00mwg JS pttm '
THPTi iM) m?w:n. AVTXESDAY. DECEMBER 23. 1908. PRICE FIVE CEXTS.
VOL XL.V111. . H.W8. " ' '
CAMERA
SOWS
ACT OF BRIBERY
Flashlight on Out
stretched Hand.
TRAPS PITTSBURG GRAFTER
I Decoy Draws Many Council
men to Corruption.
BANKERS- ALSO INVOLVED
Votern' I.arne of Smoky City
Gathers Evidcwe and Will Clean
l"p Town Mayor Backs
l"p the Movement.
PITTSBCRG. Dec. 22. A flashlight
photograph of a members of the City
Council In the act, of caceptlng money
from a decoy "promoter." it Is said,
will be one of'the strongest features of
the evidence to be presented tomorrow,
wTien seven members of the Council ami
two former bank officials are to be griven
a preliminary hearing on charges of
bribery, corrupt solicitation and other
Illegal acts, brought by the Voters'
league.
So additional arrests were made today
and it Is said that none are likely to be
made until after the hearing tomorrow
morning. All who. the detectives think,
may possibly be wanted later are being
kept under surveillance, officers being
a.ii guard at all city and suburban sta
tions. Photographed In Act or Bribery.
Besides the Councilman, the flashlight
photograph is said to show an agent for
the Hurling Detective Agency, of Scran
ton. Pa., which worked up the case. This
man is reported to have posed as a mem
ber of a firm anxious to sell wooden pav
ing Mocks to the city, and to have be
come very intimate with the Councilman.
With other detectives concealed within
hearing distance, the Councilman is al
leged to have been Induced to tell of the
negotiations to secure the passage of
the legislation, to name other members
who were to share In the bribe and to
say that the members were tired of
promises and wanted to see some real
money. The detectives peeled off $100
nod 1500 bills from a large roll and, just
as the Councilman reached for his al
lotment, the flash was ignited, when the
Councilman. It Is said, broke down and
wept, and when he accused his compan
ion of trapping him, there was no de
nial. Then an officer appeared and made
the arrest.
Many Decoys Trap Grafters.
Tt la practically admitted that a num
ber of decoy contractors and promoters
were Introduced to trap Councllmen and
that many temptations have been offered
members during the last six months.
In some quarters it Is believed that
Mayor Guthrie was back of the project,
he having beer, an attorney for the
Voters' Ieague some years ago when It
made a fight against a streetcar line.
The Mayor opposed the city depositories
legislation from the first, refusing to
make contracts authorised by the Coun
cil because the depositories elected were
to pay but 2 per cent on dally balances,
while other banks had offered SH per
cent.
Accused Cry "Politic."
Friends of some of the accused men
charge that the whole probe Is a part of
a scheme to elect an independent candi
date for 'Mayor, yet to be named. John
3. Herscher,. attorney, for. .the Hebron
Street Railway Company, whose ordi
nance Is mentioned in the charges
against Councllmen. tonight denied re
ceiving a letter from a Councilman,
saying:
"Your ordinance is ready to pass. Come
on and bring w0 with you."
Such a letter. It is said, is to be offered
against the accused men.
Suspects Flee City.
Reports are In circulation that .owing
to an alleged 'leak" in the Pub
lic Safety Department of Pittsburg, a
number of men, said to be six. have
left the city as the result of the dis
closures. Keeping even the local police author
ities and officials of the city in Ig
norance the officers of the Voters'
Ieague. aided by officials of the
Muni.-lpal Ieaccue of Scranton. Pa.,
and a corps of private detectives from
that city, quietly gathered the evi
dence. which was Indorsed by promi
nent attorneys as sufficient to take
action, and laid before them by the
Voters' league. The arrests followed
within a few hours. In the meantime
the two bankers. President Ramsey and
Cashier Vilsark. of the German Na
tional Bank. had tendered their resig
nations to the directors last Saturday,
when the bank examiner made the al
leged discovery that they, without the
knowledge of the directors, had ar
ranged to pay a large sum to Council
men to secure the appointment of the
bank as one of the city depositaries.
The bank Issued a statement today that
the two officials had been replaced and
that the bank was In no way affected.
1.1st of Accused.
Attorney A. Leo Weil, president of
the Voters' League, stated today:
"This is the beginning; the end Is not
jet."
Following are the men accused:
Councllmen William Brand. John F.
(Concluded oa Psge (L)
MERRY WAR NEAR
AMONG TEACHERS
CHICAGO BOARD OF EDUCA
TION' WEARY OF TROUBLE.
President Schneider Declares He
111 Put Teachers' Federation
Out of Business.
CHICAGO, Dec 22. (Special.) Presi
dent Otto C. Schneider, of the Board of
Kducation, weary of Socialist and union
labor machinations, today threatened to
attack the Teachers' Federation and "put
It out of business." following the second
attack of Miss Margaret Haley, leader
in the teachers" organization. In which
she declared there was a plot afoot to cut
the salaries of teachers $60,000.
President Schneider, thoroughly aroused
by the attacks of Miss Haley, termed
her a "czarina" who wanted to control
the schools through the Teachers' Federa
tion. "If these unwarranted attacks continue,
we'll put the Teachers' Federation out of
business," declared the president of the
Board. "They are not honestly made.
Miss Haley wants to become the czarina
of the Chicago public schools. If the
charges, which are untrue, continue, we
will let out these teachers who require
bolstering from an outside organization.
The Board of Education Is in charge of
the public schools of Chicago. We can
discipline teachers, and we will do so If
they persist In making unwarranted
charges."
BALLINGER DECLINES JOB
Would Rather Practice Law Than
Hold Seat In Taft's Cabinet.
SEATTLE. Wash.. Dec. 22. (Special.)
R. A. Bellinger, former Commissioner
of the General Land Office, does not want
a Cabinet Job. He hasn't been offered
one yet. but his name has been set down
for the Secretaryship of the Interior in
every slate that Cabinet-makers have
prepared. t
During the past campaign. Judge Ball
inger was the official representative In
this state of National Chairman Frank
Hitchcock and is regarded by Republican
politicians as one of the closest men to
Taft in the Northwest. However, he de
clares that he finds more real enjoyment
In practicing his profession here and in
building up with this city than he could
And In any public position.
"My inclination would he to decline a
Cabinet appointment if one were tendered
me." he said. "I have had one experi
ence in Washington and do not seek an
other. What I desire Is the privilege of
remaining here in Seattle and practicing
my profession in private life. The talk
of my toeing offered a Cabinet position
Is embarrassing to me for I should go
Fast in a few weeks on a business mis
sion and such a trip might be Interpreted
as a political one. I prefer that the dis
cussion of my name cease."
DREAM STARTS SEARCH
Man Seeks Spanish Treasure In
Bellingham Bay.
BELL1NGHAM. Wash.. Dec. 22.
(Special.) To search for burled treas
ure which he says spirits told him was
lying at the bottom of Bellingham
Bay. a stranger who gives his name
as "Doc" Richardson arrived In the
city today from Illinois. By his In
fectious enthusiasm he has succeeded
In Interesting In his wild project even
hard-headed business men. and has al
ready raised a fund which he will at
once spend in building a coffer-dam at
the spot where he says the treasure
Is located.
Richardson says he was Informed
of the existence of Bellingham Bay
and of an Immense treasure having
been flung overboard from a galleon
of Pizarro during a fight here in the
sixteenth century by a vision which
came to him several weeks ago.
Queerly enough, an old Lumml In
dian tradition Is to the effect that
during the sixteenth century three
great galleons from the south dropped
anchor In the bay here, and old his
torical records state that tnree or
Plzarro's galleons which sailed north
never returned.
BRAVE MOTHER BURNED
Her Clothes Ablaze, She Stops to
Save Child's Life.
sv FRANCISCO. Dec 22. While Mrs.
Julia Laventhal was bathing her
4-months-old baby before an open nre-
place today her gown caught nre. ana
.- ih flames were extinguished hy
neighbors, the woman sustained Injuries
that will probably cai.se her death.
When Mrs. Laventhal discovered mat
... riress was afire she dashed into the
street but, remembering that the flames
had been communicated to the bed upon
.i,i,-h he had deposited the child, she
returned to wrap the Infant In a blanket.
Before she was overcome the woman
n.mawil to again .reach the street.
where neighbors came to her assistance
after she had fallen unconscious.
Mrs. Laventhal Is the wife ot a
clothing dealer of Los Angeles.
B0RR0WEDSHIP'S SILVER
Fireman on Destroyer Rowan Accu
mulates Fine Plate.
i-AT.T.FJO. Cal.. Dec. 22. George Ter-
- Avwmnn on the toroedoboat-de-
stroyer Rowan, was arrested by the police
early today with practically all the silver-
war, from he cabin of the commanding
frio.i. in bis Dossesslon. Terrey had ten
dozen spoons, knives and forks, and two
dozen larger pieces ot tableware, lerrey
claimed that he had merely borrowed the
silverware. He will be tried by court-
TAFT GAINS HELP
IfJ CAUCUS FIGHT
Senator Dick Joins as
Protective Move.
FORAKER IS STILL IN LISTS
Both He and Burton Work
Against Caucus.
ONLY 46 VOTES NECESSARY
President-Elect's Brother Claims
50 In Caucus and Declares He
Is Willing to Let Issue
Come Any Day.
COLUMBUS, O., Dec. 22. (Special.)
Plans for the Foraker-Burton' people to
prevent a caucus of the Republican mem
bers of the House and Senate, to de
termine who shall be the Republican Sen
ator from Ohio became extremely plain
Tuesday, following the declaration Mon
day of Charles P. Taft that he would
favor permitting the party to decide the
candidate.
Mr. Burton has failed to say anything
positive concerning a caucus, but It Is
fairly well known that he is now opposed
to a caucus, and will use all his power to
prevent one. Foraker will give all the
help he can to the same end.
That the Taft people are even now sure
of enough votes to call a caucus was in
dicated by the statement of Charles P.
Taft. "We will have a caucus," he said,
"that is certain. Furthermore, It may be
said that we are progressing in our canvass-
for votes, and we do not care how
soon the caucus is held. We should be
willing to submit the Senatorial question
to a caucus right now, and should be
satisfied if a caucus were held immed
iately following the organization caucus,
but that is up to the will of the Legisla
tors, and I shall be pleased toYoJlow their
discretion."
The coming of Senator Dick into the
Taft ranks is now being admitted by the
Dick people themselves. Senator Dick
reached the conclusion that the election
of a Northern Ohio man would end his
own political career two years hence, and
from now on he will do all In his power
to elect Charles P. Taft. He will arrive
Wednesday or Thursday.
Taft has chosen to demand a caucus for
the reason that it is easier to win In a
caucus than on the floor of the Assembly.
In the caucus the winner needs only 46
votes to bind the Republicans to a solid
vote on the floor, while In the open As
sembly the winner must-get 76 votes to
constitute a majority of the Legislature.
Taft claims to have 60 votes in the caucus.
'NOW, THEN, WHO ARE THE GOOD LITTLE BOYS AND GIRLS?"
PROGRESS OF PORTLAND
SHOWN IX THE NEW
YEAR'S OREGOXIAN".
Among: the many depart
ments of the annual edition
' of The Oregonlan 4o Be Issued
January 1, 1909, that devoted
to the commercial progress of
Portland is certain to be one
of great interest. Men iwho
are prominently allied with
the city's shipping interests
, -will contribute articles dealing
, -with flour and lumber exports
to foreign countries as well as
th coastwise traffic. In addi
tion to this there will be nu
merous tables showing growth
of the city's trade during
the past year. These articles
and statistics will be accom
panied by illustrations of the
local harbor with some of the
huge ocean-going vessels that
have visited this port recently.
One of these pictures gives a
complete outline of thi -waterfront,
showing its -wharves and
warehouses. This feature of
the Annual will be convincing
of Portland's foremost position
among the ports of the Pacific.
CHICAGO'S BIG CHRISTMAS
N
Record Business Decides Stores to
Give Three Days' Holiday.
CHICAGO. Dec. 22. (Special.) Christ
rras business In Chicago's huge mart.
State street, in the past ten days or
two weeks has been so great that a
rumber of big stores have announced
they will: give their employes a three
days' holiday as a sort of celebration of
the return of good times.
This movement first became known in
an announcement mad today by Mar
shall Field & Co. Other announcements
followed and during the day a move
ment was on foot to get all State street
to ' fall Into line. The Board of Trade
and Stock Exchange followed suit and
a number of other business houses in
Chicago will suspend business Christmas
day, Saturday and Sunday.
This movement to give State street
three days of rest comes as the result
of an unprecedented Christmas shopping
period on the street. This year's Christ
mas is the biggest in every , way that
the people of Chicago have experienced.
SALVADOR NEED NOT PAY
Central American Court Decides
Against Honduras.
SAN FRANCISCO, - Deo. 22-r-eord-ing
to a cablegram received here today
by Consul-General .1$. Mejla, of Salva
dor, from President Figueroa, of the
Central American republic, the Central
American Court of Justice at Cartago,
Costa Rica, has decided in favor of Sal
vador in a suit brough tby the 1 Gov
ernment of Honduras to secure an in
demnity for loss sustained by the plain
tiff during the Honduran revolution last
July, which Honduras claimed had been
Incited and carried on by natives of
Salvador.
The message stated that the action of
the court has been accepted as final by
the Honduran government and ratified
by the various governments associated
In the court, which is composed of one
Judge from ecah of the following: Sal
vador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala
and Costa Rica.
. 1
T
OF RIDERS' DEEDS
Witnesses- Tremble
With Fear.
DEMAND ARMED PROTECTION
One Expects Murder Despite
All Precautions.
MANY OF BAND IDENTIFIED
Another Turns State's Evidence,
Though Fearing Death Woman
Tells of Repeated Visits and
Whlpplng9 of Relatives.
UNION' CITY, Tenn., Dec. 22. When
Mrs. Anna Jackson, one of the state's
witnesses, this afternoon In the Night
Riders' trial, was excused from the stand,
she turned to Judge Jones and said:
"I will not leave the courtroom without
armed protection. Iknow these men."
Mrs. Jackson told a vivid story of sev
eral visits of the Riders, corroborating
Fred Fehrlnger's testimony In many de
tails, as did other witnesses, and Identified
by name at least 27 members of the band.
She was followed on the stand by her
daughter, Miss Dora Jackson, 18 years
old, who corroborated her mother.
Expects to Be Murdered.
The last witness of the day was Will
Russell, another alleged Night Rider, who
has turned state's evidence. Russell came
to Union City after the Ranken killing
and made a confession. He was trembling
with fear and could hardly raise his voice
above a whisper.
Russell is under constant guard, but be
lieves that he will be killed In spite of
these precautions. Russell's story was
practically the same as that told by Feh
ringer and corroborated it in every es
sential detail.
The prisoners were brought into court
handcuffed in pairs with a detail of two
soldiers for each pair. The soldiers with
rifles halted at the courtroom door and
other soldiers armed with revolvers met
the prisoners at the threshhold and es
corted them to the bar.
Judge Shaw was the first witness. He
was the proprietor of a store near Reel
foot Lake. The Riders forced him' to
give them oil to pour on the fish docks
when they were burned. and later
whipped him when he tried to go before
the grand jury.
Option of Whipping or Hanging.
Mr. Shaw said the Night Riders wore
mother hubbards and black masks and
tried to disguise themselves by talking
in false tones. When Mr. Shaw was
summoned before the grand Jury, he
tried to slip into town at night. The
Riders caught him and threatened to kill
him. Finally they gave him his choice
(Concluded on Page 8.)
s
ill
PULITZER SOUGHT
TO PLAY WARWICK
OFFERED ROOSEVELT SUPPORT
FOR THIRD TERM.
Asked Him to Throw Over Taft, Was
Rebuffed, Then Began Attack,
Say Roosevelt's Friends.
WASHINGTON, Dec. 22. (Special.)
Joseph Pulitzer once sent an emissary
to President Roosevelt, urging Mr.
Roosevelt to throw Mr. Taft overboard
and announce his own willingness -to ac
cept another term in the White House.
Mr. Pulitzer, according to the statement,
promised to support the President for
re-election if his suggestion was com
piled with. Mr. Roosevelt would have
nothing to do with the proposition.
It was with something like ghoulish
glee that the friends of the President
made this story public today. They do
not fix the date when Mr. Pulitzer made
his peculiar offer, but intimate that It
was during the Summer or Autumn of
1907, after It had become known that the
President was for Mr. Taft for his suc
cessor. One of Mr. Pulitzer's confiden
tial employes' visited the President and,
in the name of his chief, tendered the
support of the World in the Presiden
tial campaign.
In Administration circles It is said the
President had no relish for being put
back in the White House -with Mr.
Pulitzer as his Warwick, and they be
lieve the President's disgust with the
editor's sudden change of front from
seeming friendship to bitter enmity ex
plains why Mr. Roosevelt went -at Mr.
Pulitzer so savagely In the canal scan
dal message.
CONVICT GIVES SELF UP
Though Free Since April, He Wants
to Go Back.
SALT LAKE CITY, Dec. 22. Al
though he made good his escape from
the penitentiary at Rusk, Tex., E. L.
MoCormlck could not elude, the phan
toms conjured by his own conscience.
He walked into the city police' station
today and announced that he was
wanted in Texas to serve out a three
year senten.ee for manslaughter, and
declared that he had had no luck since
he evaded the sentence of the law.
At Rockwell. Tex., October 1, 1904,
McCormick said he shot and killed
Whit Redding. Owing to numerous de
lays the man did not enter the peni
tentiary at Rusk until March 2B. 1908.
Sixteen days later he scaled a wall
and eluded his pursuers.
W. H. NEWMAN RESIGNS
Head of New York Central System
Will Retire.
NEW YORK, Dec. 22 W. H. Newman
today resigned as president of the New
York Central Railroad, his, resignation to
take effect on February 1, 1!W9. It was
accepted by the directors. It is expected
that he will continue to be a member
of the board of directors.
It was reported that W. C. Brown,
senior vice-president of the company,
probably would succeed to the presi
dency. INDEX OF TODAY'S NEWS
The Weather.
YESTERDAY'S Maximum temperature. 35.0
degrees; minimum. 30.8 decrees.
TODAY'S Rain and warmer; increasing
southerly winds.
Foreign.
Gomez crushes plot of Castro's friends to
kill him. and establishes power; sus
pends decree against Holland and seeks
peace with powers. Page 1.
National
House committee completes tariff hearing;
will reduce steel, not wool, duties.
Page 15.
Politic.
Senator Teller denies Intention to reopen
silver question, rage 9.
C. P. Taft ready for Senatorial caucus,
claiming- majority. Page I.
President-elect Taft plans tour of South
next year. Page .1.
Pulitzer turned against Roosevelt because
aid rejected in seeking third term.
rage 1.
Domest le.
Chang pleads patriotic insanity. Page 3.
Chicago School Board threatens war on
teachers' union. Page 1.
Evidence shows Thornton Hatns held back
Mrs. Annis from husband. Page r.
Witnesses tell of Night Riders' outrages.
trembling with fear of vengeance.
Page 1.
Pittsburg grafters arrested by wholesale,
one photographed while receiving bribe.
Page 1.
Sport.
Horseman ruled from Santa Anita track for
slugging man. Page 7.
Coast J.eague defers decision on four or six
club schedule. Paste 7.
Injured Multnomah men to play in soccer
game Christmas. Page 7.
Pacific Coaat.
Oregon Citv pastor warns public against
women who solicit in garb of Catholic
Sisters, rage 8.
O. R. & N. refuses to report state business
to Washington Railroad Commission;
board to sue. Page 0.
Oregon Supreme Court cites Taft labor de
cision in deciding responsibility of em
ployer for safety of workmen. Page 8.
Dr. Wlthycombe conduct farmers' institute
at Hood River, rase
Commercial and Marine.
Active local market for holiday poultry.
Page 19.
Lighter wheat movement causes firmer
prices. Page 19.
Buoyant tone of stock market. Page m.
Siberian oak dutiable when treated abroad.
Page 18.
Portland and Vicinity.
Prosecution is disproving Finch's self-defense
story. Page 12.
B F. Germain, employment agent, mobbed
by women and girls. Page
Lighting company offers reduced rate as
compromise. Page 14.
Train rcber aids in own identification.
Page 18.
Thousands of Christmas stamps bought by
business men. Page 18.
youthful leader of hoodlum gang sent to
Reform School. Page 10.
Coffey calls meeting of Multnomah's legislators-elect.
Page 12.
North Bank will route trains over its new
bridges Saturday. Page 10.
Heated words characterize bridge commit
tee meeting. Page 13.
E
Ends Castro's Dictator
ship in Venezuela.
SEEKS PEACE WITH POWERS
Nips Plot to Assassinate Him
by Daring Act.
NO MORE CASH FOR CASTRO
Bank Stops Hl Credit Absent
President Accused of Complicity
In Plot Decree A pa in (it
Holland Is Suspended
CARACAS, Monday, Dec. 21. via
lamsted. Dec. 22. The end of the rule in
Venezuela of Clpriano Castro has come.
The dictator -who has governed the Re
public with a rod of iron ever since ha
took ' forcible possession of the Yellow
House In Caracas in 1899 is now openly
charged with conspiracy to encompass the
assassination of the man whom he left
at the head of the Republic when ha
sailed away on November 23 from T-a
Guyra. nominally to secure skilled medi
cal aid in Berlin for a malady of long
standing, and is today thoroughly dis
credited. Castro's Money Supply Stops.
The Bank of Venezuela has cabled Its
correspondents at Berlin and Paris can
celling the unlimited letter of credit
given to Senor Castro when he left Ven
ezuela tor Europe and no one In Caracas
believes he will ever dare return to the
capital. The Castro Cabinet has been
forced to resign and a new and progres
sive ministry has been appointed hy Juan
Vicente Gomez,- the Acting President.
Gomez' Daring Action.
The attempt on the life of Senor Gomel
was frustrated by the coolness and cour
age and the daring act of the President
himself. Alone and unsupported, he ar
rested -t4ie- ritiKtoaders of the conspiracy
with his own hands in the presence of
their armed adherents, and after this
action he Issued a proclamation saying
that not only had he saved his own life,
but he had maintained the highest ideals
of the republic.
Already the new administration shows
signs of a desire and Intention to settle
the disputes between A'enczuela and for
eign powers that have kept the Repub
lic in a light of unenviable notoriety for
several years past.
Anti-Dutch Decree Suspended.
At a conference held yesterday between
Senor Gomez and Baron von Seckendorff.
the German Minister in charge of the In
terests of Holland since the departure of
the Dutch Minister, M. de Reus, last Sum
mer, It was agreed to suspend the opera
tion of the decree issued by President
Castro prohibiting the trans-shipment of
goods destined for Venezuela. Pending
the signing of a treaty between Holland
and a duly empowered Venezuelan Com
missioner, the Dutch warships that have
been patrolling the Venezuelan coast for
nearly three weeks will be withdrawn.
The attempt to assassinate. Gomez and
several of the Ministers was decided
upon on Friday night, December IS.
Senor Gomez heard of the plot and took
the personal stand that nipped it in the
bud.
Castro an Accomplice.
The men concerned in the conspiracy
were President Castro's closest friends
and best-known adherents. Secret cipher
cablegrams have passed between Senor
Castro In Berlin and his agents here since
the popular anti-Castro demonstration on
December 13 and 14.
A prominent lawyer has filed an accu
sation in the high court charging Senor
Castro with complicity in the plot to
assassinate Senor Gomez and proposing
the impeachment of Senor Castro.
CASTRO KEPT IN" IGNORANCE
Would Refuse to Believe Downfall
If He Were Informed.
BERUIX. Dec. 22 Castro aparently is
unaware of his downfall or the gravity
of the occurrences In Venezuela. Mem
bers of his party say he receives no dis
patches of any kind. The opinion is
steadily gaining ground here that Cas
tro's power is completely broken.
One of the most prominent members of
his suite, who did not wish his name
made public, said:
"No one has informed President Castro
concerning the reports of what is going
on. as the President would refuse til
believe the dispatches. I cannot ask tin
President's opinion on these things, be
cause he is on a sick bed. 1 am per
fectly sure that he has not received s
dispatch since Sunday, and am certain
that there has been no exchange ol
cipher dispatches, because the President
does not possess a secret code."
The same personage ridiculed the idea
of Castro's complicity in a plot to as
sassinate the acting President Senoi
Gomez. Referring to the apointment ol
the new ministry, he said:
"It appears from the reports thai
changes have occurred in the Venezuela!
cabinet. This news may be authoritative
I recognize some of the names of th
ministers given. As to the revocation o.
the trans-shipment decree, if that is true.
Holland will be pleas-ed. as that virtuallj
was the sole bone of contention. How
ever everything we have heard cornel
through the newspaper dispatches."
Dr. Israel twice examined Castro to-
(Concluded on Page 5.)
GOMEZ
ENEMIES
CRUSHED
martial. "