8
THE MOBNING OREGONIAN, MONDAY, JANUARY 27, 1902.
NEVy LAW IS STRINGENT
CHINESE EXCLUSION BXLIi PRO
TECTS PACIFIC COAST.
Every Avchhc of IngrePr.om Ori
ent Is Carcfally Gnardes1 Xe
More Chinese Cltlxeas.
The full text of the Chinese exclusion
bill, Introduced Into the Senate by Mr.
Mitchell, shows that every precaution
has been taken to safeguard the Interests
of the Pacific Coast, -with regard to the
entry of Chinese laborers. The classes
that are restricted and those exempt from
the -workings of the law are carefully de
fined, and a minute procedure outlined to
be followed by those privileged to return
to the United States after visits to China.
The dancer that was foreseen to the Pa
cific Coast, when the island possessions
. '.4.s...i.a1 Vtnta Viaati .lit- nff ti nrn. I
hlblting the entry of Chinese on the is
lands to the "United States, and any travel
between any of the Insular possessions.
Chinese in the Philippines cannot enter
Hawaii, and vice versa.
The essence of the whole bill is con
tained in the first section:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the "United States of Amer
ica in Congress assembled. That from and
after the passage of this act tho coming', ex
cept under the conditions hereinafter specified,
of Chinese laborers from any foreign country
to the United States shall be absolutely pro
hibited. Status in Insular Possessions.
Having thus outlined the intentions of
the act, the second section deals with the
status of the Chinese in the insular pos
sessions: That from and after the passage of this act
-the entry Into the American mainland terri
tory of the United States of Chinese laborers
coming from any of the Insular possessions of
the United States shall be absolutely prohibit
ed; and the prohibition shall apply to all Chi
nese laborers, as well those .who were in such
insular possessions at the time or times of ac
quisition thereof, respectively, by the United
States, as to those who have come there since,
" and those who have been born there since, and
those who may be born there hereafter. And
the same prohibition of entry shall apply to
Chinese laborers coming to one of the Insular
possessions of United States from any of the
other territory of the United States. But the
. transit privileges hereinafter given to other
Chinese persons are hereby given to Chinese
laborer in all territory of the United States,
subject to the conditions hereinafter expressed.
Definition of Laborer.
The definition of the term "laborer"
against whom the provisions of the act
Are primarily directed, Is contained as fol
lows. In section 3:
That the term "laborer," as used In this act,
shall be construed to mean both skilled and
unskilled manual laborers, Chinese persons em
ployed In mining, fishing, huckstering, ped
dling or laundry work, and those engaged In
taking, drying or otherwise preserving shellfish
or other fish for home consumption or exporta
tion; and every Chinese person shall be deemed
a laborer, within the meaning of this act, whe
Is not an official, a teacher, a. student, a mer
chant, or a traveler for curiosity or pleasure,
as hereinafter defined.
The Exempt Classes.
The classes under the act that are
privileged to remain In or enter the Unit
ed States, other than laborers entitled to
that privilege, are officials, teachers, stu
dents, merchants, and travelers for curi
osity or pleasure. These terms are all
carefully defined. For instance, an offi
cial is an Individual "who, being In the
service of a foreign government. Is regu
larly accredited as such by the home for
eign government he represents." Lest such
xl high dignitary should languish in this
foreign clime without some reminders of
his home civilization, his servants and
attendants are permitted to enter when
identified as such by the sleuths of the
Treasury Department. A "teacher" is
one who has been engaged In teaching
the young Chinese idea how to shoot
In the .higher branches of education for
two years before his application to enter
the United States, who succeeds in con
vincing a Treasury official that he Is
qualified to teach such higher branches,
that he has a position awaiting him in
some recognized institution of learning In
the United States, and that he Intends to
stay by his profession and not wander
off to the forbidden occupations of cook
ing In third-class restaurants or compet
ing with American laundries.
A "student" is one who comes to study
some subject for which he cannot get
instruction in his own native land, and
who Intends to study for some profession
or occupation, and to return to reap the
harvests of his knowledge in his own
country. A "merchant" is one who is
"engaged in buying and selling merchan
dise at a fixed place of business," who,
during his occupation, shall not stoop
to the "performance of manual labor, ex
cept in his own business. He must also
have been a merchant for one year previ
ously, and must satisfy a Treasury offi
cial that he is a bona fide merchant, and
has the means to follow the pursuit of
the elusive dollar in his chosen occupa
tion. To be a traveler a Chinaman must con
vince a Treasury official that he Is not
only bent on travel for pleasure or curi
osity, but he must also have the where
withal to satisfy his yearning for new
eights and an itinerary of his travels.
Exceptions in Favor of Laborers.
Certain exceptions are made in section
10 In favor of Chinese laborers, that the
prohibition of section 1 shall not apply
to the return to the United States of any
registered Chinese laborer who has a law
ful wife, child, or parent In the United
States, or property therein of the value
of $1000, or debts therein of like amount
due him and pending settlement. These
exceptions are subject to the following
provisions:
First A "registered" Chinese laborer Is a
laborer who, being lawfully a resident of tho
United States at the time of the passage of
this act, rightfully obtains and retains a cer
tificate of residence therein under subsequent
provisions hereof.
Second The marriage to the wife referred to
by this section must have taken place at least
one year prior to the application of the la
borer for permission to return, and must have
been followed by continuous cohabitation of
the parties as husband and wife. And It must
appear that the applicant had no other wife
(under Chinese or other laws or customs) liv
ing at the time of such marriage.
Third If the right to return be claimed on
the ground of property or debts. It must ap
pear: (a) In the case of property, that the
ownership is of property other than money and
is in good faith; that the requisite minimum
value Is over all Incumbrances, liens and off
sets; and that the title was not colorably ac
quired for the purpose of evading this act.
,, (b) In the case of debts, that the debtor is
eolvent; that the amount due is not less than
the required sum, clear of offsets and dis
counts; that the debts do not consist of prom
issory notes or similar acknowledgments lif as
certained or settled liability; and that the In
debtedness was not created with a view to
evasion of this act.
Fourth It must appear, where family, prop
erty or debt qualifications are relied on. that
the applicant possesses them at the time of
return as well as at the time of departure.
The IUsht of Return.
The right to leave the United States
and to return is hedged In by minute
provisions as to obtaining and presenting
certificates on re-entry. Section 11 pro-
vides the procedure as follows:
That a Chinese person claiming the right to
be permitted to leave the United States and
return thereto on any of the grounds stated
in the foregoing section shall apply to the ap
propriate Treasury official of the district from
'.Which he wishes to depart at least one month
prior to the time of his departure, and shall
make on oath before the said officer a full
statement In triplicate, descriptive of his fam
ily, or property, or debts, as the case may be,
and shall furnish to said officer such proof of
the facts entitling him to return as shall be
required by the rules and regulations from time
to time prescribed by the Commissioner-General
of Immigration, tinder direction of the
Secretary of the Treasury; and for any false
swearing in relation thereto he shall Incur the
penalties of perjury.
He shall ralt tit s&ld officer to take
full description of his person, which descrip
tion the said officer shall retain and mark
with a number.
The original and each copy of said statement
shall contain the photograph of the applicant,
made at his expense and made at the Wxnt and
in the manner required by the rules In that
regard prescribed by the Commissioner-General
of Immigration, under direction of the
Secretary of the Treasury.
And if said officer, after hearing the proofs
and investigating all the circumstances of the
case, shall decide to Issue a certificate of re
turn, he shall, at such time and place as he
may designate, sign and give to the said ap
plicant a certificate containing the number of
the description last aforesaid, which shall be
the sole evidence given to such person of his
right to return.
It the last-named certificate be transferred.
It shall become void, and the person to whom
it was given shall forfeit his right to return to
the United States.
The right to return under said certificate
shall be limited to two years fromthe date of
leaving the United States.
And no Chinese laborer shall be permitted to
re-enter the United States without producing
to the appropriate Treasury officer at the place
of such entry the return certificate herein re
quired. A laborer presenting a certificate of
return required by this section shall be ad
mitted to the United States only at the port
from which he departed.
But no Chinese person, whether laborer or
of another class, other than Chinese diplo
matic or Consular officers and their suites,
shall be permitted to enter the United States
except at the ports of San Francisco, Portland,
Or., Astoria, Port Townsend, Boston, Jfew
Tork, New Orleans, Manila, Honolulu, San
Juan, or such other ports as may be desig
nated by the Commissioner-General of Immi
gration, under the direction of the Secretary of J-
the Treasury.
Resident Chlaese Xast Register.
The provisions of the first exclusion law
relating to registration, which created
such a stir In Chinatown on account of
the unwillingness of the Chinese to sub
mit to the indignity of being photo
graphed, have been re-enacted. The law
provides that every Chinese laborer right
fully entitled to remain In the United
States must obtain within six months
after passage of the Act, a certificate
of residence. In the mainland territory
or the Insular possession wherein he re
sides. The procedure follows:
To obtain such certificate he shall apply to
the appropriate Treasury officer, who, If sat
isfied, on Inquiry, that tn-eppllcant Is right
fully within the United States, and rightfully
within the particular territory of the United.
States wherein he applies, shall Issue to him
such certificate without charge. The certifi
cate shall contain the name, age, local resi
dence and occupation of the applicant, his
signature, and such other matter as may be
required by rules and regulations prescribed
by the Commissioner-General of Immigration,
under direction of the Secretary of the Treas
ury. It shall further contain the photograph
of the applicant, made at his expense, and
made at the time and in the manner required
by said rules and regulations. A duplicate of
the certificate shall be retained by the officer
issuing the original, and the duplicate shall
contain a duplicate photograph, provided as in
the case of the other.
Any person bound under this section to ob
tain a certificate of residence who shall neg
lect, fall or refuse to comply with the pro
visions hereof, or who, after the expiration of
the said six months, shall be found within the j
jurisdiction of the United States without such
certificate of residence, shall be deemed and
adjudged to be unlawfully within the United
States, and may be arrested by any officer of
the United States and taken before a United
States Judge, or before a Commissioner of any
United States Court to be designated by the
United States Attorney, whose duty it shall be
to order that he be deported from the United
States unless he shall clearly establish to the
satisfaction of said Judge that by reason of
accident, sickness or other unavoidable cause
he has been unable to procure his certificate,
and that, the six-months time limit aside, he
Is rightfully entitled to such certificate; and
if upon such showing It shall appear that he
Is thus circumstanced, a certificate of residence
shall be granted him on payment of costs.
No person shall be given a certificate of resi
dence under any section of this act or be en
titled to a reissue of any lost certificate of
residence who, prior to his application there
for, shall have been convicted of any crime
within the Jurisdiction of the United States
or any state thereof. Any such person, being
thus without such certificate, shall be deported
from the United States.
Immediately after the passage of this act
the Commissioner-General of Immigration, un
der direction of the Secretary of the Treasury,
shall prescribe and enforce all needful regu
lations for the registration and certifications
by this section required, and the Secretary of
the Treasury shall appoint the officers for
effecting such registration and certifications,
authorizing the payment to them of such com
pensation In the nature of fees. In addition to
their salaries as now allowed by law, as he
shall deem necessary, not exceeding $1 for
every certificate issued.
The same rigid provisions relating to the
landing of the Chinese at the ports of
entry and the border which are In ef
fect under the present law, are re-enacted.
Transit privileges are granted to par
ties of Chinese laborers passing through
this country or any of the possessions
under severe restrictions. Every Chinese
brought to this country unlawfullly must
be returned by the vessel, shipmaster,
shipowner, consignee, railway corporation
or other person or agent, that was re
sponsible for bringing them Into the
Jurisdiction of the United States. Smug
gling Chinese Into the United States or
any territory Is made a felony punishable
by a fine not exceeding 52,000, or Im
prisonment for a term of not less than
two years and not more than 10.
Deportation.
The law provides that a Chinese person
found within the United States or in any
territory In violation of the Act shall be
arrested and tried before a United
States Judge or Commissioner. If found
to be an unlawful resident, he shall be
deported. Chinese coming from China or
a foreign country shall be returned
thither, unless a tax Is provided for
entry, when he shallbe returned to
China. Chinese entering the United
States mainland from any territory shall
be returned to China. Forgery of cer
tificates or violation of the Act Is made
a felony with penalty of a maximum
$2,000 fine, and imprisonment of two to
10 years.
Masters of foreign vessels bringing
Chinese to this country or any territory
are placed under $2,000 bonds for each
Chinese not to land them unlawfully.
Masters of American vessels shall not
employ Chinese on crews, who are not
entitled to admission in the United
States.
Expiration of Certificates.
Section 43 provides that two years after
the departure from the United States of a
Chinese laborer, to whom has been Issued
a return certificate, the Treasury Depart
ment shall cancel all official papers and
entries concerning him.
Cliinehe Citizenship.
Section 44 provides that hereafter no
State court or court of the United States
shall admit any Chinese person to citi
zenship. Section 52 says that the term
"Chinese," and the term "Chinese per
son," as used In this Act, are meant to
Include all persons who are Chinese
either by birth or descent, and as well
as those of mixed blood as those of the
full blood .and as well females as males.
Plain Talk to the Choir.
Springfield Republican.
Quite a sensxtlon was occasioned at the
St. Jerome Church, Christmas day, by a
few remarks let drop by the Rev. P. J
Harklns, who was celebrating mass. The
choir had made one or two "breaks" and
Just before the last gospel he stopped
and addressed the choir In terms that
were hardly those of praise. He said there
were a number of "deadheads" that never
went to rehearsals, who were a drag on
those who did the work, and that some
of those In the choir did not know as
much about music as a donkey about
dancing. He gave a cordial and by no
means euphemistic Invitation to Teslgn
from the choir. By the time that he had
closed, about nlnetenths of those present
were "rubbering" at the choir, which sat
in a somewhat shocked condition. The
outcome of the priest's remarks Is likely
to be a reorganization of the choir that
will make for better aaujte J& the future.
GRE4T1901 SALMON PACK
OVER 1,700,000 MORE CASES PUT UP
THAN IN lOOO.
Total for Pacific Coast Canneries
Reaches 4,067,000 Cases Demand
for Columbia River Proaact.
The salmon pack last season on the Pa
cific Coast, according to the most reliable
data obtainable, was over 1,700,000 cases
larger than In 1900. Puget Sound, British
Columbia and Alaska canneries made the
greatest packs on record. A conservative
estimate of last year's output is 4,500,000
cases. Prices have been firmly maintained
at the low level established early last
year.
Of the Puget Sound pack, about half
has been sold. Only a small part of the
British Columbia and Alaska packs has
been disposed of. The effect of the pres
ent large stocks of salmon on prices Is
problematical. Owing to the great quan
tity of the available supply, buyers "have
been holding off, apparently in expectation
of more favorable prices. Eastern mer
chants have been buying slowly, partly
on this account and partly because of the
early stage of the buying season.
Columbia River Paclc Almost Sold.
The Columbia River pack is almost all
sold. No more pound tails are available,
and as to pound and half-pound flats, be
tween 6000 and 10.000 cases are left. Tho
output of tho Columbia River canneries
last year was about 250,000 cases, a very
light pack. The standard price for tails
has been $1 50, for pound flats $1 65, and
for half-pound flats 95 cents. These prices
were maintained throughout tho selling
season. Owing to the superior quality
of Columbia River salmon, higher prices
have been realized than for any other
product. Demand for Columbia flsh ha3
been good, and the canneries have had
no trouble In disposing of their stocks.
The selling season has been a profitable
one, although not so much so as In the
palmy days of the industry, when flsh
were cheap.
This time last year the stocks unsold
on the Pacific Coast were very heavy.
Large quantities were held by speculators,
both In England and the United States.
The trade was also carrying heavy stocks,
held on the level of the preceding year's
prices. These prices lessened demand and
kept the fish from moving readily. Be
fore the 1901 fishing season opened, the
Alaska Packers' Association treated the
trade to two surprises. One was the re
duction of Alaska reds from $1 10 to 95
cents per dozen, and the other the reduc
tion of Puget Sound sockeyes from $1 Jt)
51 50 to $1 per dozen. These new prices
caused great Increase In consumption, and
heavy sales. The carry-over stock to the
pack of 1901 was lessened thereby to about
150,000 cases.
Specalation as to Prices.
Naturally, there Is speculation as to
whether lower prices will be proclaimed
this season. The Immense pack makes
some people think values will be reduced.
A packer said yesterday that such per
sons may be grievously disappointed. At
any rate, he thought the Alaska Packers'
Association will await the prospect of this
year's pack.
The run of salmon at Puget Sound and
In the Fraser River last year was beyond
all precedent. The sockeyes were later
than usual, but when they came, they
were In such vast numbers as to block all
the canneries. Before the sockeyes had
finished running, the humpbacks appeared.
Tons of the latter were wasted by the
canners, who preferred the sockeyes, and
hoped to have the other flsh when the
sockeyes had gone.
The British Columbia and Puget Sound
pack amounted to more than 2,500,000 cases.
So soon as it was evident that there was
to be a great pack, cannerymen bestirred
themselves strenuously to sell at the ex
isting prices of the market. Puget Sound
canners have sold out about half their
pack. The remainder they hope to dispose
of before the pack of this year begins. In
asmuch as the current low prices are a
stimulus to- consumption, they may he
successful, for only half the year is spent.
On the Alaska coast the pack was also
enormous. Over 1,700,000 cases were put
up. The market began at 95 cents for reds,
snd this price has been declining toward
70 cents.
Total Pacific Coast Pack.
The estimated Pacific Coast salmon pack
last year Is as follows:
Alaska 1,700,000
Columbia River 250,000
Puget Sound and minor places 1,500,000
Sacramento River 17,000
British Columbia 1,200,000
Total 4,667,000
Packs for Past Twelve Years.
The Pacific Coast packs for the past 12
years have been:
Columbia Sacramento
Tear. River. River.
1890 433.500 35,006
1S91 S00.183 4,112
1892 502,800
J to J 375,700
1894 510.000 29,000
1S95 627,500
1896 501.200 14,472
1837 518.200 41.000
189S 438.630- 27.150
1899 340,125 33,580
1900 313.420 35.000
1901 250,000 17,000
British Puget
Year. Columbia. Sound.
1890 409,464 67.117
1891 314.813 7S.3U5
1892 236,997 129,000
1893 637,420 105.309
1894 562.371 103.340
1895 564,877 205.600
1896 5SS.794 321,400
1897 1,021,319 C01.150
189S 456,500 511455
1899 711,600 952.932
1900 -627.2S0 5S5.142
1901 1.200.000 1.S0O.O0O
- Alaska. Totals.
1890 . 6S3.3S2 1,628,469
1891 .. 799,294 1,586,737
1892 450,000 1,348,737
1893 669.002 1,787131
1894 678.500 LSS4.217
1895 687.000 2.034.871
1895 874.596 2,300.462
1897 939.448 3.121.117
1S9S 960,365 2.4S4.0U0
1899 1.03S.833 3.138.070
1900 1,534.800 2,995.642
1901 ,. 1,700,000 4,667,000
Distribution of the Packs.
The following rough figures show the
distribution oi the salmon packs for the
past four years:
1897 Cases.
Carry-over from 1896
Pack 3.100.000
Consumption : 2,500.000
Carry-over 600.000
1898 '
Carry-over from 1897 600 000
Pack' 2.400.000
Consumption 3,000,000
Carry-over ".
1899
Carry-over from 1S93
Pack ....1 3,100,000
Consumption 3,100,000
Carry-over
1900
Carry-over from 1895
Pack 2,995,000
Consumption : 2,845,000
Carry-over 150,000
Carry-over from 1900 150 000
Pac- 4,667.000
Range of Prices.
The range of prices In the same period
has been.
Prices 6
Opening months
1897 Prices, later.
Columbia River Jl 05 $1 00
Sockeye r. 80 80
Alaska red 90 SO
1898
Columbia River 1 06 1 20
Sockeye .... SO 110
Alaska red ; 100 105
1899
Columbia River 1 25 1 50
Sockeye 1 10 1 35
Alaska red 100 110
I960
I Columbia River . ..,.,.. .,.., 1 W 1-78
Bockeye 130
Alaska red 110
1901
Columbia River 150
Sockeye 100
Alaska red 95
150
110
150
100
SO
POSITION OF SUPREME COURT
Rating- in Trans-SUssoari Case Rath
er Favors Minnesota Sow.
Wall Street Journal.
The Northern Securities case comes
before the Supreme Court on the ques
tion of jurisdiction January 27. An im
pression exists that the court will de
cide that It has Jurisdiction. Hence, the
main question comes on the law In the
case as It has so far been established.
The decision of the Supreme Court In
the Trans-Missouri case seems to have a
bearing on this case. The Trans-Missouri
case was this: In "March, 1SS9, vari
ous Western roads formed the Trans
Missouri Freight Association, with power
to determine rates and to carry out vari
ous agreements.
In 1892, a test case came before the
Kansas Circuit Court and was appealed
to the Supreme Court. Meantime, In
1890, Congress had passed the anti-trust
act. Counsel for "the railroads argued
especially on two points: First, that the
anti-trust tax act did not cover rail
roads, and second that the association
did not violate any provision of the anti
trust Act. The majority opinion of the
Supreme Court, delivered by Justice, Peck
ham, made among others the points fol
lowing: The language of the anti-trust act In
cludes every contract, combination in the
forms of trusts, or otherwise, or con
spiracy in constraint of trade or com
merce, among the several states or with
foreign nations. A contract that is in
restraint of trade Is prohibited, even
though such contract Is entered into be
tween competing common carriers and
only for the purpose of affecting traffic
rates. If such an agreement restrains
trade. It is prohibited, unless It can bo
said that an agreement relating only to
transportation cannot restrain trade.
Those engaged In the transportation of
persona of property from one state to
another are engaged in interstate com
merce, and it seems to follow that agree
ments In regard to rate3 would relate
to commerce and might restrain It The
contention that the anti-trust act re
lates only to those engaged In the manu
facture or sale of articles of commerce
is not borne out by the terms of the act.
Railroad companies arc Instruments of
commerce, and their business Is com
merce Itself. We think after a careful
examination that the statute covers and
was Intended to cover common carriers
by railroads.
Upon the question of what constitutes
restraint of trade or commerce In tne
matter of railway competition, the court
says:
"We have no doubt that this agreement does
restrain trade and commerce in a way to be a
violation of the act. An association is formed
which is to adopt rates for all the companies.
ana a violation of which subjects the default
ing company to a penalty. The necessary ef
fect of the agreement is to restrain trade and
commerce.
It may bo that the Inability to maintain such
agreements will result in disaster to the roads.
This we do not know "and cannot predict. If
the act ought to read as contended for by the
defendants. Congress Is the body to amend it,
and not this court.
The claim that the company has a right to
charge reasonable rates, and therefore to
maintain such rates In combination with other
companies cannot be admitted. If there be any
competition, the extent of the charge for the
service will be seriously affected by that fact.
Competition will bring charges down to what
may be reasonable, while In the case of an
agreement to keep prices up, competition is
allowed no play. It Is shut out, and the rate
is practically fixed by virtue of the agreement
as long as they abide by It.
It seems clear fom these extracts that
the Supreme Court has decided that the
anti-trust act applies to railways, and
. that It considers a railway combination
which has the effect of shutting off com
petition between roads a violation of the
anti-trust act.
The issue in the Northern Securities
case, therefore, will turn upon whether
common ownership of Northern Pacific
and Great Northern Is shutting off com
petition between tne two companies.
It will be said on one side that the
Northern Securities Company Is a hold
ing company which has nothing to do
with questions of management; that the
boards of directors of Northern Pacific
and Great Northern are not composed of
the same persons; that each has Its own
officers, and that the management Is en
tirely Independent.
It will be shown on the other side that
while this is true, yet directors and offi
cers are In each case the agents of the
owners, and each must carry out the in
structions of those who own both prop
erties. Hence, the apparent distinctions
arc not real distinctions.
It Is a case where the common sense of
the situation Is very clear. Nobody would
doubt at all what the effect of Joint own
ership of the two properties would be;
but common sense and legal decision are
not necessarily the same thing, because
decisions are hampered by written stat
utes. It Is possible to obey the letter of
the law, while violating Its spirit.
It would be very unsafe to predict what
tho decision of the Supreme Court will
be In the Securities case, but It can be
said that the State of Minnesota will
start the litigation with points in its
favor.
FOUGHT WITH POLICXMAN
Suffering; From Insanity, David
Smith Resents Detention.
The attention of Policeman Mallett was
called yesterday, at the Union Depot, to
the strange behavior of a man who after
ward turned out to be David Smith, 50
years old, who had been living at a hotel
near the mills of the North Pacific Lum
ber Company. Smith, who carried a par
cel and said that he was about to proceed
on a Journey, was suffering from Insanity
and .refused to allow himself to be de
tained. He fought fiercely, and It was
only after a good deal of difficulty that
he was taken to the police station, and
from thence to the County Jail, where he
will be examined today as to his mental
trouble. His acquaintances say that be
has been acting strangely for the past
few days.
The Rose and the Ganntlet.
John Sterling.
Low spake the knight to the peasant girl,
"I tell thee sooth, I am belted earl;
Fly with me from this garden small.
And thou shalt sit In my castle's halft
Thou shalt have pomp and wealth and pleas
ure, Joys beyond thy fancy's measure.
Here with my sword and horse I stand,
To bear thee away to my distant land.
Take, thou fairest, this full-blown rose,
A token of love that as ripely blows."
With his glove of steel he plucked the token.
But It fell from his gauntlet, crushed and
"broken.
The maiden exclaimed: "Thou seest, sir knight.
Thy fingers of Iron can only smite.
And like the rose thou hast torn and scattered,
I In thy grasp would bo wrecked and shat
tered." She trembled and blushed, and her glances fell;
But she turned from the knight and said
"Farewell!"
".Not so," he cried, "will I lose my prize;
I heed not thy words, but I read thine eys."
He lifted her up In his grasp of steel.
And he mounted and spurred with furious heel;
But her ay drew forth her hoary sire,
Who snatched his bow from above the fire;
Swift from the valley the warrior fled.
Swifter the bolt of tho .crossbow sped.
And the weight that pressed on the fleet-foot
horso
Was the living man and the woman's corse.
That morning the rose was bright of hue;
That morning the maiden was fair to view;
But the evening sun its beauty shed
On the withered leaves and the maiden dead.
Magic.
T&-wr Balva-csft cures pfle.
THE CHINESE QUESTION
J.' T. MORGAN TEIXS HOW ORIENT
ALS WOULD REDUCE WAGES.
If Exclasion Law Is Not Enacted,
Cheap- Laborers "Would Lower
Oar Standard of Living.
(Continued from last Monday.)
The fourth proposition which I laid
down n my first letter was put In the
form following:
"Such reduction of wages and lowering
of the standard of living would diminish
consumption, discourage production, put a
check on business activity, curtail em
ployment, and increase the number of idle
men In our midst."
To what extent would production be di
minished? Approximately, to the extent
the m.eans for purchasing would be re
duced among our wage-earners. How
much In the aggregate would that be?
In 1890 our manufacturing establishments
alone paid out in wages a little over $2,
2S3,000,000. It Is, perhaps, safe to say they
are now paying not less than 52,500.000,000.
Now, If we may assume 55,000,000,000 paid
out to all others engaged In agriculture,
fishing, mining, domestic service and In
trade and transportation who stand as
3 to 1 with those employed In- manufac
ture we have some $7,500,000,000 as the
total amount paid annually to our wage
earners. A fall, therefore, of" 50 per cent
only in wages, other things continuing
stationary, would be a lessening of their
annual purchasing power to the extent
of 53,750,000,000. And this last named sum,
let me remind the reader. Is something
more than one-seventh of the assessed
value of all property of every kind, real,
personal and mixed In the United States
In 1890.
With such an appalling contraction of
the purchasing power of our wage-earners
thus brought to view. It will be seen
that the proposition here In discussion is
but an enumeration of self-evident truths,
to which, considered as results, such
shrinkage of purchasing power stands re
lated as cause to effect.
My fifth proposition wap stated thus:
"The fall In wages and the direful
consequences to ensue therefrom, as above
pointed out, would in their secondary and
more ultimate effects diminish our pro
ductive power as a people and thereby
deal us a most fatal economic blow."
Why and how so? A few reflections will
tell the story. So let us to them at once.
Other conditions remaining unchanged,
reducing wages Impoverishes the work
ers, sinks them to a state of suffering and
distress, degrades them socially, makes
them more dependent upon others pos
sessed of fortunes, blights their hopes.
breaks their spirit, takes from them their
ambition, blocks their way to advance
ment and robs them of their nobler aspir
ations. And as these things make up the
stimuli by which they are for the most
part moved to Industry and perseverence
both mentally and physically, when these
things are gone, they. In both respects,
descend to a state ofT sloth, discourage
ment and despair. In such a state we
could count on fewer new mechanical
contrivances and on fewer Improvements
In old ones, and would go back by de
grees to primitive methods, till much of
our productive power would be dwindled
away.
In Thomas Brassy's "Work and
Wages," published about 30 years ago,
while speaking of a portion of the peo
ple of Ireland, he says: "Poverty and
misery had deprived them of all energy.
Every motive to exertion was destroyed
and. agriculture was In its lowest and
rudest state."
Professor R. T. Ely says: "To keep
down wages means to decrease the effi
ciency of labor by an even greater
amount. To keep down the standard of
life Is therefore economically false."
Henry George, after taking the position
that to reduce wages -means to decrease
productive power, as will be shown later
on, says: "In country where the Chin
ese standard of wages prevailed, It Is cer
tain no such machinery as we have
would ever have been adopted."
Here now Is the sixth proposition I put
forth:
By excluding the Chinese and all other
equally cheap and servile laborers, and
by thus keeping up our rate of wages not
only at the present level but upon a
gradually rising scale, we can co'nfldently
rely upon more skill and efficiency on the
part of our workers, more mechanlcarahd
other Inventions upon a further Improve
ment of those we now have and conse
quently upon a continuous Increase of our
producing capacity as a people.
I am supported In this contention:
1. By the favorable effect which liberal
ratesxff wages have on our laboring men
themselves.
High wages, other things being equal,
give to manual laborers more to eat, more
to wear, more comfortable houses to live
In, some of the little luxuries of life, more
peace of mind, more happiness, and pros
perity. They also give them more self
respect, more hope, more ambition, more
self-reliance, a more ennobling spirit of
intrepid personal Independence, more up
lifting aspirations and more of a pleasing
consciousness of being to some extent at
least a factor In the moral, social and
business affairs of the community In
which they live. They give them more of
the means necessary to success In all
honorable pursuits, and to provide them
selves with agreeable and healthful sur
roundings. These things, taken all in all,
make up a strong and fiery Incentive to
exertion. Hence It Is that wherever we
find these several states of mind In ac
tive play we may safely expect to sec
! crroaf nir50vprnn nnr! onnrfft' In nil nrta
of mental and physical effort, with a grad
ual Increase of productive power, Intelli
gently applied to meet the demands of
an enlightened and ever-advancing civil
ization. 2. Numerous authorities are with me in
support of the doctrine here contended
for.
Adam Smith saya: "The liberal reward
of labor Increases the Industry of the
common people. The wages of labor are
the encouragement of Industry, which,
like every other human quality. Improves
In proportion to the encouragement It re
ceives. . . . Where wages are high,
accordingly, we shall always find work
men more active, diligent and expeditious
than where they are low."
Mr. Brassy, above referred to, observes:
"Dear labor stimulates Invention." The
words "dear labor" are, of course, the
equivalent of "high wages."
Professor Francis A. Walker quotes with
approval the language above referred to
as taken from Adam Smith. Professor E.
B. Andrews says: "All that gives wage
earners pride, ambition and courage, ele-
,vate3 wages." Why? Manifestly because
it maKes tnem more emcient, in accora
ance with the theory here under consid
eration. Henry George declares: "That to In
crease wages Is to Increase productive
power, and to decrease wages to de
crease productive power, Is evident from
the fact shown, by every comparison, that
highly paid labor Is always the most ef
ficient. The law Is universal that where
wages are highest there Is Invention the
most active, economics the largest, pro
duction the greatest and the growth of
wealth the most rapid. While Ill-paid
labor means waste and wasteful labor the
world over." And then he adds by way of
Illustration: "In the United States wages
are, on a whole, higher than anywhere
else In the world; and nowhere else In
the world Is Invention eo active, machin
ery so generally utilized, production so
great relatively to population, and the In
crease of wealth so rapid. In China,
where wages are lower than, anywhere
else, the Industrial arts are making no
progress, production Is carried on In the
crudest way, and though there are large
concentrations of wealth, the country as
a whole Is poor."
Much more might be urged in support
Qt the several proportions thus brought
A SUIT
?tJN every cake of
uuizipit.it. auiw ui
dressing, put on a
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lather Take the suit off with tepid water and you
will remove with it all the impurities of the body
which have been carried to the surface through the
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IVORY SOAP 99 "o PER CENT. PURE.
eOPTIOMT 111. IT THI PROCTER
Farina
AT as much
XL
j Steam Cooked
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choose. There are no directions
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price.
The H-O Co.'s Farina is a very use
ful cereal for porridge, croquettes, etc.
under review, but 1 will submit them upon
what has here been said.
J. T. MORGAN.
(To be continued next Monday.)
BIGNESS IN EXCESS.
Bishop Potter Idea on the Way to
Run Newspapers.
New Tork Tribune.
"The modern American newspaper is too
bulky," said Bishop Potter recently, as he
searched through one for a certain arti
cle. "If you were the proprietor of a dally
newspaper how would you run It?" asked
a reporter, who had called to see the
Bishop in regard to another subject.
The Bishop looked up from the rumpled
mass of paper with some expression of
surprise at such a question, and then,
folding the big pages together, he an
swered: "If I had the management of a great
metropolitan dally the first change H
would make would be to reduce its size.
I think that the pages of our newspapers
are just about twice too large.
"The chief reason why the size of the
papers should be made smaller is that
they are read, for the most part, by peo
ple In transit. Conditions are such In the
cities of this country, and In this city es
pecially, that the business man must
travel a good fraction of an hour, and in
some cases even longer, to and from his
place of business. As we know, our cars
are none too large In the rush hours, and
passengers are Jammed together with lit
tle liberty as to the use of their arms
and legs.
"Accordingly, when a man attempts to
read a newspaper he has to engage In
nothing else than a wrestling match with
his neighbor In turning the huge pages.
Often there is so little on each page that
the turning of the pages occupies about
all his time. "With pages one-half the
size and printed with more solid reading
this difficulty would be greatly alleviat
ed. "Secondly, I would have the paper
printed In two sections, which could be
easily detached. I would have every
item that pertained to finance, commerce
and the outside world of action in one
part, and- the women's news, the dress
patterns, cooking recipes, household
squibs and children's diets in a separate
section. Then, after breakfast the busi
ness man would take the part In which
he was Interested along with him to his
office and leave the woman's section at
home.
"In the third place I would have the
first page devoted to news which Is of
greatest local or foreign interest, and an
inside page devoted to timely comments
and editorials. Each page should be par
ticularized so that the reader who is In
terested In certain subjects may not have
to wade through the whole paper for his
particular information."
"What Is your Idea of the condensing
of articles and of short and long stories?"
was asked.
"That should he governed entirely by
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from head to fnnr tU
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iMSffiSEEESilSASWJffliS
Croquettes
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COAL
That will give you the full value for your
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counts on warmth and comfort for you and
your family.
-HOLMES COAL & ICE CO
247 Stark Street.
the class of people which forms the pap
er's constituency. Certain news items
can be made epigrammatic when the re
hearsal of details is unnecessary. But
all subjects cannot be treated in short
space. Certain themes demand an evo
lution of argument that must have scopa
and freedom.
"My pleasure Is great at times to fln$
some column or two-column article writ
ten with accuracy and insight on soma
burning question of the day, and then to
follow from one Idea to another when
each Is arranged In precise sequence with
Its fellows. t'"t """
"I believe that such articles are not
popular, however," added the Bishop, af
ter a pause. "It appears to be one of
the fallings of the present age that men
do not care to maintain a continued Una
of thought for any length of time. The
people want storiettes. Instead of stories,
novelettes instead of novels, operettas
Instead of operas and vaudeville sketches
instead of five-act plays. Someone has
characterized this as a vaudeville age,
and the characterization is not far from,
right.
"We see this in our schools. Children
are taught a great many things, but only
a little of each. The child has a little
German, a little Latin, a little algebra,
and so on.
"Although I am only a layman in Jour
nalism, nevertheless It Is a subjecft
great interest to me, and I have spent
much time in thinking over Its great
power and what I believe are its still
greater possibilities."
Successful experiments In raising tea
have In recent years been made on the
Caucasian coast of the Black Sea.
Pears'
soap does nothing but
cleanse, it has no medical
properties; for the color of
health and health itself
use Pears. Give it time.
Sold all over the world.
"ALLWRIGHT.FORMORE THAN HALP A CENTURY"
Car Httdacfc, CemSteHoa, CUI1 ad Trier, asd ill BH.
lamCBBUIaU. All BrajfUt. rriMlTMaU&Otx
I TOOTS fmWYftnAftEFIU(9.,tf Ye Jb