Morning Oregonian., September 18, 1916, Page 4, Image 4

THE MORNING ORE GO XT ATT, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 101 H.
GERr.lANS INTERROR
BEFORE HEW THIS
British Armored Cars Carry
Demoralization and Swift
i Death to Enemy.
BULLETS ARE OF NO AVAIL
Easly Morning Dash First Surprise,
Then Strikes Fear to Foe as the
Power of Monster Land
V Drcadnanghts Is Seen.
' WITH THE BRITISH ARMY IN
FRANCE, via London, Sept. 17. With
ceaseless shell fire from unprecedented
concentration of guns, the battle raged
furiously all day Saturday, with the
British making- good their advance of
Friday, while the Germans were rush
ing up reserves from other parts of the
western front.
The demoralization of their Infantry
yesterday by the use of the new
armored motor cars called "tanks" was
freely confessed by prisoners with
whom the correspondent of the Asso
ciated Press talked today.
Bullets of No Avail.
"There was no standing against
that sort of thing," said one German
officer. "Of course we surrendered
those of us who were alive. We fired
at a tank with our rifles. Our machine
guns turned loose on it. But the but
lets were only blue sparks on the
armor. Wo thought the British slow
and stupid, despite their courage and
stubbornness, and they gave us a sur
prise like this."
A column of German prisoners pass
ing a tank rejoicing in the nickname
of "creme de menthe," which had re
turned from the battle and was resting
from its labom. spread out their hands
and shook their heads as they looked
at it, exclaiming in a chorus: "Alein
Gott In himmell, it is under control!
It won't break out and begin firing
again! We will never forget our first
sight of the thing as It came at us
out of the morning mist. It isn't war
using a piece of machinery like that;
it is butchery!"
Machine Peaceable When Fd."
To this a British officer replied: "No,
it is quite peaceable and tame now.
It has just been fed. As for It not be
ing war, it is quite in keeping with
The Hague convention, which the gas
attack at Yypres was not."
In such an action as that of yester
day the correspondent, though he has
freedom of the field and is informed of
the plan of attack the night before
and, although he disregards sleep, he
finds it difficult to get a full report
of the results so that he can send a
dispatch the same night.
But moving about -the lines from
headquarters of the different units of
the command up to the point where
the wounded and the prisoners are be
ing brought in in a fresh orgy of
struggle, hearing innumerable accounts
as vivid as the red spots on white
bandages and piecing bits of informa
tion before sitting down to write his
cable, there seems no question but that
yesterday was the most dramatic day
In the history ofthe British army in
France.
"Hell" Machines Give Aid.
The Germans themselves were mass
ing at several points, it appears, with
a view to attempting attacks in recov
er some high ground they had lost.
The British anticipated the German at
tack with their own onslaught, assist
ed by their new "heir' machines, whose
secret they had been keeping up" their
sleeves for such an occasion as this.
The accounts of both the wounded
British soldiers and the prisoners
taken from all parts, of the line agree
that the German losses were immense.
As a rule the forces In the front line
trenches supported patrols in the shell
craters in the Somme battle area in
email numbers with a plentiful supply
of machine guns. This means a smaller
force exposed to artillery concentra
tion in case of attack. With the ma
chine guns silenced and the front
trench taken, the reserves expected un
der cover of the artillery fire on their
side to retake it by counter attacks.
Thus the Germans intended' to attack.
They had massed large numbers of
men in their front trenches. These
were not only caught by the surprise
of the sudden blast of the early morn
ing concert of the British guns preced
ing the charge of the British infantry,
but were, raked by machine gun fire
from the "tank" cars.- As the Germans
were in new trenches which they had
built as beet they could under the con
tinual shell fire and as they had no
dugouts and could find no shelter, they
were subjected to the murderous en
filade from the tank cars.
Mob Confusion Prevails.
Despite German discipline and the
bravery and the racial hate which the
Germans put into their fights against
the British, at many points mob con
fusion prevailed among those in the
front lines. Some attempted to sur
render, though surrender seemed im
possible against these walking forts.
Others fired desperately and hopeless
ly before being mowed down and oth
ers were paralyzed by the apparition
which had no precedent in warfare.
Trenches were filled with German dead
and those in flight fell like grain be
fore a reaper where the tank cars
could direct sprays of lead in their
path.
The British rlan was not to- take
Martlnpuich or Courcelette Friday, but
so successful was the early morning
advance that the command was riven
to push on, and by nightfall both
places were in the possession of the
British. These two villages are on the
left or hinge of the movement which
has its right on the bank of the canal
opposite Peronne. The Germans were
congested here in a narrow area to pre
vent the British from widening their
battle line by breaking through more
frontage on the old first line fortifica
tion, "but the larger the German num
bers, the more casualties it meant,"
said the officer.
With demoralization In their front
line, the Germans threw forward all
reserves and summoned a division from
Lille by train, while every motor ve
hicle they had was bringing up men
and machine guns and horse artillery
was summoned from right and left to
reinforce the already enormous con
centration of guns. Alarm best de
scribes the situation of the Germans
after the sudden and unexpected as
sault. Stories of Car Prevail.
Saturday the Germans gathered their
forces and attempted counter attacks.
At- some points they broke through the
new British lines, anl while the British
were resisting at these points they
" were attacking at others.
Under terrific pounding the stubborn
wrestle continuee with the British in
possession of more ground last night
than they had planned.
In one case where there was no tank
car to silence the machine guns and
it fell to the duty of a certain battalion
to maintain the line on its right and
left, 70 men went forward. All were
mown down and another platoon of 70
men mown down, but the third see-
OFFICIAL WAR REPORTS
British.
LONDON, Sept. 17. The text of to
day's official report on the fighting
in France is as follows:
"South of the Ancre, our troops, in
the vicinity of Courcelette extended our
gains on a front of about 1000 yards.
Near Thiepval we obtained consider
able success by capturing the hostile
fortification known as the Danube
trench on a front of about a mile. Here
the enemy abandoned much equipment.
We also captured the strongly defended
work at Mouquet farm, possession of
which had been hotly contested for
some weeks past.
"The number of prisoners is increas
ing. "Enemy forces attacking from the di
rection of Les Boeufs and north of
Flers, suffered heavy casualties.
"Between Flers and Martlnpuich an
enemy brigade advancing to attack
in the direction of High Wood was met
by two of our battalions In the open.
Hand-to-hand fighting ensued, in
which the enemy was thrown back
with heavy losses.
"North of Moquet farm another
conflagration in the enemy's ammuni
tion dump at Grandcourt broke out
as the result of our fire.
"The number of prisoners taken to
day south of the Ancre is six officers
and 243 men."
Austria,
VIENNA, via London, Sept. 17. The
tlon. charging over the dead, took that
German strong point and- thus pre
vented any break in the line of ad
vance. As for the new care stories of their
progress continue to be told. One car
which took on board a German Colonel
who surrendered to it kept him along
with it throughout the fight. Another
ambled in on a German battery of field
guns and with Its machine gun killed
the German gunners, who were not able
to flee from the grotesque caller. On
car, which went through the main
street of Flers, had placarded on its
sides "Extra, full account of the great
Hun victory!"
Sunday's War Moves.
GERMAN positions exceeding four
miles in length were captured Sat
urday night and Sunday by the
British and French armies in the
Somme region.
War material and many prisoners
were captured. German "counter-attacks
were repulsed with large losses
to the Germans, according to London.
The British took a fortified position
over a front of a mile; near Cource
lette an advance of about 1000 yards
was made, and the strongly defended
position at the Mouquet farm fell into
their hands.
South of the river the French pushed
back the Germans and occupied the re
mainder of , Vermandovillers and
Berny, and also captured all the
ground between Vermandovillers and
Deniecourt and between Denlecourt
and Berny, the gain being over a
front running northeast two miles and
thence east another mile. The advance
of the British apparently brings their
front to within a mile of Grandcourt
and the. Albert-Bapaume railway.
Grandcourt Is being bombarded by the
British. The success of the French
seemingly Is another move of the right
flank of the entente toward the pocket
ing of Peronne.
Hard fighting has been resumed
from the . Pripet marsh region in
Russia, through Gallcla and up in the
Carpathian Mountains. Berlin and
Vienna assert the repulse of Russian
attacks on a front of about 12 hi miles
west of Lutsk, In Galicia, and in the
Carpathians at several points.
Near the Marajowka River, however,
Berlin admits that the front of Arch
duke Charles Francis was pushed
back by the Russians.
Petrograd records an advance for the
Russians south of Brzezany, southeast
of Lemberg, and the capture of more
than 3000 Germans In fighting along
the Anraiuvka River and the Podvyske
Hallcz railway.
Bucharest reports the occupation of
additional towns in Transylvania. Ber
lin and Sofia assert that the forces of
the central powers in Dobrudja are in
pursuit of Roumanians and Russians.
Further progress for the entente al
lies on the Macedonian front and by
the Italians in Albania is recorded In
London, Paris and Rome communica
tions. Kavala is under bombardment
by the entente fleet. Sofia admits the
loss of Nidje Planina, near Lake
Ostrovo. French and Russian troops
are approaching Fiorina across the
Greek frontier south of Monastlr.
while the Serbians have reached
Vetrenik and Kajmackatan.
Italians, in their quest of Trieste,
have won strong positions from Aus
trlans in sanguinary fighting. South
east of the Dobrodo heights the pene
tration of the Austrian lines Is ad
mitted by Vienna, but the official
communication says Italian losses were
extremely heavy.
GERMANS T0BUILD LINERS
Several 8000-Ton Steamers Are to
Be Constructed.
BERLIN, via London, Sept. 17. Big
German shipping men have formed a
shipbuilding company which will begin
immediately the construction of sev
eral 8000-ton steamers for Germany's
freight-carrying trade after the war.
'The Hamburg-American line is be
hind the new project. The plan Is to
concentrate on the construction of 10
knot boats.
ITALIANS GAINING GROUND
Entrenchments Stormed In Further
Effort to Reach Trieste.
ROME, via London, Sept. it. The
Italians are pressing their offensive
In the Isonzo district, with Trieste as
their objective.
The War Office today reports that
further entrenchments on a wide front
have been stormed and captured by
Italian Infantry, who took some 800
additional prisoners.
GRADED TARIFF BROACHED
(Continued From Firs page.)
has 'most-favored-nation' clauses with
certain foreign countries, including the
United States. These, It Is assumed,
would have to be terminated, with or
without compensatory advantages."
Other Measures Proposed.
British trade domination also would
be furthered under the chamber's plan
by a reorganization of the consular
service, anti-dumping laws, the forma
tion of a Ministry of Commerce, with
a seat in the Cabinet, and the found
ing of a large central credit bank.
. In addition to the discriminatory
tariffs, subjects of countries now at
war with Great Britain would not be
allowed to live or trade in England ex
cept under difficulties.
American trade experts are expected
to show the keenest interest in the
chamber's recommendations. The
chamber's report has been called to
Secretary Lansing's attention.
official statement from general head
quarters issued today reads:
"Front of Archduke Charles Francis
Attacks were made on the triangular
position of territory southwest of
Dorna Watre, between Kaput and
Czernahora, northwest of the Jablon
ica, north of Stanislau, on Narajowska
and southeast of Brzezany. These at
tacks were everywhere repulsed with
the exception of an unimportant suc
cess near Lipnicadolna.
"Artillery attacks on our allied
forces between Zborow and the Upper
Sereth everywhere were repulsed.
"The Russians though to carry out
a master stroke on Lutsk against the
army under General Tersotanszky.
They threw Into the fight with other
troops the newly reinforced guard di
visions, which came on in numerous
waves against the sector between
Pustomyty and Zaturze.
"In some places they sucoeeded In
penetrating our positions. They were
repulsed in counter attacks.
"The field was strewn with Russian
killed and severely wounded. The
small number of prisoners taken tes
tifies to the stubborn nature of the
fighting. Our losses were relatively
small.
Italian theater On the Carso plat
eau the Italians continue their attacks
day and night. Our front remains un
shaken. "Southeast of Doberdo the enemy
penetrated our lines at places. The
fighting at close quarters turned in
our favor."
MORE AID IS NEEDED
Americans Asked to Give Mil
lion a Month to Belgium.
CHILDREN ARE IN PERIL
Tuberculosis Increases as Result of
Inadequate Diet Five Million
People Destitute Because
of Cessation of Trade. .
NEW YORK, Sept. 17. Believing
that the war will continue at least an
other full year, the Commission for Re
lief of Belgium anounced today that It
faces the necessity of asking, and soon
will ask, the American people to give
1,000.000 every month to avert wide
spread sickness and death from the
lack of proper food.
To date the United States has con
tributed an average of less than $500.
000 a month, while the Commission's
purchases in this country, through
funds provided from other countries,
have lately averaged more than $10,
000,000 a month.
W L. Honnold, who has Just arrived
in New York to succeed Captain J. F.
Lucey as director of the Commission In
America, after having filled a similar
position in London, says:
"If the cnlldren of Belgium and
Northern France are to grow to healthy
maturity they must be provided with
more food than Is now supplied to
them, and to this end the Commission
will soon ask the people of the United
States to give at least $1,000,000
monthly toward the cost of a special
meal which will be served every day in
the schools."
Tubercular Troubles Alarming.
Just before he sailed for America Mr.
Honnold inspected conditions in the oc
cupied areas and he comes here con
vinced that the Commission must In
crease its activities on behalf of the
children, and-particularly must combat
an alarming increase of tubercular'
troubles among both children and
adults. Mr. Honnold added:
"I am sure' that the plight of the
children will appeal strongly to the
charitable Instincts of the American
people, and they will gladly support us
in meeting this Insistent call of hu
manity. "Since It is the opinion of the Com
mission that the war will continue for
at least another year, relief must be
afforded for a corresponding period.
This means that the Commission, which
has now been in operation for two
years, will probably have to deliver
during the next year about 1,250,000
tons of foodstuffs into Belgium and
Northern France, calling for an ex
penditure of more than $150,000,000. A
large portion of the population, say
5,000.000 people, owing to the cessa
tion of export and Import trade, are
wholly or partially destitute and have
to be provided with food free of charge.
This class will call for fully $60,000,000
of charity In the coming year, or more
than $5,000,000 per month.
Diminishing Vitality Shown.
"The Commission has lately made a
thorough Investigation of health con
ditions In Belgium and Northern France
to determine the degree of success that
has attended its operations. The agri
cultural class, which has been able di
rectly or indirectly to secure a suf
ficiency of foodstuffs. Is, broadly speak
ing, in a normal state of health. The
same may be said of the well-to-do
classes. On the other hand, the high
prices obtaining for native products
have made it practically impossible for
laborers and minor commercial people
to secure the necessary supplement to
their pro rata of the Commission's im
portations. These classes, comprising
something like 6,000.000 people, gen
erally show diminished vitality, al
although the infants, owing largely to
the natural solicitude of the women of
Belgium and to the special measures
supported by the relief organization,
are really above normal in general
health.
"In the case of the older children be
longing to the poorer classes, particu
larly those In the adolescent stage,
there is an alarming Increase In tuber
culosis, due to the lower power of re
sistance consequent on inadequate diet.
It Is to correct this serious tendency
that the system of school feeding- i
being installed."
SURRENDER CHOICE GIVEN
Details of Incident at Kavala Be
come Known at Athens.
LONDON, Sept 17. An Athens dis
patch to the Radio Agency describes
an extraordinary scene in the barracks
of the Greek troops at Kavala after the
Bulgarians had summoned the city to
surrender. General Hadjopoulos. com
manding the fourth army corps, called
the officers together and explained that
the garrison ccfuld do one of two
things surrender to. the Bulgarians
or to the Franco-British troops.
The majority decided to give them
selves up to the entente allies. The
commander of the allied troops replied
be could not accept troops as prisoners
of war who were not enemies, where
upon General Hadjopoulos endeavored
to take the corps to the Bulgarian side,
but only 70 officers and 800 men fol
lowed him to Drama.
Colonel Christodoulos with his offi
cers and men went over to the allies,
taking ship to Saloniki. where they
landed,
ALLIES GAIN FIVE
MILES 0FTRENGHES1
Chaulnes and Peronne Im
periled Ly Foch's Men, and
No Respite Is Given.
SALIENT IS ELIMINATED
Capture of ''Danube Trench" and
Mouquet .. Farm Removes Chief
Obstacle to Direct Advance
by British on Bnpaume.
BT ARTHUR a DRAPER
(War correspondent of the New York Trib
une. By special Cable.)
LONDON, Sept. 17. The British and
French, striking simultaneously north
and south of the Somme, have further
won Important successes. Haig's troops
took another giant step forward in
their drive against Bapaume. while
Foch extended his positions between
Chaulnes and Peronne, greatly Increas
ing the menace to both these strong
holds. Without allowing a single hour's
respite to the sorely pressed Germans
after the brilliant attack of yesterday,
the British troops swung forward last
night south of the Ancre, seized the
powerful fortifications known as the
"Danube trench," on a front of about
a mile, extended their lines on a front
of 1000 yards near Courcelette and cap
tured the strongly defended work at
Mouquet farm, the whirlpool around
which the fighting in this sector has
eddied for weeks.
Counter Attacks) Are Repulsed.
These positions were all held against
violent German counter assaults today,
the enemy being thrown back in hand-to-hand
engagements -with heavy
losses.
Meanwhile the French took up the
attack south of the Somme and won
all the ground between Vermando
villers and Berny on a four-mile line
running through Denlcourt. The vil
lages of Vermandovillers and Berny,
partly conquered last week, were
brought Into the complete possession
of Foch's forces.
In their advance north of the Somme,
the British took an Important step In
their movement toward the encircle
ment of Thiepval, obliterating the sal
ient that protruded Into their lines be
tween that place and Courcelette, and
brought their front to within less than
a mile of Grandcourt and the Albert
Bapaume road. By capturing Mouquet
farm work and the Danube trench,
Haig has eliminated the greatest ob
stacles toward a direct northeast ad
vance on Bapaume by the British.
The Britisn guns are now bombard
ing Grandcourt. while Bapaume itself
is almost in range of the heavy
artillery. Further operations in this
sector probably will wait on a French
advance on the eastern end of the line.
Koch must push forward In the
Combles region before the British can
proceed with the attack with entire
safety to their flank. -
The success of the French south of
the Somme likewise wipes out a dan
gerous salient and brings their right
wing nearer the point of the south
from which the flank move on Peronne
must .be . begun. Swiftly the French
are clearing the "whole sector south
and southwest of Peronne and bring
ing nearer the isolation of that strong
hold. Drive Gathers Momentum.
The allied attack in Plcardy Is dally
growing In momentum. The British
advance Is exhibiting such power that
it is no longer necessitating constant
r pauses for the consolidation of ground
gained. Last nights attack followed
on the heels of the furious assault
that preceded it. That such tactics are
demoralizing the enemy is shown in
the reports that the German soldiers,
in their flight to escape the Inferno,
are abandoning rifles and equipment.
while many of them, unable to lift
their hands from exhaustion, are sur
rendering. The British and French
pistons, driving forward with alter
nate blows, have In the last three days
won the most slashing victory of the
whole offensive.
BOY IS HELD AS BOBBER
OWH FATHER AIDS IN ARREST AS
ARMED SCSP.ECT SLEEPS.
Carroll Powell, 17, of Medford, Said to
Have Boasted Intent to Extend
Career of Crime.
MED FORD, Or.. Sept 17. (Special.)
Carroll W. Powell. 17 years old, was
arrested today while asleep and heavily
armed in a vacant farmhouse by Chief
of Police HIttson and his own father,
on charges of having committed sev
eral robberies, including the armory of
the Seventh Coast Artillery Company,
of which he was a member, and the
postoffice at Tolo and stores in small
towns in this vicinity. He Is said also
to have stolen an automobile, a motor
cycle and numerous other articles.
It is said that he boasted that he In
tended a more extensive career of
crime, and told his father and the
officer that he would have killed them
had he been awake when they ap
peared to arrest him.
Federal authorities, It is said, will
prosecute him first.
Young Powell is said to have
assumed an attitude of bravado when
faced by his weeping mother, follow
ing his arrest. He is an excellent mu
sician. - .
NAVY'S MAIL IS OPENED
British Censorship Extends to Amer
ican Official Letters.
WASHINGTON, Sept. 17. British cen
sorship of American mall has extended
to official letters of the Navy Depart
ment from the Far Fast. On the eve
of the arrival of Great Britain's note
replying to the State Department's
protests of the mall censorships, it was
learned that the Navy Department cen
sors at Vancouver, B. C, bad opened
several letters to the department from
Navy officers at Hongkong, some of
whom have the diplomatic status of
Naval attaches.
Admiral Benson, acting Secretary,
said the. Interference with official mall
had been called to the attention of the
State Department in each Instance and
protests made to London. The censor
ship, he explained, apparently had not
been general, as many similar letters
had been received unopened, and mall
going East had not been disturbed.
The Postoffice Department recently
canceled contracts for transportation
of mail to the Orient on vessels plying
to British Columbia ports to ships go
ing direct to Seattle and San Fran
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BLOCKADE 111 DOUBT
Effect on American Goods Un
der Assurance Is Studied.
ALLIES ARE UNYIELDING
Plan Is to Allow Only Enough Im
ports by Xeutrals Contlgnous to
Germany to Supply Do
mestic Needs Alone.
WASHINGTON. Sept. 17. Govern
ment officials professed today to be
in doubt as to whether the late British
order restraining commerce to Norway,
Sweden, Denmark and Holland, affects
American goods already covered by let
ters of assurance through operation of
The Netherlands Overseas Trust. Offi
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not affect American goods thus pro
tected. The State Department's only
official Information, which came In a
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cablegram from Consul-General Skin
ner dated September 11, seemed to sup
port the view that the new order works
no change, for It says: "It is presumed
that American goods already covered
by letters of assurance will not be
stopped."
The message from Consul-General
Skinner follows:
"Announcement has been made that
no further export licenses or other
facilities will be given until October 1.
or until further notice, by tbe British
government for the shipment of the
following goods to the countries named:
Denmark Animal oils and fats, apri
cot kernels,, borate of lime, borax and
boron compounds, bristles, egg yolk
and albumen, grass seeds, hair. meat,
sago, starches, sulphur, powdered talc,
tapioca, tea. vegetable fibers, vegetable
oil and oil seeds (including soya seeds).
"Norway Beef casings, borax and
borax compounds, cocoa, coffee, nickel,
pitch, sheepskins, powdered talc, tar
and tar oil.
"Sweden Antimony, apricot kernel,
binder twine, bristles, carnuba wax,
casein, cocoa, corkwood, coffee, dried
fruit, gums (except shellac), hair,
honey, leather, margarine (raw mate
rials used in manufacture of), meat,
peach kernels, plum kernels, rice, rosin,
spices. starches,; sisal, steel (high
speed), tea, turpentine and turpentine
oil.
"Netherlands Biscuits, bristles, eggs,
egg yolk and egg albumen, fish oil.
fruit, nuts and kernels, gums. hair.
III' .Ml '
Go East Through
tne Kanaaian
Pacific Rockies
and visit the garden of the giants, sun-bathed peaks,
ethereal, fantastic, exquisitely lovely all these you can
see reflected in the sapphire waters of
Lake Louise
from the magic casement of yoor window at the Chateau in this
beautiful spot.
Fifty Switzerland in One reached by the world's greatest railway
with ita magnificent hotels at
Banff Lake Louise Field Glacier Balfour
Salphnr swimming pools, golf, boating and fishing alternate with
mountain climbing and pony riding over Alpine trails.
Everything Canadian Pacific Standard Nona Better.
For fall information call, phone or writs for Tour No. W-H
X V. MURPHY, G. A. P. D, Can.dua Pacific Railway Company
SS Third StrMt. Portland. Onica
Rail and Ocean 1 East
LET US SHOW YOU WHY
Information as to tloketa. routes, etc City Ticket Office, cor. Sixth and Oa.
JOHN M. SCOTT. General Pasaenxer Agent.
Southern Pacific Lines
RST NUEK MAB3KA1X
honey, matches, pitch, preserved and
canned goods, sulphur, spirits, spices,
starches, rubber and balata. powdered
talc. tar. vegetable fibers and yeast.
"The foregoing restrictions have been
agreed to by the allies and applied to
shipments from the United States.
"The Netherlands Overseas Trust has
been advised to issue no further per
mits for goods covered by this notice.
It is presumed that American goods
already covered by letters of assurance
will not be stopped."
' Absolutely no chance of policy has
been made by England In months, ac
cording to officials of the British Em
bassy. The plan to allow only enough
Imports Into neutral states contiguous
to Germany to provide them with such
a stock of goods as they consumed be
fore the war. the British officials say.
has been In operation many months.
They point out that when tbe max
imum stock In any country Is reached,
no more "letters of assurance" are
given to Americans and no more
licenses to British exporters.
CASTOR i A
For Infant and Children.
Tiip Kind Yea Hava Alwajs Bought
piiHP
Biiiiiii
--MM
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