PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S ANNUAL MESSAGE TO THE CONGRESS OF THE . UNITED STATES
,
WASHINGTON. Dec. 2. President
Roosevelt's annual address to Congress
was read In both houses today. The lull
text of the document follows:
To the Senate and House of Representa
tives: We still continue In a period of un
bounded prosperity. This prosperity is
not the creature of law, but undoubtedly
the laws under which we work have been 1
instrumental In creatine the conditions
which made It possible, and by unwise 1
legislation it would be easy enough to
destroy it. There will undoubtedly be
periods of depression. The wave will re
cede; but the tide will advance. This
Nation is seated on a continent flanked
by two great oceans. It is composed of
men the descendants of pioneers, or. In a
sense, pioneers themselves; of men win
nowed out from among, the nations of
the Old World by the energy, boldness
and love of adventure found In their own
eager hearts. Such a Nation, so placed,
will surely wrest success from fortune.
As a people we have played a large
part In the world, and we are bent upon
making our future even larger than the
past. In particular, the events of the
last four years have definitely decided
that, for woe or for weal, our place must4
be great among the nations. We may
cither fail greatly or succeed greatly; but
We cannot avoid the endeavor from which
either great failure or great success must
come. Even if we would, we cannot play
a small part. If we should try. all that
would follow would be that we should
play a large part Ignobly and shamefully.
But our people, the sons of the men of
the Civil War, the sons of the men who
bad Iron in their blood, rejoice In the
present and face the future high of heart
and resolute of will. Ours Is not the creed
of the weakling and the coward; ours is
the gospel of hope and of triumphant en
deavor. We do not shrink from th'e.strug
gle before us. There are many problems
for us to face at the outset of the 20th
century grave problems .abroad and still
graver at home; bu$ wc know that we can
solve them and solve them well, provided
only that we bring to the solution the
qualities of head and heart which were
shown by the men who, in the days of
Washington, founded this Government,
and, In the days of Lincoln, preserved It.
No country has ever occupied a higher
plane of material well-being than ours at
the present moment. This well-being is
due to no sudden or accidental causes; but
to the play of the economic forces In this
country for over a century; to our laws,
our sustained and continuous policies;
above all, to the high individual average
of our citizenship. Great fortunes have
been won by those who have taken the
lead in this phenomenal industrial devel
opment, and most of these fortunes have
been won not by doing evil, but as an
Incident to action which has benefited
the community as a whole. Never before
has material well-being been so widely
diffused among our people. Great for
tunes have been accumulated, and yet In.
the aggregate these fortunes are "small"
Indeed when compared to the wealth of
the people as a whole. The plain people
are better oft than they have ever been
before. The insurance companies, which
ure practically mutual benefit societies
specially helpful to men of moderate
means represent accumulations of capi
tal which are among the largest in this
country. There are more deposits In the
savings banks, more owners of farms,
more well-paid wageworkers in this coun
try now than ever before in our history.
GOOD AND EVIL CORPORATIONS.
Outrcroivth of Prosperity Govern
ment Should Control Them.
Of course, when the conditions have
favored the growth of so much, that wsa
good, they have also favored somewhit
the growth of what was evil. It is emi
nently necessary that we should endeavor
to cut out this evil, but let us keep a due
cense of proportion; let us not in fixing
our gaze upon the lesser evil fgorget the
greater good. The evils arc real and
some of them are menacing, but they are
the outgrowth, not of misery or deca
dence, but of prosperity of the progress
of our gigantic Industrial development.
This industrial development must not
be checked, but, side by side with It
should go such progressive regulation as
will diminish the evils. We should' fall
In our duty If we did not lry to remedy
the evils, but we shall succeed only If we
proceed patiently, with practical com
mon sense as well as resolution, separat
ing the good from the bad and holding on
to the former while endeavoring to gnt
rid of the latter.
In my message to the present Congress
at Its first session I discussed at length
the question of the regulation of those
big corporations commonly doing an In
terstate business, often with some ten
dency to monopoly, which are popularly
known as trusts. The experience of the
past year has emphasized, in my opinion,
the desirability of the steps I then pro
posed. A fundamental requisite of social
efficiency Is a high standard of individual
energy and excellence; but this is in no
wise Inconsistent with power to act in
combination for alms which cannot so
well be achieved by the Individual acting
alone. A fundamental base of civiliza
tion Is the Inviolability of property? but
this is in no wise Inconsistent with the
right of society to regulate the exercise
oj the artificial powers which It confers
upon the owners of property, under Ihe
name of corporate franchises, In such a
way as to prevent the misuse of these
powers. Corporations, and especially
combinations of corporations, should be
managed under public regulation. Expe
rience has shown that under our system
of government the necessary supervision
cannot be obtained by state action. It
must, therefore, be achieved by National
action.
Not Hostile Attack bat Correction.
Our aim Is not to do away with corpo
rations; on the contrary, these big aggre
gations are an Inevitable development of
modern industrialism,, and the, effort to
destroy them would be f utile unless ac
complished in ways that would work the
utmost mischief to the entire body politic
We can do nothing of good in the way
of regulating and supervising these cor
porations until we fix clearly In our minds
that we are not attacking the corpora
tions, but endeavoring to do away with
any evil in them. We are not hostile to
them; we are merely determined that
they shall be so handled as to subserve
the public good. We draw the lint
against misconduct, not against wealth.
The capitalist who, alone or In conjunc
tion with his fellows, performs some
great Industrial feat by which he wins
money, is a welldoer, not a wrongdoer.
provided only he works in proper and le
gitimate lines. We wish to favor such a
man when he does well. We wish to su
pervise and control his actions only to
prevent him from dolpg ill. Publicity
can do no harm to the hones? corpora
tion; and we need not be overtender about
"sparing the dishonest corporation.
In curbing and regulating the combina
tions of capital which are or may be
come Injurious to the public, we must be
careful not to stop the great enterprises
which have legitimately reduced the cost
of production, not to abandon the place
which our country has won In the leader.
ship of the international industrial world.
not to strike down wealth with the result
of closing factories and mines, of turning
the wageworkcr Idle In the streets and
leaving the farmer without a market for
what he grows. Insistence upon the lm
possible means delay In achieving the
possible, exactly as. on the other hand.
the stubborn defense alike of what is
good and what is bad In the cxistin
system, the resolute effort to obstruct
any attempt at betterment, betrays blind
ncre to the historic truth that wise evolu
tion Is the sure safeguard against revolu
tion.
Regulation of Interstate Business
No more important subject can come
oerore the Congress than this of the reg-
ulation of interstate business. This coun
try cannot afford to sit supine, on the
plea that under our peculiar system of
government we are helpless in the pres
ence of the new conditions, and unable to
grapple with them or to cut out. whatever
of evil has arisen In connection with
them. The power of the Congress to reg
ulate interstate commerce Is an absolute
and unqualified grant, and without limi
tations other than those prescribed by the
Con&tltution. The Congress has -constitutional
authority to make all laws neces
sary and proper for executing this power,
and I am satisfied that this power has
not been exhausted by any legislation
now- on the statute books. ' It is" evident,
therefore, that evils restrictive of com
mercial freedom, and entailing restraint
upon National commerce fall within the
regulative power of the Congress, and
that a wise and reasonable law wbuld
be a necessary and proper exercise -of
Congressional" authority to the end that
such evils should be eradicated.
I believe that monopolies, unjust dls-
RECOMMENDATIONS IN
Corporations, and especially combinations of corporations should
be" managed under public regulation.
It is earnestly hoped that the Secretary d Commerce may be cre
ated, with a seat in the Cabinet
There should be no halt in the work of building up the Navy,
providing every year additional fighting craft.
Provision should be made to enable, the Secretary of War to keep
cavalry and artillery horses worn out in long performance of duty.
I urgently call, your attention to the need of passing a bill provid
ing for a general staff and for the reorganization of the supply depart
ments on the lines of the bill proposed by the Secretary of War last
year.
Alaska should have a Delegate in the Congress. It would be well
if a Congressional committee could visit ' Alaska and investigate ' its
needs on the ground. . x
It would be both unwise and unnecessary at this time to attempt
to reconstruct our financial system, which has been the growth of a
century; but some additional legislation is, I think, desirable.
I commend to the favorable consideration of the Congress the Ha
waiian fire claims, which were the' subject of careful investigation
during the last session.
I again call your attention to the need of passing a proper Immi
gration law, covering the points outlined in my message to you at the
first session of the present Congress; substantially euch a bill has al
ready passed the House.
In my judgment the tariff on anthracite coal should be removed,
and anthracite put actually, where it now is nominally, on the free
list. This would have no effect at all save in crises; but in crises it
might be of service to the people.
In view-of the capital Importance of these matters '(tariff adjust
ments), I commend them to the earnest consideration of the Congress,
and if the Congress finds difficulty In dealing with them from lack of
thorough knowledge o5 the subject, I recommend that provision be
made for a commission of experts specially to Investigate and report
upon the complicated questions Involved.
I urge the adoption of reciprocity with Cuba, not only because it
Is eminently for our own interests to control the Cuban market and
by every means to foster our supremacy In the tropical lands and
waters south of us, but also because we of the, giant Republic of the
north should make all our sister nations of the American Continent
feel that whenever they will permit it we desire to show ourselves dis
interestedly and effectively their friend.
I again recommend to the favorable consideration of Congress the
plans of the Smithsonian Institution for making the museum under
its charge worthy of the Nation, and for preserving at the National
capital not only records of the vanishing races of men, but of the ani
mals of this continent, which, like the buffalo, will soon, become ex
tinct unless specimens from which their representatives may be re
newedre sought in their native regions and maintained there in
safety. "
criminations, which prevent or cripple
competition, fraudulent overcapitalization,
and other evils in trust organizations and f comfort, the standard of wages of the
practices which injuriously affect Inter- J American wageworkcr.
state trade, can be prevented under the N One way in which the readjustment
power of the Congress to "regulate com- i sought can be reached Is by reciprocity
merce with foreign nations and among the ' treaties. It is greatly to be desired that
several states," through regulations and j such treaties-may be adopted. They can be
requirements operating directly upon used to widen our markets and to give a
such commerce, the Instrumentalities , greater field for the activities of our pro
thereof, and those engaged therein. j ducers, on the one hand, and on the other
I earnestly recommend this subject to hand to secure in practical shape the low
the consideration of the Congress with a ! ering of duties when they are no longer
view to the passage of a law reasonable ; needed for protection rfmonour own peo
in its provisions and effective in its opera- f pie or when the minimum of damage done
tlons, upon which the questions can be J may be disregarded for the sake of the
finally adjudicated that now raise doubts' maximum of good accomplished. If it prove
as to the necessity of constitutional impossible to ratify the pending treaties.
amendment. If it prove" Impossible to ac-
compllsh the purposes above set forth by the endeavor to execute others, or to
such a law, then, assuredly, we should j amend the pending treaties so that they
not shrink from amending the Constltu- j can be ratified, then the same end to
tion so as to secure beyond peradventure secure reciprocity should be met by di
the power sought. , rect legislation.
Money Needed for Prosecutions.
The Congress has not heretofore made
any appropriation for the better enforce
ment of the anti-trust law as It now
stands. Very much has been done by the
7 ZZt. IL 7.ib.
co'uU done If Con.TouW ma a
special appropriation for this purpose, to
be expended under the direction of the
Attorney-General.
One proposition advocated has been the
reduction of the tariff ns a mPn nf
w L .id,,ISbe Uh K lttsi;'
rn L f., k , . .
?,,re.CiI-?i.LJlld mean .th5 abandonment of
lumBCui mwuii i to uo away wun
VlTSiSt ,S0rp-
5n yi, Sh?S(i h'Cn ould,.cer-
talnly be Included in any proper scheme
CI T. J J I BUW1l m
the slightest degree by a change in the
tariff, save as such change interfered with
V Vc . , . r J
The only relation of the tariff to big-cor-
. mjie mat me rami and tow far these changes could go with
makes manufactures profitable, and the put also changing the great prosperity
tariff remedy proposed would be In effect which this country Is now enjoying or up
slmply to make manufactures unprdfit- setting Its fixed economic policy
-able. To remove the tariff as a punitive ' The cases in which the tariff , can pro
measure directed against trusts would in- duce a monopoly are so few as to consll
evitably result In ruin to tho weaker cam- tute an Inconsiderable factor in the ques
petitors who are struggling against them, tion; but of course If In any case It be
Our aim should be not by unwise tariff found that a given rate of duty doe3 pro
changes to give foreign products the ad- mote p. monopoly which works 111, no pro
vantage over domestic products, but by tectionlst would oblect to such reduction
proper regulation to give domestic com- of the duty as would equalize competition,
petition a fair chance; and this end ean- In my judgment the tariff on anthracite
not be reached byny tarff changes which' coal should be removed, and anthracite
would affect unfavorably all domestic put actually, where It now Is nominally,
competitors, good and bad alike. The on the free list. This -would have no ef
question of regulation of the trusts, stands feet at all. save in crises; -but in crises it
apart from the question of tariff revision, might be of service to the people.
NO FITFUL TARIFF CHANGES.
Political Partisanship Should Be Sec- j
ondary to Bnslness Considerations, j
Stability of economic policy must al- '
ways be the prime economic need of this
country. This stability should not be fos
sillzation. The country has acquiesced In
the wisdom of the protective-tariff prin
ciple. It Is exceedingly undesirable that
this system should be -destroyed or that
there should ' be violent and radical
changes therein. Our past experience
shows that great prosperity in this coun
try has always come under a protec
tive tariff; and that the country
cannot prosp'er under fitful tariff
changes at short intervals. Moreover, if
the tariff laws, as a whole work well, and
If business has prospered under them and
is prospering. It Is better to endure for a
time slight Inconveniences and Inequali
ties in some schedules than to upset busi
ness by too quick and too radical changes, i
It is most earnestly to be wished that we
could treat the tariff from the standpoint
solely of our business needs. It Is, per
haps, too much to hope that partisanship
mayvbe entirely excluded from consldera- '
tion of the subject, but at least it can be
made secondary to the .businers Interests
of the country that Is, to the interests of
our people as a whole. Unquestionably ,
these business Interests will best be
served If together with fixity of principle
as regards the tariff we combine a system
which will permit us from time to time
to make the necessary rcapplicatlon of
the principle to the shifting National
needs. We must take scrupulous care
-that the reappllcatlon shall be made in
such a way-that it will not amount to a
dislocation of our system, the mere threat
of which (not to speak of the perform
ance) would produce paralysis in the
business energies of the community.
The first consideration In making these
changes would, of course, be to preserve
the principle which underlies our whole
tariff system that Is, the principle of
putting American business interests at
least on a full equality with interests
abroad, and of always allowing a suffi
cient rate of duty to more than cover the
difference between the labor cost here and
abroad. The well-being of the wage
worker, like the well-being of the tiller
of the soil, should be treated as an essen
tial In -shaping our whole economic
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
policy. There must never be any change
which will Jeopardize the standard of
and If there seem to be no warrant for
Whenever the tariff conditions are such
' that a needed change can not with advan-
tage be made by the application of the
reciprocity Idea, then It can be made out-
ngnt oy a lowering of duties on a given
product. If possible, such change should
made only after the fullest consldera
L
proach the subject- from a business stand
point, having In view both the partlcula:
interests affected and the commercial
well-being of the people as a whole. The
mny.i-... - ..,a ui
" ""ia'uui
figures; and If the .Congress desires addl-
Uonal consideration to that which will be
given the subject by its own committees.
then a commission of business exnerts can
be appointed whose duty It should be to
recommend action by the Congress after a
deliberate and scientific examination of
the various schedules as they are affected
hv th nh jui
The unhurried and unbiased report of this
L-uuimisswn wouiu snow wnat cnanges
should be made In the various scheduler.
FINANCIAL CONDITION OF COUNTRY.
All Kindn of Money hoald Be ainue
Interchangeable.
Interest rate3 are a potent factor in busi
ness, activity, and In prder that these rat3s
may be equalized to meet the varyhtg
needs of the seasons and of widely sepa
rated communities, and to prevent the re
currence of financial stringencies which
Injuriously affect legitimate business, it
Is necessary that there should be an ele
ment of elasticity In our monetary sys
tem. Banks are the natural servants of
commerce, and upon them should be
placed, as- far as practicable, the burden
of furnishing and maintaining a circula
tion (adequate to supply the need3 of our
diversified Industries and of our domestic
and foreign commerce; and the issue of
this should, be so regulated that a suffi
cient supply snould be always available
for the business interests c the country.
It would bo both unwise and unnecessary
at this time to. attempt to reconstruct our
financial system, which has been the
growth of a century; but some additional
legislation Is, J think, desirable. The
mere outline cf any plan sufficiently com
prehensive to meet these ' requirements
would transgress the appropriate limits of
this communication. It is suggested, how
ever, that all future legislation on t'e
"subject should be with the view of en
couraging the use of such instrumentalities
as will automatically supply every legiti
mate demand of productive Industries and
of commerce, not'only In the amount, but
In tho ohnraotor nf Hrciilatlon: and Of I
Tnaklnr nil lr1nr!i nf mnnfv Interehaneea-
ble, and, at the will of the holder, con
vertible Into the established gold standard.
I again call your attention to the need
of passing a proper immigration law, cov
ering the points outlined in my message
io you at the first session or tne present
Congress; substantially such "a bill has
already passed, the House.
LABOR AND CAPITAI
Federation of One as Jnxt as Feder
ation of the Other.
How to secure fair treatment alike for
labor and capital, how to hold in check
the unscrupulous man, -whether employer
or employe, without weakening individual
Initiative, without hampering and cramp
ing the Industrial .development of the coun
try, is a problem fraught with great aim-
-culties and one which it Is of the highest
importance to solve on lines of sanity and
far-sighted common sense as well as of
devotion to the right. This is an era of
federation and combination. Exactly as
business men find they must often work
through corporations, and as it Is a con
stant tendency of these, corporations to
grow larger, so It Is often necessary for
laboring men to .work In federations, and
these have become Important factors of
modern Industrial life. Both kinds of fed
eration, capitalistic and labor, can do much
good, and as si necessary corollary they
can both do evil. Opposition to each kind
of organization should take the form of
opposition to whatever is bad In the cdn
duct of any given corporation or union
not of attacks upon corporations as such
nor upon unions as such; for some of the
most far-reaching beneficent work for our
people has been accomplished through both
corporations and unions. Each must re
frain from arbitrary or tyrannous Inter
ference with the rights of others.
Organized capital and organized labor
alike should remember that In the long
run tho interest of each must be brought
Into ha'rmony with the Interest of the gen
eral public; and the conduct of each must
conform to the lundamental rules of obe
dience to the law, of individual freedom
and of justice and fair dealing toward all.
Each should remember that in addition to
power it must strive after the realization
of healtXy, Jofty and generous Ideals.
Every employer, every wage-worker, must
be guaranteed his liberty and his right to
do as he likes with his property or his
labor so long as he does not Infringe upon
the rights of others. It is of the highest
importance that employer and employe
alike should endeavor to appreciate each
the viewpoint of the other and the sure
disaster that will come upon both In the
long run If "either grows to take as habit
ual an attitude of soiir hostility and dis
trust toward the other. Few people de
serve better of the country than those
representative both of capital and labor
and there are "many such who work con
tinually to bring about a good understand
ing of this kind, based upon wisdom and
upon broad and kindly sympathy between
employers and employed. Above all. we
need to remember that any kind of class
animosity In the political world is, if pos
sible, even more wicked, even more de
structive to national welfare, than sec
tional, race or religious animosity. We
can get good government only upon condi
tion that we keep true to the principles
upon which this Nation was founded, and
judge each man not as a part of a class.
but upon his individual merits. All that
we have a right to ask of any man, rich
or poor, whatever his creed, his occupa
tion, his birthplace or his residence, Is
that he shall actwell and honorably by
his neighbor and by his country: Wenre
neither for the rich man as such nor for
tho poor man as such; we are for the up
right man. rich or poor. So far as the con
stitutional powers of the National Gov
ernment touch these matters of general
and vital moment to the Nation, they
should be exercised in conformity with
tho principles above set forth.
Sccrctnrf of Commerce Needed.
It Is earnestly hoped that the Secretary
of Commerce may be created, with a seat
in the cabinet. The rapid multiplication
of questions affecting labor and capital,
:he growth and complexity of the organi
zations through which both labor and cap
ital now find expression, the steady ten
dency toward the employment of capital
In huge corporations, and the wonderful
strides of this country toward- leadership
in the International business world justl
fy an urgent demand for the creation of
such a position. Substantially all the lead
ing commercial bodies In this country have
united In requesting its creation. It is de
sirable that some such measure as that
which has already passed the Senate be
enacted Into law. The creation of such a
department would in Itself be an advance
toward dealing with and exercising su
porvislon pver the whole subject of the
great corporations doing an Interstate
buslne?s; and with this end In view, the
Congress should endow the department
with large powers, which could be in
creased as experience might show the
need.
RECIPROCITY WITH CUBA."
Wc Shonld Stretch Ont a Hclpln
II n nd to the Island.
I hope soon to submit to the Senate a
reciprocity treaty with Cuba. Cn Hay 20
last the United States kept Its promise to
the Island by formally vacating Cuban
soil and turning Cuba over to those whom
'her own people had chesen as the first of
ficials of the new republic.
Cuba lies at our doors, and whatever
affects her for good or for 111 affects us
also. So much have cur people felt th!s
that in the Piatt amendment wc definitely
took the ground that Cuba must hereafter
have closer political relations with us
than with any other power. Thus in a
sense Cuba has become n part of our In
ternational political system. This makes
It necessary that In return she should be
given some of the benefits of becoming
part of our economic system. It Is. from
our own standpoint, a shortsighted and
mischievous policy to fall to recognize this
need. Moreover, it is unworthy' of a
mighty and generous nation, Itself the
greatest and most successful republic In
history, to refuse to stretch out a' help
ing hand to a young and weak sister re
public just entering upon its career of in
dependence. We should always fearlessly
Insist upon our rights in the face of the
strong, and ve should with unsrudgln?
hand do our generous duty by the weak.
I urge tho adoption of reciprocity with
Cuba not only because it is eminently for
our own Interests to control the Cuban
market and by every means to foster our
supremacy in the tropjeal lands and wa
ters south of us, bdt also because we. of
the giant republic of the north, should
make all our sister nations of the Ameri
can continent feel that whenever they will
permit it we desire to show ourselves dis
interestedly and effectively thHr friend.
A convention with Great Britain has
been concluded, which will be at once laid
before the Senate for ratification, pro
viding for reciprocal trade arrangements
between the United States and Newfound
land on substantially the lines of the con
vention formerly negotiated by the Sccre
tary' of State, Mr. Blaine. I believe reelp
rocal trade relations will be greatly to
the advantage of both countries.
ARBITRATION BETWEEN NATIONS.
United Stntcn nnd Mexico First Be-
fore The. Hapie Tribunal.
As civilization grows warfare becomes
less and less the normal condition of for
eign relations. The last century has seen
a. marked diminution of wars between
civilized powers; wars with uncivilized
powers arc largely mere matters of inter
national police duty, essential for the wel
fare of the world. Wherever possible, ar
bitration or some similar method should
be employed In lieu of war to settle dlffl-
cultles between civilized nations, although
as yet the world has not progressed suffi
ciently to render it possible or necessarily
desirable to invoke arbitration in every
case. 'The formati&n of the international
tribunal which sits at The Hague is an
event of good omen from which great
consequences fSr the welfare of all man
kind may flow. It is far better, where
possible, to Invoke such a permanent tri
bunal than to create special arbitrators for
a given purpose.
It l a matter of sincere congratulation
to our country that the United States
and Mexico should have been the first to
use the good offices of The Hague court.
This was done last Summer with most
satisfactory results In the case of 'a' claim
at Issue between us and our sister repub
lic. It Is earnestly to be hoped that this
first case will serve as a precedent for
others. In Which not only the United
States but foreign nations may take ad
vantage of the machinery already in ex
istence at The Hague.
I commend to the favorable considera-
SHORT EXTRACTS FROM THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
Our prosperity Is not a creature of law, but by unwise legislation
It would-be easy enough to destroy it.
We draw the line at misconduct, not at wealth.
The capitalist who, alone or In conjunction with his fellows, per
forms some great Industrial feat by which he wins money, Is a well
doer, not a wrongdoer, provided, only, he works in proper and legiti
mate lines.
Publicity can do no harm to the honest corporation; and we need
not be over-tender about sparing the dishonest corporation.
Resolute effort to obstruct any attempt at betterment betrays
blindness to the historic truth that wise evolution is the sure safeguard
against revolution.
The Cpngress has constitutional authority to make all laws neces
sary and proper for exercising this power (to regulate interstate com-,
merce), and I am satisfied that this power has not been exhausted by
any legislation now on the statute-books.
I believe that monopolies, unjust discriminations which prevent or
cripple competition, fraudulent overcapitalization and other evils In
trust organizations and practices, can be prevented" under the power
of the Congress.
The well-being of the wage-earner, like the well-being- of the tiller
of the soil, should be treated as an essential in shaping our whole
economic policy.
The cases in which the tariff can produce a monopoly are so few
as to constitute an Inconsiderable factor In the question; btft of course
If in any case It bfr found "that a given rate of duty does promote a
monopoly which works 111, no protectionist would object to such re
duction of the duty as would equalize competition.
Eow to secure fair treatment alike for labor and capital, how to
hold in check the unscrupulous man, whether employer or employe,
without weakening individual initiative, without hampering and
cramping the industrial development of the country, is a problem
fraught with great difficulties, and one which it Is of the highest Im
portance to solve on lines of sanity and far-sighted .common sense as
well as of devotion to the right.
Taking the work of the Army and the civil authorities together,
It may be questioned whether anywhere else In modern times the
world has seen a better example of real constructive statesmanship
than our people have given in the Philippine Islands.
Every effort should be" made to develop the Indian 'along the lines of
natural aptitude, and to encourage the existing native industries pe
culiar to certain tribeo, such as the various kinds- of basket weaving,
canoe building, smith work and blanket work.
Gratifying progress has been made during the year In the exten
sion of the merit system of leaking appointments in the Government
service. It should be extended by law to the District of Columbia
It Is much to be desired that our Consular system be established by
law on a basis providing for appointment and promotion only In con
sequence of proved fitness.
tion of the Congress the Hawaiian fire
claims, which were the subject of careful
investigation during the last session.
GOOD TITLE FOR PANAMA CANAL.
Greater Englneerinc Feat Than Has
Yet Been Accomplished. AT it V- . L a.
, , . . . t Of Porto Rico It is only necessary ts
The Congress has wisely prov.dcd that tnat the prosperity of the Island and
we shall build at once an Isthmian canal If the WiS(jom with which It has been gov
pccslble at Panama. The Attorney-Gen- erned have btcn stuch ag t0 make ,t gervc
eral reports that we can undoubtedly ac- PJS an example of all that Is best In lnsu
quire good title from the French Panama iar administration.
Canal Company. Negotiations are now .
pending with Colombia to secure her as
sent, to our building the canal. This '
canal will be one of the greatest engineer
ing feats of the 20th century, a greater
engineering feat than has yet been accom
plished during the history of mankind.
The work should be carried out as a con
tinuing policy without regard to change
of administration; and it should be begun
under clFCumstinces which will make It
a matter of pride for all administrations
to continue the policy. "
The canal will be of great benefit to
America, and of importance, to all the
world. It will be cf advantage to us In
dustrially and also as Improving our mill
tary position. It will be of advantage to
the countries or tropical America. -It Is
earnestly' to be hoped that all of these
countries will do as some of them have
already done with signal succpps. and will
Invite to their chores commerce and Im
prove their material conditions by 'recog
nizing that stability and order are the
prerequisites of successful development.
No Independent nation In America need
have the slightest fear of aggression from
the United States. It behooves each onn
to .maintain crdc-r within its own borders
ard to discharge its Just obligations to
foreigners. When this Is dene, they can
rest assured that, be they strong or weak,
they have nothing to dread from out3lde
Interference-. More and more the lncreas- in more signal manner than the policy of
ing Interdependence and complexity of In- holding the Philippines. The triumph of
ternatlonal political and economic rela- J our arms, above all the triumph of our
tions render It incumbent on all civilized ' laws and principles, has come sooner than
and orderly powers to insist on the propcj : we had any right to expect. Too much
policing of tho world. praise cannot be given to the Army for
i what it has done in the Philippines both
THE PACIFIC CABLE. In warfare .and from an administrative
I standpoint In preparing the way for civil
ArrnnpcRicntn Completed for Lnylns government; and similar credit belongs to
Line Across the Ocean. . the civil authorities for the way in which
During the Fail of 1301 a communication i thy have planted the seeds of self-gcvern-wns
addressed to the Secretary of State nt !" lhe ground thus made ready for
asking whether permission would be thm- Th cJ?1u?lsche, uaIncWns en
granted by the President to a corporation . durance, the high soldierly efficiency, and
to lay a cable from a point on the Call
fornla coast to the Philippine Islands by
way cf Hawaii. A statement of condl
tlons or terms upon which such corpora
tion would undertake to iay and operate
a cabie was volunteered.
Inasmuch as the Congress wa3 shortly
to convene, and Pacific cable legislation
had been the subject of consideration bj;
me congress tor several years. It secmea
to me v.ise to defer action upon the ap
plication until the Congress had first an
opportunity to act. The Congress ad
journed without taking any action, leav
ing the matter in exactly the same condi
tion In which It stood when the Congress
convened.
Meanwhile It appears that the Commer
cial Pacific Cable Company had promptly
proceeded with preparations for laying its
cable. It also made application to the
President for access to and use of-soundings
taken by the United States steamship
Nero, for the purpose of discovering t
practicable route for a trans-Pacific cable
the company urging that with ,accesa to
these soundings It could complete Its
cable much foner than if It were reaulred
to take soundings upon Its own account.
Pending consideration of this subject. It
apeared important and desirable to attach
certain conditions to the permission to ex
amine and use the soundings, If It should
be granted.
In consequence of this solicitation of the
Cable Company, certain conditions were
formulated, uppn which the. President was
willing to allow access to these soundings
and to consent to the landing and laying
of the cable, subject to any altoratlor.o
or additions thereto Imposed .by the Con
grcua This was deemed proper, cspocl-
ally as it was clear that a cable connec
tion of some kind with China, a foreign
country, was a part of he company's
plan. This course was, moreover, in ac
cordance with a line, of precedents. Includ
ing President Grant's action in the case
of the first French cable, explained to the
Congress In his annual message of Decem
ber, 1875, and the Instance occurring. In
1879, of the second. French cable from
Brest to St. Pierre, with a branch to
Cape, Cod.
These'condltions prescribed, among other
things, a maximum rate for commercial
messages and that the company should
construct a line from the Philippine Isl
ands to China, there being at present, as
Is well known, a British line from Manila
to Hong Kong.
The representatives of the Cable Com
pany kept these conditions long" under
consideration, continuing, in the mean
time, to prepare for laying the cable. They
have, however, at length acceded to them,
and an all-Amerlcan line between our
Pacific CoaBt and the Chinese Empire, by
! way of Honolulu and the Philippine Is!
ands, Is thus provided for, and Is expected
within a few months to be ready for
business.
Among the conditions Is one reserving
the power of the Congress" to modify or
, "P"1,.' or aU of them. A copy of the
AFFAIRS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
Poller of Holding: the Inlands Amply
4 Vindicated.
On July 4 last, on the 126lh anniversary
of the Declaration of our Independence,
peace -and amnesty were promulgated In
the Philippine Islands. Some trouble has
since from timo to time threatened with
the Mohammedan Mcros. but with the late
insurrectionary Filipinos the war has en
tirely ceased. Civil government has now
been introduced. Not only does each Fili
pino enjoy such rights to life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness as he has never
before known during the recorded history
of the Islanda but the people, taken as a
whole, now enjoy a measure of self-government
greater than that granted to any
other Orientals by any foreign power, and
greater than that enjoyed by any other
Orientals under their own governments,
save the Japanese alone. We have not
gone too far In granting these rights of
liberty and self-government; but we have
certainly gone to the limit that in the in
terests of the Philippine people themselves
It waa wise or Just to go. To hurry mat
ters, to go faster than we are now going,
would entail calamity on the people of the
Islands. No policy ever entered into by
the American people has vindicated itself
! "e uu-w.muUa """'
Ity of our troops have been strikingly
manifested.
There now remain only some 15,000 troops
In the Islands. All told, over 100,000 have
I been sent there. Of course, there have
I Becn individual instances or wrongdoing
', among them. They warred under fearful
I difficulties of climate and surroundings;
" piuvu-
The number cf -modern wnnen who ran triumrjh in tht
birth, of. perfect children
The average women
itheir child
powers are
causca dv
the comforts,
uuu muuicui
era civilization,
ii ii i r m&4
? 1V1 i A IF
I ft V Xu 'iTSF-.
r.J 'A VUUUU1CUU9. UVbUUCUUll, CIA.. t.1'
ffi vIn view of woman's
f peace ot mina nunng
?estatlon. as well as
f that period. MOTHCR'S
MOTliEfi'S I RICND is- that
which banishes mornine
,6M
during presrnancy; shortens labor and makes it nearly ,-
nainless: builds up the patient's constitutional strength, so
& that she emerges from the orrraal without danger. The little fcgX
one, too. shows the effect of MtflKIR'S fRIENi) by its robustness
fif and vigor. Sold at dn:g stores for Sl.CO per bottle. '
if Send for cur finely illustrated book for expectant mothers.
THE BRADFIELD REGULATOR CO., Atlanta, Ga.
cations which they continually received
from their foes, occasional instances of
cruel retaliation occurred. Every effort
ha3 been made to prevent euch cruelties,
and finally these efforts have been com
pletely successful. Every effort has also
been made to detect and punish the wrong
doers. After making all allowance for
these misdeeds, It remains true that few
Indeed have been the instances. In which
war has been waged by a civilized power
against seml-clvll'zcd or barbarous forces
where there has been so little wrongdoing
by the victors as-in the Philippine Islands.
On the other hand, the amount of difficult. ,
important and beneficent work which has '
been done is well-nigh incalculable.
Taking the work of the Army and the
civil authorities together. It may be ques
tioned wnetner anywnere else in modern
times the world has seen a better example
of real constructive statesmanship than
our people have given in the Philippine
Islands. High praise should also be given
those Filipinos, in the aggregate very nu
merous, who have accepted the new condi
tions and Joined with our representatives
to work with hearty good will for the wel
fare of the Island
THE ARMY AND THE NAVY.
Secretary Root's Recommendation
for General Staff Favored.
The Army has been reduced to the mini
mum allowed by law. It is .very small for
the size of the Nation., and most certainly
should be kept at the highest point of
efficiency. The senior officers are given
scant chance, under ordinary conditions,
to exercise commands commensurate with
their rank, under circumstances which
would fit them to do their duty in time of
actual war. A system of maneuvering
our Army in bodies of some little size has
been begun and should be steadily con
tinued. Without t such maneuvers it 13
folly to- expect tha't in the event of hostili
ties with any serious foe even a small
Army crop3 fcould be handled to advantage.
Both our officers and enlisted men are such
that we can take hearty pride In them.
No better material can be found. But
they must be thoroughly trained, both as
individuals and in the mass. The marks
manship of the men must receive special
attention. In the circumstances of modern
warfare the man must act far more on his
own Individual responsibility than ever
before, and the high individual efficiency
of the unit is of the utmost Importance.
Formerly this unit was the regiment: it
is now not the regiment, not even the
troop or company; it Is the lndivdual
soldier. Every effort must be made to
develop every workmanlike and soldierly
quality in both the officer and the enlisted
man.
I urgently call your attention to the need
of passing a bill providing for a general
staff and for the reorganization of the
supply departments on the lines of the bill
proposed by thfe Secretary of War last
year. When the young officers enter the
Army from We3t Point they probably
stand above their compeers In any other
military service. Every effort should be
made, by training, by reward of merit,
by scrutiny Into their careers and capac
ity, to keep them of the same high rela
tive excellence throughout their careers.
The measure providing for the reorgani
zation of the militia system and for secur
ing the highest efficiency in the National
Guard, which has already passed the
house, should receive prompt attention an!
action. It is of great Importance that
the relatjon of the National Guard to tho
militia and volunteer forces of the United
States should be defined, and that in place
of our present obsolete laws a practical
and efficient system should be adopted.
Provision should be made to enable the
Secretary' of War to keep cavalry, and
artillery horses, worn-out In long per
formnnce of duty. Such horses fetch bdt
a trifle when sold; nnd rather than turn
them out to the misery awaiting them
when thus disposed of. it would be bet
ter to employ them at light work around
the posts, and when necessary to put
them painlessly to death.
Needs of tUe Navy.
For the first time In our history naval
maneuvers on a large scae are being held
under the Immediate command of the Ad
miral of the Navy. Constantly Increasing
attention 13 being paid to the gunnery of
the Navy, but ft Is yet far from what it
should be. I earnestly urge that the In
crease asked for by the Secretary of the
Navy In the appropriation for improving
the marksmanship be granted. In battle
the only shots that count are the shots
that hit. It Is necessary to provide ample
funds for practice with the great guns in
time of peace. These funds must provide
not only for the purchase jf projectiles,
but for allowances for prizes to encourage
the gun crews, and especially the gun
pointers, and for perfecting an intelli
gent system under which alone it Is pos
sible to get good practice.
There should be no halt In the work of
building up the Navy, providing every
year additional fighting craft. We are a
very rich country', vast In extent of terrl-
tory and" great in population; a country,
moreover, which has an Army diminutive
indeed when compared with that of any
other first-class power. We have delib
erately made our own certain foreign pol
icies which demand the possession of a
first-class Navy. The Isthmian canal will
greatly Increase the; efficiency of our
Navy If the Navy Is of sufficient size;
but If we have an inadequate Navy, then
the building of the canal would be merely
giving a hostage to any power of superior
strength. The Monroe doctrine should be
treated as, the cardinal feature ofAmerl
can foreign policy: but It would be wor.i3
than idle to assert It unless we Intended
to back it up. and It can be backed up
only by a thoroughly good Navy. A good
Navy is not a provocative of war. It Is
tbe surest guaranty of peace. Each in
dividual unit of our Navy should be the
most efficient of its kind as regards both
material and personnel that Is to be found
In the world.
aiore Men and Officers Neceaanry.
I call your special attention to the need
of providing for the manning of the
ships. Serious trouble threatens us if we
cannot do better than we are now doing
as regards securing' the services of a suf
ficient number of the highest type of
sallormen, of sea mechanics. The vete
ran seamen of our warships are of as
high a type as can be found In any navy
which rides the waters of the world;
they are unsurpassed In daring. In reso
lution. In readiness, in thorough knowl
edge of their profession. They deserve
every consideration that can be shown
them. But there are not enough of them.
It is- no more possible to Improvise a
crew than it Is possible to improvise a
warship. To build the finest ship, with
the deadliest battery, and to send it afloat
with a raw crew, no matter how brave
are to-day in the minority.
of to-day have trouoles
xnat were unknown io mr-m.-
their mothers, because tr
bearing r1)
degenerating-. "jiliA
sucu i actors aa tso4i
requirements, v.
wuutuura ui inuu- T ill f
unsanitary en- vrAr-'
physical comfort
tne entire pe
sate delivery at
f RICND is compov
famouB external liniment
sickness and nervousness T'
1