THE 3IORNING OREGOXIAX, TUESDAY, JUXE 16, 1908.
SUITTER CLEARED
In BURKmART GASF
Policeman Held to Have Acted
Within His Rights in
Shooting.
DAMAGE SUIT DISMISSED
Action Brought by Herman G. Burk
Ziart for $10,032 Against Patrol
man X. H. Suitter, Alleging In
jury Without Cause Fails.
; United States Judge Wolverton yester
. day found for the defendant in the suit
'. of Herman G. Burkhart against Patrol
; man Nathan H. Suitter for $10,632 for per
i sonal damages. While resisting arrest
' last November, BurKhart was shot by Of-
ficer Suitter and for several weeks the
; Injured man was confined in a Portland
hospital. The defendant In the suit was
; the same officer that fatally shot Fred
' Shaffer, a longshoreman, on the East Side
; several weeks ago.
By aggrement between opposing coun
; sel the damage suit was heard before
i Judge Wolverton without a Jury yester
day. The defense .first sought to have
the suit dismissed from the Federal
' Court, alleging that Burkhart was a resl
, dent of this state and not of an Kastern
state, as he had represented In his com
! plaint. Suitter, who was represented by
Attorney John C". Slillock, failed to sup
! port his motion with sufficient proof and
Judge Wolverton ruled that the case
should proceed.
It ws contended by Burkhart and his
witnesss that Suitter acted without Jus
! tlficatlon and shot the plaintiff without
proper cause. Suitter. on the contrary.
, on the stand in his own behalf, related
. the circumstances attending the arrest
' and subsequent, shooting of Burkhart.
The officer said that early in the morn
1 ing of the day of the shooting he had
) been called to the apartments occupied
by Burkhart and his wife to place under
" arrest Burkhart. who was Intoxicated and
, had threatened his wife with bodily harm.
' After placing Burkhart under arrest,
, the officer testified that he started with
his prisoner for the police station. . He
! had gone but a short distance when Burk
. hart broke away and attempted to escape.
; Overtaking his prisoner. Suitter. alleged
that a personal encounter took place, in
' which lie was worsted. Burkhart again
' running down the street in an effort to
escape. Suitter said he gave pursuit,
and as he was about to overtake Burk
i hart, the latter apparently drew a knife
' and threatened further to assault the
! officer. ' whereupon Suitter declared he
shot his would-be assailant, believing that
lie was in personal danger.
After hearing the testimony. Judge
Wolverton dismissed ihe suit in favor of
the defendant, holding that the officer
had acted entirely within his rights as a
peace officer. H. K. Sargent appeared as
attorney for Burkhart.
Libel Against Ship Dismissed.
In the United States Court yesterday
Judge Wolverton dismissed the libel of
William Matting, a longshoreman, against
the steam schooner Yosemite. for peY
sona damages aggregating $ol50. Testi
mony in this case was taken before Judge
Wolverton several weeks ago. Matting
seeking to recover damages for personal
injuries sustained while loading the
schooner with lumber. Matting attempted
by his witnesses to prove that the ma
chinery with which he was working was
defective and that the owners of the
boat had knowledge of the defect. There
was much contradictory testimony on
this point and in dismissing the libel,
Judge Wolverton held that Matting had
failed to fix the responsibility for the ac
cident on the owners of the vessel.
Revenue Case Must Proceed.
In the suit of Frederick de Bray & Co.
against Colonel D. M. Dutine, Collector
of Internal Revenue, for the recovery of
about $300 revenue tax alleged unlawfully
to have been collected, Judge Wolverton
yesterday overruled defendant's motion
to dismiss the suit which will be tried
out in the court. It is contended by
the plaintiff company that it paid the
license by mistake under the provision
of the Internal Revenue laws which re
quires the payment of a license by all
wholesale and retail liquor dealers doing
business within the state. The plaintiff
company alleges that it is not located in
this state andi transacts neither a retail
nor a wholesale business in this territory.
Asks Pardon for Her Son.
Mrs. H. A. Salnave yesterday filed with
United States Attorney McCourt an ap
plication for the pardon of her son, Bert
Salnave, who is serving a sentence of 180
days in the Multnomah County Jail for
having sent objectionable letters through
' the mails. Salnave resided at Prineville,
Crook County, and was indicted by the
Federal grand Jury last Spring for im
proper use of the mails. Being arraigned
before Judge Wolverton, Salnave entered
a plea of guilty and on March 17 was
sentenced to serve 60 days each on the
three counts set out in the indictment.
Grange Date Changed.
Multnomah County Pomona Grange.
Patrons of Husbandry, meets Wednesday,
June 17, at 10 A. M.. with the Pleasant
Valley Grange, In Pleasant Valley, and
not Monday as formerly announced.
Those attending by the Gresham electric
railway will leave the cars at Sycamore
station.
: LETTER BOXES SCARLET
',1 Color to Be Changed in All Cities of
; . the Country.
Word has reached Portland from the
, . . Postoffice Department at Washington,
' that all street letter-boxes in all cities
of the United States are to be painted a
" bright scarlet. The principal reason as
" signed for the use of the bright and at-
tractive color is that these mail deposit
boxes may be discerned more readily.
These boxes are now painted in an
aluminum color and are not easily lo
., cated in the streets by many persons
desiring to deposit letters.
i- GRAND LODGE OF PYTHIANS
H About 300 Delegates Already Here.
Many Features Planned.
One hundred and three subordinate
lodges in the domain of Oregon are rep
resented in Portland and will assemble
at Pythian hall. Eleventh and Alder
streets, at 10 o'clock this morning to at-
. tend the grand lodge. Knights of Pythias.
' There are approximately 300 delegates
present and more are expected this morning-.
Also at 10 o'clock the grand lodge
of Pythian Sisters will" meet in the hall
in the Abington building in annual ses
sion. Various plans of elaborate design
have been arranged for the entertain-'
ment of the visitors and in the list is a
banquet to be served probably at the
Commercial Club, though the place has
not baen definitely decided upon.
Among the more Important matters to
be discussed at the grand lodge will be
that of the adoption of a new constitution
and laws. New officers" will also be chosen
and in that connection it is said that
Gus C. Moser, grand vice chancellor, will
be promoted- to the rank of grand chan
cellor. On Wednesday evening the Dra
matic Order of Knights of ; Khorassan,
composed of members in good standing,
will hold its annual session and will
Initiate V large class. Officers at the
present time are: Grand chancellor, John
M. Wall, of Hillsboro;, grand vice
chancellor. G. C. Moser, of Portland;
grand prelate, R. L. Xeill, .of Sumpter;
grand keeper of records and seal, L. R.
Stlnson. of Salem: grand master of ex
chequer, J. W. Maloney, of Pendleton;
grand master-at-arms. W. W. Smead, of
Hcppner; grand inner guard, H. A. Dun
bar, of Eugene; grand outer guard, U.
L. Frazer. of Independence; grand
trustees, Emil Waldman (one year), L.
M. Curl (two years), "M. F. Davis (three
years); grand tribunal, Frank T. Wrigfct
man, chief tribune, of Salem: L. B.
Reeder, associate tribune, of Portland;
George E. Swafford, associate tribune, of
Elgin.
COMES TO DIRECT SINGING
Malcom C. Martin, of Minneapolis,
to Aid at White Temple.
Malcolm Martin, a noted soloist and
choir leader, arrived last night . from
Minneapolis to take charge of the sing-
..
t
DIRECTS C'HORl'S AT WHITE
J - TEMPLE. I
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I W ! if - 2 J
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I 41 - i f
jV-ju.v It
Malcolm C Martin, of Minneapolis.
m
ing in connection with the evangelistic
meetings being conducted in the White
Temple. Mr. Martin is widely known
throughout the East and Middle West as
a singer and director of unusual ability.
He has just resigned the pastorate of
his church in Minneapolis to give his
whole time to evangelistic singing. Dur
ing the special services at the White
Temple Mr. Martin will have charge of
a chorus of 100 voices.
SUPPORT LOCAL CONCERNS
City Council Asked to Buy Supplies
in Portland.
The Iron Trades Council, of Portland,
has undertaken to secure the influence
of the push clubs on the East Side in
inducing the City Council to let con
tracts for manufacturing; Are hydrants
and other work to Portland concerns.
The Montavilla Board of Trade lias
adopted resolutions, which were also
submitted to the United East Side Push
Clubs. The resolutions are as follows:
Whereas. It is laudable to encourage the
fcivlng of all the work of the city to its
home manufacturers and laborers, and it
is a proven fact that fire- hydrants shipped
to Portland from the East have proven de
fective, while others made In this city have
been found satisfactory and a superior ar
ticle to the Eastern product, and
Whereas, other titles, notably San Fran
cisco, are known to have adopted the plan
of keeping all work of the above men
tioned character at home as a matter of
good business policy, and patriotism to Its
home enterprises and workmen; therefore,
be It
Resolved, that this organization respect
fully petitions the honorable Mayor and
Council of the city of Portland to confine
the bidding on contracts for fire hydrants
and all other products that can be rea
sonably secured from home manufacturers
to the manufacturers o said city of Port
land in the future, and be it further
Resolved, that this organization urge the
adoption of similar resolutions by all labor
and other organizations in the city that
approve the material upbuilding of the city,
ker Institutions and the support and en
couragement of her laboring people.
HOLD UP OYSTER HOUSE
Three Thugs Go Through Cash Reg
ister and Escape
Holding revolvers to the head of Z.
Alex, chef at an oyster-house at 403 East
Morrison street, early yesterday morn
ing, three thieves went through the cash
register, securing $10.10. Then they ran
away. The police arrived on the scene
within a few minutes, having been at
tracted by Alex, who was vigorously
blowing a police whistle. They made an
immediate search of the vicinity in
which the hold-up occurred, but failed
to get a trace of the thieves.
According to Alex, three men, clad like
hobos, entered his place at 3 o'clock in
the morning and asked for a drink of
water. While he was getting them the
drink the three pulled out revolvers and
covered him. One of the trio, dropping
his gun, opened the cash register and
took what money he could find. While
the man was going through the cash
register Alex darted forward., whereupon
he was knocked to the floori After go
ing through what papers were in the till
the men ran out of the door. Alex then
grabbed a police whistle and began
blowing it.
CLOSING-OUT SALE.
Dress Goods, Silks, Hosiery, Corsets,
Muslins, Underwear. Waists, Parasols,
Skirts, Table Lirtens, Blankets, Com
forters. Lace Curtains, Wash Goods,
etc.. etc, at regular wholesale prices.
McAlIen & McDonnell, Third and Mor
"Lefferts," the jewelers, have a beau
tiful pair of matched diamonds, suit
able for earrings or ring. Regular
price $600, this week $500. Call and
see them. - 222 Washington st, near
Fourth.
Kruse's Beach Hotel, now open. Kor
reservations and rates apply, to J. XX
Kruse. lessee, Gearhart Park, Or.
NO INTERFERENCE
PI Tl
Spring styles Hanan shoes at Rosenthal's.
Mayor Lane Will Do Nothing
About Tongues of Fire at
Mount Tabor.
SPECIAL OFFICERS ARMED
Many Protests Come From Residents
Regarding This and the 'Noise of
Worshipers Continuing Far
Into the Night.
Mayor Lane has positively refused to
interfere in the frenzied religious demon
stration at the Mount Tabor camp-meeting
of followers of the Tongues of Fire,
and has also refused to disarm those
zealous members who were appointed
special officers for the purpose, it is said,
of preserving the peace at the grounds.
Numerous and insistent complaints
have been lodged with the Mayor and
Chief of Police by residents of the neigh
borhood, protesting against the noise and
the unseemly hours of the worshipers.
More numerous and more insistent de
mands have been made that firearms be
taken away from those believers in the
faith who have been appointed guardians
of the peace.
Mayor Lane will take no action what
ever until he is positive that the law is
being violated either by the worshipers
or the visitors. It is an affair in which
he has no right to interfere, he says.
Protest Against Firearms.
Many Mount Tabor residents have
called upon the Mayor for the purpose
of urging that the four recently-appointed
Tongues of Fire policemen are fan
atics and consequently unsafe persons to
entrust with, firearms. It is contended
that In the frenzy of a religious mania
these new officers might cause serious
consequences.
"You were in charge of the State In
sane Asylum once. Mr. Lane." said an
irate citizen.' "and it seems to me you
might just as well have armed all the
inmates. These people are possibly
harmless but there is no question but
that they are fanatics. Their strange
form of worship shows that."
Mayor Lane, however, firmly declined
to take any action. The-campmeeting.
he said, had been the scene of a great
amount of rowdyism on the part of cer
tain persons who went there for no other
purpose -than to cause trouble.
Against Creed to Fight.
"For several nights," he said, "the
ropes which hold the big tent in place
were cut and serious disaster might have
resulted at any time. These people came
and asked me to send regular policemen
to protect them. - This was impossible
and I told them so. Then they came
back and were appointed special officers.
"Next day they calfed upon me again
"Next day they caleld upon me again
and told me that they could not act as
officers, for it was against their creed
to fight or to retaliate in any way."
However, the four men are still serv
ing as special officers, displaying badges
and apparently armed. Since the melee
of Saturday night the meetings have been
conducted with comparative quiet, so far
as outsiders are concerned. -Residents
of the neghborhood, however, declare
that the shouts and groans of penitents
are growing louder and that the noise
continues until long past midnight.
Like Holy Rollers.
Those who have examined the queer
actions of persons under the influence of
Tongues of Fire 'leaders or studied their
queer beliefs declare the sect to be
merely a continuation or branch of the
Holy Rollers. . John Glasgow, the burly
negro leader of the present movement,
lays claim, it is declared, to the same
powers, divine and human, that were
claimed by Creffield, for years leader of
the Holy Rollers.
Methods of worshiping are practically
the same, and the deep, convulsing fit of
hysteria into which converts or peni
tents are thrown are strange features of
each. The babel of voices, or speaking
in unknown tongues, is another charac
teristic of both religions. A large ma
jority of the converts of both the Holy
Rollers and Tongues of Fire have been
recruited from the ranks of women and
children.
School Election at St. John.
At the annual election held yesterday
ft -r:;vy 'Pi W'W$-
You won't tell your family doctor
the whole story about your private
illness you are too modest. You
need not be afraid to tell Mrs. Pink
ham, at Lynn, Mass., the things you
could not explain to the doctor. Your
letter will be held in the strictest con
fidence. From her vast correspond
ence ,with sick women during the
past thirty years she may have
gained the very knowledge that will
help yourcase. Such letters as the fol
lowing, from grateful women, es
tablish beyond a doubt the power of
LYDIAE-PINfCHAlVrS
VEGETABLE COMPOUND
to conquer all female diseases.
Mrs. 'Norman R. Barndt, of Allen
town, Pa., writes :
" Ever since I was sixteen years of
age I had suffered from an organic de
rangement and female weakness; in
consequence I had dreadful headaches
and was extremely nervous. My physi
cian said I must go through an opera
tion to get well. A friend told me
about Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable
Compound, and I took it and wrote you
for advice, following your directions
carefully, and thanks to you I am to
day a well woman, and I am telling
all my friends of my experience."
FACTS FOR SICK WOMEN.
For thirty years Lydia E. Pink
ham's Vegetable Compound,.made
from roots and herbs, has been the
standard remedy for female ills,
and has positively cured, thousands of
women who have been troubled with
displacements, inflammation, ulcera
tion, fibroid tumors, irregularities,
periodic pains, backache, that bearing-down
feeling, flatulency, indiges
tiorud izzinpK'j rwnprvonspvostration
at St. John for the purpose of choosing
a school director for that district. S. H.
Greene was elected over 13. W. Robin
son by a majority of 75 votes out of
261 cast. This election also decides
that there shall be a fuil high school
course in St. John during the coming
year. It was also decided not to em
ploy a superintendent for the two
schools in that districts A saving of
from $1200 to $1500 is made thereby.
St. John district now has two school
buildings, employing 23 teachers. The
numoer or puptls enrolled last year was
1184.
DAMAGE SUIT THROWN OUT
Constable I.ou AVagner Gets Verdict
in Nicholas Case.
One of the three damage suits which
have been brought'in the Circuit Court
against Constable Lou Wagner was
thrown out of court yesterday when
Judge O'Day directed the jury to return
a verdict for the constable. This par
ticular suit was brought by Carrie
Nicholas to recover $532.50 from the
constable for unlawfully taking posses
sion of her household goods, and hav
ing them placed In storage. It ap
pears that the property Wagner was
looking for was that of Ross Nicholas,
her brother, he being the defendant in
an action brought by a local depart
ment store. Miss Nicholas said that
Wagner broke some of the goods in
removing them. She secured possession
of them by putting up a bond to secure
the constable against loss in case her
contention was not sustained.
For some time two deputies, Crowiey
and Wertheimer, have supposedly been
in the employ of Constable Wagner. It
is said to have been one of these who
removed Miss Nicholas' goods from a
rooming-house on Kast Morrison street.
TRUNKSBAGSSUITCASES
. Tourists and those intending to travel are invited to inspect our exclusive showing of
, Suitcases. Bags and Trunks. We carry the famous "Likely" Trunks, known the world
over for their strength and distinctive air. Prices from 4.00 to $75.00.
A special feature in this department is an
entirely new line of Bamboo and Wicker
Suitcases and Handbags. They are strongly
made 'of selected reed, well-bound, locked,
strapped,' bolted and attractively . lined.
Prices range from $2.50 to $15.00.
Cross London Gloves and Leathers
BIG RAZOR SALE
$2.50 - $3.00
RAZORS
97c
HOLLOW GROUND
SET READY TO USE
$2 Self-Honing
STROP
97c
1000 Razors They are Pipe, Wade & Butcher
I. X. L., Brandt, Wostenholm, and dozens of other well
known brands this week 97
1000 Brandt Self-Honing Razor Strops the only one that
hones and strops your razor at the same time. This
week v 97
ALL GOODS GUARANTEED
See Expert Razor Man in the Window
Parents Should
Know
It's their duty to find out if their
children's eyes are defective. If
they are defective, it's their duty to
have them attended to at once. Our
optician examines eyes thoroughly,
and if you do or do not require treat
ment or glasses, he will tell you so.
OPTICA L DEPARTMENT
WE DO ARTISTIC PICTUR E FRAMING
CAMERAS FOR SUMMER OUTINGS
.n Don't start on vour Summer vacation without a flampra manv delightful
4??Sf! hours can be spent lookinsr over views taken during outinsr trins. and dozens
V-.'i.'vv"? nf lnterpstinc incidents are rpeallpd that wrmlrl rvtliprwiao Vo fnrunttiin
IJJ 4 -.is.h - ... ..v. p,,,,..
Y -J Atirco. Jr.. Camera. Takps nieturp 'l.-v-41. . nntn.frwiici'Tir. lir-nilo.it a.;u.
finder: vertical or horizontal: Docket stvle . ' S12.0CI
A IkT M m i -j. nt I At . I . r 1 .
Ansco rto. laKes mcLiire axtvi: spt. top.iis- anTo ;i-snppn simrTpr. im n
or finger release; vertical or horizontal: $14.50
Ansco No; 5 Takes pictures 4x5; double rapid rectilinear lens; auto shutter;
ivuiug ouji.n qjio.aw
Ansco JNO. y rostai-cara size, JVixoVs ; vertical or horizontal ; all modern
improvements $20.00
rnnung ana developing uone in nours
i
T)6
9
m
11 ft IV-
f
a' I
WOODARD, CLARKE & CO.
DRUGGISTS
Exchange 1 1
Home A6171
Fourth and
Washington
act
he
for
March 16. Wagner came forward with
h oaaortion that Deputy Constable
Crowley was not deputized to
for him at that time, therefore
nvie-Tisr) could not be held
damages. ' -
PERSONALMENTION.
Dr. B. E. Schoonmaker, Coos Bay's
leading dentist, is in the city looking
after business interests.
The engagement of Miss Lillian Cuss
to T. B. Lombard is announced. The
wedding will take place June 25 'at
White Salmon, Wash.
Miss Crisler. a teacher of Multnomah
dounty, in District No. 45, has gone to
Peoria, 111., where she will spend the
Summer with her mother.
Mrs. A. J. Giesy and son, Paul C.
Glesy. will leave tonight for Vancou
ver. B. C, whence they will sail on
June 19 for the Hawaiian Islands.
Mrs. Lizzie Percival, of Madras, Or.,
who has been visiting her sister, Mrs.
Ella Davis Craig, at 420 East Grant,
underwent a surgical operation at the
North Pacific Sanltorium yesterday and
although reported very low, she has a
slight chance of recovery.
Dr. W.. H. Heppe. pastor of Grace
Methodist Church, will arrive home
Thursday morning after an absence of
six weeks In the East. Dr. Heppe at-
, dmmfmsm
mmmSimSA
' if 11
A&-mmmiA
'A
The$137 Pianos
ave Arrived
.tended the recent general conference at
Baltimore. Later he visited his former,
home at Muscatine, Iowa. He also vis
Ited Mount Pleasant. Iowa, where he
delivered the annual sermon at the
Jowa Wesleyan University.
Hanan shoos at KosenthaTs.
IN OUR OPENING ANNOUNCEMENT OF JUNE
6TH, SUNDAY'S ISSUE OF THIS PAPER, WE STATED THAT, WITH THE ADVAN
TAGES OF OUR CO-OPERATIVE PLAN, WHERE WE WERE SELLING ONE HUNDRED
PIANOS TO ONE HUNDRED INDIVIDUAL PURCHASERS IN ONE BUNCH. MAKING IT
A WHOLESALE INSTEAD OF A RETAIL TRANSACTION, WE WOULD PLACE ON SALE
GOOD, SUBSTANTIAL NEW UPRIGHT GRAND
PIANO
FOR 8137:22
FREIGHT DELAYS AT THAT TIME, THE EFFECT OF THE RECENT RAILROAD
WASHOUTS, PREVENTED US FROM SHOWING THE GOODS; FORTUNATELY A
BOATLOAD OF THESE BEAUTIFUL INSTRUMENTS JUST ARRIVED, AND WE ARE
PLEASED TO STATE THAT WE NOW HAVE THE $137 PIANOS ON OUR SAMPLE
WAREROOM FLOOR, AT YOUR DISPOSAL, ON EASY MONTHLY PAYMENTS, AT THE
COR. 6TH AND OAK, STS., PORTLAND, OR.
THE
Wiley B. Allen Go.
PIANO SPECIALISTS
Tfie Wiley B.Allen Go.
Portland, Ore.
Gentlemen Please furnish me with
full particulars of your co-operative
plan of placing Pianos.
'
Name
Address
PORTLAND RAILWAY, LIGHT
AND POWER COMPANY
Bulletin No. 5
FROM WATERFALL TO CAR WHEEL
If a question were asked the average rider as to the source of
the propelling power for the elertrlc . ars. the answer would be
'Willamette Falls at Oregon City or Clackamas River." and he would
he very much surprised to learn that, as a matter of fact, only a
small part of the system receives its current directly from the
power house.
Most people are content to accent the motorman's pet name,
Juice." as the best description of this mysterious power, and have
no idea whatever as to how it is generated or what happens to it
fr.om the time it leaves the power-house up to the time it performs
rlie useful function of moving the cars.
However, it ls not a very complicated matter, but, on the con
trary, a very interesting one, to follow the path of the curent from
its beginning in the rushing waters of the rivers to the time that it
performs its 'work.
. When water power is mentioned as a source of energy for driv
ing cars or machinery, or producing electric light, it is natural to
think of such power as costing nothing. Such an idea is erroneous
for, although the water and Its rail are Nature's gift, the utilization
is often expensive. A glance at the massive dams and flumes, stone
and brick power and transformer houses and at the hundreds of
tons of concrete foundations will show how much must be done in
utilizing the wonderful sources of water supply.
Again, the rapid melting of snow in the mountains or the sudden
rainfall may raise the water to dangerous heights and actually re
duce the useful water power available, as when the back flow from
' Columbia River raises the water at Oregon City and reduces the
available fall.
Or, after the Spring freshets, a long hot season, with its conse
quent evaporation, will lower the flow of the river, when not
enough water Is available to supply the turbines.
In such cases power must be generated by steam; and boilers,
engines and dynamos must be kept in readiness for use, thereby
entailing much investment and pay-roll expense which otherwise
would not be necessary.
In Portland two sources of watei power are in use Willamette
Falls and Clackamas River. .As reserves, steam plants costing many
thousands of dollars are rn-iintained at Station "H" (21th street and
Shferlo'k avenue), and at station "F," on the East Side both containing-
expensive electric and steam apparatus. Whenever the
water-power fails for any reason, these steam plants are operated,
and must be constantly kept ready for an emergency.
The current generated at the power-house Is "alternating cur
rent," while the current used on the trolley wires is what is known
as "direct current." It is impossible to distinguish between these
two currents in a nontechnical way, but the practical reason for
generating alternating current in the first plane is that alternating
current can be transmitted a long distance at high voltage over a
small amount of copper, while tiie amount of copper necessary for
the distribution of direct current at low voltage would be so great
as to make the cost prohibitive. Therefore, the method adopted is
to divide the system up into sections, in each one of which is a
substation which receives the alternating current from the main
power-house and changes it to suit the requirements of the car or
electric light service.
From the generators in the main power-house the current passes
to the alternating current switchboard at 10,000 volts, thence to
transformers, where voltage Is "stepped up" to 33.000 volts, from
which it Is distributed to the respective substations located at dif
ferent parts of the system. The current travels over copper wires
supported on specially constructed porcelain insulators of the high
est grade and capable of standing a strain of 50,000 volts.
After it reaches the substations it passes through what is
known as a "step-down" transformer, which reduces it from 33.000
volts to 2301 volts and passes It to the motor generators or rotary
convertors, which change it from alternating to direct current at
575 volts, the working pressure at which it is delivered to the
trolley wires. Other portion of the current pass Into transformers
which reduce the pressure sufficiently for safe distribution through
out the city for electric light and power.
From the substations this power is distributed to the respective
trolley sections by feeders, and rapped into the trolley wire at
suitable distances. It then travels down the trolley pole and. by
cables concealed In the car, to the controller. From that it goes to
the motors, where it does Its work in moving the car. and passes
on through the wheels to the track, and so back to the substation
again.
To give an idea of the intricacy and extent of the power system,
over 30 miles of wire are necessary for the transmission and dis
tribution of the current, in addition to over 400 miles of trolley
wires and connections and the great amount of complicated machin
ery at the power-houses.
When the car or electric HgKt service is interrupted in some sec-
tion of the city by a mishap to any one of these complicated parts,
from the water wheels to the wiring and the motors in the cars,
you can now form a better estimate of the great care that has to be
taken in tne operation ana maintenance or sucn a vast electric sys
tem.
J