K
VOL. LI V. NO. 16,845.
PORTLAND. ORECOX, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 20. 1914.
PRICE FIVE CEXTS.
ALLIES INFLICTING
HEAVY LOSS OH FOE
Shock of Reinforced At
tacks Withstood.
FRENCH GARRISON BLOWN UP
Germans Plant Mines Before
Quitting Chauvoncourt.
FLOODS CHECK ARTILLERY
Raids and Counter Raids, Conducted
With Flat-Bottom Boats, Give
Opportunities for Initia
tive and Bravery.
"WASHINGTON, Nov. 19. Foreign
Office dispatches to the French em
bassy here today referred to great loss
of life inflicted on the enemy by the
allied troops and spoke of the success
of the French scouting parties in se
curing information of German troop
movements. The dispatches duplicated
War Office communications with the
following additions:
"Supplementary information received
here reveals that the last three days'
fighting resulted particularly dis
astrously for the adversaries as re
gards the execution Inflicted by the
allies In repulsing attacks.
Gcrmiu Leave Many . Dead.
"To the east of Ypres, the Germans
left more than 1200 dead in a, space
of ground not more than 600 to 600
metres square.
"In the vicinity of Saint Mihiel.
after having made successful advances,
our troops withstood the shock of re
inforcements of the enemy, holding all
points previously taken.
"The Germans blew up the garrison
of Chauvoncourt with . a mine. We
had partially captured this town and,
resuming, we were able to force the
enemy's lines back on the other troops
operating in that region.
Reconnoltering Successful.
"The German press has announced
that a strong French attack in the
region of Cirey had been repulsed. As
a matter of fact, we have not engaged
at that point except in reconnoltering.
Those reconnoltering parties, fortun
ately, have been successfully conducted,
and despite resistance have discovered
the position and strength of the
enemy."
The reference to Chauvoncourt indi
cates that definite information has
been received of the fate of the forces
that retook the town. On Tuesday the
French official communication report
ed that the French troops had occupied
the western part of Chauvoncourt. and
yesterday's official statement Baid this
part of the town had been blown up
by the Germans, who apparently had
mined the place before they retired.
Vast Military stores Destroyed.
Chauvoncourt contained vast supplies
f military stores placed there by the
French, and it is presumed the Ger
mans, who were driven back by a vio
lent attack, did not have time to re
move them. The town is an important
military link between Argonne and
Met.
LONDON, Nov. 19 -Violent fighting
has taken place within two hours' ride
of Paris, according to a dispatch from
Paris. At Tracy-le-Val, where the main
battle line from the north swings to
the eastward, at the point nearest
Paris, the German advance led to a
violent encounter. The Germans at
tempted to recapture the town, won by
the allies a few days ago, but accord
ing to the French War Office statement
today they were repulsed with heavy
losses.
Troops and Sailors Attack.
A brilliant attack by British troops
and French sailors caused the Germans
to evacuate Schoorbakke, Belgium,
which is practically surrounded by the
water from the broken dykes, accord
ing to news reaching here from the
battle front.
Because of the flood only two roads
Were open to the town, and one of
these the British approached in two
armored automobiles. It was a night
attack. Meanwhile the bluejackets,
who had made rafts, crossed the water
and took the Germans in the rear,
forcing them to flee by the one road
still left open. The Germans abandoned
many guns, ammunition and stores, and
their dead and wounded.
Floods Impede Artillery.
A ditpatch from Bruges says that
lighting between .the German and
allied forces in the inundated terri
tory between Dixmude and Nleuport,
on the North Sea coast, is now fre
quently being carried on in boats.
Artillery, for the first time in war.
ras proved ineffective, but personal
bravery and enterprise are counting
lor much, and the battle is beginning
to resemble the classical siege ot Ley
den In the sixteenth century, with raids
and counter raids by means of ilat-
oottomed boats.
Two Corporals of the Seventh Bel
glan Infantry have been made .'vnljht
of the Leopold Order for traosporting
w men. including 15 severely wound
ed, across the inundations under heavy
u ret
The battle in its present stage, army
mciais say, may last several months.
Germans Get French Airman.
BERLIN. Nov. 19. via Marconi Wlre-
(Concluded ea Pago 2.)
GLASGOW REPAIRS
AT RIO JANEIRO
SURVITOn OF BATTLE TO USE
DOCK IX BRAZIL..
Captain of British Cruiser Ordered
by Admiral to Seek Refuge Tells
of Destruction of Flagship.
RIO JANEIRO. Nov. 19. The British
cruiser Glasgow, which arrived here
November 17 to repair damages sus
tained in the naval battle off the Chil
ean coast November 1, when a German
squadron sunk the British cruisers
Good Hope and Monmouth, has obtained
permission from the Brazilian govern
ment to enter drydock and to receive
urgent repairs. The repairs must be
completed within seven days and at the
expiration of that time the vessel will
sail.
. The Glasgow has five holes in her
hull made by shells in the battle. In
which four sailors were wounded.
From conversations with the officers
of the Glasgow it became known today
that at the beginning of the battle
the cruiser Good Hope, Rear-Admiral
Cristopher Cradock's flagship, consider
ing the high power of the German
squadron's guns, ordered the Glasgow
and the transport Otranto to seek a
place of refuge. Notwithstanding this
order, the Glasgow answered the lire
of the German cruisers and received
several shells.
In the first five minutes of the fight
ing, the officers of the Glasgow say, the
Good Hope had one of her 8.2-lnch guns
dismantled and then her gunpowder
tores exploded. Admiral Cradock and
the crews of the Good Hope aid the
Monmouth went down with their ships.
The British battleship Canopus, tbe
officers say, speeding at only 16 knots
n hour, could not arrive in time to
participate in the battle.
BIG PILES OF DEAD BURNED
German Losses Too Great to Bury,
Says Observer.
THE HAGUE. Nov. 19. (Special.)
According to a correspondent of
De Tyd. the German losses in the
southwestern part of Belgium have
been so terribly high that the dead,
instead of being buried are burned.
Wherever possible this is done .at some
distance from the fighting line, but in
some places this .is out of the ques
tion and the pyres are raised within
sight of the active soldiers.
The dead are placed face downward
and close together on the pyres, which
are then ignited. A pestiferous odor
spreads over the land and the nights
witnessed are so ghastly that they
cannot be described. Once seen they
can never be forgotten.
BULLETINS
LOXDO.V, Nov. 30. The Dally Chroa
lele asserts that the new war loan al
ready has been over-subscribed and
that the applications are still pour
ing In. According to the Chronicle,
the amount spoken for aggregates
604,000,000 (3,0OO,0O0,00O). The total
loan amounts to S 1.750,000,000.
I.ONDO.V, NaT. 20. The Dally News
says that news has been received that
the Hamburg-American liner Ekbatana
has been sualc In the Peraiun tulC.
There are no detuils of bow this was
accomplished. The Elcbatana, a vessel
of about SOOO tons, was last reported
as having arrived at Buasorah, Asiatic
Turkey, early In August.
LONDON, Nov. SO .V Keuter dis
patch from Berlin gives the offi
cial annonucement that Major-General
Volghts-Rhetx, Quartermaster-general
of the Genaaa army, died suddenly
from heart failure.
LONDON, Nov. -M. Servia la taking
step to remove the guvernment from
Nlsh to Uakob If it becomes necessary,
according to an Athens dispatch to the
Us 11 j- Chronicle.
LONDON, Nov. 20. The Morning
Post's Stockholm correspondent says
the British Admiralty has accorded per
mission to Swedish trans-Atlantle
liners to make the pnssage by way of
the north of Scotland.
VENICE, via Paris. Nov. 20. The
loss of the Austrian steamer Josephine,
which was -blown up by an Austrian
mine off Pola, It Is said, will prove a
serious blow to Austrlu, as she was
one of the largest vessels engaged In
alleged contraband traffic between Ven
ice and Trieste.
VENICE, via Paris, Nov. 20. In the
City of Trieste, Austria, 20,000 persons
are reported to be unemployed and ap
peals are belug made to private chari
ties to assist in feeding them. The mu
nicipality of Trieste, It is declared, has
announced It will be unable to support
the unemployed much longer.
BERLIN, via The Hague to London,
Nov. 19. A war bulletin Issued today
sayst "The German fleet has succeeded
la partially closing the harbor of Llbau,
Ilussia, through the sinking of ships,
and also has bombarded Important mili
tary positions. There is no other news
of importance." ' .
GKNEVA, Switzerland, via Paris, Nov.
1- The Swiss Parliament bus before
it for consideration a new measure con
cerning foreign spies In Swltserland. It
provides a penalty of Imprisonment and
a fine of S40O0.
GENEVA, Swltserland, via Paris,
Nov. 10. French prisoners at Munich
are being well treated, writes Pierre
Maurice, the musician, who recently
visited the detention camp at that city.
The prisoners, " he says, are amply
clothed and fed.
LONDON, Nov. 19. A casualty list
received In London today from the
British army headquarters In Prance,
under date of November 15, contains
the names of nine officers killed, IS
wounded and two missing.
RUSSIA PLEAOS FOR
AffBICAN GOODS
New Trade Treaty Is
Strongly Desired.
EXTENSIVE MARKET WAITING
Petrograd Surprised at Apathy
of Washington.-
OPPORTUNITY LOOMS BIG
Field Is Lost to Germany tnd Eng
land Is Regarded as Too Con
servative to Adapt Herself
to New Requirements.
PETROGRAD. Oct. 25. (Correspond
ence of the Associated Press.) Failure
of the United States to enter into Imme
diate negotiations for a new trade
treaty with Russia is causing consid
erable surprise in Petrograd.
When more than a month ago offi
cials here understood that preliminary
steps would be taken by tbe United
States to sound the Russian foreign
office on the subject of trade relations
and ascertain whether proposals point
ing toward the formulation of a new
treaty would be welcome, the minister
of foreign affairs took the view that
Russia stood ready to receive such
proposals and that they' would be re
ceived in the most friendly spirit by
the Russian government, which
strongly desired to extend the com
mercial relations with America
Favorable Terms Suggested.
In the foreign office here it was
taken for granted that this would be
the preface to Immediate action by
the United States. According to in
formation from the foreign office, the
terms of the new treaty have not been
discussed, but It was suggested that
these would be most favorable to the
United States.
"As evidence of our good faith," said
II. Sazonoff, Minister of Foreign Af
fairs, "we are already allowing America
the commercial privileges enjoyed by
those countries whose treaties with
us contain the most favored nation
clauses. America has here an unparal
leled opportunity Russia offers a wide
field for the particular kind of prod
ucts, machinery, medical apparatus,
electrical supplies, etc., in which Amer
ica specializes. The field is lost to
Germany. Russia herself cannot hope
at' once to develop tho resources and
technical skill to supply these necessi
ties. France and England can help, but
they have not the same qualifications as
America, which Is especially adapted to
supplying the Russian market
"We are therefore awaiting with
(Concluded on Page 2.)
i . f x.n.-v :x ww i i
INDEX OF TODAY'S NEWS
The Weather.
YESTERDAY'S Maximum temperature, 49.2
degrees; minimum, 82.8 degrees.
TODAY'S Unsettled, probably rain; south
erly winds.
War.
Cruiser Glasgow puts Into Rio Janeiro for
repairs, Pano 1.
Washlngtcn atill unable to hear from Turkey
as to Smyrna affair. Page 1.
Allies succeed In Inflicting heavy losses on
Germans. Pace X. .
German attack etcecially directed at region
of Yores. Pago L
Russia deads for American manufactures.
.Page 1.
Former discipline and caste of " Germans
somewhat relaxed in trenches. Page 2.
Russians and Turks both claim victory In
Black Sea naval battle. Page 2.
Germans follow ud sain in Poland; Russians
advance elsewhere. Fags 2.
Field Marshal Lord Roberts laid to rest In
St. Paul's. Pago 6.
Relief committee calls on people for further
aid for Belgians. Page a.
German cruiser Karlsruhe uses captive ves
sels to set trais tor enemy's ships.
Page 8.
Mexico.
Carranza garrisons join Villa's army on
march to Mexico City. . Pago ft.
Domestic. -Dr.
Robert 3. Burdette dead. Page 6.
Sports.
Spokane club changes entry for 135-pound
class boxing event at interclub meet.
" Fase 14.
Washington rooters rally to Lincoln today
with championship in view. Page 14.
Scoreless tie In Aggie-Oregon University
game is predicted. Page 14.
- Pacific North west
Judge of Wallowa County indicted on for
gery charges. Page 15.
Two Governors QJC Oregon will be on Job
soon. Page 7.
Hopgrowers of Coast States at Salem favor
separate organizations and plan financing
of crops. Page 6.
French army officer inspects more army
horses Monday. Page
Commercial and Marine.
Royal Mall line offers steamer for Vladi
vostok loading In Portland. Page 18.
Fifteen thousand tons of Northwestern oats
sold to European governments. Page ID.
Wheat rallies at Chicago because of de
cline In Western receipts. Page 19.
Reopening of New York Exchange for bond
trading postponed. f Page 19.
Portland and Vicinity.
Death penalty abolished by 05-vote majority.
Page 18.
Slayer of Emma Ulrich captured near Kelso.
Pago 20.
Chance seen for murderers under sentence "of
death to go free. Page 20.
Christian Science lecturer says school health
education is basically wrong. Page 7.
Rosarlans tour to California to be on grand
scale. Page 13. - v.
Multnomah County to offer $1,000,000 bridge
bonds -for sale. Pago 18.
Competing companies agree to reduce service
to Seattle. Page 19.
Attractive girls in Dutch garb raise fund
for Hollanders. Pbks 9.
Representative W. E. Humphrey, of Seattle,
predicts Jaerter times will follow defeat
of Democrats. Page 15.
Residents of various sections besiege School
Board. Page 4.
Oftlcial eount on offices finished. Page 4.
Weather -report, data and forecast. Page 19.
TURKS ARE FORCED BACK
Fighting In Caucasus Impeded by
Bad Condition of Roads. -
PARIS, Nov. 20 A dispatch from
Petrograd to the Havas Agency con
tains a statement issued by the general
staff of the Russian army in the Cau
casus, which says:
"Engagements of secondary Im
portance continue in the region of
Zatcharekh. In the Valley of Glyt
chal, a Turkish column was defeated
and forced back toward Bar.
"In the Erzerum region action oc
curred along the whole front, but the
fight is impeded by the state of the
roads, which have been rendered im
passable by rains."
THE MODERN DANIEL IN THE WAR MENAGERIE. - j
T
WORD FROM TURKEY
Officials in Dark as to
Smyrna Affair.
HOSTILE IHTENT REJECTED
Daniels Still Thinks Firing Was
Friendly Act. .
MINE FIELD SUGGESTED
Administration Has FalUi Porte Will
Apologize if Minor Ofricial
Proves to Have Gone Be
yond Authority.
WASHINGTON. Nov. 19. President
"Wilson conferred today with Secretary
Daniels, of the Navy Department, and
Acting Secretary Lansing, of the State
Department, on the situation produced
by the firing by Turkish land forces
on the launch of the American cruiser
Tennessee at Smyrna. Asia MAnor.
The President summoned the two Sec
retaries to learn whether there had
been any word from Turkey shedding
light on the reasons for the firing, but
found that neither the cables nor the
wireless had yielded a syllable of in
formation. Cable Messages Ing Delayed.
The European war has practically
paralyzed cable communication to
Asia Minor, and such messages as are
received coma by round-about routes
about five days late.
If there is continued delay it is prob
able that the Government will ask the
British Admiralty for the courtesy of
its wireless in the Mediterranean to
reach American ships.
The President and his Cabinet are
assuming that the shots fired at the
American launch were merely a friend
ly warning giving the customary notice
that the port was mined and closed.
Even if the Bhots were-fired with hos
tile intent.' the Washington- Govern
ment believes the Ottoman government
would render apology promptly for un
authorized acts of subordinate officials.
Serious Aspect Rejected.
In no quarter here is the Incident or
Its consequences regarded as serious,
for the United States has no quarrel
with Turkey. The American Govern
ment is caring for Turkish subjects
and Interests in France and Great
Britain and there has been every evi
dence of friendliness iu the relations
between "Washington and Constanti
nople. In the absence of definite informa
tion, however, the President desires to
have the incident cleared up and Is
awaiting with much Interest the arrival
(Concluded on Page 2.)
WASHING
0(1 HAS 110
' ' ; I
A
Thursday's War Moves
PUBLIC Interest is now largely cen
tered in the battle between the
Russians and Germans between the Vis
tula and Warta rivers, in Poland, as it
Is believed the result of the fighting
there win have a marked effect on the
operations elsewhere and on the dura
tion of the war.
Curiosity, however. Is far from being
satisfied, as both German and Russian
headquarters are sparing with infor
mation. All that Is definitely known
is that the Russian advance guard,
consisting largely of cavalry, which
advanced right onto the German fron
tier after the battle of Warsaw, met
superior forces of the enemy and has
been compelled to fall back more than
half the distance covered in the: ad
vance. The Germans are sending strong
forces of men and guns into the coun
try between the two rivers where the
battle must be fought, hoping that in
this confined area the Russians will not
be able to deploy their enormous forces
to advantage, as they have done in
practically all the previous battles.
Grand Duke Nicholas, the Russian
commander - In - chief. however, can
choose his own ground for the battle,
and it Is probable he will select It. as
far away from the German lines of
communication as he can.
In Galicia. before Cracow, and In
East Prussia the Russians aro pushing
their advantage, apparently disregard
ins m iact tnat tneir center has been
compelled to fall back. They also are
showing much activity Ira the Car
pathlans, their object being to prevent
the Austrlans from retiring Into Hun
gary. In fact, it is said that they have
already cut off 800,000 Austrlans. who
will now be compelled, if defeated, to
retreat westward.
In Flanders and France the battle
wnich has been Koine- on for 3r, davi
has again developed into an artillery
ciuei. and Infantry attacks, which for
merly were so freauent- have rtccrcmeH
This doubtless Is due to the Inability
or tne lnrantry on either side to oper
ate successfully over the muddy
ground, and also because of tv . at
tended area which the allies have
flooded between the coast and Dixmude.
Russian and Turkish squadrons have
met in a long-distance duel off Sebas
topol and both say they have had the
better of the encounter. According to
the Russian report the former German
cruiser Goeben, now attached to the
Turkish navy, was damaged, while the
Turks assert that a Russian battleship
Buffered severely and that the other
Russian warships were compelled to re
tire. It is reported from Vienna that Bel
grade has been called on to surrender.
This city, the capital of Servia, was
under bombardment for weeks and was
relieved only when the first Russian
advance in Galicia compelled the Aus
trlans to look after their northern
frontiers. Now tho Sarvlansike the
Montenegrins, are back in their own
country and the Austrlans, unmindful
of the second invasion of their northern
provinces, are endeavoring .to destroy
the two little armies.
The British have been successful
again in an attack xn Turkish po
sitions. The force operating on the
Shat-el-Arab River and the Persian
Gulf drove from their trenches a
Ottoman force and captured a number
of prisoners, guns and a quantity of
ammunition. The British, hoivever, lost
three officers add 35 men killed In the
attack. The Turkish casualties were
not given.
Turkey has not replied to the request
of the United States Government for
information as to why the launch of
the American cruiser Tennessee was
tired upon by Turkish land forces at
Smyrna. If an answer is not forthcom-
ng etortly it is probablo the Ameri
can I Government will ask the British
Admiralty for permission to use its
wireless to communicate with the
American ships in Turkish waters.
BRITISH DEFEAT TURKS
Force of 4 5 00 Driven From Trenches
In Persian Gulf Region.
LONDON, Nov. lST-The official press
bureau has issued the following report
from the General commanding the force
operating on the Shat-el-Arab River
and in the Persian Gulf:
"'On November 17 our troops drove
out of an intrenched position about
4500 of the enemy, capturing two guns
and many prisoners, camp equipment
and ammunition.
"Our casualties were three officers
killed and 15 wounded and In the rank
and file 35 men were killed and about
300 wounded."
GOVERNORS INVITED HERE
Horticultural Inspection Law to Be
Framed at Corvallis Session.
SALEM, Or., Nov. 19. (Special.)
Governor West today mailed invita
tions to the Governors of the Western
States to attend a meeting to be held
at the Oregon Agricultural College
November 20 and December 1 to pre
pare a uniform horticultural inspec
tion law for submission to various
state Legislatures.
Tho Oregon State Board of Horti
culture and the State Horticultural So
ciety will be in session In Corvallis at
that time.
KAISER'S ORDERS IGNORED
Officers Reported Shot for Refusing
to Lead Men to Slaughter. "
THE HAGUE. Nov. 19. (Special.)
It is said that the Kaiser's visit to
Thlelt, where a British aviator dropped
several bombs, wss due to his desire
to arouse the enthusiasm of the army.
It had been reported that no fewer
than 160 officers refused to lead their
men to slaughter, saying that they
had been misled. It is rumored that
some of these officers were shot.
ATTACK
CENTERS ON YPRES
Unhappy Town Is Con.
stantly Bombarded.
COUNTER ATTACKS FREQUENT
Fighting Furious in Spite of
Torrents of Rain. .
WEATHER IS BITTER COLD
British Observer Recounts Desperate
Efforts of Enemy to Penetrate
Lines "Wearing Down"
Policy Is Continued.
LONDON, Oct. 19. The following
descriptive account communicated by
an eye witness, present at general
headquarters, continues and supple
ments the narrative published on No
vember 17, of the movements of the
British force and the French armies
in Immediate touch with it:
"November lti. The nature or the
situation on our front has not altered
since the last letter. The Germans
have continued to press generally along
our line and havefocused their atten
tion mostly around Vpres, but there
has not, up to now, been a resumption
of the violent attacks against that
place.
Enemy's Plight Even Worse.
"Friday, the 13th, was windy with
much rain. Trying as life in the
trenches is under such conditions, our
men have at least the consolation of
knowing that the enemy were in a
worse plight, for the wind blew steadily
in their faces.
"On our left the morning passed in
desultory shelling, which gradually
swelled In the afternoon into a fierce
bombardment of tbe section of our Una
running south to the Menin-Ypres road.
This was the prelude to an attack along
the whole line. Around Ypres the
enemy rushed our trenches at one
point, but they were driven out again
and the assault was repulsed. Here
again our losses, though heavy, were
much less than those of the Germans.
Wearing-Down Policy Pursued.
"As each successive attempt to take
Ypres by assault fails, the bombard
ment of the unhappy town is renewed
with ever-Increasing fury.
"Further to the south, on our lft
center, the situation remained practi
cally unchanged, a little ground being
lost here and therevand then regained.
On our center and right, and. Indeed,
along the whole of our line, the hostile
artillery appears to have received
orders on this day to search the area
in the rear of our trenches. This no
doubt is part of the policy of wearing
down.
"On the right, on the night of No
vember 13-14, a German trench was
taken by a portion of our battalions,
tho occupants being bayoneted or taken
prisoners. Part of another battalion,
which also advanced during the night,
encountered some of the er.einy. who
wero attempting a similar operation.
A hand-to-hand fight ensued, in which
we came off the victors: we killed 25
Germans and lost only two men our
selves. Germans Cain, Are Driven llack.
"Saturday was exceedingly cold an
there also was some gain. On our left
proceedings were started with the
usual heavy shelling, in which the Ger
mans again resumed the offensive in
the afternoon south of the Menin
Ypres road, with a similar result to
that obtained on the previous day.
They penetrated our line at one or two
points but soon were driven out and
the line was almost completely re
stored. "Further to the south the French
made an attack near Wytscbaete and
gained some ground under cover of a
heavy lire from their guns. In the
afternoon our left center was subjected
to shelling alone and in our center
Armentieres was subject to similar
treatment. The town now is practi
cally deserted by its Inhabitants.
"During tho day Betsune was bom
barded by the enemy, who continued
to devote his attention to the towns.
villages and roads in line and then ran
to the trenches themselves.
"On Sunday, the 15th. on our left, east
of Ypres, a well-conducted counter at
tack was carried out against that por
tion of the line occupied by the enemy
on the previous day, where he had es
tablished himself in some stables, and
trenches. Two attempts already had
failed, when, at 5:30 A. M., a gun was
brought up to within 300 yards' range.
"After four rounds had been fired a
party succeeded in carrying the posi
tion, the subaltern in command beiDg
killed.
Sergennt-Major Wins Bledal. Bnt Dies.
"The attack was led by the company
Sergeant-Major. This non-commissioned
officer won the distinguished
conduct medal, but has Bince died of
his wounds.
"The bombardment slackened 'consid
erably in this quarter during the day.
On the southeast of Ypres. between
Hollebeke and Wytschaete. there . was
some heavy fighting, in which the
French held their ground. On our left
center nothing occurred beyond the
nsual shelling. In the center we scored
a local success. Some of the trenches
and houses lately captured by live Ger
mans were heavily bombarded by our
howitzers, with the result that the de -
GERMANS'
(Concluded oo. I'aee 2.)
'A