpll. In
Pledge and Salute Should RealKn.
?RYATS' r- A"r11 7. (To the
Editor.) The salute to the fjag and
pledge. "I pledge allegiance to my flag
and the Republic for which it stands,
oive Nation, indivisible, with liberty
and Justice for all." should open every
l mere is a teacher who
cannot lead his pupilf in the salute and
pledge, ha should resign forthwith.
The school has had no such oppor
tunity to Impress the lesson of patri
otism during the present generation of
school children. Our boys and girls
should receive a baptism of loyalty
loyalty to the flag, loyalty to the noble
ideals to which our beloved land has
been consecrated by the blood of our
fathers. We must follow the counsels
of our President and our Governor in
our consideration for the neutral af
fection for the fatherlands on the part
of many of our fellow countrymen.
Our tacit assumption of their loyalty
to their adopted country is a tribute
they deeply appreciate. We must be
especially considerate of the children,
who are too Immature to understand.
Every citizen, most of all the teacher,
should be stirred to his depths by the
holy passion of patriotism. Anyone,
young or old, who places any other
duty before his duty to his country at
this hour, ia unworthy of his citizen
ship. There are innumerable ways of
serving our country and every man,
woman and child, physically and men
tally capable, can render some service,
smaller or greater, according to the
need.
No conscription should be necessary
either for military or civilian service.
Hesitation and delay on the part of
those of us who have especially bene
fited by good fortune and opportunity
Is particularly discreditable. Our im
mediate duty is to volunteer the serv-.
Ice, and trust the Government to decide
what form that shall take for each of
us. E. D. RESSLER.
How Easter Date Is Determined.
PORTLAND, April 8. (To the Edi
tor.) Please tell me through The Ore
gonian how to know when Easter Sun
day comes. SUBSCRIBER.
Eaater is flways the first Sunday
after the full moon that falls on or
next after the 21st of March; If the
full moon happens on Sunday, Easter
Is celebrated one week later. "But It
Is not the actual moon in the heavens,
nor even the mean moon of astrono
mers, that regulates the time of Easter.
The date of the paschal moon Is de
termined by complex calendar rules
and may differ from the astronomical
full moon several days.
Easter dates are calculated several
yeara ahead in numerous reference
works. Including the World Almanae
and unabridged dictionaries.
Children Take Parents' Citizenship.
ALBANY. Or., April 7. (To the Ed
itor.) I was born In Denmark and
came to this country when I was 10
years of age, 20 yeara ago. My mother
married a naturalised American citi
zen. Does that make me a citizen? If
not. how long before I can take out my
final papers? MARTIN JESSEN.
The Federal provision Is that minor
children of any person who becomes
a naturalized citizen of the United
States are thereby made citizens. Tour
mother's marriage to a naturalized
American citizen made her also a citi
zen. Whether you also are a citi
zen will depend on whether she waa
married while you were still a minor
child. If you had attained your ma
jority before she became a citizen,
separate naturalization will be neces
sary for you.
Quibbling In Face of Danger.
PORTLAND, April 6. (To the Ed
itor.) The Junior Senator from Oregon
is evidently trying to square himself
with his constituency, for I received a
circular letter from him on his attitude
In the armed neutrality matter.
I have no sympathy with the spirit
that antagonizes capital and labor.
do not see how anyone can remain In
different while our commerce is swept
from the seas. Surely the man In
Pittsburg, Denver or Omaha must suf
fer Just as much in the deal as the
man in New York or Portland.
I do not see how any one can be so
dead as to be Indifferent to the fate of
his fellow citizens. Surely It ia not an
American spirit that would surrender
our God-given rights for which our
fathers contended. A, JIOWIT3ER.
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