VOL. LIV. XO. 16,807.
PORTLAND. PRECOX. "'EDXESDAY. OCTOBER 7, 1914.
PRICE FIVE CENTS.
BATTLE IS VIOLENT
AT NORTH OF OISE
Allies' Left Wing Is
Still Extending
GERMANS MASS NEAR LILLE
Important Bodies of Cavalry
Mask Movement of Men.
FORTUNES ARE VARYING
Ad-vances and Withdrawals Alter
nateBerlin Officially Reports
Capture of Fort Compes Re
mains, on Me use.
LONDON, Oct. 6. The French offi
cial announcement Issued at Paris to
night says that a violent battle con
tinues on the left -wing north of Olse.
The announcement says:
"The characteristics of the situation
remain the same. On our left wing; to
the north of the Oise the action is more
and more violent.
"In the center comparative calm pre
vails. "A little ground has been gained in
the northern part of the heights of the
Meuse."
Left Wins Still Extending;.
The official communication issued
earlier in the day said:
"On our left wing the front Is ex-
tending more and more widely. Very
Important masses of German cavalry
have been reported in the environs of
Lille, coming from forces of the enemy
which are making a movement in the
region to the north of the line between
Tourcolng (in the Department of Nord,
seven miles northeast of 'Lille) and
Armentieres (nine miles northwest of
Lille).
"In the vicinity of Arras and on the
right , bank of the River Somme, the
situation shows little change. Be
tween the Somme and the Oioe there
have been , alternate advances and
withdrawals.' Near Lasslgny the ene
my undertook an Important attack.
Which, however, failed. . .
Allies Advance North of Solsseras.
"On the right bank of the Aisne.
. north of Soissons, we have, with the
Bo-operation of the British army, made
a slight advance. We also made some
progress In the vicinity of Berry-au-Bac.
"There is nothing to report" from the
rest of the front.
"In Belgium the Belgian forces de
fending Antwerp have occupied strong
ly the line between the River Rupel
and the River Nethe; against this line
the attacks of the Germans have
failed."
BERLIN, Oct. 6, by wireless to Say
vllle, L. I. An order of the day writ
ten by General von Hoehen, published
officially today, says that Fort Camp.
des-Romains, on the River Meuse, near
St. Mihlel. after a number of' hard
fights, has been taken by the Germans.
Five French officers and more than
500 men were made prisoners. The re
mainder of the French force perished
in the ruins of the casemates.
BEANS URGED TO CUT COST
Other Vegetables Included in Advice
of Educator.
Philadelphia Oct. 6. The con
sumption of more vegetables and less
meat Is the remedy for the high cost
of living, according to Dean R. L
Watts, of Pennsylvania State College,
the principal speaker at the opening
session Jiere today of the American
Vegetable Growers' Association.
"It has always been admitted," Dean
Watts said, "that a vegetable diet is
more wholesome than one composed
largely of meat. If peas and beans
were used to a greater extent in the
diet of the Winter months, the cost of
llvin? would be materially reduced."
The average housewife, Mr. Watts
added, pays for her Incomplete knowl
edge of the possibilities of vegetable
cookery with heavy butchers' bills."
WAR TALK NOT MUSICAL
Iamrot-li. Cautions Orchestra Com
posed of 1 3 Nationalities,.
NEW YORK, Oct. . At the first re
hearsal of the orchestra of the S m-
p.iony Society of New York Walter
Danuoscli, the conductor, admonished
his 85 musicians, representing 13 na
tions, tiiat war arguments were not
productive of harmony.
The musicians were told to remember
that they are all Americans, no matter
where they were born, to realize that
patriotism and bravery, culture and
civilization are not confined to the
countries of their birth and to be thank
ful that they are in a peaceful country.
- e i
BRITISH LOSSES SMALL
German Shells Do Iess Damage.
Infantry Attacks Cease.
LONDON. Oct. ".The Daily Tele
graph correspondent In France says:
"For nearly three weeks the casual
ties among the British troops have
been insignificant. The big German
hells do comparatively little damage.
The German infantry attacks ceased
long ago."
BULLETINS
WASHINGTON, Oef.- . Portugal's
courae lm regard to the war will la
ao w7 affect Spaalan neutrality., ac
cording to statements made today t
the Spanish. Embassy here A popular
canvass made throughout Spain by
one of the leading newspapers it was
aid. had showed that practically the
entire country favored neutrality
LONDON, Oct. The government
has prohibited the exportation of raw
wool from England to any other coun
try. PARI S, Oct 6. In a dispatch from
Rome the correspondent of the Havas
agency says It Is reported there from
Vienna that an epidemic of dysentery
has broken out in Bohemia and
Moravia
BREST, France, Oct 6, via London.
The German bark Martha Bockhahn,
of 686 tons, from Punts Arenas, Costa
Rica, and the Norwegian ship Bei
nestvet of 1600 tons, bound from New
Caledonia for Hamburg, have been
captured by French warships acd
brought to this port. The Ben
nestvet has a cargo of nickel.
ST. LOUIS. Oct. . A large shoe
manufacturing Arm of St- . Louis has
been requested by the French govern
ment to submit bids on shoes pat
terned after those now used by the
French army.
LONDON, Oct. 7 A dispatch to Ren
ter's Telegram Company from Berlin
by way of Amsterdam sayst "By spe
cial decree Issued at Imperial head
quarters the sessions of the Prussian
diet, which have been In adjournment
since June 5, wllls be reopened Octo
ber 22.
LONDON Oct. 6. An official state
ment Issued today at Vienna says the
situation In Russian Poland and Gall
cla is favorable. It asserted that the
Austrian and Germans have forced the
enemy from Opatow toward the Vis
tula River, and that the Russians have
been completely beaten at Ussok Pass.
BORDEAUX, Oct. 6. It has been an
nounced here by a creditable authority
that Winston Spencer Churchill, First
Lord of the British Admiralty, Is now
at Antwerp, consulting with the Bel
gian General Staff.
LONDON, Oct. 7. It is announced
that the Great Eastern Railway Com
pany's service between Tilbury, Eng
land, and. Antwerp has been suspended.
LASSEN SHOOTS FIREBALLS
Alfalfa Fields Overlaid by Ash
Brought by Irrigation Ditches.
CHICO. CaL, Oct. 6. Balls of Are and
flaming gas were seen last night spout
ins from the craters of Lassen Peak.
These fireballs are superheated boulders
torn loose "from the throat of the crater
and shot upward by explosions of
steam. ' '
The streams of one mountain are
bringing down so much grit, ash and
slime that the irrigation ditches in the
valleys are becoming choked and the
alfalfa fields are being overlaid. Ranch
ers and homesteaders have petitioned
the Government for permission to build
catchment basins on Hat Creek and
Lost Creek, 30 miles down stream from
the foot of the mountain.
FRENCH MINE FOE'S COAST
Explosive Placed in Austrian AVaters
as Retaliation.
BORDEAUX, Oct. 6. The Ministry of
Marine issued the following notice to
day: "The Austrian navy, having laid
mines in the Adriatic, the French fleet
has been obliged to do likewise, but in
order to avoid damaging neutral ship
ping as the Austrians have done, the
French laid their mines according to
rules of chapter 8 of The Hague con
vention of 1907. The danger zone com
prises all Austrian water and channels
between the islands and the coasts of
Dalmatia."
CHARGE OF RIOT IS DENIED
Madison Students and I'oes Plead
Xot Guilty; Militia Call Hinted.
MADISON. Wis.. Oct. 6. Pleas of not
guilty were entered in court today by
four University of 'Wisconsin students
and four town boys charged with riot-
ifipr last night on Capitol Square, where
2000 students made a wild attack on
the police station, where three of their
fellows were incarcerated.
Mayor Kayser says if the police de
partment is unablft to check such riots
other forces more powerful, meaning
the militia, can be invoked to protect
the peace.
CANADA TO GIVE MORE MEN
Second Force of 22.000 Soldiers
Will Go to Front.
OTTAWA. Ont.. Oct. 6. Canada will
raise immediately and send to the front
a second expeditionary force of 20,000
men, with a first reinforcement of 10
per cent, making 22,000 in all. This
decision was reached at today's Cabinet
Council.
The second contingent will bring the
total of Canada's force at the front up
to more than 50.000 men.
MINISTER GETS COMMAND
General Tassoni, Resigned
Cabinet, to Lead Troops.
From
'.. LONDON. Oct. 6 A dispatch from
Rome to the Exchange Telegraph Com
pany gives another reason for the resig
nation of General Tassoni, the under
secretary of State for War. It says he
has resigned to re-enter the military
service and will command an army
corps.
Previous dispatches had reported that
the resignation of General Tassoni was
due to a disagreement with General
Grandi, the War Minister.
SEIZURE OF ISLAND
CONCERNS AMERICA
Explanation by Japan
to Be Awaited.
MARSHALLS ON TRADE ROUTE
Group Expected to Be Ulti
mately Yielded to Britain.
NO PROTEST YET MADE
Washington Considering Act of Jap
an In Light or Declaration Op
erations Would Be Con
fined to Orient.
WASHINGTON, Oct. 6. Declining in
the absence of all the facts to express
any opinion as to whether the Japanese
landing on the Island of Jaluit, one of
the Marshall group in the Pacific Ocean,
is in violation of the announcement by
the Japanese Foreign Office at the be
ginning of the war, that Japan's opera
tions would be confined to the Far East,
Secretary Bryan today was plainly ex
pecting the early arrival of some offi
cial statement of the ultimate purpose
of this act.
Already the Japanese military opera
tions against the German concession in
Shan-Tung are being studied, probably
animated by the appeal from the Chi
nese government against violation of
Chinese integrity. The landing on the
Marshall Islands, however, has not yet
been made the subject of representa
tions to the State Department, possibly
for the reason that there is no one -In
a position corresponding - to that of
China.
Britain Is Chlelly Concerned.
In Samoa, it is pointed out by offi
cials, the United States has a lively In
terest in any change in the sovereignty
of the group, as the Gorman-owned
islands are in close proximity to the
American Island of Tutila.
On the whole, official opinion Is that
while the United States is interested
as would be any maritime power, since
the group lies on the trade route around
Cape Horn and through the Straits of
Magellan to the Orient, the Issue really
Is of much greater concern to Great
Britain. Because of the reluctance of
the British-Australian colonies to have
the Japanese approach their continent,
the British government itself is under
stood to have an explicit understanding
with her ally, Japan, that the British
alone are free to exploit the Important
German insular possessions in Microne
sia and in New Guinea.
It is assumed that what should be
Concluded on Page 2.)
GET
INDEX OF TODAFS NEWS
The Weather.
YESTERDAY'S Maximum temperaUir. es
degrees; minimum, ol defer.
TODAY'S Fa.tr; variable winds.
War.
British battleship Triumph takes part In
bombardment 01 lsuig-iau. ras i.
United States to await Japanese explanation
of seizure uf Marshall. Islands. Page 1.
Bombardmeut of Antwerp Imminent and
fearful ones told to flee. Page 2.
Battle Is violent north of River Olse.
Pace l.
Canada will raise .another army of 22,000
men. Page 2.
Germane surprised over success of their
cruisers Pace
' aiexico.
General Hill again refuses armistice at Naco.
Page 3.
Kational.
Watterson to call on W I Leon, as Harvey
did. Peso 5. -
Biggest share of war tax Is put on liquor
by Senate Democrgtio caucus. Paso
Secretary McAdoo says -It Is as bad for In
dividuals as for banks to board cash.
Paje 6. "
' Sports.
Coast League results: San Francisco 12, Mis
sions 5; Los Angeles 9, Oakland 7; Portland-Venice
game postponed; . Portland
team did not arrive. Page 8.
Victory for Boston Is predicted. Page 8.
Interscholastlc season opens with Columbia
Washington High football game today.
Page b.
Four world's records ' smashed at Lexing
ton racing meet. Page .
Pacific Northwest.
Inland Empire grain sales for September
exceed S2.O00.u0u. Page 7.
Captain of steamer Governor saves beauti
ful girl from white slavers Pace 7.
Clarke County taxes to be reduced first time
In many years. Page tj.
Commercial and Marine.
Government will test process for concentrat
ing cider at Hood River. Page 21.
Wheat weak at Chicago because of large
increase in American stocks. Page 21.
Financial relations between New York and
London almost normal. Page 21.
No more men needed on Celtlo Canal project.
Page 20. '
Portland and Vicinity.
City to vote on water questions if recall
election Is held. Page 13.
E. E. Coovert sees peril for owners In
, waterfront measure. , Page ,11.
Chamberlain will loee. Chairman Mo ores
says. Page 15.
University extension courses enroll 500 In
Portland. Page 21.
J. P. Plagemann. manager for Llebes fur
interests, say America has chance to
control fur marke U Page 11.
Everyone to be asked to buy apples on
apple day. October 20. Page 1L
C. N. Mc Arthur, Republican candidate for
Congress, to tour Multnomah County.
Page 20.
Character of state's witness in alleged arson
case is attacked. Page lti.
Near-fight ends School Board meeting.
Page 10.
City erects first of 300 "safety first" warn
ing signs. Page 16.
School Board delays action on tuition mat
ter. Page It).
Mayor opposed to check on recall. Page "10.
Weather report, data and forecast. Page 17.
CANNONADE IS REPORTED
Keeper or Trinidad Light Tells of
- Heavy Firing at Sea. .
SAN FRANCISCO. Oct. 6. The fol
lowing message was received here to
day by the San Francisco Chamber of
Commerce from its marine observer at
Eureka, Cal :
"The keeper of Trinidad Light re
ports heavy firing, well off shore, be
ginning? about ' 10 A. M.. today and
lasting about 20 minutes."
No German warships have been re
ported in Northern Pacific waters for
many weeks. Similar reports of bat
tles at sea heretofore have uniformly
proved. In error.
IN THE LINE THERE, MR. FARMER.
BRITISH BATTLESHIP
AlDSBOMBPSi
Triumph in Action Off
Tsing-Tau.
GERMAN GUNBOAT DAMAGED
Beleaguered . Forces to De
stroy Railroad Bridges.
NIGHT ATTACK REPORTED
Loss of Germans , in Sortie 'Said to
Have Been 1 Dead, S Wounded,
2 5 Missing Previous -Account
Said 48 Dead.
PEKIN. Oct. 6. A communication
received here from a German source
in Tsing-Tau, the fortified position in
the Kiau-Chau territory, sets forth
that in a German sortie last Friday
night the Germans lost one man killed
and three wounded, while 25 Germans
arc missing.
The British battleship Triumph, ac
cording to this same information, has
participated tn the bombardment of
Tsing-Tau.
A German torpedo boat, recently en.
gaged with the Japanese, has returned
to the harbor undamaged. The German
gunboat Jaguar was slightly damaged.
German Order Bridges Destroyed.
Information has been obtained from
a reliable source that last night the
German authorities gave instructions
for the destruction of all railroad
bridges and stations still under their
control along the line running east
and west through Shan-Tung province.
The Germans endeavored further to
transfer all the rolling stock of this
line to the Tien-Tsin-Pukow road, but
the Chinese board of communications
issued instructions to prevent such
transfer.
The Russian government, it is re
lated here, has undertaken to And
capital for the Chinese government for
the construction of a railroad line from
Harbin to BlagovieshtchenBk, with a
branch to Tsitsikbar, in Manchuria.
48 Dead Previously Reported.
A 'recent dispatch from Tokio said
that In a surprise night attack against
the Japanese before Tsing-Tau, the
Germans had 48 men killed. This same
dispatch said that four Japanese
shells had struck the German gun
boat litis, a sister ship of the Jaguar,
which retired to the inner harbor after
the exchange of shots.
Tuesday's War Moves
THE 6Sd day of the great European I
war saw a repetition of what .the
peoples of all the countries concerned
have forced themselves to expect, per
haps for months to come no decisive
conflict on land or sea.
From Paris at the usual mid-afternoon
hour was issued the usual com
munication, so-called, interpreting the
situation along the battle line of the
western theater of the war in the light
of those opposing the German invasion.
There were in the closely worded state
ment, cryptic to an extent, as always,
hints of a greater diversity of opera
tions than It ordinarily contains.
Above all stood out the presence of
what was described as large masses of
German cavalry near Lille, hardly 10
miles from the Belgian frontier, as the
crow flies, and behind them German
rorcea moving on a line between Tour
coing and Armentieres, the latter point
right at the Belgian border.
At the same time the official com
munication makes It plain that the
allies have not been Idle and have been
extending .their lines on the left wing
more and more widely. The public is
led to infer that blow for blow has
been dealt in the. vicinity of Arras,
which has been the scene of sanguin
ary tignting recently. This also is
true -as to the region lying between
the Somme and the Oise. Here it is no
ticeable that nothing is claimed for the
allies except alternate advances and
retirements. They assert, however.
that they have repulsed the enemy near
iassigny, on which the Germans mad
a snarp attacK. The Germans. ' their
part, report the capture of Fort
Campes-Romains after a series of
nard-fought engagements, and the cap
ture of five French officers and more
than 500 men.
At Soissons, where the allies recently
cleared the German trenches, accord
ing to the announcement, they have
pressed their advantage by mikinr
slight advance. Noyon forms the elbow
from which the allied line sweeps east
ward. Some advance by the allies is
also reported at BerrV-au-Bac.
No mention was made in the state
ment concerning the strong forces of
German cavalry previously reported to
be operating in the department of Nord.
nor was anything said of the situation
at Antwerp, against which the Ger
mans are -operating. A news agency
dispatch said, however, that the mili
tary governor of Antwtm h,ii
to the burgomaster of Antwerp that a
Domoarament of the city was immi
nent. Inhabitants who desire to leave are
urged to do so. There is also a reuort
oian important movement of German
troops in Southern Belgium t
thousand horse and foot artillery are
reported marching in the direction o
the French frontier. All the troopers
are young men.
The British press takes occasion to
empnasixe that while the battle of th
Aisne holds first claim In ih. ...
of sentimental Interest, the gigantic
"pemuons or tne Russian, German and
Austrian armies in the East may first
"ring me solution of the war.
Petrograd official srSimJ..
tinue to repeat in rnT-ni
has been accepted as a fact for days
U1M Germans along the East Prus
sian frontier have been more or less
routed and cut to rlr-. hut - ...
only a small portion of the front, it is
exceedingly hard to cet Anvihin. m.
a clear-cut perspective of the conflict.
v nat purports to be an official dia
patch from Vienna insists In broad
terms tnat the condition of the Ger
man and Austrian armlni Hnth i- u
land and Cillcia Is favorable and that
in attempting to breast the Carpa
tnians at Izsok Pass tie Russians
nave been beaten.
"Breasting the Carpathians and pour
ing on to the plains of Hungary" by
the Muscovites have been so often re
ferred to that it is becoming trite and
the fact remains tnat, generally speak
ing, aside from the defeat of General
Rennenkampf's army in the early
stages of the war In Poland, his re
venge by a crushing return and a
steady advance of the Russians through
Ualicia, there has been nothing from
the East to stand out In the nature of
a clearly defined conflict like the battle
of the Aisne.
The early Petrograd official state
ment deals wholly with the German
stand on the frontier of East Prussia,
making no mention of the situation
either in Galicia or Hungary. The bat
tle . of Cracow, expected by military
critics and correspondents, has not jet
been recorded.
Whether it can be accepted as true
or not, u. Bordeaux special dispatch re
ports a general shake-up in the Ger
man army command, following but not
necessarily the result of tho reported
removal of Gtneral Von Moltke as chief
of the general staff. The most import
ant of the changes is the shifting of
General Von Hindenberg from East
Prussia to assume command at Cracow.
He is succeeded in the field where he
scored so brilliantly over the Russians
uy General Curt von Morgen.
The French, as an offset to previous
similar action on the part of the Aus
trians, have placed mines in the Adri
atic in a zone which comprises "all
Austrian water and channels between
the islands and the coasts of Dalma
tia." The Washington Government is still
without official advices concerning the
landing of Japanese bluejackets on the
Island of Jaluit, in the Marshall Arch
ipelago, in the Pacific Ocean. It is
pointed out that the United States is
concerned in the outcome because the
Marshall Islands are on one of the trade
routes of the Pacific It is noted that
Japan had announced her intention of
confining her operations to the Far
East. Washington awaits an explana
tion from Toklo before forming an
opinion. Meanwhile the opinion is en
tertained that Japan will yield the
Islands to Great Britain at the first op.
portunliy.
Wlnstetj ppeiieei" Cnureiiill, first
t-efd ot tin British Admiralty, is said
to be at Antwerp, ueuiultins with, the
Da'.glan Chief tC Staff,
HEAVIEST TAX LOAD
DH LIQUOR IS IHTEHT
$50,000,000 Burden
Proposed by Caucus.
MOST OF SUM PUT ON BEER
Auto Sales and Gasoline Es
cape; Bank Rate Cut in Two.
MEDICINES MAY PAY, TOO
Graduated Stamping ot Proprie
taries, Perfumes and Chewing
Gum Will Be Required, if Corn- ,
mittee Report Carries. j
. WASHINGTON. Oct. . The caucus
of Senate Democr&ts . on the war
revenue bill failed to complete its la
bors tonight and recessed just before
midnight to meet again .tomorrow
morning. Decision had been reached,
however, that imposes the bulk of the
1100,000,000 emergency revenue measure
on beer and whisky, which will yield
nearly $50,000,000 annually under increased-
taxation.
The caucus also eliminated proposed
taxes on gasoline and automobile sales
and cut in two the proposed $2 per
thousand tax on bank capital and sur
plus. Consideration of various stamp
taxes and emergency levies on per
fumery, cosmetics and proprietary
medicines, as proposed by the Demo
crats of the Senate finance committee,
was not reached tonight.
First Act la Vote.es Beer.
First action of the caucus was to
vote an increase in the proposed
extra tax on beer from 50 cents to 75
cents a barrel, to make the total tax
$1.75 a barrel, with a drawback of 5
per cent for purchase of revenue
stamps lu advance.
The amendment, urged by Senator
Williams, of Mississippi, was carried
by a large majority after Senator Stone
had made a vigorous speech against It.
A special revenue tax on rectifiers of
distilled spirits of 5 cents a gallon also
was adopted.
L.iaor May Yield aso,0O,OO0.
Together the proposed taxes on
liquors would yield an annual revenue
of more than 150,000,000.
Democrats of the finance committee
had agreed to the House tax of $1.50
a barrel on beer, which would yield, at
60 cents over the normal tax, an
added revenue of $32,000,000 annually.
The further addition of 25 cents a bar
rel by the Senate -Democrats would
yield another $16,000,000. With ' the
6 per cent discount for prompt pay
ment figured, the least to be derived
from beer would be approximately
$46,000,000.
Otber Spirits Face 5, 000,000 Tax.
The proposed tax of 5 cents a gallon
on rectified spirits, treasury experts
estimate, would yield $5,000,000. Thus
the total to be derived from liquors
would be more than half the antici
pated treasury deficit caued by the
European war.
When the caucus convened, ' the first
amendment' offered was by Senator
Williams to increase the levy' on beer
to $1.75 a barrel. Senator Hollis of
New Hampshire moved as a substitute
that the tax be made $2 a barrel. This
was voted down after prolonged de
bate. Gasoline and Aatos Escape.
Before any votes were taken, how
ever, there was general discussion of
the proposed tax of 1 cent on gasoline,
the 50-cent horsepower tax on automo
bile sales and the house bill tax of
$2 a thousand on bank capital and
surplus. Numerous amendments were
offered which were discussed in detail
at the night session.
After a two-hours discussion the
caucus tonight voted 20 to 17 to strike
from the bill the proposed tax on gaso
line. The proposed automobile sales tax,
which it was estimated would have
raised about $10,000,000, was also
struck out.
The tax on banking capital was
revised. As framed by the Senate com
mittee the bill would have levied $2
for every $1000 of banking capital and
surplus. This rate was reduced to $1
per 1000 by a-.votef 26. to 11.
Proprietaries May Pay Tax.
Democratic members of the Senate
finance committee offered an amend
ment, providing for a graduated stamp
tax of H of a cent on articles costing
not more than 5 cents, to of a cent
for more than 15 or less than 25-cent
articles, and of a cent for earn 25
cents of value additional. Articles in
cluded in this list are pills, powders,
troches, cordials, bitters, tonics, plas
ters, liniments, salves, ointments, wa
ters, except natural mineral' or car
bonated natural mineral waters, es
sences and all stllmar articles for
which a private formula is claimed;
cosmetics, hair oils, pomades, hair
dyes, dentrlfices. etc. The proposed
tax on chewing gum is 4 cents for
each $1 of value.
Sparklf na Wises Aim Taxed.
Sparkling wines, not otherwise spe
cified in the bill, are added to the liv;
the rate being 1 cent for pints
and t cents for more than a p'j
Chautauquas, lectures. lyceu
cultural and Industrial fairs
ltKioua and charitable enterl.
werfc exempted by the commtttt-l
tne H'opoil tax ot iio on g
uuiusements halls.