Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937, March 04, 1908, Image 1

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VOL. XLVIII. IVO. 14,747.
PORTLAND, OREGON, WEDNESDAY, 31 ARCH 4, 1908.
PRICE FIVE CENTS.
CHOSEN BY LOT
TO MURDER CHIEF
Averbuch Was Agent of
Conspirators.
DECISION MADE LASTTHURSDAY
Death Sentence Passed
Anarchist Meeting.
at
ROUNDING UP PLOTTERS
Chicago Police Arrest Nine Persons
Suspected of Instigating Murder.
Government Moves for De
portation of Anarchists.
C5HICAOO, March S. That Iazaru
Avrrbueh, In attempting to assassinate
Chief of Police Shlppy. carried out a com
mission entrusted to him by a group of
Chicago Anarchists -was declared by As
sistant Chief of Police- Schuettler tonight
to have been proved beyond a doubt. The
discovery was made Just as the police
were about to accept the theory that the
young Anarchist acted upon his own im
pulse "and that the attempt was not the
result of a conspiracy. The group of
Anarchist also plotted, according to in
formation In the hands of the authorities,
to assassinate Mayor Busse and Captain
P. D. CVBrien of the detective bureau.
ATCTbuch Chosen by Lot.
The principals in the plot have not yet
been discovered, but It Is said that Aver
huch w picked to execute the order of
death at a meeting of Anarchists which
he attended last Thursday night. It was
on that night, upon his return to the
home of Ms sister. Olg-a Averbuch, ITS
Washburn avenue, that tne young Rus
sian contemplated suicide, as described
by the sister to the police. Averbuch in
stead of going to night school, as his
sister declared hcdld, is said to have
been in nightly communication with a
hand or radical revolutionists, and .It was
at a meeting of these men that Averbuch
wm chosen to "remove" the police head.
Averbuch Is said to have left his home
on Friday morning following his ac
ceptance of th commission and to have
' never returned. He. went to his place of
employment at ' Kichem's commission
house on South Water street, and in con
versation with bis fellow employes made
numerous inquiries regarding the Chief
of Police. Tie is said to have talked vio
lently concerning the order which pro
hibited the parade of the "unemployed'
last January- .
Inquired for Chief's House.
Where does the Chief live?" Aver
buch Is reported to have asked one of
his associates. "I'd like to find out
w hat kind of a home he has got."
Tetter, one of the men informed
Averbuch that he had looked up the
address and gave It to the young Rus
sian written on a scrap of paper. At
the time Averburh's interest in the
police officials failed to arouse sus
picion, but being: recalled after the at
tempt upon the llfo of the chief, was
the clew which led to the identifica
tion of the. would-be slayer.
"We have several Important clews,"
said the Assistant Chief tonight, "which
we believe will lead to the arrest of
the conspirators. Olga Averbuch per
rlstently refuses to give us any infor
mation. We are seeking, among others,
the young woman, Rosa Stern, who
lived with Averbuch and his sister."
Round l'p Nine Suspects.
Tonight's 'developments followed a
day of activity on the part of the city,
State and Federal authorities, which
resulted In the formation of plans for
co-operation . In the work of stamping
out anarchy. In the meantime the po
lice department was pursuing with
new vigor Its search for radicals
througnout the Ghetto district. ' j
The net results of police activity dur
ing the day and evening was the round
ing up of nine suspects. Three arr
' rests which' the police considered im
portant were made .late in the after
noon. A man who gave his name aa
Harry Goldstein. ' and who is said to
be an agent of the Edelstadt Society,
an Anarchist organization, at 47 Union
street, was taken into custody at Hal
Ftcad and West Fourteenth streets,
while distributing handbills of a rabid
anarchist nature.. The two other sus
pects, whose names .were withheld,
were arrested and subjected to a rigid
examination at the City Hall. One was
taken at Halstead and West Taylor
streets and the other at Washington
street and Fifth avenue, in the loop
distrUu
Two Principal Prisoners.
A clew secured early in the day led to
the arrest of Isadore Maron. who for a
time was believed to be the "curly
haired" companion of Averbuch. the
. would-be assassin, as described to the
police by Olra Averbuch. sister of the
dead man. This was later decided to be
not the case, but Maron admitted suffi
cient association with Chicago anarchists
to warrant his being placed in a cell.
Another clew led to the arrest of Will
iam I. Abramovlta. 3D years old. a Rus
sian Jem-, a student at the University of
Chicago night school and employed as a
printer in the daytime. His "sweating"
hy the police lasted until late in the
evening. The others under arrest were
held more because of their affiliation
with anarchist societies than from any
expectation of connecting them with the T
attempted assassination of the police
neao.
All Authorities Work Together.
The organized movement against an
archy by the authorities began with a
conference at the home of the Chief, in
which Mayor Busse and Assistant Chief
of Police Schuettler took part. It re
sulted in a meeting being arranged for
tomorrow at which the Mayor, the police
officials and State's Attorney Healy will
try to work out a plan of co-operation.
United States - District Attorney Sims
also met a number of city officials in the
Mayor's office, and the question of
Federal, assistance in the rooting out of
anarchy was taken up. It was conceded
on all .sides that the efforts of the vari
ous branches of authority should be di
rected toward the suppression of the
propaganda of anarchy and of meetings
where incendiary harangues are made! -
Mr. Sims after the conference declined
to discuss the measures . contemplated,
but said that any steps that may be un
dertaken by the Federal authorities will
depend upon the procedure of the city
and state officials. Asked if the' Federal
Judge Cbarlea A. Burnett, Su
preme Chancellor, Knlfthtu mt
Pythian.
grand jury would take up any phase of
the situation, he replied that there was
nothing: that the grand jury can do, the
Immigration law, which provides for the
deportation of anarchists, being the only
recourse unless a Government . official
should be attacked. In the way of pos
sible legislation to be aimed at agitators,
it wag said that new ordinances would
probably be ordered at a special meeting
of the City Council. "
CLOSE OODIt AN JUL BEDS
GOVERXMEXT WHjL CO-OPERATE
WITH CITY POLICE. ;
Straus Orders Immigration Officials
to Inform Police on Law Ke-.
gar ding Deportation.
WASHINGTON, March 3. The Secre
tary of Commerce & Labor today issued
a sweeping -order to all . commissioners
of immigration and immigration inspec
tors in charge, directing them to confer
with the'pollce'in their respective juris
dictions with, a view-to-securing the " 'co
operation -of . the.' police: and .detective
forces' in aj -efforttprid rthe. country
of alien, anarchists' and criminals falling
within -the' la w -relating to deportation.'
The order .follows :i v . '
It 1 r hereby - directed that, .wlih . aiW
to promptly obtaining- definite Information
with regard to .alien Anarchists and crim
inals located'ln the United States, goti iha'f
conrer runy wnn me i mer or .foiiee or me
chief of the secret service of the city In
which you are located, furnlshrne; mich offi
cial with detailed information with reirard
to the meaning of the term -"Anarchist" aa
used In the immigration act of. February
HO. 1907, and with regard to the interpreta
tion of that statute against alien of the
criminal classes, explaining' the powers 'and
limitations Imposed by aald statute upon the
Immigration .officials with respect-, to such
persons. - - ......
You should - call, to the attention ' of the
Chief of Police' r chief of the secret perv
ice the definition of "Anarchist- contained
In eerttons and 38 of the act of February
20, i07, and 'the. provisions of section 2
placing within the excluded classes "persons
who have been convicted of or admit-having
committed a felony or other crime or nits
demeanor Involving moral turpitude." point
ing out that, if any such ; person - is found
within the I'nlted'States within three years
after landing or entry therein, he la amenable
to deportation under the provisions of section
21 of the act. The co-operation of said
officials should be requested, making- it
clear that In order that any particular An
archist or criminal may be deported, evi
dence must be furnished showing' t that
the person in question Is an alien subject
to the Immigration act; (2) that he is an
Anarchist or criminal as defined In the
statute; 3 the date of his arrival in the
United State, which must be within three
years of his arrest; (4 the name of the
vessel or line by which he came, if possible;
and y, th name of the country whence he
came; the detail with, respect to the last
three Hems being kept at th various ports
of entry In such a manner as to b avail
able If information is furnished with re
spect to the Anarchist's name, the date of
his arrival and the port of entry.
It Is desired that the atrove Indicated
steps shall be taken at wee and that no
proper effort shall be spared to secure and
retain the co-operation of th local pfolice
and deteotive-fore In an effort to rid the
country, of alien Anarchists and - criminal
failing within the provisions of the statute
relating to deportation.
Vir-OROVS ACTION IN -GOTHAM
Police to Aid Government in Depor
tation of Anarchists.
NEW YORK, March 3. The order of
Secretary Straus of the Department of
Commerce and iLabor for the deportation
of such alien Anarchists and criminals
as the law can reach will be enforced
promptly and vigorously by "the local and
Federal authorities, working 'in harmony
with the municipal police.. Commissioner
j . " ' jTw 1
iliiliir- Hi
jllili1 Jilt
tiiiflii All
1 1 . Ml. , ---M-ti 1 i
? Judge Cbarlra A. Burnett, S- 7
t Concluded on Fare So .
E
SOLID FOR TAFT
Foraker-DickFactionlSil
Completely. Routed.
NEW COMMITTEE SELECTED!
Shouts Proclainr Secretary as
Next President.
GARFIELD OUTLINES POLICY
Declare Lawbreakers Themselves
' Are t Blame for Financial- Trou- ;
ble and Not Administration '
That Exposed Tiiera. . ';
... . . .
COIATli'BlTS. . O., March 3. The pe
publicans of Ohio, who mt at 4 P.;M.
today to hold their " state c"ohvntJn,
placed the entire party machinery! in
the atate In the hand of William H.
Taft and his 'political follower, and
dealt a stag-gerlng. blow to the interests
of Senators Foraker and Dick by wip
ing off the State' Central -Committee
every man who was known to have any
blaa In their favor."
Of the"21 members of the new com
mittee, 11 were re-elected. Seven mem
bers constituted the Foraker faction,
and all were dropped. The other three,
who were not- re-elected, were all for
Taft, and their retirement was caused
by local conditions' alone. Every mem
ber on the new. committee is a Taft
man.
Ellis Permanent Chairman.
Walter K. Brown, of. Toledo; was rei
elected chairman, and Malcqlm Karsh
ner. of Columbus, secretary, "of the
committee. The committee on perma
nent . organization decided .tonight to
report in favor of; Attorney-General
"Wade H." Ellta for permanent chair
man.. .. .. . . f .
The convention was called to order
by Chairman Brown, wl announced
that the temporary organization, of the
convention would be: Chairman,
James p. Garfield; secretary, .R. . M.
Swltzer. . '' '.. "'.'." "
.The mention of Secretary Garfield's
name was the ' signal for an outbreak
of applause, which was deepened when
he advanced to the front of the plat
form to deliver, his address. Cheers
greeted every mention' of the name of
Taft, and the prediction that Ohio was
about to furnish another President
created a bedlam of approval.- Secre
tary Garfield spoke as followsi
Ren-lien to Two xtreme.
' In the comlnc campaign the Republican
l-arty will b held : to account not mercly
ror iti conduct .of the- ordinary aitaim of
the Government hut especially for the great
policies affecting, our industrial life whi.'h
WITHIN THE REACH
010
COM!
ITU
have been carried forward during the pres
' ent Administration. -
The all-absorbing Issue in" this campaign
t is ?hall these policies be approved and
continued? Among our opponents - there
! are -the two extremes; those v-ho say ws
j have rone too far. and those who say we
i-have not gone far enough: The former -at-
tribute the financial crisis through which
i we have passed and its resulting depres
sion to the President s policiesand they ap
i peal to the personal interest 'of thosewlio
j have felt .th loss of mtne- and .property
as well as those who are temporarily un
rmt1oyeH: iw ask them to sieolfy where
Government has takn unwise or -x-
reme action which can Justly be held the
cause for the panic and we- have yet lo
hear their answer. They object- to. th
exposure -and decry those who. have made
the exposure. They are unwilling to admit
thatt trouh' came because of the wrong
Ad the evil 'that -was. exposed. " ' "
Transportation companies and favored
shippers nave - been guilty of granting and
receiving rebates and discriminations. - Of
ficers of .corporations engaged , in interstate
commerce -have misused 'the1- ixwers and
funds of. the corporations; have by means
of stock -jobbing and stock-watering' trans
actions Imposed , upon the public as well as
upon the stockholders for whom- they, are
In fact trustees. The .nublic has been de
frauded out of its property and rights upon
(.laela Calls. th Slmarer, Wbo
Arcnaea Her Husband, Paul
Roy. of . Murderlnic Her
Brother.
WASHINGTON, March 3. Ap
plication was made to the State
Department today for the nec
essary authority to extradite
from France Paul E. Roy,
thargred with responsibility for
the death of George A. Carkirfte,
Jn N?w Hampshire. 'The action
on the application was not. an
nounced. .
the public domain. Such facts have been
exposed 'and 'the offenders -convicted. It is
true that public confidence has been af
fected by reason of these, disclosures and
necessarily legitimate business has suffered
to some extent, but such loss and suffering1
were neoessary In order to root out the
cvihi that were our Industrial life.'
On tfcus other Ijand. as o those, who say
we have not- cone ,tar enough: the. man
who would ...destroy . corporations . because
some of their manager:? have misused their
powers, . who., would jrohib-t labor unions
because of the evil deeds of some of their
leaders., who would confiscate property be
cause it is unequally distributed, who
would have the Government own and op
erate all Bubllc utilities because some have
been ill or corruptly managed, is aw wrong
In his judgment of present conditions as
are those who cry that we have gone too
for.
Reforms That Are Needed.
The Republican party, with the Presi
dent, stands opposed to both these ex
tremes. We have chosen the middle around
of sane, practical.-' constructive foundation.
Under this record of things done with con
fidence .we make our pledges for future
action. '
The banking and currency system should
be made .to meet the evergrowing needs of
business and provide an absolutely safe
(Concluded on rage 5V)
iff c
- v
if v. it
r ' r "irni T ' .-. -....s-J
OF ANY ONE OF THESE POSSIBLE MURDERERS.
ELECT MILLER BY
50
PLURAL TY
Republican Victory in
'Seattle Complete.
CLEAN SWEEP IN THE COUNCIL
Precincts Supposed to. Be
Moore Strongholds Faii Him.
ELECTION VERY ORDERLY
Heavy Vote Polled Two Arrests for
Fraud Count Proceeds Slowly,
but City Party Concedes the
Election of Miller. "
SEATTLE. Wash., March 4. (Special. )
.At 1 A. M. Moore's party conceded Mil
lers election by 2000. Miller's managers
claim 7000. Conservative estimates place
Miller's plurality at 5000.' The City Coun
cil promises to be solidly Republican.
SEATTLE, Wash., March 3. (Special.)
John F. Miller will be Seattle's next
Mayor. The count is progressing slowly,
and it will be noon tomorrow before the
result Is officially known, but so far every
precinct is heavily Republican. Even In
the precincts supposed to be Moore
strongholds. Miller is leading.
Heavy Vote, but No Fights.
It is estimated- that nearly 90 per cent
of the registered vote, 35,060, was cast,
for the day was perfect and voting started
early, crowds In some sections being on
hand when the polls opened. It continued
up to the moment ot closing, 8 o'clock to
night. For an election coming as the end of
so bitter a fight as .has been made, the day
was very quiet. There were no tights of
sufficient magnitude to necessitate ar
rest, and only one or two arrests have
been made for fraudulent voting. In one
precinct of the Fifth Ward, Takeo
Yaokowa, a Japanese, was arrested for
voting the name of Lou Chung, a native
born Chinese. When the latter came to
vote, the fraud was discovered. -
The Indications" are that the Democrats
are revenging themselves on Moore, who
was formerly a leader of that party, and
have abandoned there own candidate,
General J. B. Metcalfe, for the Republi
can nominee. The Republicans are also
showing surprising strength in the Fifth
Ward, where the Clancys, read out of
the party by Miller, had threatened to
knife him.
Moore Vote Foil to Materialize.
Early this afternoon the managers of
either party were expressing themselves
as confident of success. The City Party
asserted that Moore would be elected
by 2000 majority, at least, while Miller's
managers, declared he would get between
&m and 700rt. All along. Moijre has
figured on getting a big: piece of the Re
publican vote cast for other candidates
of the party at the primaries, but it is
evident that the majority of these voters
have cast the party tickets.'
What has become of the so-called
church vote is not known, and the Moore
managers are trying to figure out whether
the charges they have made to the
effect that Millerselection means an open
town have' won him votes all down the
line;- if not, the result looks to be a re
buke for the vilification heaped upon Mil
ler, a man whose public and private
record has heretofore been unassailed.
The so-called persecution of the socialists
jailed for street-speaking is given as the
reason for loss' of the labor vote.-
Ballots Counted Slowly,
The size of the ballots make them hard
to count. There are seven parties and 22
amendments proposed to "the city charter,
and at" the City Controller's office efforts
are principally confined to gettinsr a line
on the heads of the two important tickets.
Sir Hrnry CsmipbHI-Baniirrniaa,
the British Premier. V ho III
I'robably Re w fen on Account
of Bad Health.
The indications are good, however, that
nearly the entire Republican ticket will
be elected.
INSULT TO THE PRESIDENT
Astoria Finnish Society Orders Pic-
ture Taken From Wall.
ASTORI.1. Or.'. March 3. (Special.)
The Suomi Temperance Society of this
city, an organization composed entirely
of Finnish members, went, on record
by a majority vote at Its meeting on
last Friday evening, as being opposed
to - the Government, 'and even went so
far as to order. President Roosevelt's
picture removed from the walls of the
hall, where it had hung for a long
time.
This action, it is said, Is not sanc
tioned by the leading members of the
society, but was the work of the rad
ical element. It appears" that at a
social, held on Sunday, February 25,
the announcement was made that any
one who desired to join the society
within a stated period could do so
without the payment of the usual Ini
tiation fee. As a result. 53 people
joined at the meeting on Friday even
ing, and 4.5 of them were radical so
cialists. The claim is made that it was
these 45 new members who passed the
motion, directing; the insult to the
President.
CONTENTS TODAY.'S PAPER
TBSTERDA YS Maximum temperature, ;49
degrera; minimum. degrees. ; -TODAY'S
Fair; horthwfstrly' winds'.'"
Loyd. in'Ho'uM, accuMa rallroadi'of robbing
Government' on weighing- of -malls.
Page a - - - -
Oebate nn currency, bill . in , Senate, .page 3.
Venezuela refuses to arbitrate any questions
In rllsniifp ' Paee ' 1.' ' "" i
Senator Owen."1 of .Alabama, makes1-plea for XJ
woman-suffrage. Page v ' ;
Attempt to sell Jamestown Fair site to Gov
ernment.) Page .--.
Bourne" still, delays action on Oregon Dis
trict Attorney. Page 4.
jJaval' officers defend navy from attacks of
critics, page '2. - - -
- politics.
Ohio Republican convention opens with Taft
in control-and Garfield speaker. i
Taft resents, slur on Roosevelt by , Boston
man. - Pae- l. : i
Hughes Vpeaki against betting on races.
Page 3.
i , : .' " nomestlc . . z .L W.'X'.
Chicago police prove Averbuch tried to kill
Shlppy- as result- of conspiracy. Page 1.
Vine Anarchist leaders arrested in Chicago.
Page 1.
Secretary Straus orders immigration officials
to aid police- in discovering and deporting
Anarchists, page 1.
Harrfman's daughter married to Robert I.
Gerry. Page 4. " ' .
Harriman's nien elected Illinois Central
directors. Page 4.
All officials of State Bank of .Nevada, In
dicted for fraud. Page 3.
-i .Sports.
Britt and Nelson flsht ten rounds without
decision. Page 4.
Handy breaks 75-yard swimming match.
Page 4.
Pacific Coast. -
Judge Will instruct jury to con vie Orothers
and Older. Page 4.
Mrs. McCreery smokes in lobby of hotel in
San Francisco. Page 1.
Miller elected Mayor of Seattle; Council
also Republican. Page 1.
U'Ren makes proposition to Cake for both
to withdraw from Senatorial race. Page 6.
Prosecution In Dunbar case fails to get ex
Secretary on witness stand. Page 6.
" Commercial and Marine.
Local wheat market advances. Wheat at
dollar mark at Chicago. Page 15.
Temporary, spurt In stock prices. Page 13.
British ship Calluna' arrives with cargo of
coal from Newcastle. Page 14.
Portland and Vicinity.
G. W. Plummer kills himself on account of
jealousy. Page 7.
Milwaukle Citizens will . continue fight, for
5- cent fare. Page II.
Demurrers to three indictment in Title
Bank case are sustained. Page 10.
United States Attorney Bristol names two
assistants and asks for grand jury.
1 Page lO. '
Lent begins today in Catholic and Episcopal
Churches. Pae lO.
Hill officials say Interstate ruling will not
be fought by competitors. Page 14
Harry Johnston sued for non-euppott of
wife and baby. Page 7.
,
lUJUMmi sai in I
i J" - ' X J I
:lBlllft ;
:
- i s - A .
7 va ' . T
; : -mm
PflCTDR JIIIMTC
NO ARBITRATION
Refuses It on Each Dis
puted Point..
MAKES DIPLOMATIC DEADLOCK
No Prospect of Settling Vene
' zuelan Question.
HANDED OVER TO SENATE
Despot of Torrid Republic -GiTca
v Choice of Method ot Arbitration,
but Declines on Ail the
Five Disputes.
WASHINGTON. March X Venezuela,
has again declined to arbitrate the ques- .
tionsin controversy which have) been
pending: torsome time between the Cas
tro administration and the - American 1
Government. Thi time the refusal ' is
made specific with respect to each of the
questions separately and differs from the
last refusal to arbitrate in that the re
fusal then was made as to all questions
en bloc -
It was explained at the State Depart
ment today that the presentation, by
Minister Russell of each of the five,
points in dispute, with a request for ar
bitration, leaves no foundation for ' a
future representation by Venezuela to
the effect that she was not asked to ar
bitrate any of the questions separately.
This would seem .to clear up the situa
tion by making: it plain that diplomacy
can accomplish nothing; further toward
settling those controversies.
That this deadlock will be made to ap
pear to the United States Senate when
it receives the contents of the files of the
State Department respecting: Venezuela,
information for which It asked last week,
there can be no doubt.
In asking; arbitration of the differences,
the American Government has left open
the question of the machinery of arbitra
tion to be employed." This Government
would, have been glad to have the con
troversy gro to The Hague. Failing: in
this, it is believed any othe'r duly, ftp-'
pointed tribunal would have been accept
able. CASTRO REPEATS REFUSAL)
Latest Note Proposing; Arbitration
Meets Same Fate as Others.
CARACAS, Venezuela, March 3. iVIa
Willemstadt, Curacoa.) After an inter
val of seven months AV. W. Russell, the
American Minister, has presented to the
government of Castro another note from
the Washington Government instating
upon arbitration of claims of those Amer
ican citizens who believe they have suf
fered injustice at the hands of Venezuela.
This action was taken by Mr. Russell
on February 27.
In this new note, Washington reiterates
its previous demands. Judgment is ex-,
pected momentarily in the suit brought
by the Government for the annulment of
the famous Fitzgerald Concession, now
the property of the Orinoco Corporation.
President Castro has twice refused to
submit to arbitration the American claims
mentioned in the foregoing dispatch. The
last refusal was in July, 1W7. The five
claims which form the basis of the
present negotiations are those of A.' F.
Juarett, the Orinoco Coporation, th
Orinoco Steamship Company, the New
York & Bermudez Asphalt Company, and1
the United States & Venezuela Company, -otherwise
known as the Critchfleld con
cern. These claims run into millions of
dollars.
SMOKES IN HOTEL LOBBY
MRS. M CHEERY ASTONISHES
GUESTS AT FAIRMONT.
While Husband Puff9 Havana, Sh
Wreatlis Herself In Smoke
From Cigarette.
SAN FRANCISCO. March 3. (Spe
cial.) To tne feminine worshippers of
the goddess nicotine another dnvotee
was added tonlgTit in the white and
gold lobby of the Fairmont Hotel. Mrs.'
Robert F. McCreery. of Burlingame,. Is
the latest of society favorites to ex
hibit puDlicly her fondness for the
golden-tipped slender ; Turkish cigar
ette during the relaxation following
an elegant luncheon.
While her husband sat with his feet
comfortably. If rudely, perched on the
crimson plush of the chair opposite,
enjoying a Havana, Mrs. McCreery, to
tally . oblivious to the curiosity her
act -was exciting among the htel
guests, encircled her huge Gainsborr
ough In a halo of fragrant cigarette
smoke.
She did It well, too, with a grace
ful turn of wrist, a daintily raised
chin and an enchanting pucker of lips.
Black and purple mingled with her
raiment originally, but when she left
the lobby for her carriage her silk
cloth was endued with the gray ot
ashes.