THE MORNTXG OREGOXIAX, FRIDAY, JANUARY 8, 1915, 3 CHANCE BREAK DERMA TO f! LIE LOST British Commander Overlooks Opportune Gap and Foe Gains New Strength. AIRMAN DODGES SHRAPNEL Numerous Smoke Wrcatlis Formed Xear Hying Frenchman, Mark Exploding Points of German Anil - Aircraft' Guns. A TOWN" OX THE AISXE. France. Tec 15. (Correspondence of the Ai aociated Prena ) How the British forces overlooked an opportunity to drive a ,redf?e into a &p that, unknown to them, had opened in the retiring Ger man line in a ridgo of hills east of tv)l-son. on he Aisne, i being dis ciifed among: Cernun officers. This was three months ayo; the Germans later drove the allies from the hillsi almost to the river, and now noici tn ground in strong force, en trenched to the eyes. By a slightly more vigorous offensive Sir John French might have thrust the British forces into the opening- and bplit the German army in two, and It waa the Uerraan army corps of which the correspondent of the Asso elated press Is now the guest that ar rived only in time to close the ho. and enable the German armies to stand en the line of the Aisne instead of con tinuing their retreat to some other line farther north. Allies Kiw la Lewlnads. The Knglish troops were already well over the crest of the ridge and the Germans had a doubly difficult task to fight their way up the steep northern Mope of the range and re establish their broken line. The ground over which the battle then swept is now a labyrinth of p lroach trenches, zigzags and parallels, marking the successive stages by which the German troops sapped and fought their way forward to their present lines. They now hold the greater part of the southern slope. The allies' lines, now occupied by the French instead of the English, are in the lowlands of the valley. All the liigb points on this side of the river are held by the Germans, so that the reach have no observation points from which to direct the fire of their artillery. They can only fire blindly over the ridge at points where they suspect the presence of the German batteries or infantry supports, notably at a little village called Cernay. which is now as picturesque a heap of ruins as can be found along the whole Aisne front. Occasionally the French send up one ef their aeroplanes to attempt to peep over the ridge to locate batteries, but tiie antf-balloun guns and machine Funs adapted to liich angle fire gener ally drive the flyer off before he ac complishes his mission. Alrmaa Dodges Shells. The sight, as witnessed this morn ing on another part of the line, is one of the prettiest of the war. Perhaps 00u feet up. a gray smoke ring sud denly marked Itself against the blue feky, as symmetrical and well defined as the whirl puffed out by a smoker or as the halo around the saints' head in an old masterpiece. Hefore the eye could pick out the aeroplane. a darting black speck against the blue, there were a halt ii"zcn other smoke whirls painted on tlie- sky. The aeroplane doubled back 'ut of danger, but from shrapnel al ready under way six or eight more of the gray wreaths tumbled out into the group. The rings held their shape Tir five minutes or so and then slowly blanched into a thin haxe. A half hour later the French flyer again essayed to cross the German lines at a point a few minutes away. T ho shrapnel this time seemed to burst all around him. but he got away tin harmed. He usually does, as aiming at sucn targets is as yet an empirical art. Warfare between the German rifle Tnen and the French colonials and le .ionnaires opposite, devoid for weeks i'f any momentous operations, has be come a cruel grim sport of hunting the Mg game man. When the Associated Press correspondent first visited C a few days ago to take coffee with the officers of the th battalion, he was tld of a new trick being attempted against the French. A dummy had been fitted out in French uniform and would be pluced at night In an exposed place between the lines. Monday was appointed Circuit Judge f to succeed Henry L Benson, who has taken his seat on the Supreme Bench. Judge Noland's appointment was made by a telegram received from Governor West. Miss Louise Sargent, of this city, has been named reporter. C. C. Low qualified as Sheriff. C. R. De Lap as County Clerk, and George Chastain as Circuit Clerk, all hold overs, Frank McCormack also took his oath as Commissioner, and George A. Hayden as County Traasurer. Marion Hanks, who received the greatest number of votes for County Judge at the recent general election. took his oath of office. The incumbent. William S. Worden, contends that by virtue of the constitutional amendment adopted in November, 1910. when he was elected, his term of office was for six years, and is still occupying the of fice. An early decision of the Supreme Court in a case involving this ques-1 A WClnCD Uon is expected. HWOVVCn PROOF OF DUMDUM EXPORTS ASKED FOR Bryan Says Influence Will Be Used to Stop Practice on Proper Evidence. GIVEN GERMAN WESTERN TRIP UNLIKELY PRESIDENT TJarwILLISfG TO LEAVE CAPITAL DURING WAR. United States, However, in Pursu ance of Policy of Neutrality, De clines to Investigate Report ed Use by Allies. Mesabers Whe Extend . Invitation Visit Northwest Read Deieramlna tloa Between Lines. OREGONTAN NEWS BUREAU. Wash- ngton. Jan. 7. Northwestern Senators and Representatives, who today in vited President Wilson to visit the Northwest on his way back frpra San rancisco next Spring, left the White House convinced that the President will not make tho trip to the Exposition nd will thereforo not cet to the North west this year. The President was careful to empha size the necessity of the head of Gov ernment's remaining in Washington while the war continues in Europe, and he said that unless the war ended be fore the opening of the Exposition he doubted whether he could be away long enough to make the trip across the continent and back. Those who conferred with him were disappointed, for they read between the lines what they thought to be intima tion of the President, that he would cancel his San Francisco appointment. The President left tonight for Indian apolis, where he will speak tomororw at a Jackson day celebration under the auspices of the Indiana Democratic Club. His speech will be entirely of "WASHINGTON, Jan. 7. In reply to Germany's complaint that. American manufacturers were exporting aumdum bullets and "riot guns" for the British army. Secretary Bryan today informed -ount Uernstorff, the German Ambas sador, that the manufacturers named had denied the charge, and asked that the State Department be furnished any evidence the , Ambassador might have to support his protest. The Secretary added that he was di rected by President Wilson to sav tha: if any American company was shown to be engaged in such traffic, he would use his influence to stop it. regardless or questions of legal or conventional duty. Strict Neutrality Affirmed. As' to the German protests against alleged use of dumdum bullets by the allies in Europe, Mr. Bryan said the United States Government, In Its ef forts to maintain a strict neutrality in me present conflict, was obliged to re frain rrom investigating their truthful ness or making any comment in re sard to them. The Secretary's letter said: I can assure your excellency that I am not unmindful of the spirit In which you bring to the attention of this Gov instead of 8,000.000 cartridges having been sold, only a little over 117,000 were manufactured and 109,000 were sold. Military Use Not Intended. "The letter further asserts that these cartridges were made to supply a de mand for a better sporting cartridge with a soft-nosed bullet than had been manufactured heretofore, and that such cartridges cannot be used in the mill' tary rifle of any foreign power. The company adds that its statement can be substantiated and that it is ready to give yon any evidence that you may re quire on these points. "The department Is now in receipt from the company of a complete de tailed list of the persons to whom these cartridges were sold. From this list It appears that the cartridges were sold to firms in lots of 20 to 2000, and one lot each of 3000. 4000, 6000. Of these only 960 cartridges went to Brit ish North America and 100 to British East Africa. 'If, however, yon can furnish the de partment witn evidence that this, or any other companies, are manufactur ing and selling for the use of the con tending armies In Europe cartridges whose use would contravene The Hague convention, the Government would be glad to be furnished with the evidence, and the President directs me to inform you that in case any American com pany is shown to be engaged in this traffic he will use his influence to pre vent, so far as possible, sales of such ammunition to the powers engaged in the European war, without regard to whether it is the duty of this Govern ment upon legal or conventional grounds to take such action." BELGIAN PROMISES PAY TO AMERICANS Louvain Burgomaster Appreciative People Says Will Award in Industry. BREAD RIOTS ONLY FEAR Hunger Drives Formerly Well-to-Do to Stifle Pride and Ask for Aid. Remote" Districts Now Receiving Relief. political character. Accompanying the ernme,nt the improper practices which president on his private car a?e Sec retary Tumulty and Dr. son. Cary T. Gray- PENSION LAW ATTACKED Arizona Citizens Question Validity of Initiative Measure. PRESCOTT, Ariz., Jan. 7. The Ari zona mothers' pension law, approved by the people at the election November 3. -was attacked today in a suit riled in the Superior Court by attorneys- en gaged by the Prescott Chamber of Com merce. The validity of the statute, an Initiated measure, is questioned, and the court is asked to enjoin its enforcement. Under the law all state charitable in stitutions, including the Pioneers' Home, which shelters indigent men and women here, are-to be sold to provide a fund out of which to pay pensions to wid owed mothers and to aged dependents. Pensions to mothers are fixed at $15 month, with an allowance of J6 addi- ional for each child. Relief is to be accorded to indigent persons only if they are more than CO years old and ve been in the state live years. Rase la 9aceesaful. The Frenchmen It was hoped would eume out to attempt to carry off the bod y . If so they would come under the fire of the rifles of a squad of watchers posted tn a wood near the decoy. On Ms second visit hp learned that th ruse had bcn successful. The Krenc liad come, and three. It was though lad been killed, although only on Dotty bad been round. Through a loophole in tho parapet of cr earth and sand bags one can distin cuifh in an open field a f-w hundred ysrris away the bodies of five French rien. Two other French bodies hang suspended rrom the trees. All hav Iwcn there for wc-ks. and it is Impos sible to bury the dead without risking immediate death. Three of the bodies. those or the three latest killed, lay a pathetic little red triangle. The lothlng cf the others is so bleached out by rain and weather that they can hardly be distinguished. KLAMATH CHAMBER ELECTS Dr. I- D. Johnson Is Chosen Pres- m Ident of Commerce Body. KLAMATH FALLS. Or., Jan. 7. Special.) Dr. E. D. Johnson was elect ed president of the Klamath Chamber i of Commerce last night. William H. Bennett. vice-president of the First State &. Savings Bank, was chosen vice-president." The nine resident di rectors are: William W. Baldwin, L. Jacobs. A. R. Campbell, James E. Swan- son. J. F. Maguire, W. P. Johnson. Charles I. Roberts, L. G. Van Bellen and I. . Whitmore. George C. Blower, recently rrom Portland. Is secretary. Judge Lionel R. Webster made the sddress of the evening in place of Thomas Richardson, of Portland, who was prevented by a severe cold from speaking. are alleged to have occurred in the progress o'. the present war. But while this Government may take these state ments and charges under consideration, it is, in its effort to maintain a strict neutrality in the present conflict. obliged to refrain from investigating their truthfulness or making any com ment in regard to them. . "The time will, come, however, when the truth may be impartially deter mined and when the judgment .of the world wil be passed upon the charges made by the various belligerents of violations of the rules of civilized war fare. Making of Riot Gods Denied. "Tour excellency also states that the British government has ordered from the Winchester Repeating Arms Com pany au.uuo Tiot guns,' model 1897, and 50.000,000 'buckshot cartridges' for use in such guns. This department saw a published statement of the Winchester Company, the correctness of which the company has confirmed to the depart ment by telegraph. In this statement the company categorically denied that it has received an order for such guns and cartridges from, or made any sale of such material to, the British govern ment, or to any other government en gaged in the present war. "lour excellency further calls atten tion to 'information, the accuracy of which is not doubted,' that 8.000,000 cartridges, fitted with 'mushroom bul lets." have been delivered since October of this year by the Union Metallic Cart ridge Company for the armament of the English army. "Jn reply, I have the honor to refer to the letter of December 10, 1914. of the Remington Arms Union Metallic Cartridge Company of New York to your excellency, called forth by certain newspaper reports of statements al leged to have been made by you In re gard to the sale by that company of soft-nosed bullets. From this letter, a copy of which was sent to this depart ment by the company, it appears that GLEE CLUB TRIP PAYS l.MVKRSlTi' OF" OREGON SINGERS GAIN I-OO IN HOLIDAYS. Credit for Success of Blscest Tour in History Given to Manager Sam Michael, of Portland. UNIVERSITr OF OREGON. Eugene, Jan.,7. (Special.) For the second time since Glee Club concerts and tours of have food to keep us alive. BRUSSELS, Jan. 7, via London, Jan. 7. "If the United States had not come to our aid. it would have meant starva tion for most of us," said Alfred Neri- nex. provisional burgomaster of Lou vain. to the Associated Press today. We are willing to work, but we can not when the doors are closed to ex ports. We cannot buy food, even if we have the money, when the doors are closed to imports. It is no fault of ours if we starve. Feed us now and we shall pay you back -in industry when the war Is over. We are paying back now In grati tude for the lives America has saved gratitude which will endure as proof that human affection is stronger tnan any treaty alliance. Bread Riots Are Feared. Here in the midst of the ruins of my town I do not lose heart. I know we shall rebuild it all, if only we can The most the various sections of the state have become a regular phase in the studsnt life at Oregon, this organization re turned home with money in the club coffers as a result of the holiday trip through Pendleton, The Dalles, Baker, La Grande. Hood River and Albany. The credit for the success of the tour Is given to Sam Michael, of Portland, acting student-manager. Two hundred dollars, trained bv the venture, according to Graduate Manager iiirany, is clear profit for the sea son's efforts. A year ago the Glee Club deficit was about 100. Arthur Geary, former graduate man ager and now a senior In the law de partment of Columbia University, New York, was the only man who had made the Glee Club pay before Michael. Michael Is being hailed as the latest campus wonder, the man of the hour.' At all towns the college men drew good crowds. La Grande turned out the largest crowd with Baker and Pen dleton ranking a close second. Two more trips are scheduled. The boys will appear at Corvallis on Jan uary 22 and on February 11 Portland is to be invaded. The Ad Club and all of the High Schools are to be serenaded during their stay in that city. TO CLASS RESERVES AIM Sluslaw Land May Be Eliminated for Homestead Purposes. OREGON'IAN NEWS BUREAU. Wash ipgton. Jan. 7. Representative Hawley, since his return to Washington, has been laboring with the forest service trying to expedite action on the classi fication of lands in the various forest reserves in his district, and especially the Sluslaw reserve, from which he hopes to have eliminated a considerable area In Lincoln County. Mr. Hawley has been urging that sections 11, 13, 14, 23, 24 and 26 in township 14 south, range 11 west, be eliminated for homestead purposes. Re cently Mr. Hawley received a letter from Forester Graves saying 10 parties were at work there during the past season, which is a larger force than was allotted to any other reserve. nowerful army in the world cannot Teutonize Belgium, but America, armed with bread, is Americanizing Belgium. My worst fear is that there will be bread riots If the reiiet stops. If. Nerinex said the population of Louvain was only 3000 less than before the German occupation. The people whose homes had been burned are liv- nsr with their neighbors. The burgo master said he was giving work to the idle by having them clean the streets and repair houses which can be made habitable. On the journey from Rosendaal to Brussels by way of Antwerp, the cor respondent of the Associated Press had to show his pass 20 times to landstrum sentries, mostly Saxons and Bavarians. Often these sentries were men 45 years old. The pass had to be shown at the outskirts of every town and at inter vals along the road. Travel Severely Restricted. Foreigners are not permitted access to the military zone west of the Ant- werp-Brussels-Mons line and In the so called zone of military occupation In Eastern Belgium the restrictions against travel are severe. It is diffi cult for Belgians to pass from one town to another. They can communi cate with one another only through the German mails. The representatives of the American Relief Commission have freedom of movement. The German officials are zealously scrupulous in seeing that no relief food is taken by the Germans. Hunger is driving more and more persons who have been well-to-do to stifle their pride and ask for bread. The remote towns, where suffering is most acute, are now being.reaobed by the American commission and no Bel gian who will ask for food need go hungry. The longest bread line was seen at Liege, formerly an industrial center, but where now all the factories are closed. For three hours in the cathed ral square the people passed In line as big loaves were handed out from the bins. More Shirts Have Been Added to This Greatest of All Shirt Sales Men's Shirts at Cost and Less IN ever before was uiere sucn a wonderful sale or shirts never before was there such a vast array of shirts in a special sale. -Men who are most particular about their apparel have bought a whole season s supply since the beginning of this sale. -The patterns are as fine as particular men could wish; the materials are fine percales, jacquard weaves, fine prints, silk mixtures, woven madras, printed madras, in light and dark colors. The styles are varied, plain and pleated-bosom shirts, plain and pleated stiff and French cuff shirts, French cuff shirts and shirts with separate collars. $1.25 Shirts, Special ... 87c $1.50 Shirts, Special . . . $1.15 $2.00 Shirts, Special . . . $1.38 $3.00 Shirts, Special . ; . $1.49 $3.50 Shirts, Special ... $1.88 $5.00 Shirts, Special . . . $2.95 First Fleor, Wash.-st. Katrine c"MercKandiso of J Merit Only" SINKING SHIP WARNS Formidable Captain Scorns Aid and Tells Others to Flee. FLEET LOST BY BLUNDER Late Admiral Cruddock's Squadron Inadequate for Task of Destroy ing German Pacific Forces, Says ex-CIiicf of Navy. The Bedouin marriage ceremony consists of tho brldcefrroom killing a sheep and Fpllling- some of the blood In sand on the noor ox tne nouse ox ma prospective laiaor- LONDON. Jan. 7. The Marquis of Crewe .announced in the House o I-ords today that it was the definite opinion of tho British Admiralty that the battleship Formidable had been sunk by two torpedoes discharged by a submarine. The Earl -of Selbourne, ex-First Lord of the Admiralty, in an address in the House of Lords, described the dispatch of Sir Christopher Cradock's squad ron to the Pacific as a blunder, as the squadron, lie said, was wholly inade quate for tho task assigned to It, to I destroy the German warships there. He then asked for more Information concerning the loss of the battleships Formidable and Bulwark and data about other naval operations. Ships Signalled Jtot to flelp. . The Marquis of Crews ssld he could not add anything to what Winston Spencer Churchill. First Ixrl of the Admiralty, had said In the House of ' Commons. Before adjournment, how ever, file Marquis said that. In the opinion of the Admiralty, the For midable had been struck by two tor pedoes fired by a submarine. Ho adds that the cuptaln of the For midable had sent signals to tho otlwr ships not to stand by, which was taken to mean that submarines were In the vicinity and that they might suffer tho same fat as his ship. tifrmsa Haiders Reduced to Knur. There were now only two German cruisers and two armed mrrchautinMi to carry on commerce raiding, thn Marquis of Crewe said, and they could not long escape the nines' ships. The manning of new ships, Including mon itors, he added, had been completely provided for. The battleship Formidable wus sunk in the English Channel January 1 with a loss of 60 men. Thn British Ad miralty In its earlier reports said it was unable to say whether the disaster had ben caused by a mine or a tor pedo. January 4 the Herman official press bureau announcer! receipt by the Admiralty of a wireless report from a German submarine whose comman der said that ho had sunk the For midable off Plymouth and that ttm submarine had escaped un.1amnRrl CAPITAL IS BILLIONS HIGH Railroads Carry Big Burden, Need lessly Taken On, Says Expert. ST. JOHNS CENSORS BUSY t-liows and Billboard Inspected New Amusement J u (1 2 e . by T. JOHNS. Or.. Jan. 7. (Special. t ne board or censors for moving pic- lures and other shows, constituted un der an ordinance recently passed by ine council, nas started its work. It organised by electing O. J. Oatzmeyer riiatrman and Mrs. Fred V. Valentine secretary. Those composing the board are: T. J. Monaiian. A. W. Markle. J. K. Miller, o. j. Uutzmever. H. W. Bonham, Kev. J. A. Goode. Mrs. H. l Beam. Mrs. A illlam Kdmondson. Mrs. H. O. Brown, Mrs. A. -. mrent, Mrs. K. K. Day and iirs. r reu v. alentine. According to the ordinance the cen ors were uiviuou into four croups. j-acn croup mu inspect t.hows one week in a mont'.i. Following are the groups: croup .No. I. Rev. J. A. Goode, Mrs. D. II. Beam. Mrs. Willtaru Ed- mondson: o. 3. J. E. Hiller. Mr. O. H. Brown. Mrs. F. E. Day; Xo. 3. T. J. Monahan. Mrs. A. "vT. Vincent. Mrs. F. . Valintine; No. 4. 11. YV. Bonham. A. w. Markle, O. J. Gatzmeyer. TWO JUDGES IN OFFICE Holdover and Newly Klected Of ficial to Assume Duties. KLAMATH FAIXS. Or, Jan. 7. clai.) George Poland, of this (Specify, CHICAGO. Jan. 7. Two and qu irter billion dollars In excess of the sum needed has been sunk in costly railway stations, terminals and other betterments since 1906. it was test! tied today before the Federal Arbitra tion Board hearing the wage demands of western railroad enginemen. That the roads bear a burden of $2. 268.000.000 of overcapitalization, was testified by Yv. J. Lauck, a statistician called by the enginemen. This sum was sunk In the properties with the idea that new business would soon call for Increased equipment provided. Lauck testified, but the volume of traffic failed to meet expectations. BRITONS ASK DEMOCRACY End of Some Old Diplomatic Tradl tlons Is Advised. LONDON. Jan. 7. The Royal Com mission on civil Service, In its report published today, recommends that some of the old traditions of the British foreign service be done away with and that the service be made more demo cratic. One of the recommendations of the commission is that the time-honored stipulation that all candidates for for eign posts In the diplomatio corps must have a private Income of at least f 100 be abolished. SPAIN'S - REVENUE Shrinks FALLS e Due to AVar Causes Defi cit of 931,100,000. . MADIIID. Spain, Jan. 7. via Paris The financial statement of the govern ment for 1914 shows a deficit of 157.' 000.000 pesetas (S3 1.4O0.000). The de ficit Is due to the shrinkage of revenue during the five months of the war. This amount was partly made up by an. issue of .0.000.000 pesetas ($14,000.- 000) of treasury bonds. The loss In revenue was most pronounced in the sale of stamps and in customs, lotteries and traffic iinports. Vienna to Exhibit Fashions. VIENNA. Austria. Jan. 7. The Min ister of Pualic Works has requested Charles Denby. who, until recently. as Consul-General of the United States t Vienna, to give notice that the exhibition of artistic models for ladles' costumes and millinery will open Feb ruary IS under the protection of the Austrian government, and that Ameri cans Interested are cordially Invited to visit Vienna on that occasion. Furs at Half Price! Now is the time to buy Furs. Prices are lowest in years lower than they probably ever will be again. Our stock includes most fashionable and reliable Furs. Priced very moderately to begin with. Every Fur ya Price. Our Big Center Window Is Filled With ThesQ Wonderful Petticoat Values I Portland's Greatest January Garment Clearance 1SOO Silk Petticoats Vs to V2 Less Three wonderful lots for Friday and Saturday J An extraordinary Petticoat Sale, involving the most desirable silks, the newest models, the most wanted shades. LOT 2375 CELEBRATED "SMUTHFIT" PETTICOATS, the kind that fit without alter ations. Extra heavy silk mes- in every imaginable 7 S J Selling everywhere at t Sale price, your choice gsf LOT 1550 HANDSOME JERSEY TOP PETTICOATS, deep pleated flounce. Black and all shades. Regular $2.95 grades, Friday and Saturday at The Em porium .'. . $2 .98 saline shade. $5.00. at ... LOT 3-525 FINEST, HEAVIEST SILK PET TICOATS Jersevs. Crepe de Chines, Taf fetas and Messahnes. Every possible shade. Petticoats sell- ine- un to $7.95. Kale price. your choice, in this January Clearance Sale, only The Most Astonishing Sacrifice of Suits We Ever Knew! Reductions that stand the test of comparison! Our Suits were all priced unusually moderate to begin with. Now to force a speedy and absolute Clearance, hundreds of Suits are going for less than cost. Suits That Sold Up to $21.50 $9.98 Suits That Sold Up to $28.50 $13.45 , Suits That Sold Up to $40.00 118.95 Every Coat Must Go! Every woman has need for a Coat the year around in Portland! Here are smart Balmaeaans. swagger belted Coats jaunty models in black broadcloths, beautiful Arabian lamb, Hindu lynx, zibelines, tweeds, etc. Coats that may be worn right into Spring and Summer Just look at these reductions Every $12.50 Coat ..$ 8.85 Every $14.75 Coat $10.35 Every $16.50 Coat $11.55 Every $19.50 Coat $13.65 Every $24.75 Coat $17.35 Every $29.50 Coat ..$20.65 Every $32.50 Coat $22.75 Every $35.00 Coat $24.75 . . 1 ? 4 11! i 'ilk-i , Trimmed Hats! 150 Smartest 'Mid-Season Styles Selling Up to $12 $2.98 Many of them just out of the hands of our clever trimmers! The finest hand-blocked silk velvet and felt shapes! Some are trimmed with French Ostrich Plumes think of tbat! Who can resist jet ting a new Hat at such a price as thisT Hats that would sell up to $10 and $12 Friday and Saturday $2.98 Untrimmed Shapes Selling Up to $3, Now 500 splendid Velvet and Felt Shapes all styles all colors. While they last, buy them for the ridiculously low price of 50C