Morning Oregonian., April 27, 1916, Page 2, Image 2

THE SrOTlXTNG OITEGOVTAIT, THURSDAY, APRIE 27, 1916.
STATUS OF ARMED
VESSELS DEFINED
OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPH OF EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN MEXICO TO CAPTURE VILLA.
f
Store Opens imn Store Closes
at 8:30 A. M. - at 5:30 P. M.
apaT ' a'HT
Phone: ' SPfsW-5'' 1 - Phone:
Marshall 5080 The Most in Value, the Best in Quality A 2112
4 1 J
United Statss Makes Rules
Governing Duties of Bellig-
erents and Neutrals.
PROTECTIVE GUNS CEDED
Character of fthfp to Be Deduced
I"rom Circumstances England
to Tic Asked About Order
to Merchant Captains.
WASHINGTON'. April 26. A atate
mnt -defining the status of armed
norchant vessels, from the viewpoint
of thf L'nited States, was issued today
by the state department, by direction
of President 'Wilson. It declares the
rtrht of merchantmen to arm for de-
fenpf. but declares circumstances, such
a the fact of having1 used arms ag
gressively, may change its status.
S'-cretary Lansing also said the
l'nited States hair reiterated to Great
Rritain its request for the orders of
lha Admiralty to British merchant cap
tains, which. Germany alleges, orders
destruction of submarines. The terms
of the orders will have a bearing on the
administration of the new principles.
Statu of VmwIb Varies
The statement. summing up the
vat iation of status of armed ships, says
'The status of an armed merchant
vessel as a warship in neutral waters
'iay be determined, in the absence of
(lorumntarjr proof or conclusive evi
l"nce of previous aggressive conduct
by presumption derived from all cir
cumstances of the case.
"The status of such vessel as
warship on the high seas must be de
termined only upon conclusive evidence
f aggressive purpose, in the absence
of which it is to be presumed that the
vessel has a private and peaceable
character, and it should be ao treated
by an enemy warship.
"in brief, a. neutral government may
proceed upon the presumption that an
armed merchant vessel of belligerent
nationality is armed for aggression,
while a belligerent should proceed on
ine presumption mat me vessel is
armed for protection. Both of thesa
presumptions may be overcome by evi
dence the first by secondary or col
lateral evidence, since the fact to be
established is negative in character;
the second by primary and direct evi
dence, since the fact to be established
is positive in character."
Crrman Charges Taken Ip.
The German note on the question of
armed merchantmen, to -which the
statement is regarded as an answer,
charged that British merchant ships
were armed to attack submarines, and
that - their commanders were undet
secret orders from the Admiralty to do
'o and that rewards had been offered
to commanders who succeeded in de
stroying submersible.
The statement declares that there is
a distinct difference "between the exer
cise of the right of sell-protection and
the act of cruising the seas in an
nrmed vessel for the purpose of at
tacking naval vessels."
The statement holds that a. bellig
erent merchant ship may exercise its
right of self-protection either by flight
or resistance, but that if. after a sum
mons to surrender has been given, a
merchantman uses his armament to
keep the enemy at a distance, or, after
it has been summoned to surrender it
resists or flees, the. warship "may
properly exercise force to compel sur
render." Defining a warship, the statement
declares that "the size of the vessel,
strength of armament and its de
fensive or offensive . Xorce are ma
terial." This provision clearly recog
nizes the submarine.
A captured merchantman, it con
tends, may be sunk only If it impossible
to take it into port and after all on
board have been put in "a place of
safety." The right to sink a neutral
merchant ship is held to be "doubtful"
In any circumstances.
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asaZsMssaslVBasB
GERMAN COAL 1 N SWEDEN
Cri'at Britain Losing Valuable Cus
tomer llocausc of AVar.
SEW TORK. April 23. Sweden is
now getting from Germany about 70
per cenfof her coal supply and is rap
idly making herself independent of
;reat Britain on the question of fuel,
according to Gunnar Wlckman, of San
Krancisco. who arrived today on the
steamship Stockholm.
"I saw large numbers of German
freight cars in Sweden." Mr. TV'ickman
said, "indicating considerable traffic
between the two countries.
"The people of Sweden are experi
encing prosperity such as they never
dreamed of."
New York Will Keep Teace.
N !-: W YORK. April 26. New York
will not tolerate anything in the na
ture of a disturbance "at the present
time, under the peculiar existing con
ditions in this city and in this country."
Mayor Mitchell said today in aidress
i rirr a. conference called in the hope of
averting a threatened strike In the
cloak, suit and skirt industries, etn
jilnylncr 70.000 men and women.
ill $2900.-$3300 )i
kr-O-B. PORTLAND
Fact No. 45
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FRANK C. RIGGS COMPANY
loiaell Koad, S3d and Matiiinston Sta.
Photo Copyright by Underwood.
Seated In the Foretronnd. Tleatenant-Goloncl Xreflfto In vlln, Cblcf of Arms t Casas Grande Garrison, of the Car
ransa Korcesi Colonel Cabell. Chief of Staff at Casas Grande, and Lieutenant JLeopoldo Coronado, Aide to Davlla.
The two Mexican officers whose pictures are in this group recently visited the American brigade headquarters
at Casas Grande to consult with the American officers regarding plans for the capture of. Villa.
PI
IS
DIVIDED
Influential Germans Mark
Gravity of Situation. .
STRONG ELEMENT FRIENDLY
'We Do Not Share Conception That
America's Hostility Would Truly
lie Divinely Good Fortune,"
Is Typical Declaration.
BERLIN, April 25, via London, April
26. Public opinion in Germany 're
specting the American note, remains
divided in two main directions. One.
represented by Count von Reventlow,
the Naval expert of the Tagea Zeltung,
and his adherents, which is small, but
vociferous and powerful, continues to
assert it would welcome a breach with
America with a feeling of relief. The
attitude of the other group is indi
cated by a remark by Theodore Wolff
In this morning's Tageblatt. that not
they, but England and other enemies
of Germany would welcome a broach
"with a feeling of relief."
The attitude of responsibile leaders
is plainly that indicated by Mr. Wolff
and whatever the decision may be. It
will be reached with a full apprecia
tion of what a rupture might mean.
Gravity Folly Realised.
Comment in the press displays
neither optimism nor pessimism, but
simply a full realization of the gravity
of the criBls which must be met and
confidence that the leaders of the em
pire will be guided solely by the em
pire's Interests.
Mr. Wolff again devotes an article
In his paper to the support of the idea
that a, breach of relations between
Germany and the United States rnuet
be avoided if possible under any ac
ceptable basis. He criticises President
Wilson's accusation that submarines
are sinking neutral ships in a pre-con-
ldered manner and in pursuant of
methods laid down for them, but he de
clares it would be a mistake to answer
sharp words with sharp words. He
ays:
"Most of us would consider It a great
good fortune if it could be made possi
ble to protect peaceable travelers,
women and children from death in the
waves to Insure the rightspf neutrals
against mistakes and in every case to
fulfill the .commandments for the pro
tection of Jiumanity which suffers so
severely in war times.
Reported Rejolclns; Denied.
"Stories published In the entente
press that, following the sinking of the
Lusitanla and in similar cases, all Ger
many danced and rejoiced are a tre
mendous mistake.
"Although we are of the pinion that
steamship passengers must themselves
estimate the danger they run, every
possibility of uniting the tactics of
submarines with the protection of
peaceable lives and neutral property
would be welcomed by us.
"We do not share the conception
that America's hostility woudl truly be
diviriely good fortune for us."
Mr. Wolff asserts that the American
"yellow press," and certain German
newspapers and politicians have dis
turbed the relations between the two
countries, but that Washington must
realize that sober discussion still is
possible in Germany.
if to Germany shall be denied the op
portunity to sink neutral as well as
enemy merchantmen. This Govern
ment contends the right to sink neutral
vessels In any circumstances "is doubt
ful," which means that each particular
case will have to be decided on its
merits.
The memorandum furthers serves
notices on Germany that "the right to
capture and the right to prevent cap
ture arc equally justifiable." It as
serts there must be certainty in respect
of knowledge of the. hostile character
of vessels and cargoes and indicates
that this should be obtained by visit
and search, though this requirement
may not be exercise-d if the hostile
character of the property is known.
Doubtless, this will give some little
satisfaction in Germany.
However, the memorandum imposes
thees limitations upon a belligerent.
No Favor Shown Submarine.
It has become the established prac
tice for warships to give merchant ves
sels an opportunity to surrender or
submit to visit and search before at
tempting to seize them by force. The
observance of this rul of naval warfare
tends to prevent the los sof life of non
combatants and the destruction of in
nocent neutral property which would
result from sudden attack.
The that United States does not con
sider submarines have any claim to con
sideration, in spite of their manifest
weakness, beyond those possessed by
other warships is shown by the state
ment that "the size of a vessel, strength
of armament and its defensive or offen
sive force is immaterial."
NEW ISSUE NOW CREATED
(Continued From First Pafre.l
stiffening the backs of those German
officials absolutely opposed to &ny ac
tion tending to make ineffective the
German submarine war on the allies.
The purpose of Germany, In Inaug
urating and continulngrher operations
against merchantmen.- belligerent as
well as neutral, was and Is to starve
the English people. Just as the British
and French fleets are endeavoring to
starve the German people...
' That purpose will fail of realization
WILSON" AM) STOXK CONFER
Eventualities to Follow German Re
ply Aro Discussed.
WASHINGTON. April 26. President
Wilson and Senator Stone, chairman of
the Senate foreign relations commit
tee, tliscussed for an hour tonight in
ternational questions facing the United
States, including the submarine contro
versy with Germany, the Mexican situ
ation and Japan's protest against fea
tures in the House immigration bill,
which will be taken up by the Senate
immigration committee tomorrow.
The conference was devoted chiefly
to the submarine issue. While Senator
Stone would not discuss the details, it
is known that eventualities which may
follow the receipt of Germany's reply
to the last note sent by the United
States were gone over thoroughly. The
President did not attempt to minimize
the gravity of the situation, but he has
not given up hope that a break in dip
lomatic relations with Germany may be
avoided.
Senator Stone will lay the results of
his conference with the President be
fore the foreign relations committee.
He left, the conference apparntly
satisfied with its results. The Presi
dent told him fully his attitude in
the German crisis. No new policies
were discussed, th'e President pont
ing out that the (future course of
the United States depended entirely
on the German reply to the American
note demanding immediate abandon
ment of the present methods of sub
marine warfare.
Sepretary Lansing received a report
from Ambassador Gerard in Berlin to
day on a conference between the latter
and Chancellor von Bethmann-Ilollweg.
The Secretary would not discuss the
report except to say it was brief and
required no reply. He continued to re
ceive summaries of editorial comments
on the submarine issue published in
German newspapers.
Count von Bernstorff, the German
Ambassador, It was learned today, has
sent to his Foreign Office suggestions
on the submarine question which he
hopes will prevent a break in diplo
matic relations' with the United States.
The suggestions were sent in re
sponse to a request from Berlin and
will be considered at a conference be
tween the Imperial Chancellor and the
Kaiser. Their exact nature was not re
vealed. The publication by the State Depart
ment of a declaration of the Ameri
can Government's position on the armed
ship issue is expected to have an im
portant bearing on the submarine
question as a whole. Officials stated
that the position of the United States
was made known in order that foreign
governments might shape their courses
accordingly.
RATE ISSUE ARGUED
Spokane Contends Water
Competition Ended.
RAILWAYS OPPOSE CHANGE
Denver. L.os Angeles and Sun Fran
cisco Chambers Take Same Po
sition. Steamship Lines
Bolster Spokane's Case.
OKEUOXIAN NEWS BUREAU. Wash
ington, April 26. Argument on Spo
kane's petition for a readjustment of
rates to Pacific Coast terminals closed
tonight. Representatives of the South
ern Pacific. Northern Pacirtc. Great
Northern and of the Denver, San Fran-.
Cisco and Los Angele3 Chambers of
Commerce, urged the commission to
make no disturbance ir present rates,
while J. W. Campbell, of Spokane,
maintained that the commission was
without discretion and that the rail
roads could raise their rates to Coast
terminals without permission from the
commission, whether there is water
competition or not.
He insisted, however, that the testi
mony of representatives of two steam
ship lines had clearly established Spo
kane's contention that water competi
tion no longer existed, and on that
showing alone," he said, a readjustment
should be ordered.
Return to Normal Predicted.
Seth Mann, of San Francisco, argued
that prevailing rates should be contin
ued because of outstanding contracts.
He further maintained that the fourth
section of the interstate commerce act
forbids the raising of rates that have
been lowered to meet water competi
tion, unless a change in conditions
other than the elimination of that
competition be shown. S. J. Wetterick,
of Seattle, supported Seth Mann.
Fred H. Wood, of the Southern Pa
cific, speaking generally for the car
riers, said existing rates were estab
lished to meet normal conditions and
will be needed again when normal con
ditions are restored. Rates in effect,
he said, will enable water carriers to
earn greater profit than they made
when they were using the Tehuantepec
and Panama routes.
E. C. Llndley, of the Northern. Pa
cific and Great Northern, said the
Commission should not change the ad
justment to meet an abnormal condi
tion. Spokane Contention Profits Steamers.
Attorneys protesting against any in
terference with existing rates laid
stress upon the fact that Spokane's
whole case is bolstered up by the tes
timony of representatives of two steam
ship lines which will ultimately benefit
from an increase in railroad rates to
the coast whenever they themselves go
back into the Coast-to-Coast trade.
"No matter what their interest," said
Mr. Campbell, of Spokane," "their tes
timony has not been Impeached."
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The Delineator and -The Dressmaker
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Visit our new Butterick Pattern department and learn of the at
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two popular publications for less than the price of one alone. The
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The Latest New Styles in Women's
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Another unmatchable Suit value;
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low price considered. They are a
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ceived from one of our best manu
facturers of women's ready-to-wear
garments and are priced for this sale
at several dollars below real worth.
Included are Norfolks in modified
forms, belted and flare effects, etc.,
models becoming to all figures. The
skirts are full and are shown in
three-piece and shirred styles with
belt. The materials are fine .wool
poplins, serges, gabardine and
checked fabrics, all sizes in navy, tan,
Copenhagen and other wanted plain
colors, as well as the fashionable
black, and white checks. Inspection
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above the ordinary at P J3J
Middlv Blouses, All Prices,
50 Up to $1.98.
A showing second to none. Included
are the regulation middy, Jack Tar,
Mendel and Bob Evans, made of
Lonsdale Jean, Stripe Jean and Jap
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prices from 50f to 51.98
5c
Table After Table Piled
to Overflowing With
Beautiful. New
Embroideries
All Attractively" Under-priced
Values to 12c,
this sale at, yd.
Narrow Embroideries of
dainty Swiss and Cambric.
Edges, Insertions, Beadings,
Bands, Galloons, etc., shown
in choice new patterns suit
able for baby cloths and un
derwear trimming; qualities
regularly sold up to 12c,
this sale only at 5.
Values to $1.00, oq
this sale at, yd..C
18 to 4.-inch Embroideries
in large floral and net con
ventional patterns flounc
ings in ruffled, scalloped
and hemstitched effects;
many hand-loom patterns.
Qualities regularly sold up
to $1.00 a yard, your choice
this sale only at 39i
aq Yd. For Dress
l;OC Flouncings, worth
up to S2.50
An unlimited variety of
beautiful new patterns in
high-grade Dress Flounc
ings in Organdie, Voile and
Batiste. . They come all
white and with a dainty
touch of light color; quali
ties regularly sold up to
$2.50 a yard at one price
choice at yard 98
n
dent. It jiroposed that a campaign to
raise funds be hld durinj? the week
preceding Memorial Day.
The Prtsldent told the- committee ha
would give the plan Immediate and
serious thought.
The p-oposal is non-sectarian In
scope, although supsrepted by the or
ganization o! Protestant denominations
representing 125,000 churches with a
membership of 18.000,000, and was ex
plained to the President as not in
volving any peace movement.
BELIEF WEEK IS ASKED
CHl'RCHES WAST PRESIDEXy TO
tRGE AID FOR WAR RIDDEN.
Mr. Wilson Learns Proposal Is "on
Sertarlan and Has No Relation
to Peace Movements.
WASHINGTON. April 26. President
Wilson was asked today to Issue
a Nation-wide appeal through all
churches and religious denominations
for contributions to relieve suffering
In Europe and Asia growing out of the
war. A committea of clergy from the
Federal Council of Churches of Christ
In America, sponsor of the plan, pre
sented a formal memorial to the Piesi-
TWO DELEGATES NAMED
Knigjits of Security Hold Annual
Convention and Obligate Big Class.
The annual Oregon convention of the
Knights and Ladies of Security closed
last night at the Moose Hall, after a
session that began with the initiation
Tuesday night of a class of 90 by the
Kirkpatrick team of Portland Lodge,
2227. A midnight supper followed.
Delegates elected to tho National
convention, which meets in June at De
troit, are D. Li. Povey and George H.
Thomas, both of Portland. Eureka
Council, 204. It is the fourth consecu
tive time Mr. Thomas has been named
a National delegate. Miss Clara Mun-
son. of Clatsop, and J. A. Wright, of La
Grande, were made alternates.
D. L. Povey. of Portland, was made
acting, and Miss Birdie McCroskey. of
Astoria, temporary chairman.
Women Go to Chautauqua.
HOOD RIVER, Or.. April 26. (Spe
cial.) A party of 50 members of the
Hood River W oman s Club Journeyed
to Underwood. Wash., today to parti
cipate in a Chautauqua programme of
the combined woman s clubs of Lnder
wood and White Salmon held in the
Union chapel of the UnderwcA
orchard district. One of the chmf
speakers was Dr. Bertha Stewart, of
Reed College, Portland. Mrs. Clar
ence E. Coffin and Mrs. Ralph Root,
members of thejocal club, participated
in the musical 'programme.
SURVIVORS LAY PLANS
M A V rnKSS H SITAM A . CL AIMS
ACiAIXST iiHRMAXV.
programme anwnged by pupils, M. S.
Pitman, professor of education of the
Oregon Stale Normal School, of Mon
mouth, and W. !. Jackson. County
School Superintendent, will deliver ad
d resses.
German Agents Charged With Trying
to Shift Responsibility for Dis
aster to Canard Company.
NEW YORK, April 26. Charges
that German agents had souglvt to
shift responsibility for the sinking of
the steamship Lusitania to the Cunard
Steamship Company by attempting to
persuade survivors to sue the owners
of the liner for damages on the ground
of negligence were put at a meeting
here today of persons who were pas
sengers on the vessel at the time of
the disaster.
Joseph L. Myers and James L. Leary
said they had been approached by a
lawyer, now under indictment for al
leged violation of the neutrality laws,
who told them if they would brin?
suit against the Cunard line for $50,000
he woujd see that they received the
money whether or not they won their
cases.
The meeting was called by a com
mittee of survivors to take measures
for concerted action to recover for
losses. Ogden 11. Hammond, a member
of the committee, said it was the pur
pose of the wealthier survivors to
help those who had been unable to ob
tain legal aid in pressing their claims.
An attorney representing Mr. Ham
mond advised the survivors that their
primary claim was against the German
government.
A committee of lawyers was ap
pointed to call a meeting of the legal
representatives of all survivors on Sat
urday to prepare for united action.
Tangent Schools to Have May Day.
TANGENT. Or.. April 26. (Special.)
Elaborate May-day exercises will be
held by the Tangent public schools
Saturday. In addition to the drills and
4
Wi7
for imi
for
the
on
ri
avy-y w i vw, ec
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