TTIE 3IORIXG OREGOXIAX, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 25, 1907.
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PORTLAND. FRIDAY. OCTOBER 25, 1007.
GOVERNOR CUMMINS VIEWS.
.Very likely there is no man who rep
resents more accurately the progres
live political thought of the Republi
can party in the West than Governor
Cummins, of Iowa. A courageous and
persistent man, he Is at the same time
sufficiently conservative. He thinks
quite independently of tradition, but
he is no mad seeker after novelties.
The silly cry of "heretic" ha3 no terrors
for him; still he prefers to be orthodox
when orthodoxy is not Inconsistent
with common sense. Mr. Cummins Is
Important in National politics because
he is the Republican leader in a cen
tral, enlightened, populous and
wealthy 6tate, TVe read with respect
ful interest, therefore, what Mr. Cum
mins has to say in Appleton's Maga
zine for November on "The Issues of
1908."
Touching the tariff, Mr. Cummins
says that the "progressives of the West
will do what they can to make" the
next Republican National platform
"clear and unequivocal for an immedi
ate examination and revision." He
believes that the protective theory is
sound, but the use of it "to shield ex
tortionate profit" brings It into disre
pute. The limit of a protective duty
ought to be the difference between the
cost of production in this and compet
ing foreign countries. ' When this limit
Is exceeded competition is destrdyed
and the producer raises the price by
the full amount of the duty. This we
all know to be true, but the exposure
of the fact has been stigmatized as
heresy in certain quarters, and It Is a
comfort to see it reasserted by a genu
ine Republican like Governor Cum
mins. Of course he believes that -the re
vision of the tariff is an essential fac
tor in the struggle against monopolies.
Competition is "wasteful, expensive
and sometimes ruinous,"" but Mr. Cum
mins sees only two possible alterna
tives to it. We may submit to see all
prices fixeJ. by monopolies, or we may
agree that all prices shall be fixed by
the Government. Despite the undeni
able evils of competition, it is probably
better than either of the other meth
ods of establishing prices. But sup
. bose the country finds it impossible in
the long run to restore the old system
of competitive production and distri.
; button which everybody knows has
Ihow all but vanished? Mr. Cummins
:is a strong individualist, but he doubts
, TVhether this can be don.. "If we are
not successful," he says, "In restoring
.ana preserving mac degree of competl
- tion which will, through natural laws,
i maintain reasonable prices," then
.what? Why, "It is Just as certain that
Government will undertake this task
as that free institutions will endure.'
Thi3 statement of the case from the
pen of a careful man is interesting in
. the light of the modern economic doc
trine that monopolies 'cannot be de
stroyed, since they are a necessary
feature of social evolution, precisely
like religion, war ana representative
government, and whetherwe like them
or not we'must make up our minds to
live with them. Governor Cummins
evidently believes, or tries to believe,
like Mr.' Bryan, that the monopolies
are but a temporary disease of the so-
.eial. organism.. The socialists would
' smile at his faith; and, while Mr.
Roosevelt is as. far .as .a .man can -be
from socialism, even he has largely
given, up the hope of destroying mo
nopolies. His-latest doctrine looks al
together toward regulation Instead of
extermination, and the change indi-.
cates a-growth in-wlsdtfm and states
manship. Will regulation . fall as the
' radicals- predict that it must, and will
full control by the Government follow? I
T1 U 1 tha il.m ,1c. i V. '
Mr. Roosevelt has been compelled to
advocate differs from ownership only
slightly in' many particulars; but of
course the somewhat narrow chasm
may never be crosseC. -. J
Mr. Cummins thinks also that "It
would be a fatal mistake" to nominate
for leaders . In the coming campaign
"men whose selection would be an im
plied rebuke" to the states which have
participated in the recent railroad leg
islation that has excited so much dif
ference of opinion. The hysterical
clamor against the 2-cent-fare laws,
for example, has been so violent and
so misinformed that It is refreshing to
read his clear and convincing state
ment of the other side of the case.
More than one Federal Judge seems to
have been intimidated by the fierce
tempest of Ignorant vituperation to
enjoin these laws without waiting to
investigate them, and it is pretty gen
erally accepted by the unthinking that
they were passed in fits of mad excite
ment. Mr. Cummins points out that
the Iowa 2-cent-fare law, "which has
been so bitterly and so unjustly at
tacked," was passed after full and pro
tracted hearings at "two sessions of
the General Assembly." This does not
look much like intemperate haste. By
the testimony of the representatives of
the railroads themselves the average
passenger rate in Iowa did not exceed
2 cents per mile, but there were gross
discriminations and favoritism. The
passholders, of course, paid nothing.
Purchasers of mileage tickets paid 2
cents per mile. Excursion tickets were
sold for much less. The only effect of
the new hyw has been to make the
rate the same for everybody, leaving
the total of the proceeds Just about as
it was. Where does the confiscation
come in? "There never was a law
more firmly grounded in Justice, .
and those who are assailing it . . .
may as well understand that it has
come to stay." Thus speaks the Gov
ernor of Iowa. But what if the Su
preme Court decides that it is "uncon
stitutional"? So many things grounded
in Justice and vindicated by reason are
unconstitutional nowadays that one al
most agrees with" Mr. Cummins in his
clear demand for amendments.
Two amendments, he thinks, are
necessary one for direct election
United States Senators by the people,
the other for the organization of Inter
state carrying companies under a law
of Congress. These amendments are
desirable, if they are needed, but it
sometimes seems as If all that .they
could accomplish will be '-obtained
without them.
IS IT WORTH WHILE f
The zeal of the Initiative One Hun
dred, or aome of Its officers, for revis
ing the dictionary incites one to in
quire whether or not it might be possi
ble for that public-spirited body to
find a more useful outlet for its energy.
After all, names mean what we agree
to make them mean. The most ele
gant appellative may acquire disagree
able associations by chance or custom.
The most inelegant may come to be
fairly redolent of delightful meanings.
Is it worth while to stir up a great
row over anything so flexible, so Intan
gible, so obedient to the human will, as
a name?
Is it worth while, especially, when
there is so much real work waiting to
be done? Portland needs a park-like
area in the heart of the city, where
most of the rubllc buildings, may be
grouped In course of time. Scattered
over the whole town, these buildings
are Ineffective and Inconvenient. Few
devices combine so much utility and
beauty as a skillful grouping of the
public edifices of a city.
The difficulties of this task would
probably keep'the Initiative One Hun
dred busy for a long while, but If they
had energy to spare in the meantime,
there is the rivep front to be reno
vated. The rotting piles ought to be
replaced by concrete constructions
which would last forever and always
be clean as well as sightly. A spec
tacle of sordid ugliness such as Port
land presents to the traveler by water
Is vastly more shocking to a delicate
sensibility than the name Bull Run.
Why not reform the greater evil first?
Why not plunge into the fight which
the Mayor is making to win back to
the city the control of its property in
the streets? Would not every draught
of water taste Bweeter if it were swal
lowed by a man who knew that he was
not being . plundered by the public
service corporations? Would not the
abolishment of strap-hanging in the
trolley-cars refresh the average citi
zen more than any possible alteration
In the name of our drinking water?
With so many important matters to
occupy the mind, why waste Its powers
onMrifles?
MOROCCO'S FAMILY PARTY.
With Ralsuli raking In the graft in
large slices and Mulal Haflg, the "Sul
tan of the South," moving to the north
at a comfortable speed, the careter of
Abdul Aziz, ruler of Morocco, seems
destined to an early end. The French
troops are endeavoring to maintain
something like orderly conduct in the
more thickly settled provinces, ' and
have fought numerous battles suffi
ciently bloody to receive mention at
The Hague Conference. But Raisull
is still raiding and robbing, and at last
accounts had not delivered up McLaln,
the Englishman, ,on whose head he
placed a valuation of $150,000. While
this highly successful modern outlaw
has attempted to Justify .his .conduct
on the ground of the intolerable op
presslons of Abdul Aziz, he has thus
far displayed no particular desire to
control all of the grafting privileges
of Morocco through supplanting' Abdul
on the throne. .-.-'' '
Raleull's motto seems to be some
thing like "I care not who makes the
laws so long as I can collect the graft
in certain provinces, from most' of
whloh Abdul has evicted me." But
Mulai Haflg, the new star in tiie Mo
roccan constellation, has a thirst for
power. which he could not quench in
his own country, 'way down in the
dry southern part of the Moroccan
desert. He is " accordingly . jnoving
northward and gathering strength as
he approaches the stronghold of his
present ruler, who Is said to be soma
kind of a half brother to Mulal. ;The
skill of Mulal liang in rallying to his
sup port'-several thousand troops pre
sents a neV feature In the comic! opera
wars which add to the gaiety -of na
tions in the saffron belt throughout the
world.' For Mulai, in the development
and perfection of his plans, hit on a
new. scheme. Instead of doing the
Marco Bozarrls ac'. and striding f.rth
with - an -inconsequential following
which he' could theatrically urge to
"strike till the last armed foe expires."
etc., Mulai made It a family party.
' He began by marrying the daughter
of a sheik in a province adjoining
that in which Mulal contro' ed th
primaries. Father-in-law thought well
of Mulai and instructed the taxpayers
to vote and fight with him. They
obeyed and Mulai moved on and mar
ried the daughter of another sheik iu
another province, whose voters also
entered the Haflg combine. Four tlm'j
has Mulal repeated the performance,
and, as the sheiks In the remainl- ;
thirty-four provinces of Morocco, all
have daughters and Mulai is irresisti
ble, Abdul Aziz hard:, needs the gift
of second sight to convey to him the
intelligence that he will soon be Abdul
Az-isn't. It is probably a good thirg
for the marriageable daughters of the
sheiks that this clever system did not
appeal to Ralsuli as It did to Haflg,
With two such energetic outlaws
working the same territory on the
same lines, Morocco might meet the
fate which overwhelmed the Kilkenny
cats.
A GLANCE AT THE MIRROR.
"The Oregonian has always been en
vious of ou- part of the state. . It has
neglected us, it has checked our
growth; It has done us Infinite harm.
When it has noticed us at all it has
printed slurs about' us. It is afraid
our growth will hurt Portland. It has
prevented Astoria from becoming the
shipping port and the great city of
Oregon. It has stifled all the ener
gies of Taquina Bay. But for it, Coos
Bay years ago would have had three or
four great railroads and a city of 200,
000 people. It has prevented the con
struction of railroads through Eastern
Oregon and the settlement of popula
tion there. Sclo would be a big town
If The Oregonian had not blasted its
prospects, and so would Florence. But
for The Oregonian the Willamette Val
ley would have five times the popula
tion It now containa." Et cetera, and
so forth, and so on.
"But we rejoice that The Oregonian
has no influence. Nobody cares what
It says. It has fallen altogether be
hind the progress of the country. Its
impotence is merely equal to it3 mal
ice. Fortunately it has little or no
circulation. Nobody reads it. We
are perfectly indifferent to what it
says. Its news is nothing. Its edi
torials get no attention. We would
rather have it against us than not."
Et cetera, and so forth, and so on.
We think there are persons here
and there and round' about who will
recognize these statements; for they
have made them often enough, them
selves, these many years. Just now
we have in mind one paper published
at Astoria and another at Yaquina.
They will have that The Oregonian's
mighty influence for evil has thwarted
all the efforts of their localities to
grow to greatness; and yet the,y con
gratulate themselves that The Orego
nian is utterly powerless, has few read
ers and Isn't worth minding.
Meanwhile The Oregonian, through
out Its whole career, has labored for
all Oregon and for. the entire North
west, as no other force, instrument or
agency has ever done; It publishes
more matter about the growth and de
velopment of all sections than all other
newspapers put together; it pays more
for news and descriptive articles from
each and every section than all others,
and is more rea" than all the rest
combined.
No person within 100 miles of Port
land who cares for an account of what
is going on in the world falls to read
The Oregonian. For the next 100
miles all read It who can get It early;
and It is the source of all the news.
except mere local detail, that all pa
pers within 100 to 200 miles of Port
land publish. Dear? unhappy breth
ren, you really need The Oregonian.
That is clear. You wouldn't have any
news worth notice or naming but for
its supply; nor very much to stir your
Intellects, to think or write about. You
know with what eagerness you look
for it, every day. Without it your
lives would be a desert.
Dear brethren, do you not see how
you make yourselves foollBh by your
contradictions? Just for a moment
we hold up the mirror. Good day!
PRESERVING GAME.
Most persons who are Interested in
wild game birds have commented
upon the curious fact that the birds
grow scarcer while the laws for pro
tecting them grow more numerous and
strict. The open season is shortened
by successive Legislatures. Often the
shooting of some species of game is
forbidden entirely for two, three or
several years. Bags are strictly lim
ited by. law. The exportation of
birds from the state where they are
shot is forbidden, and it is widely fash
ionable to exclude game from the
markets. This, of course, means that
people who have neither time nor
means to shoot can seldom know the
taste of game. It is replied, of course,
that they are quite as well off as they
would be if' the game were extermi
nated, which nobody can deny. But it
may be doubted whether it is worth
"while for the Btate to enact penal laws.
provide game wardens and prosecute,
fine and even imprison citizens for the
sake of furnishing sport to a privileged
few and replenishing the tables of
their friends. If the preservation of
game by state action cannot make it
so plentiful that all citizens may par
take of it on reasonable terms, then
the effort ought -to be abandoned.
That wild game birds are becoming
scarcer year by year, in spite of all
protective laws, is notorious. A writer
In the current - number of the Inde
pendent mentions that wild turkeys,
which were once common even in
New England, have almost disap
peared from their last asylums In the
West. The -first settlers In Kentucky
made a fairly constant diet of these
noble birds, the dark parts serving for
meat and the breast for bread; but
now a wild turkey is seldom or never
seen in Kentucky. When the settlers
from New England first made their
homes at Marietta, O., herds of buf
falo numbering tens of thousands
crossed the river not far from there
every .Spring and Fall. There are
men In middle life who remember a
time when the flight of wild pigeons
in Wisconsin and Minnesota would
darken the sky uf an afternoon in Au
tumn. "Veracious persons tell of see
ing flocks which covered half tha hori
zon like a great cloud, and when they
settled in the forests they broke off
huge branches of trees by their weight.
Today the wild pigeon Is a rare bird in
those states.
Twenty years ago there was always
good shooting from the time of wheat
harvest till Winter In the fields of
Northern Mississippi States. Prairie
hens were abundant; quails were su
perabundant. After snow fell boys
would catch' thirty or forty quails "in
a single night in a box trap by an old
strawstack. Now both these fine
game birds are pretty nearly extinct
on the Mississippi prairies. The wood
duck is much less common than it
was a .few yei-rs ago. The native
grouse of Oregon is becoming hard to
find. And so on all over the country
with all our birds In spite of all our
laws. While . these - laws have re
stricted the use of game to people of
wealth and leisure, or to lawbreakers,
they have failed to protect the birds.
The writer in the Independent, re
ferred to above, believes that these
laws are based upon, a mistaken prin
ciple. Their sole aim Is to defend the
birds from human hunters, while noth
ing is done to defend them from ver
min, which Is incomparably more de
structive. We have in this country placidly
adopted the theory that as civilization
advances game must necessarily dis
appear; but nothing could be farther
from the truth. . England Is probably
as highly civilized as most parts of
America, but wild birds show no tend
ency to disappear there. They are
plentiful both -in the fields and In the
markets. Any Englishman who is not
in abject poverty can have game on
his table during the open season, while
here it Is out of the question. The
truth Is that most game birds breed
more rapidly near human dwellings
unless men unite with vermin to ex
terminate them. Game birds can re
sist vermin acting alone. In all wild
countries they are plentiful. But
when the weasels, skunks, moles.
cats, crows and snakes are reinforced
by the hunter with his gun, then their
fate Is' sealed. The average game
warden has an area of some 300
square miles to guard. Of course no
can accomplish little. All of our game
laws are habitually violated with im
punity. Deer are hunted with hounds
almost openly within thirty miles of
Portland during the closed season.
Birds are shipped to the Portland
market under the pleasant disguise of
eggs and butter. And all other re
strictions are defied in similar ways.
The only effectual method of pre
serving game is to protect the old
birds and their young from vermin
during the nesting season. This is
the method followed in England, and
It is successful. To each gamekeeper
a reasonably small area should be as
signed, and there he should be re
sponsible for the birds. He can keep
the vermin down by traps, guns and
poison, and rear birds enough within
his limits to stock a largi territory
for the open season. Of course there
must be a closed season for hunters,
but, as the writer in the Independent
remarks, 1'; ought also to be closed for
vermin. Were one-half the birds pre
served which are now destroyed by
snakes, skunks and crows, there would
be no excuse for prohibiting the sale
of game in the Portland markets. And
they might be preserved were the war
dens set to guard the nests of birds
instead of spending their time in a
perfunctory search for hunters.
The Eighteenth annual meeting of
the Trans-Misslssl. pi Commercial Con
gress will be held at Muskogee, in the
new State of Oklahoma, next month.
and, on account of the Increasing agi
tation for waterway improvements, the
meeting Is expected to be one of the
most Important yet held. Irrigation
and Improvement of inland waterways
have been the two principal topics in
which this great organization has al
ways shown special Interest, and, as
both, are subjects which appeal with
special force to the Pacific Northwest,
this section should be well represented
at the coming meeting. The Trans-
Mississippi Congress has done a great
work in bringing these important sub
jects before the people, no more elo
quent or earnest worker In the irriga
tion cause being found m the West
than John Henry Smith, one of th
founders of the Trans-Mississippi Con
gress, and a man who has never
missed a meeting of the organization.
Rudyard Kipling, who is investigat
ing the Hindu-Japanese immigration
problem in Canada, has decided that
the way to keep the yellow man out
Is to get the white man in." It may
not have occurred to Rudyard that
both the United States and Canada
have been straining every nerve for
years to get the white man in and he is
still coming in numbers which are In
adequate to the demand for his serv
ices. The Hindus and the Japanese
can never become good citizens, but
they are apparently on this Coast in
response to a demand for their serv
ices. Their labor could be utilized in
the blearing of land and other simi
lar tasks on which the white laborer
looks with disdain, but the cntagonlsm
their presence arouses is such that the
good In this direction is offset by the
disturbance they make elsewhere In
the economic situation.
It is a source of regret that those
who wish the name of Portland
changed to Multnomah were not here
in 1845. when Frank- Pettygrove
flipped a penny and chance decided
against Lovejoy's choioe of Boston. As
a bit of geographical information to
many who have lived here only thirty
or forty years, it may be again stated
that Portland was then situated in
Washington County.
Simultaneously with news that Chi
cago clubs have begun a campaign
against tipping waiters comes the an
nouncement that the Government au
thorizes an expenditure of 40 cents a
day for tips by its traveling employes.
This new reform seems to be up
against a stone wall.
Large as It is, the eastern half of
the United States is too limited a race
course for balloons. Only the Atlan
tic Ocean itself interposed to prevent
stretching an 880-mile flight into four
figures. Perhaps the next American
contest will start from Denver. '
To thmany varieties of luscious
and good-looking Oregon apples there
has been added the Coos River Beauty,
soon to be exhibited here. Let's have
more distinctive Oregon apples and let
them be exploited at the chief city.
Portland plays no favorites.
Aba Ruef solemnly declares that he
doesn't know what the word "graft
ing" means. As an emergency lexicon
we commend his former business asso
ciate, the Hon. Eugene E. Schmitz.
According to ex-Governor Yates, one
side in Illinois is solid for Cannon, the
other for Bryan. This so simplifies
the situation that the Issues for 1908
may be said to be made up.
Larry Sullivan, though a losing
"sport," won't lay the blame of his
latest failure on Roosevelt's doorstep.
Clearly some big concerns in this
country have been borrowing, money
regardless of payday. '
In the contest for the 1000 prize
Bourne essay, are Rockefeller and
Harriman barred?
N. . . P. SAYS TAX TOO HIGH
Railroad Makes Complaint to As
sessment Board in Morrow.
HEPPNER. Or.. Oct. 24. (Special.)
The County Board of Equalization is
in session this week. Kickers are not
numerous and none of any conse
quence has appeared aside from J. C.
Fairchlld, who is tax agent for tha
Northern Pacific Railway Company.
The Northern Pacific, through an
614 land grant from the Government,
has acquired title to about 80,000 acres
of land in Morrow County, and some of
it lies In the best farming communi
ties. This land Is assessed from 50
cents to $1.25 per acre, averaging about
SO cents.
The Assessor asserts that this land
is assessed at the same valuation as
other land In the same vicinity, but
Mr. Fairchlld declares the assessment
is excessive. Grazing lands are as
sessed at $1.25 and improved farms at
$6 per acre in Morrow County, and the
board is unanimous in the belief that
the assessment on the Northern Pa
cific is Just and will hold for the same.
The usual objection from the O. R.
& N. Company has so far missed the
eye of the board, and it is not likely
that Mr. Morrow will attempt any re
duction 1n that company's taxes at
tnis late date.
CATCH THIEVES IX THE ACT
Vancouver Police Uo In Wait for
Men In Railroad Tarda.
VANCOUVER, Wash., Oct. 24. (Spe
cial.) The police last night arrested
William Doak in the act of stealing oop-
per fittings from the yards of the Colum
bia River bridge contractors. Complaints
of the thefts have been numerous of
late and this week Chief Bateman started
a vigorous campaign for the capture of
the roDDers. Last night Patrolmen Se
crist and Gassaway were detailed to
watch the yards. At midnight Secrlst
was relieved by G. M. Shearer. About
4 o'clock this morning the officers saw
two men shoving a pushcar up to a pile
or copper wire. Directly opposite the of
ficers the car was stopped and the plun
derers started to load a reel of copper
wire, xne omcers stepped from their
hiding place and ordered the pillagers to
surrender. They started to run, but a
few well-directed shots sufficed to stop
one of them. The other escaped behind
a pile or construction steel.
The captured man was brousrht to tha
city Jail. He refuses- to have anything to
say, except, mat ne Knew his pal only
Dy a nicKname.
WOMES WANT AN EXCISE LAW
Representatives of Fonr Denomina
tions Meet at Oregon City.
OREGON CITY, Or., Oct. 24. (Spe
cial.) Seventy-five women of four
Protestant church denomination!) held
a mass-meeting in the First Baptlss-
Church this afternoon and effected
a preliminary organization "fo secure
the enactment of the proposed excise
ordinance at the polls in the Decem
ber election. There was considerable
enthusiasm manifested and brief
speeches of encouragement were made
by Rev. John M. Linden, Rev. J. R.
Landsborough, Rev.. R. C. Blackwell
and Rev. E. C. Oakley, pastors of the
BaptiBt, Presbyterian, MethodlBt and
Congregational Churches, respectively.
Attorney C. Schuebel explained the
provisions of the ordinance and urged
the women to organize with the object
of making the law effective. The
Hawaiian party of young ladles sang
at the meeting.
Vancouver Jail Overflowing.
VANCOUVER, Wash., Oct. 24. (Spe
cial.) Last night was a record-breaker In
Vancouver police records. Fourteen men
were arrested, filling every cell in the
City Jail, and making emergency cells
necessary. A large part of the arrests
were for drunkenness and disorderly con
duct. The robbers or the railroad yards,
it is believed, were also captured.
Mcintosh Reappointed.
SALEM, Or., Oct. 24. (Special.) Gov
ernor Chamberlain today reappointed A.
W. Mcintosh, of Portland, Port Warden
for the Columbia River for a term of four
years.
SAW CAPTAIX KILL PAUL
One of Olga's Crew Describes Sboot
' Ing of Engineer.
SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 24. A Jury was
chosen in the United State Circuit Court
(Judge Van Vleet) for the trial of Cap
tain Christian I. Kllngenberg, charged
with the murder of Jackson D. Paul, en
gineer of the schooner Olga, on the high
seas. -
Frank Miller, formerly steersman On
the whaler Olga, the first and only wit
ness of the day, testified as follows:
"Chief Engineer Paul, of the Olga, was
lying in his bunk asleep, suffering from
two bullet wounds, when Captain Kllng
enberg crept Into the cabin on tiptoe,
with a cocked and loaded Winchester
rifle on his arm, raised the weapon.
placed it against the back of Paul's neck
and fired, killing him Instantly I was
in the room and saw the whole thing.
Captain Kllngenberg then turned around
and said to me: 'If anybody asks you
about this, Frank, tell them he showed
fight and I killed him in self-defense.
REDUCE TIME TO THE ' WEST
Burlington & Alton Find , Slow
Trains Do Not Pay.
CHICAGO, Oct. 24. The Chicago
Kansas City and the Chicago-Denver
passenger train schedules are to be
cut. Announcement of this was made
yesterday by the Alton and Burlington
officials, and, while the other 'roads
have not announced their intentions,
they probably will be forced to adopt
the same schedule. This is in reality
the resumption of former schedules
which were lengthened last. June. The
present schedule to Kansas City is 14
hours and to Denver 32 hours. The
new schedule will be 13 hours to Kan
sas City and 80 hours to Denver.
Both Alton and Burlington officials
assert they have lost business since
the longer schedule was adopted. The
principal competition was from tha
California trains of the Santa Fe and
the Rock Island.
Fight Lasts Half Minute.
PUEBLO, Colo., Oct. 24. "Muggsy"
Shoels, of Cheyenne, knocked out "Roxy"
Roach, of Missouri, tonight after a half-
minute of fighting in the first round. A
right to the Jaw was the blow.
Strike on Levee Is Settled.
NEW ORLEANS. La.,' Oct. 24. The
levee strike, involving 10,000 men, mostly
cotton handlers, ended tonight. The men
agreed to return to work pending final
adjustment by arbitration.
Preacher Tames Fractions Mules.
Osceola, Mo., Dispatch.
A farmer near Osceola, Mo., had a
pair of fractious mules which became
docile, he says, after he had presented
them to "Sam" Eaton, a Baptist missionary.
THE BUSINESS OF MAKING NEWSPAPERS
The Paper Trust and Its Exactions Labor Inlona and Their Methods.
What Arbitration and Conciliation Have Done.
Address by Herman Rldder. president of the American Newspaper Publishers'
Association, before the National Conference, on "Trusts and Combinations," t
Chicago, October 24. 1907. ,
OVERNMENT reports upon the ,
condition of the printing and
publishing business, as it was
two years ago, show that It was the
only large manufacturing industry
which tended toward diffusion and
away from consolidation or concen
tration. In the previous five years It
bad grown in greater proportion than
any other industry, and It had taken
first place among all the Industries of
the country In the number- of estab
lishments. Furthermore, the number
of printing establishments had shown
a greater increase in the five years
from 1900 to 1905 than in the previous
10 years. Then, too, the per capita
value of printing and publishing
products had increased in greater pro
portion than those of any other in
dustry. In fact, only three other In
dustries had shown an absolute in
crease in products greater than that
of the printing and publishing busi
ness. These facts become important
and significant in any discussion deal
ing with the effects of combinations
or trusts upon Industrial progress.
Slnoe the reports were compiled, tha
printing and - publishing interest has
been menaced and beset at every
point by oppressive combinations.
The cost of every article that it uses,
including labor, has been subjected to
an artificial stimulation, and it is
doubtful if the splendid contrast that
was then made by that unprotected in
dustry with the coddled favorites of
the tariff or with the trusteed indus
tries, can now be maintained.
The leading manufacturing indus
tries of the United States in 1905
ranked as follows:
First Slaughtering and meat
packing. Second Iron and steel.
Third Foundries and machine shops.
Fourth Flour and grist mills.
Fifth Clothing.
-. Sixth Lumber and timber.
Seventh Printing and publishing.
Eighth Cotton manufactures.
Ninth Woolen manufactures.
Tenth Boots and shoes.
The printing and publishing inter
ests then represented an annual
product of 1500,000,000, of which six
cities contributed $250,000,000, and
New Tork City alone contributed
almost one-quarter of the great total.
There were two great divisions of this
'vast business book and Job printing
constituting one class, newspapers and
periodicals the other class, tha lat
ter contributing over three-fifths of
the output.
It is for the newspaper especially
that I propose to speak. The news
papers and periodicals had a reported
capital invested of (239,000,000, of
which nearly $100,000,000 represented
machinery, tools and implements. They
paid salaries and1 wages amounting to
$106,000,000 per annum to 160,000
workers. They paid $58,000,000 per an
num for their principal article of use
white paper. They represented the
Intellectual growth of the country;
they expressed its desires.
Yet so scrupulous were they in the
subordination of their own and im
mediate Interests to those of the
varying constituencies whloh they
represented that they submitted with
out material protest to exactions and
oppressions which no other interest
would have tolerated. While all others,
were consolidating and planning to
enrich themselves at the general ex
pense, tha publishing interests were
maintaining a competition that re
duced their subscription prices to the
lowest limit. The newspapers of the
country that reached the minimum in
price had increased their average size
from 5.7 pages in 1890 to 8.5 pages in
1906. They improved their product
and extended their scope until the cir
culation of the dally newspaper aver
aged one copy per day to every four of
the entire population of the oountry.
But all the benefits arising from the
introduction of typesetting machines,
the perfection of the printing press and
the cheapening of the cost of white
paper by the use of meohanically
ground wood and the improvement of
fast-running papermaklng machinery,
were given to the public.
..
Within the five years from U00 to
1905 capital to the extent of $47,000,
000 had been added to the investment
for newspapers and periodicals; but
the product per thousand dollars in
vested had declined from $1409 in 190?
to $1288 in 1905. During that period
tha mechanical cost of output had in
creased about 80 per cent. For many
newspapers the Increase in size and
the increase in circulation had not been
attended by corresponding increase in
profit. Tha tendency toward concen
tration and consolidation in every other
direction has Increased the cost of
every article supplied to the news
paper, though It receives less than
formerly for the article itself. Con
sidering tha cars and attention and
energy and ability bestowed upon it,
the newspaper percentage of profits is
less than that of any other manufactur
ing enterprise. Speaking generally, the
newspapers have encountered large in
creases in cost of production. The
competition between themselves and
the Increases in output have, been
maintained to the advantage of the
employe not of the employer. This
vast manufacturing industry, repre
senting a greater number of establish
ments than any other one Industry,
thus finds itself the only one that Is
refused the protection of the Govern
ment. More than that, it is loaded
with the burdens arising from the pro
tection of every Interest with which it
deals. Every machine that the pub
lishers buy and they have over $100,
000,000 Invested in machinery has sr
tariff on it whereby the manufacturer
taxes them' unduly. Every ounce of
paper they buy has a protective tariff
behind it to maintain prices. In New
York City and elsewhere the morning
papers sell practically all of their
product to a combination known as the
American News Company. The news
papers obtain all their telegraphic
news from a combination. They buy
their typesetting machinery from the
Mergenthaler Linotype Company.
They buy their advertising type from
a company formed by a combination
of type foundries. Substantially every
mechanic whom they employ is pro
tected by a self-constituted tariff lji
the form of a labor union, and to that
species of combination they are pay
ing the largest amount of tribute.
It should be understood that the Ameri
cain Newspaper Publishers' Association la
a voluntary organization of 278 news
papers located in 141 cities. It has no
power to compel any member to act out
side of his own volition. Its National
agreements with labor organizations are
not labor contracts. They simply provide
a way by which each Individual publisher
may secure arbitration without interrup
tion to his business, the National labor
organizations guaranteeing the perform
ance of all the contracts made by the
local . unions under their Jurisdiction; In
other words, the National organizations
underwrite local agreements. t . -
Under that arrangement, both aides
h
were bound to make en effort toWard
conciliation. If that falird then
agreed to try local arbitration, and nn
National arbitration. It Is tt.
under the plan of arbitration neither fii.
has obtained what It thought it was
titled to receive,' but friendly relatii
were maintained. The employers had '
opportunity of work uninterrupted
strike or lockout. Neither side has M
subjected to the wasting effects of
fare. Both sides have been gainers. Tl
principal gain of the employers is not
tne troubles they have settled, but
those they have prevented. I know of n
oiner group of employers which has sucl
ceeded in perfecting a great pact with th)
laoor unions and In maintaining entirely
satisiactory relations.
In 1901 tha newspaper publishers had 1
accepted the Idea of the closed shop and
of the eight-hour day. Thev had decided
to deal with labor representatives rather
than with individuals, and thereby they
increased the responsibility of the unions.
They recognized the fact that the labor
question was full of complications and
that the leaders of the unions must exer
cise great patience and tact in controlling
the men who elected them to office. Dur
ing six years, ending May 1, 1907. arbitra
tion contracts had prevailed whereby the
employers and employes arbitrated all
differences arising over wages and hours
in new scales. A new agreement, which
went into operation on May 1, 1907, In
cluded "working conditions" within tho
scope of the arbitration, and also outlined
a radical departure in tha abandonment
of the third man, or umpire, in the
boards of arbitration. Each aids has an
equal number of votes.
With the expiration of the old arrange
ment and the Inauguration of the new
plan the newspapers received an unusual
number and variety of demands. Suffi
cient time has not elapsed to test thor
oughly the merits of the later methods.
Only partial returns of the present
arbitration programme have been made to
the association. Thus far, this year, tho
publishers and the unions have discussed
76 new scales in 65 cities, with the fol
lowing results:
Settled by conciliation (which means
by concessions to the unions) 55
By arbitration 9
Under "negotiation 12
Total 76
Regardless of these details, we find that
the adoption of arbitration for the adjust
ment of labor disputes has tended to In
crease the stability of Investment In
newspaper property, and It has afforded a
means for the settlement of minor con
tentions which formerly caused infinite
trouble, often leading to destruction of
property, enormous losses of wages and
the engendering of passion. The pay
ments they made for the maintenance of
this arbitration arrangement and for the
carrying out of the policies of concilia
tion were regarded by publishers as pay
ments for Industrial Insurance. Just as
they paid for fire and accident Insur
ance. It has been calculated that In Kpw
York City' alone the newspapers pay $1,
600,000 per annum as their tribute to tho
closed shop and to organized labor. Witli
each new concession to the unions, or
each new award of arbitrators, the pub
lishers ask how far this payment may be
carried. There are limits beyond which
they cannot go, even though they are
well wishers of organized labor. Thfy
are approaching that limit where their
necessities may force them to stop fur
their concessions and allowances. They
wish to emphasize the fact that they have
no objections to unions. They believe that
the unions, notwithstanding many faults,
have accomplished excellent results for
men who are not ambitious to rise abovn
their " employment. They believe the
unions can do much that is useful In
the future In the way of securing better
terms for workers who deserve them.
However, they have a right to complain
of those unions which set up a selfish
guild for individual profit and without re
gard for the rights of other labor. Tha
unions have fallen into the habit of ex
pecting more from a newspaper than any
union could hope to obtain from any
other employer. These unions are
making demands upon the newspapers
because of supposed friendliness of unions
and because of supposed helplessness of
employers in resisting such exactions. A
newspaper, to exist, must run all tha
time. It cannot wait to contest strikes
or to resist demands.
Serious as this labor trust may appear
in some of its aspects, it does not com
pare in objectionable features with a
paper combination, which is probably the
most remarkable financial freak that we
can find in a long list of combination
monstrosities. The printing and publish
ing business as a whole turns over its
capital -in about ten months. Large de
partment stores, that advertise energetic
ally, will turn over their stocks about
seven times a year, but the largest paper
manufacturer' in the world the Interna
tional Paper Company with a capital ex
ceeding sixty million dollars ($60,000,000),
does a gross annual business of only
twenty-one million dollars ($21,000,000),
thus requiring three years to turn over
its capital. It has watered Itself until it
has no more money to invest. It has bor
rowed upon everything it has. It cannot
earn any more "money unless it can do
more business, and it cannot do more
business because it has not the money
with which to do It. Instead of accept
ing its responsibilities and extending its
business to keep pace with the growth of
its customers, the International Paper
Company is producing less newsprint pa
per today than it turned out immediately
after Its organization. The available
funds at Its command, which should have
been used for new paper machines, have
gone toward the acquirement of 2579
square miles of timber limits registered
in one of the four land offices in the
Province of Quebec, Canada. To main
tain that concern and its allied combina
tions, with their oppressive weight of
over-capitalization, and to provide a pre
text for protecting the labor of 16,000 pa
per mill employes, receiving less than
nine million dollars ($9,000,000) per an- '
num. the publishing business has been
subjected to a . series of deliberately
planned schemes of extortion. The first
step was accomplished in the Dingley
bill, so that publishers could not buy pa
per elsewhere. The next step was one that
has Just been consummated, whereby
through combinations made In defiance of
the Federal Courts, the supply has been
brought below the demand, the market
has bejen starved, the surplus has been
exhausted, and the price for the present
year has been advanced $12 per ton upon
a consumption of 900.000 tons, an addi
tion of $10,000,000 within one year. In
creased cost of manufacture does not
Justify such an advance. Aggravating
that situation is a threat of another ad
vance of $10 per ton next year, or $9,
000,000 advance in two years by an indus
try that pays an aggregate of "less than
$9,000,000 a year to its labor, while clam
oring to Congress for a continuance of
Its opportunities to combine and oppress
publishers.
Tha newspapers insist that the paper
manufacturers who induced Congress to
protect them against competition from
abroad are under obligations to provide
for the present and prospective demands
of consumers in this country. To repress
manufacture, or to starve the market so
that the paper maker is in position, to
create a famine and to stop the supply to
any publisher, should rank as a crime.
Many newspaper proprietors are unable
to obtain any quotations for paper next
year and do not know where to obtain a
supply. In all the history of crimes
charged against combinations and trusts,
such a situation is unprecedented. It de
mands immediate remedy.