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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 23, 1905)
THE MOBNLNG OBEGONIAK, MONDAY, JANUARY 23, 1905. Ottered at the Postofflce at Portland. Or., & second-class matter. REVISED SUBSCKITTIOX BATES. Br mall postago prepaid In advance) Dally, with .Sunday, per month -S5 Dally, with Sunday excepted, per year... 7.50 Dallr. with Burl day. per year ...... w.W Bunday, per year y The "Weekly, pr year LjO The Weekly, 3 months Tally. pej week, -delivered , Sunday ex- cepted ... .15 .Dally, .per week, delivered, Sunday In- . eluded -20 POSTAGE KATES. United States, Canada and Mexico 10 to 14 -page paper"..... ......... ...........le 16 to 30-page paper 2c 22 to 44-page paper .c Foreign rates, double. EASTERN BUSINESS OFFICE. The S. C. Beckwith Special Agency New York: Rooms 43-50, Tribune building. Chi cago: Rooms 510-512 Tribune building. The Oregonlan does not buy poems or etorlts from Individuals, and cannot undertake to return any manuscript sent to It without solicitation. No stamps should be Inclosed for this purpose. KEPT ON SALE. Chicago Auditorium Annex: Postofflce News Co.. 178 Dearborn street. Denver Julius Black. Hamilton & Kend rick. 90G-912 Seventeenth etreet. and Fruenutt Broc, 605 Sixteenth street. Kansas City. Mo. Rlcksecker Cigar Co.. Ninth and Walnut. Eos Angeles Harry Drapkln. Oakland. CaL W. H. Johnston. Four teenth and Franklin streets. Minneapolis H. J. Kavanaugh. 50 South Third: L. Kegelshurger. 217 First avenue Couth. New York City L. Jones & Co.. Astor House. Ogden F. R. Godard-and Myers & Harrop. Omaha Barkalow Bros.. 1C12 Faroam: Wageath Stationery Co.. 1208 Farnam. Salt Xake Salt Lake News Co.., 77 "West Eecond South street. San Francisco J. K. Cooper Co.. 74C Mar ket etreet; Poster & Crear. Ferry News Stand; Goldsmith Bros.. 236 Sutter: L. E. Lee. Palace Hotel -News Stand; F. W. Pitts. 1008 Market; Frank Scott. SO Ellis; N. Wheatley. 83 Steven n; Hotel St. Francis News Stand. Washington. T C. Ebbitt House News Stand. ' TOBTEAND, MONDAY. JANUARY 23, 1804. INSURRECTION OR REVOLUTION? One revolution does not follow the course cf another, because the condi tions p.re or may be wholly dissimilar. Possibly Russia may be at the begin ning of a revolution. But it cannot follow the course or the lines of the revolution in France, because Russia Is a vast country, with extent of thou sands of miles, and the people of such an empire cannot know each other or sympathize with each other. The bar barian forces of the empire, from dis tant provinces, may be summoned to put down a revolution attempted at the center; and the despotism there fore may still prevail. An unarmed multitude at SL Petersburg, raising its hands to Heaven In agony of ob testation, Is powerless against the Cos sacks and the Uhlans, drawn from the frontiers of the empire. To protect itself further the government sends the soldiers levied In the centers of the empire off to Manchuria, for the war with Japan. In France the revolution was success ful because the soldiery sympathized with the revolutionists. The soldiery was of them and part of them. France was close, compact, homogeneous, con sanguineous. The soldiery was of the people and for the people. The sym pathy was general. The great hymn of the revolution was composed on the Rhine, at one of the extremities of France, and first sung at Marseilles, at another. J3y this contrast between the condi tions of France at that time "and the conditions in Russia at this time, we may see the difference between a revo lution and an Insurrection. Russia, great and universal as the abuses are within her, is not yet ripe for revo lution. Why this Is so is plain. By .reason of her mass, her climate, her isolation In Europe and her moun tains and deserts and distances In Cen tral and Northern Asia, the circulation throuchout the Russian organism Is defective. But a defective social clr culatlon Is tantamount to Intellectual stagnation, and .intellectual stagnation is synonymous with primitive meth ods of Industry, or waste; and worse. with absence of the finer sentiments of liberty, benevolence, mercy, and all that stock of virtues on which an ad vanced civilization depends. Russia and China differ In every way; but Russia remains even more impervious than China to the influences of the modern world, and so will continue so long as her government can summon a distant barbarian soldiery to suppress popular movement at the heart of the empire. The' science of history is constructed from approximations. But to find ap proxlmatlons, similarity of causes and conditions must be the basis. Unless reduced to order, so as to offer a basis of actual comparison, past facts bear little on present events. The change of conditions Impairs, their relevancy. Nothing Is more difficult than to sift historic material and make It a basis for Judgment of present political and social phenomena. Central Russia Is ripe for revolution but the outer and distant provinces of the empire are not, or as yet appar cntly they are not. The soldiery on which "the government depends Is drawn from these distant outposts of the empire. Rome, In the days covered by the historical writings of Tacitus presented a similar situation, but with a great difference. The soldiers from the distant provinces did not uphold the existing central government, but substituted their own for 1L Besides there Is now less actual communication or connection between distant parts of the Russian empire and its center at St Petersburg than there was tw thousand years ago between distant parts of, the Roman empire and Its center at Rome. Abuses of Government in Russia are worse even than In China. There Is no public opinion, no public press. The public revenues rass through the hands of favorites, who are not held to ac count. They take whar, they want for themselves. Peculation is everywhere The Emperor once complained of It, and in a rage wanted the peculators shot. His Minister answered: "Does Tour Majesty wish to remain alone In the empire? We all steal, some more, some less, but more cleverly." "Thi: universal peculation and thievery par alyzes the Russian fleet and saps the strength of the Russian army. In the war with Japan. Every barbarous country pays Its official servants by fees charged to those upon whom its government is forced, and the officials charge what they please. The Holy Church of Russia is agency of this universal oppression corruption and stagnation. The church is dependent on the state and Is part of It; with few exceptions Its priests rreach the duty of submission, and support their plea by appeals to the general and all-prevailing superstition and Ignorance. In such a. sitaation it is a wonder that.'any spark of liberty survives. One day It will come in con tact with great mines of gunpowder and dynamite. But perhaps not now. Tet certainly the internal situation in Russia doesn't make an argument for our advocates and expectants of uni versal peace and decriers of war. Peace, beautiful as it is. may not always be the most desirable thing. But these disturbances in Russia, whether tbey portend revolution, or merely insurrection that may be sup pressed, must weaken Russia still fur ther, in her war with Japan. Such op portunity as there mas be for revolu tion and reform in Russia is, in fact. offered by the stress. of the Japanese War. It Is aided by the hunger typhus that prevails throughout vast districts in Russia, and which Is or may be a more powerful agent of destruction of human life than war itself. At the root of all these calamities lies maladmin istration. A people cannot be support ed by their government, but their gov ernment should glye them a chance. But unless the people at the Russian centers SL Petersburg and Moscow- can seduce or destroy the armed guard upon which the government depends, their effort will be futile, and there will be no revolution. NEWSPAPERS, -ADVERTISER AND THE THE PUBLIC; Shortly before the close of the year 19W the Baltimore News, a Journal of high efficiency and character, gave no tice that, owing to-lncrease In Its cir culation and to larger expenditures In all Its departments, by which the cost of producing the paper, as well as the extent and range of Its service and Its value to readers and to advertisers, had been greatly Increased, it would, on January 1. advance Its charges for commercial advertisements on a sched ule that would amount to an Increase of about one cent a line for "display. This was answered by a combination of the larger advertisers of the city against the News, who signed, an agreement not to place any more ad vertisements in the journal until It withdrew its new schedule and went back to its old rates.- The News, as any Independent and self-respecting journal would have been bound to do In such a case, stood Its ground, and boldly yet respectfully replied to the challenge of the adver tisers, and at the same time made a temperate yet firm statement to the public. In the reply there was no arro gance, no bravado. It simply said that by the very law of the existence of a newspaper It was compelled to stick to its position. If it should prove a con test to the death, for the News, so be for in such circumstances not a hair's breadth of concession was pos- lble to it, unless it were prepared to abandon the very breath of its life In dependence. For, If it should yield, even in the smallest degree, to a de mand of this sort, backed by a combi nation of advertisers, it could never again call Its soul Its own. We quote a passage of some length: That the matter is a serious one. as affecting the immediate Interests of this newspaper, is evident. How much it Is likely to amount to la the way of financial injury to the Newr, we do not care to discuss. TVe have gone Into the case in some detail because it involves a ques tion of the largest public Interest and import ance. The relation between a newspaper and the advertising Interests presents a situation which is unique, and almort paradoxical. The modern newspaper cannot live without liberal advertising support; and yet, to be a newspaper orth living, it must act as though that sup port were an assured fact provided only that It has a legitimate claim to it. The moment it acknowledges the dependence as one which may be permitted to control its conduct, it ceases to be what it ought to be a public In utitutlon as well as a commercial enterprise. That this Is bo in the case of the editorial position of the paper Is an acknowledged prin clplc. though, of course, like other principles, it is not always lived up to. In such a matter as advertising rates, the case is. In Its nature. different; but that difference vanishes Just as soon as the question of rates ceases to be a matter of the fair and honest and free play of supply and demand, and becomes a question of coercion by a combination or boycott. From submission to such coercion, or to the threat of such coercion, the step is not a long one to the loss, of all genuine newspaper independence. . The issue Is squarely Joined, and there arc but two possible outcomes, tamer me News Is to be killed by a combination of ad ertisers. or that combination must abandon its purpose, In pursuance of their agreement many houses withdrew their advertisements, But the temperate presentation of the case to the public by the News had a striking effect. The first was the result of drawing in new advertisers and of causing those not combined for the boycott to increase their space. A sec ond was a distinct loss of trade to the houses In the combination. The News, however, made no attempt to retaliate on those who had tried to throttle It. It simply predicted they would find they had made a mistake for the boy cott was a weapon that men of their character could not afford to use. The end came sooner than might have been expected; for on January 16, only two weeks after the advertisers withdrew. the News published the following edl torlal statement: The organized effort to prevent the advance in rates put into effect by the News on January 1, whlcii this paper has felt compelled to resist publicly, has come to an end, and we under stand that our regular advertisers will be with us again this week as usual. As existing con tracts expire, advertisers will be offered a con' tract In which the advanced rate for the pres ent year Is embodied, and in which changes for future years, based on the past practice of the News of increased charge for Increased circulation, will be proiided for automatically method raid to be as acceptable to the advertisers as It I to the News. "We wish to nay that, on our part, we have made the fight for the principle involved, on principle; that we have only the most friendly feeling toward our advertisers all of them and that while the effort In which some of them were enlist ed was wrong In principle and Injurious In effect, they have. In bringing the trouble to speedy conclusion, shown a rplr.it that It manly and fair. Of course It was the right of any ad vertiser to withdraw from the paper If he deemed the rates too high, or for any other reason satisfactory to himself. But combination and boycott for pur poses of coercion was quite another matter. This incident has attracted wide attention from the press of the United States. The following comment is from the Springfield (Mass.) Repub llcan: The question here raised is not simply on concerning the rights of newspaper property. or whether such property shall exist under its own control and management for its own ake. It is a question concerning public In terests in their broadest aspect. Whether not at all times fairly and honestly and con iderately. the newspaper is nevertheless in lt essential nature a public institution which must ver champion the general community interest if it would not injure its own best interests. It should be a faithful organ or reflector of public sentiment, a champion of public causes, a worker a selfish one. if you please but still a worker in the public Interest To permit the newspaper, therefore, to fill under the domination and direction of a par ticular elate of business interests, is to compel It to abandon the service and betray the cu which called it into being ana hunt u -w; as to become of - any nee to advertisers. It It simply death JocHhe newspaper, .either aa an . . . . . . ,TL-.- - 5 ...t aavcriuiag meuiiMB cr a puoucMsmn, 10 under the domination or the overshadowing In flnence of Its advertising patrons; and a news paper in the position .of the Baltimore, News Is fighting for its. own existence as a mere bssi&esB Institution, let alone the public In terest; when it resists this coercive combina tion of advertisers. The truth of this must be apparent to all merchants and other news- paper advertisers. AN OVERDUE OBLIGATION. The bill providing for compensation of American sealers whose vessels were seized in Behring Sea, more than a decade ago, is again before Congress, and as usual is meeting with opposition to which it should not be subjected. Senator Dolllver Is fighting the bill be cause he says that it "proposes to pay men not only for their losses but. for not entering upon a wholesale violation otlaw." The proposition he asserts "is without precedent." Few If any Just claims ever presented to Congress havfe been more unjustly handled and mis represented than the claims of the American sealers who were so griev ously Injured by destruction of their business by American revenue cutters. It is an old story, but the case has been dragging in the courts for so long that some of the Important features of the Incident may have been forgotten. The trouble began about 1SS6, when the Government, presumably at the in stigation of the monopoly which con trolled the taking of fur seals- from the Priblloff Islands, decided that It was Illegal to take fur seals In the waters of Behring Sea. At enormous expense large fleet of revenue cutters cap tured a large number of American and Canadian sealers, confiscated the catch and vessels, and practically ruined the business for the owners of the vessels. The Canadians filed heavy claims against the Government, and, after the matter dragged through the courts for a number of years, the United States finally settled by paying $425,000 dam ages to owners of those schooners. . The contention set up ny tne uritisn was that Bering Sea was an open sea. and this contention was proved by evi dence which showed that years before Alaska and its contingent waters came under American jurisdiction the Rus sians seized an American whaling ves sel in Bering Sea and were forced to release her and pay heavy damages, it being proved beyond a doubt that Rus sla had no exclusive rights in the sea. Russia afterwards disposed of her rights In that country to the United States, but, as the United States had previously proved that these rights did not carry title to Bering Sea, the Inter national court which made the award to the Canadian sealers could not do otherwise than take the ground that seizure of the schooners' and the de struction of the season's business was an Illegal proceeding. If It was illegal to seize the foreign Schooners, and If It. was just to pay them $423,000 damages. It has never been clear to the Americans engaged in the same business under exactly sim ilar circumstances why they also were not entitled to damages. The $425,000 which the United States paid the Cana dians was partly for actual loss of the vessels seized, and partly for loss of the season's business. The Paris tri bunal, which rendered the final decis ion in the case and awarded to the Canadian sealers the sum afterwards paid "by the United States, had extep tlonal facilities for judging whether or not the business was, as Senator DollI ver terms It, "a wholesale violation of the law." The fact that the United States Government In the end paid these heavy damages was a confession xnat tne seizures were megai. unior- tunately. however, for the misguided men who were sealing under the Amer ican flag, their claims were not backed up by the mighty British government and In consequence are still unpaid. although the Canadian sealers operat ing under exactly similar circumstances have long since received the money due them. The policy of the United States on these illegal seizures of sealing schoon ers seems to be to extend justice to our neighbors because they can force it from us, but to withhold It from our own pople because they have no gov ernment to back up their demands. THE MODERN FARMER. The annual farmers' short course is In progress at the State Agricultural College at Corvallls, and Its programme of instruction is suggestive of the needs of the modern farmer. Surely that which enlarges the farmer's horizon. causes him to see more in his life than handling the plow or harrow and driv ing a mower. Introduces him to the secrets of plant and animal husbandry and shows the profits coming from In telligence on the farm, is giving a prac tlcal turn to the effort to stop the flow from country to city life. On the farm there can be no monotony when the earth turned up by the plow Is not merely earth, but soil, yielding such and such constituents to this plant or the other. Therefore the first subject In this course is "constituents of the soil." On this follows the account of the chemical elements, and the way Is so shown to "rotation of crops." The old idea of one standard crop and that wheat has gone for good. In Oregon In Western Oregon, at any rate the wheat farms of twenty years ago. are already turned to more prof itable ends by keeping all the livestock the farm can carry and turn off In one form or other. Therefore the next sub ject In the farmers' course deals with domestic animals In health and disease. Dairy herd records, milk tests and how to apply them are studied In turn. The origins of animal diseases in bacteria and their results are explained In slm pie terms and Illustrated with the ml- croscope. Next, attention is given to plant life on the farm, injurious and beneficial. Forage crops, and their functions, the special adaptation .of Oregon to food plants as substitutes for the condensed and artificial foods which In other states have to be purchased by the farmer. This subject, of vital interest to the newcomer, accustomed to other methods, is fully discussed. The ele ments of plant food and the newest means to provide them are dealt with. Then follow special Instructions on the fruit Interests. The life history of the codlln moth and of other enemies of the orchard trees is illustrated. The means of propagation of plants by bud ding and grafting are explained. Even these do not exhaust the list of sub jects. Mere recital should serve to show the wide scope of the knowledge that should be the main part of the stock in trade today of the man who deals with the oldest industry on the face of the earth. Hardly a science in the whole circle of man's development "but touches more or less closely the life on the farm- Where is there wider scope for advanced study and application i than in this state, where the farmer I rl . 1.1- - wnv. u j wu luuun uauc v uivuui in the year. N own ere is there more rapid advancement In progress. No where can brains and study be put to more practical and profitable account. These short courses at the State Agri cultural College are free to all comers. The mere expense of attendance for a few weeks at Corvallls should not be considered in comparison with the in struction gained. The newcomer to Oregon is confronted with conditions of climate, of soil, of natural products. differing widely from those In which he has gained his experience. . The most careful and systematized teaching, and the practical results of applied study on this wide range of topics are thus offered to the student. The United States Bureau of Forestry offers to maintain a timber and stone expert at the 'University, of Oregon if the state will furnish the appliances for the test station. The work of the sta tion would be to test the strength and durability of different kinds of timber under varying conditions, and make similar tests of stone arm-etrienT The results of all experiments would be pub lished in Government bulletins and distributed throughout the country. Commercially, the advantage to be gained by the state through the es tablishing of the station would be In the advertising Oregon lumber would receive. In addition to that, builders In Oregon would be enabled to test Oregon stone and ascertain whether It Is suitable for use In large structures. and cement used in public or private work could be tested to determine whether it fulfills the requirements of contracts. There would be a great deal to be gained educationally in the oppor tunity that would be afforded to stu dents In the engineering department of the university to learn In a prac tical way how the different tests are made. For the purchase of the neces sary appliances an appropriation of $5000 is asked. It would seem that this would be a good investment for the state. One of the most effective campaign promises a candidate for the Legisla- ture can make is that he will vote to reduce the number of State Normal Schools. Many a candidate In years gone by has Increased his majority by such a promise as this, and yet the four normals remain. The people be lleve that one good normal school is enough, and they expect the Legisla ture to determine which ones shall go, The state did not establish these Insti tutions. They were private institutions which were financial failures and were adopted by the state. To some of them the state was Induced to give the name of State Normal School under the un derstanding that they asked no appro priation but desired the name in order to enable them to secure students and grant diplomas. Later the demand for appropriations came, and the demand is growing from year to year. This Is not a question of whether this county or that is entitled to appropriations from the State Treasury, but whether It Is wise for the state to scatter its efforts and maintain several institu tions which are little else than local schools supported at state expense. Gambling Is an evil which cannot be defended or excused. It destroys laud able ambition, ruins homes and fills prisons. It is antagonistic to every legitimate business. The grocer, the clothier and the dealer in fuel lose the trade they should get from homes to ' -- brought. Every employer of men In responsible positions takes the chance of thefts and defalcations due directly to losses on the gambling table; It Is not surprising, then, that the pressure should be strong for the enactment of a law which will help to exterminate the evil. Senator Laycock's bill proposing that the law be amended so that a county seat removal contest can be precipitated only on petition of one-half the tax payers of the county, seems to be reasonable measure. "Whether a coun ty seat shall be moved Is a question In which the taxpayers are chiefly in terested, for they must bear the bur den of expense incident to the change, and It Is scarcely fair to let transient inhabitants take the Initiative. The cost of an executive mansion will be small compared with the future ap propriations for maintenance, repairs and improvements. If Oregon has an executive mansion it must be main tained in a creditable manner. Mrs. Chadwlck "broke" can still do better than most people in obtaining ball to the amount of $40,000. Experience has led the Czar to re gard attempts upon his life more as in cidents than outrages. VARIETY OF COMMENT. New Tork Preis. Senator Mitchell's reported decision to defend himself before the Senate shown a cenndence In the liberality of that body, when dealing with the peccadilloes of lis own members. that Is warranted by history. Boston Herald. Senator Mitchell, of Oregon, is not lacking In nerve. His proposition to defend himself from his eat In the Senate against an in dictment of a grand Jury attests that fact. Usually this is the function of ths courts. IrovIdence Journal. Naturally. Senator Mitchell wishes to explain that he is accused wrongfully of any partlcl- pation In the Oregon land frauds. But such pleas as he may be able to make In his own defence can be much more effectively made in the courtroom. In which he will. In due course, appear for trial than in the Senate chamber. Wnat appears In the Congressional Record has not always the force of rorn testimony. New Tork Sun. The prosecution In the land-fraud cases will be put in the hands of Francis J. Heney, McKinley and Roosevelt Democrat of the high est professional standing, and well known on the Pacific Coast for his probity and grit- there Js no other term for the courage Mr. Heney displays In behalf of his clients. He was personally selected by Secretary Hltchoek to collect evidence of tho land frauds and ad vise the Interior Xepartment as to Its course. It Is to be hoped that he has made a mistake In the case of Senator Mitchell, but he Is the kind of man who hews to the line, and he has the confidence of both the President and At- I -tomer-General Moody. An Early Rooseveltlan. New York Evening Sun. On a flat stone In Conway Church. Wales. Is the following inscription: "Here lyeth the body of Nicholas Hookes; of Conway. genL. who was the 41st child of his father. William Hookes. Esq.. by Alice, his wife, and father of 27 children, I tt-Vi tVi 2Dth ifarof March 1KT7 " j , NOTE AND COMMENT. For his own sake, we hope that Castro, of Venezuela, has a shingle In his pants. There Is just one occasion on which a man gets all that he wants of anything. and that is when he's being sentenced to the pea. London Truth says the craze for old furniture "has reached such a height that Lord has turned his wife out. of doors to make room for a Louis XVL cabinet A little dinner recently given in New York cost JCO;oeo, or $1400 a plate, and yet Its safe to say that the guests didn't enjoy it any more than an Oregonlan does 23 cents' worth of royal chlnook. Twc3-Ing" Is the name of a new piece. of dance music Very fine word that, with just enough suggestion of '"Oo's ickle tootsy-wootsy Is oo?" about It. The meanest man Is always being ousted from his pre-eminence, but a Penn sylvania railroad president seems likely to hold the title for some time to come. Angellne Williams was. employed as scrub- I woman to clean the cars of the road and I on one occasion the car she was working in was taken to another station and back while Mrs. Williams was scrubbing It. "When she applied for her dollar, she found that she had been charged up with $1 for railroad fare, so that the company claimed a stand-off. Mrs. "Williams has won her case in the Justice Court, but the railroad president Is expected to ap peal. Apropos of "Stockman" and "Hot Lake," It Is of Interest to note that Jef ferson proposed even les3 apt names for various states, names worse than Usona or Irrigatla. A correspondent of the New York Times recalls that in 17S4. a com mittee, of which Jefferson was chairman. proposed to divide the Northwestern ter ritory Into ten states. Sylvania was to have been one. The peninsula formed by- Lakes Michigan. Erie and Huron was to have been Cherronesus. Part of what is now "Wisconsin wis to have been Mich- Igania. Other names proposed were As- scnlslpia. Metropotamia, Illinois, Saratoga, Washington, Polypotamia and Pellslpi. The Vicar of Burgess Hill. Bngland. an nounce that when confetti are thrown on the occasion of weddings at his church an addition of SI.2S will be made to the usual wedding fee, to pay for the trouble of cleaning the paper away. New Tork Evening Sun. It would be a good Idea for this pioneer ing clergyman to fix a scale of charges for the other embroideries upon the. mar riage service old shoes, rice, blank cart ridges, dynamite, handcuffs for the bride groom and all the other little signs of sympathetic thoughtfulness displayed by friends. .According to an exchange, the cashier of the SL Louis Exposition handled about $3).000.000 and was paid $75 a month. And he didn't even have a chance to forget to ring up anything, What could be more dramatic than the crles of Russian playgoers to Mile. Bou- tard, the favorite of the Grand Duke Alexis, to take off her jewels, which were not diamonds, but drops of Russian blood?" What could better indicate the conditions which have provoked the long- suffering people to rise In bloody wrath? The dancer is said to have obtained enough diamonds from naval jobbery to have bought a battleship, and Alexis, her k 'wh,,e ahoweria. upon a fa. admirer, has let the navy of Russia go --rlte -worthy of himself. Drora of Rus- vorlte worthy of himself. slan blood. Indeed. Great news. An Indiana woman has compromised a breach of promise suit for $100. She was the defendant; that's the point. Having Jilted a worthy native of Arkansas for a New York drummer, the woman has been forced to pay for her heartless conduct, and the worthy Arkan sas man Is solaced to the extent of $100. Man will have equal rights some day. The United States should establish an industrial school for Incorrigible repub lics. Santo Domingo has already been enrolled as a pupU. Everybody's Magazine is progressing. It refers to J. Ogdcn Armour as a captain of finance and doesn't even hint at his being a Napoleon of anything. A barrel with a capacity of 43,500 gal- Ions has been completed for a German wine firm. It Is probably too late now to get It over to Olympia. WEX. J. The Astors and the Fair. Emerson Hough, In Field and Stream The managers of the Lewis and Clark Exposition, which will be held at Portland, "Or., next Summer, have written many let ters to the Astor family, of New York and London, and have explained to them how grateful would be any encouragement or assistance rendered by that family to the promoters of this Exposition. Thus far there has been no reply made from any member of the family to any citizen 01 Portland. This matter seems some what strange, for there are many of us who refuse to believe that the Astor fam ily, wealthy as It Is, has ceased to be American at heart. America was kind to John Jacob Astor, and has been kind to all his descendants. To be sure, that early Astoria venture, which gave the United States its first hold on the Far Northwest territory, was almost the only failure made by that shrewd merchant. John Jacob Astor. it cost him more than $1,000,000. It helped gain for Amer lea very much more than that, and Amer ica has paid the Astors since then very much more than that. That failure and that loss occurred 100 years ago. I do not think the Astor family ought to lay It so seriously to hearL I am sure if I had lost $4,000,000 a hundred years ago J should not mind It now. especially If I were able to console myself with the greater part of New York and a slice of England. If the Astor family, out of their abundance. should prove American enough to help on so distinctly American and distinctively worthy an enterprise as the Lewis and Clark Exposition. I am sure the muskrats. marten, otter and beaver of America would rise un and call them blessed after all, The Astor family is popularly supposed to have outgrown Its muskrat days. Roman Humors at Bath. London Daily MalL Among the antiquities recently excava ted at Bath was a leaden tablet covered with Latin characters which no one could decipher until Mr. Nicholson. Bodley's Librarian at Oxford, took It In hand. He declares it J.o be a fourth century Latin letter written by a Christian man at viri conium. which is now probably WTroxeter. to a Christian woman at Bath named Nigra. The writer, having beard of the faults of rtlgra's husband. Imparts much sound advice. One sentence Is, Unless In Just conflicts, avoid jealousies more abundantly." Mr. Nicholson thinks the tablet was thrown. Into the spring as a votive offering to the spirits who were supposed to raise the healing water. A copper tablet discovered also in an in closure about the principal spring was deciphered years ago as containing curses on a girl who nad stolen a. oauilng towel. SHORT-STUDIES OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS RUSSIA Br arrangement with HEORETICALLY the government of of Russia is one of the simplest government!? In the world. The Czar, or Emperor, is. In theory, an auto crat, who, as Peter the Great described him, "has to give jui account of his .! acts to no one one earth, but has a power and authority to rule his states and lands as a Christian sovereign according to his own will and Judgment." In him are united the whole executive, legislative and judicial powers of the country. Any political power or authority which is wielded by any other man or body of men is derived from him alone, and is recalled by him at any moment he wishes. The laws by which he has grant ed privileges to all or any portion of his suDjects are likewise hut trammels which he has Imposed voluntarily upon his free dom of action and which his arbitrary ana sovereign will disregards or sets aside wnenever it Judges fit. ut in Russia, as elsewhere, political practice often diverges widely from po lltlcal theory. The autocracy is far from Deras so wnony capricious and arbitrary In the exercise of Its Dower as mieht be Inferred from Its theoretical basis. It is doubtless true that there Is an amount of caprice and uncertainty In the making and administration of the laws of Russia which would not be tolerated by any great Western nation. But for the most part the Russian government Is, like its western neighbors, a government accord ing to old and well-established laws and customs. The Czar Intrusts the administration of his realm to four srreat boards- the Holy Synod, the Committee of Ministers, the council of State, and the Rullnc Senate. The Holy Synod has superintendence of religious matters. The other three boards roughly resemble the executive, leclsla live and Judicial departments of consti tutional governments. But the Commit tee of Ministers Is not properly a Cabl net. Besides the Ministers, the Grand Dukes and many other public function aries belong to it. There is no Prime Minister, and each of the 13 Ministers is responsible directly to the Czar for the management of his department. They often differ widely regarding, the policies the government ought to adont. and still great differences crop up In the Commit tee or Ministers. The Council of State, which usuallv ha about 60 members, differs even more from true legislature than the Committee of Ministers does from a true cabinet. It foes nt Initiate, enact or even modify legislation. It merely examines nroleets oi iaws wnicn are presented by the Min isters ana discusses the budget and the proposed expenditures for the year. It Is a consultative, not a deliberative body. The Senate promulgates all thi laws of tne empire. Otherwise it Is almost whol ly a judicial body. It is regarded as a supreme court of appear, yet Its decisions may oe revised bv the Council of State. -ine principal executive deDartments am the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, of Fi nance, of War, of the Navy, of Justice, and of the Interior, and of these Minis. trj or the Interior Is in manv resoerts the most Important and powerful. The Ministry of the Interior has direction of the Internal administration. I 13 divided into 7S "governments." 19 nrov- "u-ea ana one section, the Island of Sag- WISCONSIN AND THE FAIR. From the Message of Governor La FoIIette to Wisconsin Legislature. During the year 1903 there will be held at Portland. Oregon, an exposition to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the exploration of the Northwest country by Captains Meriwether Lewis and Wil liam Clark. Wisconsin has a peculiar sen timental interest In this exposition. The Historical Library of the state is the storehouse of the greater part of the original documents where are preserved tne records of that memorable expedition which has contributed so largely to the material prosperity of this section of our country. The material benefit of an ex position Is to give opportunity for the ex tension oi trade. The new Northwest furnishes a market for the products of the industries of Wis consin to the amount of many millions of dollars annually at the present time. It is estimated that the Pacific States pur chase upward of $15,000,000 per year of the output of Wisconsin factories. Tho future development of that region should greatly augment our trade in that section. In addition to this, Oregon is the natural gateway for all the Northwestern states to the Oriental trade, now opening to this country, and to the trade which will come with the development of the resources of Alaska. Wisconsin should strive earnestly to se cure Its share of this trade. A proper representation of some of its Industries by this state at the Lewis and Clark Ex position would serve to hold the trade al ready established, and establish new lines by bringing Wisconsin s products to the attention of new markets. I do not believe It Is necessary to make as extended an exhibit as was made at the St. Louis Exposition. However, it would seem that the Interests of this state demand representation. The United States Government has appropriated $450.- 000 for buildings at this exposition and will Install three-fourths of tho display it exhibited at St. Louis. From statements of those skilled in the work. It Is esti mated that Wisconsin can make a credit able exhibition with an appropriation not to exceed $30,000. I commend this im portant subject to your consideration, with tho suggestion that action be taken promptly, as in the event that you deter mine to provide for an exhibit, It will be necessary to begin work 01 arranging it as soon as possible. Birth of Western Sport. H. C. Chatfleld-Taylor in Outing. If I were asked when honest sport In the West began. 1 should say it was on Thanksgiving day. 'Ss. The college colony had crown until it had assumed the pro portions of a university club, comprising among its membership several football stars from Eastern elevens; and in that vear some daring spirits from among them conceived the Idea of a, Thahnksglv. Ing football game for the benefit or char ity. Ben Lamb. F. G. Peters and Arthur Farwell of Yale. J. B. Waller of Prince ton, J. V. Cowling or Harvard, Jen lock wood of Columbia i wisn couia remem ber the names of the entire eleven in vited Michigan to a battle royal on the gridiron. Michigan was new to football, but they were young, lithe undergradu ates. who thought to nnd tne winded and spavined "grads" an easy mark. The old warhorses, nowever, Knew tne game from the ground up; they puffed and erunted as they dragged their stiffened limbs about the snow-covered field, but the ball went where they told it to go, and, when the score rolled up to some thing like 40 to 0, a more surprised and chagrined lot of college boys you never saw than those humbled wearers or the malse and blue. Tree Which Retaliates. Lahore Tribune. In the Far East has recently been dis covered a species of the acacia tree which Is a wonder of plant life. It grows to a height of about eight feet, and when full crown closes Its leaves together In coils ach day at sunset and curls Its twigs to tho shape of pigtails. After the tree has settled itself thus for a night's sleep, if touched it will flutter as if agitated or lm patient at being disturbed. Tho oftener the foliage is molested the more violent becomes the shaking of the branches, and at length the tree emits a nauseating odor which if inhaled for a few moments causes a violent headache. the Chicago Tribune. halln. Certain of. the governments or provinces are united into so-called "gen eral governments," each of which is ruled by a Governor-General, who 13 considered the immediate representative of the Czar, but who is. really, like the governors, of the governments and provinces, answer able to the Minister oi the Interlor- Lach government or province Is divided Into administrative districts. The administration of the economical affairs of the provinces and districts is in some measure guided by the zemstvos which are provincial and district assem blies elected by the peasantry, the house holders in the towns, and the landed pro prietors, ine Doay which met recently in St- Petersburg and petitioned the Czar to give his people more liberal institu tions was composed of representatives of these organizations. Associated with the zemstvo In an executive capacity Is a board called the "uprava." The .cities and towns have municipal organizations which closely resemble the zemstvo and uprava of the province. AH the officials and institutions hereto fore mentioned are closely connected with and subordinated to the imperial bureau cracy. AH of them have been created by the autocrat's decree; all of them aro directly responsible to the "authorities at St. Petersburg. We now come suddenly upon an Insti tution which from time-immemorial has lain at the foundation of Russian social and political life, but which, neverthe less. Is one of the most extremely demo cratic Institutions in the world. In his commune, or "mlr," the Russian peasant forgets he Is the subject of an absoluta autocracy and exercises rights of self government as wide and substantial a3 those which the citizen of democratio New England enjoys In his town meeting. Tne Legislature of the mlr is the as sembly of all the community's heads of families. Its executive is not an official representing the bureaucracy, but the vil lage elder, who Is chosen by a majority vote of the assembly;' and tho assembly, with the elder presid ing, discusses and decides all com munal affairs. The most Important of these affairs is the distribution at irregu lar Intervals of the land of the com munity; for all over Russia the land oc cupied by peasants Is owned, not by the peasants themselves, nor by great land lords who rent it to them, but by the mir or commune to which the peasants be long; and the amount of land which each individual or family may hold and culti vate is determined from time to time by the communal assemblies. There are 107,676 communes In European Russia. They are required to pay taxes to tho Imperial government In proportion to their populations, but they enjoy tho privilege of raising the money any way they please. The mlrs are united into cantons, the assemblies of which transact the same kind of business as those of the communes. Formerly the communes hardly experi enced any interference from the imperial government. The Russian government, however. Is constantly becoming more and more centralized, and the same policy which has practically destroyed the seml Independent governments of Finland, Po land, and the Baltic provinces, also tends to bring the democratic mlrs into direct subordination to the bureaucracy. S. O. D. RATIONAL VIEW OF EATING. The Hospital. Few things can be more curious than the change which has been passing over the public mind In the course of the last few years with reference to food and feed ing. Much has been made from time to time of the tendency to glorify intoxica tion wnich rollicks through tho nnfre Dickens, while it has to some extp'fr"? caped notice that hi3 types of character are, as a rule, quite as much given to over-eating as to over-drinking, and that xne meais at Manor Farm are' as-much in eviaence as the beverages. Underlying the whole fabric of his fiction is an as sured belier that to eat a great deal of food I3 an action not only meritorious In Itself, but certain to be rewarded by good health, high moral tone and enhanced physical vigor; and it Is not too much to say that these were the prevailing convic tions or the time in which he lived. The late Sir Henry Thompson, in the in teresting volume upon "Food and Feed ing, which has now passed throuch many editions, was among the first to insist forcibly upon the fact that the amount of food consumed should be much diminished In advancing life, and Pro- tessor Clifford Allbutt has lately written to tne .times, on his return from a tour in America, to say that wholly new ideas about diet are beginning to prevaU there. and tnat American men of science have obtained demonstration of the fact that all food in excess of the actual require ments of the body Is a source of weak ness Instead of a source of strength, nervous force which might be better em ployed being consumed In its partial di gestion and in its ultimate removal from the system. He tells us that this Is espe cially true of nitrogenous material, while hydrocarbons can be burnt off in respi ration with comparative facility. A considerable amount of evidence has lately been brought forward from one source and another tending with remark able uniformity to show that tho human body can be maintained in full vigor and activity upon a much smaller amount of food than is usually consumed, and tho question i3 one which calls for the serious attention of physicians and physiologists. It has unfortunately been very much left up to tho present time in the hands of minorities who may without gross exag geration be described as faddists, and hence it has not received the considera tion due to its manifest importance. OUT OF-THE GINGER JAR. WIggs "Who is your closest friend? Waggs Boggs; he wouldn't lend me a cent if X were starving. Cleveland Leader. "Is your husband as great a reader as you are?" "Oh, yes. He's busy all tho tlmo keeping down to my level." Life. First Chauffeur How 'did you come to hit the chap were you running too fast? Second Chauffeur Certainly not he was running too slow. Puck. "Sar." queried the prospective customer. "Is my credit good for a shave?" "Naw," re plied the barber. "It you can't raise a diraa keep on raisin whiskers." Chicago Daily Newa. "Somebody tells Capitalist H. P. Whitney that he could hire ten good college professors for what his new jockey costs him." "Yes. but all the college professors I've ever seen would be overweight." Cleveland Plain Dealer. The Child Aunt Mary, nurse says when It thnnders, it's the Lord scoldln' us. Aunt Mary Perhaps It Is, dear. The Child Well. I don't see what he's got to- be so mad about. I'so done everyfing today 'cept brush my teef. Brooklyn Life. "What's them letters you got up there over the door?" demanded Nurltch, Inspecting the plans of his new mansion. "That." replied the architect. "Is 'S-a-l-v-e,' which means" 'Salve'? I never 'made any In me life. My money was made In soap. Take 'em down." Philadelphia, Press. "Henry," said his wife, "what do you need to take so many bottles along for, when you're only going fishing?" "So wc can have some thing to cork up messages In and throw over board, dear." he replied, "if anything should happen to the boat." "Oh, I see. Well, do be careful, Henry. I shall be awfully uneasy." Chicago Tribune. The sick man had called his lawyer. "I wish to explain again to you." said be. weakly, "about willing my property" The altorney held up bla hand reassuringly. "There, there:"" said he. "Leave all that to me." The sick man sighed, resignedly. "I suppose I m!sU as well," said he, turning upon his: pillow. . "Tou'U get it, anyway." Judge.