Morning Oregonian., December 30, 1916, Image 1

LVI NO. 17,506.
STRIKE BEGINS IN
GASOLINE-SUPPLY
INDORSES
FOR DEFICIT
WASHINGTON'S FAME
DEFENDED BY COURT
NEXT MOVE PUT UP
TO RAILROAD MEN
BATTLESHIP DEAL IcPICMTIOT nCllICO
NEARLY EXHAUSTED
DENIED BY JAPAN 1 UJI UtHILtl
LOCAL SIEEL PLANT
WAR BENEFITS RACE
STAXDARD OIL MAX SOUNDS
WARNING TO ENGINEERS.
OLYMPIA SUPREME TRIBUNAL
UPHOLDS MAN'S CONVICTION
' " ZZ2 ZZZZZlZZ xctjo. l'KICE FIVE CENTS.
I ssm
WILSON
" ' -
BONDS
Trouble May Spread to
Other Shipbuilders.
315 IRON WORKERS 60 OUT
Willamette Company Refuses
to Meet With Union Heads.
CLOSED SHOP HELD ISSUE
Walkout Is Precipitated- When TJn
completed Boilers Are Shipped
to Seattle to Avoid Delay on
Craft Building There.
SHIPBUILDING STRIKE! SITU
ATION. Between 310 and 320 union
men, or &6 per cent of manual
force, at Willamette Iron &
Steel Company's plant walk out.
Strike precipitated by com
pany's hurrying unfinished order
to Seattle to escape possible de
lay by strike threatened for Jan
uary 1.
Trouble may eventually extend
to shipbuilding plants of North
west Steel Company, Columbia
River Shipbuilding Corporation
and the Albina Engine & Ma
chine Works, affecting 1300 to
1500 men.
.Strike called by executive
board of Metal Trades Council
as first step to enforco certain
closed shop privileges and prin
ciples in Portland and get
wage adjustment on eight-hour
basis, for which strike action
was announced for January 1.
Ten crafts of metal trade
workers affected.
Strike likely to spread to
smaller shops where sub-con-traots
are being worked.
Chamber of Commerce urges
firm action for open shop and
moves to obtain protectlc if
necessary.
Mayor admonishes all concerned
to leave trouble entirely to po
lice and to eliminate armed
guards and pickets.
Company will attempt to re
organize working force Tuesday.
Boilermakers, machinists, black
smiths and patternmakers, numbering
aDout Jio, walked out at the plant
of the Willamette Iron & Steel Works
rfoiuaj- uiui lung ana ia.sc nignt, pre
cipitating the first phase of a water
front-shipbuilding strike which may
spread to three or more other building
Plants in Portland and affect between
1300 and 1500 men.
The strike, it Is believed, was hur
ried yesterday by the shipment of un
completed boilers to Seattle, so their
installation In vessels under way at
the yard of Skinner & Eddy In Seattle
would not be delayed by a strike ex
pected January 1.
Conference Is Declined.
Action was taken by the executive
board of the Metal Trades Council in
calling the men away from their work
after B. C. Ball, president of the Wil
lamette Iron & Steel Works, had de
clined to meet with a committee from
that body, though expressing himself
as ready to meet men from te shop
force. The request for a conference
was made about 10 o'clock, and at 11
o'clock the boilermakers and helpers.
estimated at 150, turned in their tools
and left the plant.
Others remained afwork until noon
but after lunch the machinists, black
smiths and patternmakers failed to re
port for work, at the same time it was
given out at the office of the plant
that, while the boilershop was not run
ning, men remained at work in the
machine shop. When it was time tor
the night shift to go to work, the men
failed to turn to.
Work Resumes Tuesday.
"Report for work Tuesday" were the
Instructions to men applying for places
in the boilershop, and it is understood
no effort will be made to operate that
department until after New Year's day.
but It Is asserted the machine shop will
be active today with the men available.
There was no picketing about the
plant, and only such men as returned
in an effort to obtain their checks or
personal belongings were seen there
It is estimated by the union men that
SO-per cent of the entire force went out.
and the total number on the payroll in
shops is said by the union men to run
from 2S0 to 400 men. The company
officers estimate that "about 90 per
cent" of the entire force struck, and
say that from 300 to 350 men are car
ried on the payroll, which would indi
cate that 310 to 320 men are actually
out. This includes the night shift,
which did not go to work last night.
The principal work on hand was the
construction of six Scotch marine
boilers for Skinner & Eddy; 24 of the
same type for eight steel freighters
being built and under contract here
by the Northwest Steel Company and
Willamette Iron and Steel Works; two
boilers for the Government lighthouse
tender Cedar, launched at Long Beach,
Cal.. Thursday and intended for -service
In Alaska, and 12 boilers for the
Albina Engine and Machine Works,
which will be installed in six steamers
to be built there In the interest of
(Concluded on Pair. 13 Column T")
Visible and Invisible Crude Ma
terial, However, Will Last
More Than 100 Years.
CHICAGO, Dec. 29. A note of alarm
concerning the gasoline supply of the
country was sounded at the convention
of the Society of Agricultural Engineers
here today by Dr. Oscar F Bransky
of the Standard Oil Company.
He declared that production was not
keeping pace with consumption, and
that exhaustion of the supply was
drawing near. The tension was con
siderably relieved, however, when it
was calculated that the estimated re
maining supply of crude oil. visible and
Invisible, would last for 138 years at
the 1916 rate of consumption.
Dr Bransky said that next year there
would be 3,000.000 automobiles in
operation In the United States, or 750.
000 more than this year. He estimated
that Eastern oil fields are 75 per cent
exhausted: mld-contlnental fields 50
per cent; Texas fields 80 per cent, and
California fields 35 per cent exhausted.
NEWPORT MAN SUICIDE
O. BC Limbocker, 70, Well-to-Do,
Long Victim or III Health.
NEWPORT, Or., Dec. 29. (Special.)
O. H. Limbocker. aged about 70
years, and a resident of this city for
some time past, was found dead at his
home Tuesday morning, and the ver
dict of a Coroner's Jury was that he
came to his death from morphine,
taken with suicidal intent. He was
well-to-do. but had been In 111 health
for a long time, and had often threat
ened to commit suicide.
He was a bachelor, and had but one
known relative, Mrs. Fuller, of Dallas,
a niece. The interment took place
here yesterday In the Eureka Cemetery.
LAWYERS TO AID MILITIA
Effort for Adequate Appropriation
for Sailors Is Started.
The question of obtaining an ade
quate appropriation for the work of
the Oregon Naval Militia was discussed
at a luncheon of the lawyers' auxiliary
of the Naval Militia in the tearoom at
the Multnomah Hotel yesterday.
Ralph Dunlway was authorized to
appoint a committee of three to take
the matter up with the Multnomah
delegation and later with the legisla
ture Itself. Mr. Dunlway announced
his committee as follows: C. W. Hunt
ington, chairman; Dan J. Malarkey and
John V. Logan.
COUPLE WEDDED 60 YEARS
Wife Has Own Way and Harmony
Enjoyed, Says Tacoman.
TACOMA. Wash., Dec. 29. (Special.)
"Well, we've had our discussions, but
there never was a man and a woman
who lived together who hasn't. Mother
says 1 don't know anything, and maybe
I don't, but I let her have her own
way, and that is the way we keep
harmony."
Thus spoke Ezra Sheppard with a
twinkle In his eye, as he looked back
over the 60 years he has been married.
Mr. and Mrs. Sheppard were married
at Honlton, England, Christmas day,
60 years ago.
BULL MOOSE LOSE RIGHTS
New York Vote Not Large Enough
to Permit Place of Ballot.
NEW YORK, Dec. 29. Owing to the
failure of the Progressives in New
York state to poll the necessary votes
in the recent elections to entitle their
ticket to a place on the ballot, the
party lost official recognition in this
state,
The doors df the Progressive head
quarters here state and National
have been closed.
caiTal passing time cut
Steamer Traverses Panama Chan
nel in 6 Hours, 2 0 Minutes.
WASHINGTON. Dec. 29. The record
time for passing a ship through the
Panama Canal has been lowered to six
hours and 20 minutes.
On December 17 the Pacific Steam
Navigation liner Acajutla passed
through in that time, which was five
minutes better than the previous
record.
EQUIPMENT IS BOUGHT
Orders for $7,000,000 Worth Are
Placed by Northern Pacific.
ST. PAUL. Dec. 29. Orders for 87,
000,000 worth of equipment, principally
rolling stock, were being placed by
the Northern Pacific Railroad Com
pany, President J. M. Hannaford an
nounced here today.
The equipment already ordered in
cludes 2S50 freight cars.
$500,000 GIFTS REVEALED
New York Kindergartens Supported
by Late John D. Archbold.
NEW YORK. Dec. 29. The late John
D. Archbold. who was president of the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey,
gave J500.000. to the New York Kinder
garten Association during his lifetime,
it developed today.
This Included the presentation of the
organisation's building.
Panama Canal Issues
to Be Used.
LEADERS ARE URGING ACTION
Message May Spur Congress
to Early Legislation.
EMERGENCY" IS BLAMED
I
Plan of Texas Congressman to In
crease Tariff All Along Lino
Also Discussed It Would
Raise $768,384,395.
WASHINGTON, Dee. 29. Tentative
approval having been given by Presi
dent Wilson to plans for a bond Issue
to meet a part of the prospective deficit
at the end of the next fiscal year. Ad
ministration leaders in Congress are
preparing to bring In their revenue
bills as soon as possible after the holi
day recess.
It became known today that they
have urged that the President deliver
a special message or adopt some other
means to spur both houses to prompt
action so that the necessary legisla
tion may be passed before the end of
the present session.
Issue Charged to Emergency.
It has been agreed that any bond
issue shall be charged to the account of
extraordinary Army and Navy expendi
tures. Representative, Hull, of Tennessee,
author of the Income tax law, outlined
today a plan he has drafted for con
sideration of the ways and means com
mittee for separating preparedness ac
counts from the ordinary expenses and
receipts of the Government.
He figures that ordinary expenses
this year and next will bo less than
the estimated ordinary receipts and
that special taxation and bond issues
will Be needed only to cover excess dis
bursements for various purposes, in
cluding Army, Navy and fortifications
extensions.
Total of 30,000,000 Proposed.
Mr. Hull's plan contemplates the
Issuance of 8125,000,000 of Panama
Canal bonds for Army and Navy ex
pense. 870.000.000 under the shifplnar
act and for the proposed nitrate plant,
and 825,000,000 to pay for the Danleii
West Indies, or a total of 8220.000,000.
Treasury officials today figured that
the plan of Representative Garner, of
Texas, to be pressed by him in com
mittee, for a 10 per cent ad valorem
duty on all imports now free and 5
per cent Increase on all articles now
dutiable would add 8768,384,895 to the
revenues for the period between March
1 next and July 1. 1918, provided Im
ports continue at the present rate.
(Concluded un Page 5. Column 4.) '
TsfOi CiHA Trisxfr P"-v-
Paul Haffer, of Taeoma, Must Serve
Four Months In Jail for Libel
ing First President.
OLTMPIA, Wash.. Dec. 29. The State
Supreme Court today upheld the con
viction of Paul Haffer, of Tacoma, who
was convicted In the Pierce County Su
perior Court for criminal libel because
ho published an article defamatory of
George Washington, accusing him of
drunkenness and other irregularities.
The Supreme Court ruled that publi
cation of articles tending to hold the
memory of deceased persons up to ridi
cule, contempt and obloquy constitutes
libel, and that it is not necessary to
show that relatives and friends of the
deceased person were injured by the at
tacks. Haffer was sentenced to four months
in tho Pierce County Jail and must now
serve his term.
LIQUOR USED TO LAY DUST
Streets at Phoenix Sprinkled With
50,00 Gallons of Beverages.
PHOENIX. Ariz., Dee. 29. Five hun
dred gallons of fine whiskies, wines
and beer were poured into a city water
wagon here today, and the streets of
the business section sprinkled with the
liquor. Two hundred automobiles and
several floats formed a parade that fol
lowed the water watron. A brass band
played a dirge.
The sprinkler with its canto, valued
at sjo.ooo. was driven by "dry" advo
-aies. i tie liquor was confiscated In
raids by the Sheriff, under the new
Arizona prohibition law and its unlaue
aisposition ordered by Superior Judge
Stanford.
SUBMARINE MAIL TO START
feuiscninnu and Sister Ships to
Carry Letters From Germany.
or.K,iiN. Dec. 29. (By wireless to
Sayville. N. Y.) The mail to be car
ried on tho merchant submarine
Deutschland and her sister ships, the
German postal authorities announce,
will be known as "submarine mail," and
It will be dispatched to the United
States, Central and South America, the
west Indies. China, the Dutch East
Indies and the Philippine Islands.
All letters for transmission by sub
marine must bo sent to Bremen and
must bear the Inscription "submarine
letter.''
FAMOUS AIRMAN IS KILLED
Lieutenant Leffers, of German
Corps, Dies in Battle.
BERLIN. Dec. 29. (By wireless to
Sayville, N. T.) Lieutenant Gustav
Leffers, the noted German aviator who
recently was decorated with the Order
Pour le Merlte. has been killed In an
air engagement on the western front,
the Overseas News Agency announced
today.
A news dispatch in mid-November
credited Lieutenant Leffers, aged 19,
with having up to that time brought
down nine British airplanes.
SOME RECENT SCIENTIFIC DATA.
Ww y ooriT"
YOU MAKE
0 c!
1 ,
1
V f
Circular Telegraphed
to Brotherhoods.
'CRYPTIC STATEMENT' ISSUED
Chiefs Refuse to Say Whether
Strike Is Meant.
DELAY IS FOUND IRKSOME
Hope of Early Realization or Basic
Eight-Hour Day Declared to Bo
Deferred by the Litigation
Begun by Companies.
NEW YORK, Dec. 29 Special circu
lars putting up to the 400.000 members
responsibility for the next step to be
taken by the railroad brotherhoods In
their controversy with the railroads
over the application and Interpretation
of the Adamson act were sent broad
cast by telegraph after a conference of
the four brotherhood chiefs here today.
Announcement of the action taken
was made by William G. Lee. president
of the Brotherhood of Railway Train
men, prior to his departure for the
West. He was accompanied by the
other brotherhood leaders, whose con
ference with the railway managers
yesterday resulted In a disagreement.
Chiefs Isaae Cryptic Statement.
Earlier In the day the four chiefs Is
sued a somewhat cryptic statement
over their signatures declaring that the
attitude of the railroads threatened to
wipo out the benefits that should ac
crue to the men from the passage of
the Adamson act and asserting that for
that reason the "entire situation is to
be placed before tho membership."
The chiefs refused to say whether
the action was a veiled threat of an
other strike vote such as brought about
the eight-hour day legislation.
Forma Statement Issued.
The statement follows:
"While meeting with President Wil
son last August, at his Insistence our
committee waived their request for
time and a half for overtime, which
was fully 50 per cent of their original
demand, and at the suggestion of the
President accepted his proposition,
which was:
" 'Concession of the eight-hour day.
" "Postponement of the other demand,
as to the payment for overtime, and
the counter suggestion of the railway
managers until experience actually dis
closed the consequences of the eight-
hour day.
Issue Xow In I.Itisratlcm.
' "In the meantime, the constitution
by authority of the Congress of a com
mission or body of men. aDDointed hv
the President, to observe. Investigate
and report upon these concessions with
out recommendation.
"Then such action upon the facts as
(Concluded on Pac 5, Column l.
g-osh
M
our"
Hl'MOR WAS BRITAIN PROM
ISED SIX DREADNOUGHTS.
Washington and New York Deeply
Agitated by Story Toklo Orri-
cially Says It Is Not True.
NEW YORK, Dec. 29. (Special.)
Denial that Great Britain has agreed
to furnish Japan, after the war. with
six battleships as part of the price of
Japanese participation in the conflict
was made here today in a cable mes
sage from the Japanese government.
A rumor of arrangements between the
two nations that might have a detri
mental effect on the political and com
mercial interests of tho United States
had been heard here and in Washing
ton and had caused grave disquietude.
The substance of the rumor was that
Japan was seeking or had obtained an
agreement with Great Britain under
which a group of British-built super
dreadnoughts would be transferred to
the Japanese fleets as soon as peace Is
restored. This report has come In sev
eral forms. It Is said that the number
of dreadnoughts to be transferred to
Japan was six.
Details were lacking as to whether
Japan was to buy the dreadnoughts
from Great Britain or if they were to
be transferred to her in consideration
of money spent In supplying mun tlons
to the entente allies. The cost of fivo
battle cruisers built in England would
be In the neighborhood of $100,000,000.
In response to a cable message sent
by the New York Times to the Japanese
government, the following dispatch
was received today by the .Japanese
Consul-General here:
"Toklo, Pec. 29. Consul-General of
Japan. New Tork: It Is alleged that
the rumor seems to be nrevalint at
Washington that a certain agreement
has been concluded between Great Brit
ain and Japan that after tho European
war Is ended the former will transfer
io me latter six large-sized men-of-war.
The New Tork Times accordingly
inquired by cable of the Imperial Gov
ernment regarding the authenticity of
the above rumor. As there If absolute
ly no foundation of fact whatever In
that rumor, you are here authorized to
communicate with that newspaper
that effect. MOTONO.
CHINESE MAKE NOMINATION
San Francisco Editor Put Dp
Parliament at Pekin.
for
A FKASCISCO. Dec. 29. Won
ouvn. i ur, caiior oi a hlnese news
paper here and formerly secretary
ine cninese blx Companies, has bee
nominated by a referendum vote anion
me ninese in America as a candidal
for Senator in tho Parliament of China
according to an announcement mad
today.
Wong Bock Tue Is known as a rad
leal I.
INDEX OF TODAY'S NEWS
The Heather,
iE.5lf.KUAY 8 Maximum temperature. 30
u.,, i wrr. ; minimum, decrees.
iTjuAi a i r.fitifd, probably occasional
m or snuw;winus mostly easterly.
War.
General Halg pictures battle of Sommesas
complete victory lor allies. Pago 4
'J' in noio io uennany, says measures
nave oeen adopted to diminish subraa
on. menace. rsf a 1.
Dteamtnip. carrying regiment of Russian
""'. reported sunk by mine. Page 4
i.onuon bpeetator forecasts drastic
terina Page a.
National.
peace
i-aper manufacturers refuse to discuss
prices. ratta J.
Carranza Insists on Pershing's withdrawal
out wants to resume conference. Page
"""'""M receives Scandinavian nations'
repiy to peace note. Pago
octuigMiiiim: iau to oner to co-operato
' ' mote. x-age
PreJ'!,1'nl M0-acre grazing homestead
Japanese government denle
ea battleship deal
with Britain. Page 1
Wilson tentatively Indorses bond Issue
meet deficiency. Page l.
Domestic.
to
German Consulate detective denies he plot-
ieu against neutrality. 1 age 3.
Gasoline supply nearly exhausted. Pag L
amitnsonian institution professor goes to
Airica to eaten monaeya. Page
Widow of Irish editor to lecture In United
States. rage s.
Dr. IJoeb denies war Is biological necessity
Pace 1.
Railroad brotherhood chiefs put next move
up to memDcrs. 1'age 1.
.Sport.
Pennsylvania coach says Raj- Loomla
told
no uregon secrets. Page 16.
Portland defeats Spokane at hockey. IO to ft.
Page lit.
Patterson deposed
Page 16.
as Vernon manager.
Pacific Northwest
conviction of Tacoma man for defaming
ucoige nmsiungton is arrirmed. farce 1
supreme Jurtlce Eakln resigns; Portland
attorney is successor. Paic .
Tamhlll taxpayers vote to abolish offices of
roaamasier ano agriculturist. l"age .
Astoria Mayor-elect sues publisher for 110,
0OO as campaign aftermath. Page 7.
Commercial and Marine.
thecal wheat lower on withdrawal of East
ern bids. Page IT.
Peace rumors and fear of strike depress
incur, o wncau imge 1 1 .
OH stocks strongest feature of Wall-etreet
market. Page IT.
Ice stops steam rs. Page 18.
Portland and) Vicinity.
Strike berinr at Willamette Iron A Steel
Works. Page t.
Injunction preventing Increased rate on Iron
and steel denied. Page 10.
Rock piles prepared for X. W. W. Page 14.
Dr. Suzxallo says pupil becomes Intellectual
corpse under school methods. Page Vi.
Forecast Is snow, but warmer. Page 7.
Mrs. Parmella Tyler sued for S300.000 by
daugbter-ln-law. charging alienation.
Page 18.
First Presbyterian Church arranges special
New Year's services. Page 10.
Portland architects warned of clever fraud
being practiced. Page 9.
Carver franchise passed on to be advertised.
Page :0.
Pollco inspection In strike pledged. Page T.
Many bills championed before Multnomah
delegation. Pago 5.
Plana laid for National educators. Page 5.
Portland National Guard units Inspected.
Pago li
Lazarus Aekerznan. retired capitalist. Is
dead. Pae 12.
Madame Julia Culp Is here to sing at Helllg
tonight. Pago 13.
Weather report, data and forecast. Page IT.
"Survival of Fittest'"
Not Real Law.
ANCIENT BIOLOGY IS RAPPED
Dr. Loeb Compares Courage
and "Homicidal Emotion."
ASSUMPTION HELD FALSE
Theory That Functions Not Ueed
Will Disappear in Offspring Is
Held Unproved Virile Vir
tues Not in Danger.
NEW YORK, Dec. War enthu
siasts who maintain that a nation will
lose Its Inherited, virile virtues by not
i?oIng to war are not supported in their
theory by present biological knowledge,
in the opinion of Dr. Jacques Loeb. her;;!
of the department of experimental biol
ogy of the Rockefeller Institute.
Dr. Loeb addressed the biological sec
tion of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science on Biology
and the War" late today. He con
tended that "the struggle for exist
ence" and "survival of the fittest" ara
not "laws of nature" In the sense in
which the term "law" Is used In the
exact sciences.
Antiquated Blolosry Invoked.
"The biology of which the war en
thusiasts make use Is essentially anti
quated." declared Dr. Loeb. "and so
we need not be surprised to find that
the- consider war to be based upon
what they cAll the 'biological law of
nature.' the 'struggle for existence or
the 'survival of the fittest."
"These war enthusiasts maintain
that unless a nation engages occasion
ally In war It will lose all those vh-lle
virtues, especially courage, which are
necessary for Its survival. We do not
need to argue whether the acts com
mitted in a state of homicidal emotion
are the real or false manifestations of
courage.
"We may also overlook the manifes
tations of virility left behind by Invad
ing or retreating armies.
Assmspllos Declared False.
.i .1
The assumption that virility or
courage (whatever may be meant b
these terms) will disappear if not prac
ticed in this form of war Implies an un
proved and apparently false biological
assumption, namely, that functions not
practiced or organs not used will dis
appear in the offspring."
Addressing the American Anthropo
logical Association. Dr. Ilarley Stamp,
of the University of Pennsylvania, ex
plained a new diagnosis of early evi
dences of tuberculosis by blood pres
sure. By this method, he declared,
traces of tuberculosis could be detected
sometimes four years In advance of
methods previously used.
In an address on "Medical Engineer
ing" Dr. P. A Malgnen. of Phila
delphia asserted that hay fever Is
not a blood or tissue disease, but is
caused by the presence in the respira
tory tract of larKe germs.
The only proper way of healing with
hay fever Is to get rid of the germs
by destroying them In the respiratory
tract or expelling them therefrom" he
said.
YAQUIS WILL NOT DISARM
Carranza's Government Fails to In
duce Tribe to Surrender.
DOUGLAS, Ariz., Dec. J9. The Yaqul
Indian tribe, 2000 of which, including
women and children, are encamped at
Lencho, Sonora. has definitely refused
to surrender its arms and ammunition
to the Carranza government, according
to arrivals here today.
The Mexican government will con
tinue negotiations In an effort to bring
about this end in a peaceable manner.
f possible. It was reported, as with
out surrender of arms on the part of
the Indians tbe programme of division
of lands and establishment of the tribe
around the village of Bacum cannot be
carried out.
10,000 RABBITS ARE KILLED
Texas Reports Success of Movement
to Reduce Meat Cost.
AMARILDO. Tex.. Dec. 19. Belated
reports tonight from the all-Panhandle
of Texas Jackrabblt drive, held In a
united effort to reduce the cost of
meat. Indicate that no fewer than 10.-
000 Jackrabblts have been killed In the
various drives.
Hereford. Tex., reported 1000 rabbits
killed and sold to a Galveston broker-
ge concern for shipment to New York.
11 dressed; St. Francisco reported 500
tiled and one drive out of several in
wisher County reports 700 killed.
GENERAL CARRANZA IS 61
Mexican First Chief Celebrate
at
Home of Friends.
QUEKETARO. Mexico. Dec 20.-
eral Carranza spent today at the. home
friends near hero celcbratinc his
ixty-tirst birthday
V