THE MORNING .QKEGQNIAN, SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1001.
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PORTLAJVD, SATURDAY, JULY 27.
VOLUME OP RIVERS.
An estimate by Captain Harts of the
volume of water flowing in the Colum
bia River, is interesting, in compari
son with the volume of the Mississippi
at New Orleans. Captain Harts made
ils observations at The Dalles. At low
water he found a flow of 108,000 cubic
feet per second; at high water 1,600,000
cubic feet per second. At low water the
discharge at New Orleans is 250,000
cubic feet per second; at ordinary high
water 1,000.000 cubic feet, and at ex
treme high water 1,200,000 cubic feet per
second. To these figures from 10 to 15
fcer cent should be added for the flow
through the Atchafalaya.
This estimate as to the Mississippi
Is from the most recent sources we have
at hand. They are from Johnson's Cy
clopedia, copyright 1854, compiled from
the "Journal of the Association of En
gineering Societies and Other Sources."
The mean annual discharge of the
whole Mississippi Basin into the Gulf
of Mexico, including that by the Atcha
falaya and bayou outlets, is estimat
ed at 675,000 cubic feet per second. It
Is larger, probably, than, the mean an
imal discharge of the Columbia Basin,
tut not greatly larger; for the Colum
bia flows at low-water stage not more
than two months In the year, and at the
lilgh-water stage it carries a greater
Volume than the Mississippi. Below
the Ohio the Mississippi gains little in
volume, losing by seepage and evap
oration about as it receives from its
lower affluents.
The flow of the St. Iawrence much
exceeds that of any river In North
America. Various authorities agree
that the mean annual discharge Is In
excess of 1.000,000 cubic feet per second.
The volume at Niagara is estimated at
390,000 cubic feet per second. It varies
little throughout the year, since the
Great Lakes above regulate the vol
time and give it an even flow.
OP SOME HISTORICAL INTEREST.
It Is perhaps not possible to say with
certainty who it was that originated
the idea of a transcontinental railroad.
It dates back nearly as far as the beginning-
of railroad construction In
America. Just about as soon as the
railroad Idea got a start, and even be
fore It was proven very practicable,
men began to talk of a railroad across
the American continent
Among those for whom the honor has
been claimed of publishing the first
statements in advocacy of a railroad
across the continent are Dr. Samuel
X. Barlow, of Massachusetts; Lewis
Gaylord Clark, Irvlng's and Bryant's
literary friend, and L. W. Boggs, who
was Governor of Missouri some sixty
flve years ago. Some of Hall J. Kel
ley's pamphlets on Oregon, published
as early as 1833, contain the same sug
gestion. The Boston Transcript claims
the honor of the first written article
In favor of a transcontinental railroad
for S. W. Dexter, or to the man who
wrote an article that was printed in
Dexter's paper, the Ann Arbor Emi
grant, in 1832. Yet we think there
were earlier articles. Railroad con
struction had begun in the United
States as early as 1826.
Rev. Samuel Parker, who came as a
missionary to Oregon in 1835, wrote in
ils journal of that trip that "there
would be no difficulty In constructing a
railroad from the Atlantic to the Pa
cific Ocean." So difficult, however, was
it that thirty-four years were yet to
elapse before the first transcontinental
railroad was completed.
"PURELY FORMAL'
There was joy in Porto Rico yester
day, -but there was no joy in Wash
ington. The cloud hung over the Island
by the Foraker act had been dispelled
by the Presidential proclamation of
Thursday, and the islanders felt to
lift their heads In the enjoyment of
free trade with their adopted country.
So much store did they set by this re
lease that they requested the procla
mation might issue on July 25, the
third anniversary of the day when the
American flag was first set up on the
Island. Hitherto they have been dis
criminated against Now they feel they
are recognized as a part of us. Once
they were aliens, now they are Ameri
cans, i
Not so at Washington. ''The procla
mation is purely formal," the dis
patches sententlously say, "andv only
in the body of the resolutions adopted
by the Porto Rico Legislature, hereto
fore published, does It appear that the
island Is set free commercially today
In commemoration of the anniversary
of the planting of the American flae
on the Island." Why this solicitude for
, - -i
formality and scrupulous avoidance of J
joy, or even sympathy, with the Porto
Rlcans? The answer Is that such a
recognition would be a distinct repu
diation of all that official "Washington
has heretofore held dear on the in
sular controversy. It would. In short,
have been a practical reversal of the
Government's attitude on a crucial
question of policy.
It has been the theory of the Admin
istration and Its adherents that Porto
Rico has been highly favored. How
shall we rejoice over deliverance from
bondage that did not exist? How con
gratulate a people upon escape from
the Foraker act, when we have always
held that act to be the sum and sub
stance of all gracious benevolence? It
was perfectly well understood at the
time McKinley; Beveridge and others
abandoned ''plain duty" for the course
laid down by the Protected Interests
that free trade with Porto Rico would
put Buch a burden upon the unhappy
island as It could 111 sustain. Out of
the kindness of our hearts we clapped
on the duty, and, while incidentally
establishing the desired precedent for
the Philippines, we relieved Porto Rico
of the thralldom of free trade through
the beneficent medium of a tariff on her
products.
Take your proclamation, therefor,
Porto Rico O take It with subdued
joy, if not with trepidation. Lret no
bell strike, or flag be flung to the
breeze, or songs rise, or health of
President McKinley or Governor Hunt
or Treasurer Hollander be pledged.
How can the cloud be .lifted when the
sky was already of such dazzling
brightness?
THEIR OPPOSITE METHODS.
They who take pleasure in the study
of constitutional Institutions must
often have had occasion to contrast the
antagonistic methods of Cleveland and
McKinley. This difference is forcibly
suggested in the ostentation with which
Secretary Long announces his course
in the Schley investigation to have
been formulated without consultation
with the President It Is needless to
say that no Secretary of Mr. Cleve
land's would ever have taken so Im
portant a step without Mr. Cleveland's
knowledge and approval.
There is, hardly a point In the Mc
Kinley Administration where this In
dependence of Cabinet officers, notori
ously non-existent under Cleveland, is
not prominently revealed. Hay had his
way with the Nicaragua treaty and the
Chinese complications. If McKinley
had any views concerning either, they
have been most studiously concealed.
Secretary Gage ran his laudable gold
standard and currency-reform propa
ganda with a high hand, and must
often have supplied tremulous agita
tion to the conferences of Chandler,
Wolcott and other silvern statesmen
with the President. Perhaps the most
noteworthy independence of all is that
shown by Secretary Root in the Cuban
negotiations. Boldly taking the bit in
his teeth, he rushed the acceptance of
the Piatt amendments through to
Cuban consent, and was abundantly
ratified by the good fortune which
crowned his programme with success.
That there may be merit of its own
In each of these methods, the master
ful of Cleveland and the complaisant
of McKinley, is obvious, when we recall
the sneers popularly indulged against
Cleveland's Cabinet for being mere
clerks in the Presidential office. Wo
must, at any rate, recognize the fact
that every man must work in his own
way. The way Napoleon won his vic
tories was not the way Wellington won
his victories. The painstaking Tenny
son and the Impulsive Byron arrived at
high and enduring fame over widely
sundered paths. Jackson and Cleveland
made everything else bend to their iron
wills. McKinley is -content to surround
himself with capable assistants and
give them authority commensurate
with their responsibility.
It is the misfortune of the strong
man that when he is wrong no one
can dissuade him. He will set the
Nicaragua Canal back twenty years or
restore the Hawaiian 'monarchy as
resolutely as he will compel preserva
tion of the gold standard or denounce
the betrayers of tariff reform. The
misfortune of the weak man Is that he
will let' the opportunities of a firm de
cision and resolute leadership go by.
He who is always waiting for public
sentiment to develop is at a disadvan
tage with him who leads the right way,
knowing that public sentiment will be
quick to follow him. Things will some
times turn up for the drifter. The
resolute leader will turn things up for
himself.
Mr. Cleveland was often wrong, but
there was something Inspiring In his
way of prompt decision and unflagging
adherence to his purpose. Mr. Mc
Kinley's administrative policies have
almost always proved wise when time
and the Cabinet got through with them,
but there Is something dispiriting In
his easy way of waiting to see how
things will turn out. Let Gage go
ahead with his currency reform. If
he slips up on it, it can leak out that
the President never was in sympathy
with it Let's see how Hay will come
out in China. If he makes a mess of
It we can hint that the President was
always In favor of more drastic or
more lenient measures. Let Root have
his way with Cuba. If he miscarries,
his course can be quietly disowned, and
if he succeeds, we shall have the credit.
Bv all means let Termer trn it nlnno mi
the Schley investigation, and, however
it turns out, each side can be assured
of the President's distinguished consid
eration. There are advantages, it is
obvious, in the easy-going system,
which are forfeited by the man of
bolder fiber. Yet the people are apt to
turn from such a man to his oDDoslte.
Next time we shall have some man like
Roosevelt or Olney or Carter Harrison;
and when his highhandedness has
wearied us, we shall be ready for an
other trimmer. The pendulum does
not stay long at either end of Its swing.
AT LENGTH HIS REWARD.
It Is two years ago the 8th of last
April that Hollister McGulre died In
the pitiless waters of the Umpqua,
yet the. good that he did lives after
him. and only now are the fishermen
at the mouth of the Columbia begin
ning to realize the merit of the work
he planned for their benefit It has
long been held on the Lower Columbia
that artificial propagation of salmon
Js a delusion and a snare, conceived
only as a ruse to defeat the scientific
doctrine that the only Injurious catch
ing of fish Is that indulged outside the
boundaries of Clatsop County. A fish
caught at Astoria is a useful product
of Industry. A fish caught In Baker's
Bay or in the Upper Columbia is pre
vented from spawning. It is gratify
ing to see. therefore, this illuminative
paragraph in the Astoria dispatches:
There Is not the slightest doubt" that the
"" -" C11W.-11UB uio river are inose lurnea I
out of the hatchery In im, when Commw-J
sioner McGuire's marked salmon were 'given
their liberty. Scores of those marked flan
have been caught, and it Is interesting to nolo
that all are large of size, as are the unmarked
fish which are being taken. Neer before in
the history of the industry have the sfelmou
been so large, few falling below 25 pounds In
weight The quality is unsurpassed, and this
season's paclC will be an exceptionally fine
one. Many of the gillnetters have heretofore
regarded hatchery work as a useless expendi
ture of money, but all are now com raced oi
Its value to the Industry.
Perhaps, on the whple, a man must
be felicitated if the good work he does
is understood and appreciated within
so comparatively short a space of time
as two years. Most men have to wait
a good deal longer. And it is like most
things in life that McGulre only lived
to see his labors derided and himself
threatened. Among these very fish
ermen who now reap the benefit of
the work he did, warrants were sworn
out for his arrest In order to intimi
date him from doing his duty. This
was done while his family was at the
seashore, so as to leave him the choice
of arrest or separation from them.
Every possible obstacle was laid in the
way of his efforts to enforce the law.
No one will ever know the pressure
that was brought to bear on him from
high and low to abandon his manhood
for a demagogic allegiance to the Lower
uoiumoia agitators.
Over at Lone Fir cemetery, where
McGulre Is buried, a marble shaft.
raised by the order that he loved, tells
the 6lmple story of his birth and death,
and there a woman who comes to weep
bitter tears over his memory tells the
story of his domestic life, made happy
for wife and children by his tender de
votion. These do not tell the real les
son of his work, which comes into the
white-winged boats of the fisher as
he hauls In the net that faithful serv
ice shall In no wise lose its reward.
The toller in this case is gone. The
only part he can contribute to the life
In which he once took such zest is
"that his grave is green." But those
who knew him at his work recall its
difficulties and discouragements, and
from its triumph now they take a mel-'
ancholy .pleasure. And for this, too,
the praise Is his.
THE NEXT POPE.
The great age of Leo XIII, who Is In
his 92d year, makes it probable that a
meeting of the College of Cardinals for
the election of a pope is not far off.
The maximum membership of the con
clave Is seventy cardinals. There are
now but fifty-five, of whom thirty are
Italians and twenty-five are of other
nationalities, so that It Is morally cer
tain the next pope will be an Italian.
Indeed, the next pope ought to be an
Italian, for the selection as the head of
the papacy of a Frenchman, a German,
an Austrian or a Spaniard Would throw
Europe Into a tremor and make the
holy chair the football of international
politics. It Is possible that the suc
cessor of Leo XIII will gradually be
come reconciled with the Italian Gov
ernment. Rome will not return to the
rule of the pope, and once again be
the temporal capital of the church, for
the city has doubled its population
since 1870 because of the commercial ad
vantage that has come to the city as
capital of the whole Kingdom of Italy.
The renewal of the temporal power of
the pope would be of no value to the
church, for it has gained in spiritual
prestige since the temporal power was
destroyed. The collection of "Peter's
pence" was never so large as now. The
conviction that no temporal power Is
needed by the church is growing in
Italy, and even in the Vatican itself.
Despite the fact that Leo Xni has
never abated his claims of temporal
sovereignty, it is probable that the
Vatican, under his successor, will be
come more international in its admin
istration and government, while re
taining Rome as the seat of ecclesias
tical authority and residence of the
pope. It will probably ultimately be
come reconciled with the Kingdom of
Italy, and its, political influence will be
due solely to its spiritual and religious
force. Of course, this result will not
be reached if the successor of Leo Is
a man after his own heart, for Leo re
fused to accept the proffered annuity
of 3,000,000 lire, which would have be
come his had he consented to render a
subject's fealty at the court of the
King of Italy. Leo has persistently
protested " against the occupation of
Rome, and has refused to compromise
the Independence and dignity of the
papacy. Archbishop Ireland, a cham
pion of the pope's temporal power,
points out that any concessions made
by the King and Parliament of Italy
and accepted by the pope would in
volve the assumption that the head of
the church is a subject which would be
intolerable. Archbishop Ireland insists
that the civil independence of the pope
Is inseparable from the permanent
maintenance of his spiritual authority.
He concedes that during Leo's pontifi
cate the prestige of the Vatican has
been greater than it had been at any
Other period in the nineteenth century,
but attributes this fact exclusively to
Leo's personal character and his re
fusal to recognize the Italian occupa
tion of the Papal States.
It is certainly true that the Catho
lic church, under Leo, despite its purely
political losses, has already regained
all It lost In Germany under Bismarck,
and is very near to regaining its Influ
ence In Italy. As to his successor, there
is no other man so much talked of as
Rampolla, the Secretary of State, a
very abfe man, and said to be Leo's
own preference; but his office puts him
at disadvantage, and he does not ex
pect to be the Immediate successor of
Leo. He can afford to wait as he Is
only 58 years of age. His candidate is
Cardinal Angelo dl Pietro, -who owes
everything to him, is 72 years of age
and a Roman. He will be supported by
Cardinal Rampolla's friends, and op
posed by the antagonists of the Secre
tary of State. It takes a two-thirds
vote of the cardinals to elect a pope,
and nobody expects to see a non-Italian
elected.
Abbe Sabatler, a learned Roman
Catholic of Paris, is quoted as author
ity for the view that as the power of
the pope is absolute, it Involves the
right of naming his successor if he sees
fit That this view Is supported by
reason and by actual "precedent Is at
tested by no less than three Instances
of church history. While a pope so
nominated would be a true pontiff of
valid status, all the probabilities are
that the next pope will be chosen by
the College of Cardinals, as has been
the custom for more than eight centu
ries. The cardinals will assemble In
Rome, summoned by the papal secre
tary. They need not choose one of
their own number as pope; they may
even name a layman, provided he re
ceive orders before his installation, but
a two-thirds majority must unite uDon
one name, whether, as in the case of
Leo XIII, in 1878, the decision be
reached In two days, or In six months.
as was the case in 1790, when Pius VII
was elected to the pontificate. While
the choice is usually made by ballot,
all the candidates may agree to leave
a decision to a small committee of two
or three, which is known as election by
compromise, which, however, Is seldom
resorted to. Still less often Is the nom
ination made by acclamation or "quasl
insplratlon," when the cardinals with
sudden and harmonious consent pro
claim some nerson pontiff with one
voice and without previous canvass.
Under the precept issued by Secre
tary Long, the Investigation of the
Schley Court of Inquiry will be thor
ough and exhaustive, and will finally
put at rest a controversy of long
standing, which, as Secretary Long
suggests, would not have arisen if
President McKinley had granted Sec
retary Long's request to have Admiral
Schley court-martialed as soon as It
was learned at Washington that he
had deliberately disobeyed his orders
when searching for Spanish ships.
Secretary Long also tried in vain to
persuade Senator Hale, chairman of
the committee on naval affairs, to In
vestigate the Sampson-Schley matter
by a cmlttee of Senators or a joint
commrctee of both Houses. Secretary
Latxg further says:
The day wo learned that Schley had turneo.
back, was the darkest day In all the history ot
that war. President McKinley felt convinced
that Admiral Schley had some good reason foi
turning back, and -would not order a court
martial. When Admiral Sampson took charge
of the fleet, he refrained from ordering a court
martial because ho was a Junior officer, and
assumed that Admiral Schley would ask for
a court of Inquiry when he learned that the
Navy Department was dissatisfied with his
course.
Secretary Long does not pretend to
condemn the conduct of Admiral Schley
In actual battle with Cervera'a fleet,
but he has already censured his man
agement of the flying squadron in the
endeavor to locate the Spanish ships
in the Antilles, as well as his ideas of
a blockade. The failure of the Presi
dent to order a court-martial resulted
in the trial of Admiral Schley by news
paper; Admiral Schley's serious mis
take was in not promptly calling for
a court of inquiry at the time when he
learned that the Navy Department was
dissatisfied with his course. The Sec
retary of the Navy did his duty In his
official censure, but the President-did
not do his duty, and now Admiral
Schley is forced to take the right
course at the last moment, which he
ought for the sake of his reputation
o have taken at the outset.
The acquittal of Fosburgh by the
jury, under orders from the Judge to
return a verdict of not guilty on the
ground of Insufficient evidence, was
just; and yet the Judge was careful
to say that the Chief of Police did
his full duty In his Investigation, upon
the results of which the defendant was
Indicted. It Is quite possible, If not prob
able, that the Chief of Police formed
a correct theory of the murder, viz.
that in a violent family quarrel May
Fosburgh was killed by a shot that was
fired accidentally, or at least was not
Intended for her. She was certainly
killed by a bullet from her brother's
revolver, which has been missing ever
since the murder, and there were a
number of other very suspicious cir
cumstances in the case. The pistol that
killed the girl was held so close to her
that there were grains of powder upon
her clothing, and the masks worn by
the alleged burglars were .made of pillow-cases
belonging to the spare room
in the Fosburgh house. There was no
evidence of any burglars being seen
about the city, and while the Fos
burghs claimed 'to have been aroused
from bed by the burglars, they were
all fully dressed, even to their neck
ties, when the doctor was summoned
and the nearest neighbors arrived. It
was a case that warranted the verdict
of "not proven," and yet a good many
fair-minded folk will always think that
the Chief of Police was correct in his
theory that in a family quarrel a chance
shot missed the crow and killed the
pigeon.
Is the Northern Pacific about, tn ful
fill Its ancient promise to build a direct line
into Portland? If it shall come across
from Mabton to the Columbia at the
mouth of the Klickitat, thence down
the river to Vancouver and across to
Portland, it will avoid mountain grades
and at the same time serve a large
tract of fertile country that Is now
without adequate transportation facili
ties. It would command the traffic of
the rich Klickitat Valley and liberate
a large area of white pine in the west
ern part of Klickitat County. Not only
wouia such a road give another outlet
to Portland from competitive territory
in Eastern Washington, but it would
place Portland In advantageous con
nection with the Yakima and Kittitas
Valleys, affording the thriving cities of
Ellensburg and North Yakima access
to a tidewater mart without a climb
over a mountain range The Northern
Pacific should be encouraged to build
this short line to Portland
The Oregonian said not long since
that President McKinley, under pres
surepolitical, social and personal had
abused the pardoning power by turning
loose a large number of financial delin
quents and bank thieves practically
all of this sort of criminals for whom
clemency had been asked by Influential
friends or politicians. In certain quar
ters it has been deemed a sufficient an
swer to this statement to say that
President Cleveland pardoned about as
many of this sort of criminals as Presi
dent McKinley has done. But The Ore
gonian knows not why either of the
Presidents should have pardoned so
large a number of these offenders, or
why It should be an argument that, In
asmuch as President Cleveland par
doned many, President McKinley
should pardon more. If there Is any de
scription of rascals greater or worse
than these bank rascals, who swindle
people out of their money, nobody
knows of them.
Secretary Long's precept bears un
mistakable evidence of an unfriendly
attitude toward Schley, and the stress
laid upon "reasons controlling" his
departure from Cienfuegos to San
tiago Indicates a purpose to make him
pay dearly for his technical disobedi
ence of Sampson's orders. Schley will
hardly escape unfavorable comment
from the court on some of the many
counts, though he deserves and should
receive commendation for his part in
the Santiago victory.
Mr. Kennan doubtless .will not be
seriously Inconvenienced by his expul
sion from Russia. What facts nis fu
ture romances need that he hasn't al
ready acquired imagination can sup
ply. Considering the advertising the
Czar is thus jriviner him. he oucht to
have the good grace to say nothing
ao out it
THE TRANS-PACIEIC CABLES.
" Boston Transcript
After all the talk in Congress at the
last session regarding the laying of a
trans-Pacific telegraph cable, it appears
that the British Government has out
stripped us In the matter. So far we have
proceeded only to the stage of authoriz
ing a cable to the Hawaiian Islands un
der Government supervision, at a cost of
$3,000,000, a measure to this effect having
been passed by Congress on April 11 last.
The British Government, on the other
hand, has proceeded to a survey of the
route. Is manufacturing the cables and
erecting the necessary station-houses and
expects to have its trans-Pacific cable in
operation by the end of next year. The
obstacles thrown In the way ot the
United States Government taking up the
project by those who had private axes to
grind are likely to prove costly fo the
United States in the long run.
The British cable is intended primarily
to strengthen Great Britain's hold upon
the sea power of the world, but it is also
likely to prove a profitable business en
terprise. Commerce follows lines of com
munication, and the construction of a
cable from Vancouver, B. C, to the Aus
tralian coast will tend to bring these two
British colonial possessions Into more in
timate trade" relations to the disadvantage
of the Pacific Coast ports of the United
States. The new line is to keep all Its
stations upon British territory. One sec
tion includes lines from the New South
Wales and New Zealand posts to Norfolk
Islands, and thence to the Fiji Islands.
The other section will be from the FIJI
Islands to Vancouver via Fanning Isl
and. The total length of the cable
will be 79S6 nautical miles, allow
ing 10 per Cent for slack. Tlje
length of the proposed American cable to
Manila by the route which was declared
practicable by the Government engineers
was 7493 miles, and while Congress was
considering its practicability the British
Government stepped in ahead with the
construction of a still longer line.
Doubtless the argument will be made
by the "cable monopoly" when this mat
ter is again brought to the attention of
Congress, that the British cable will
answer all the requirements of the United
States, and that it would be folly to lay
another 'cable with the trans-Pacific busi
ness fully accommodated by one line. But
a single line will not assure the perma
nency of communication which is the
first requisite of ocean cable service, and
the United States as a militant world
power, needs its own line for strategic
purposes as much as does Great Britain.
The existing charges for messages to the
United States will be materially reduced
by the operation of the British cable, as
messages may come from Luzon via
Australia, Instead of by way of Egypt,
as has been the case. With the con
struction of the lino to the Hawaiian
islands, the completion of an American
line to our other -new possessions ought
to be taken up.
The "ocean of the future" tho Pa
cific, must be ours. If the United States
hopes to secure commercial supremacy
upon It and with Its vast frontage and Its
islands In the Pacific it ought to have
such supremacy it must secure direct
lines of communication, regardless of the
objections of the timid or the opposition
of corporations, which always fear the
competition of Government ownership.
t
Mrs. Dye and Her Boole.
Buffalo Sunday Times, July 21, 1901.
Mrs. Eva Emery Dye was a recent vis
itor to Buffalo from Oregon. Mrs. Dye's
"Stories of Oregon" is being used in the
public schools there and gives the chil
dren a thorough knowledge of their state.
"McLoughlln and Old Oregon" Is a chron
icle relating to the early settlement of
the Northwest and of Dr. John McLough
lln, a leading factor In the Hudson's Bay
Company. Mrs. Dye Is now writing a
story of Lewis and Clark, two famous
explorers and two of the first white men
tb cross the Rocky Mountains and reach
the Pacific Coast The people of the
Northwest honor these "Pathfinders," and
in 1905. at Portland, Oregon, will be cel
ebrated "The Lewi3 and Clark Centen.
nlal." This promises to be a grand expo
sition. Captain William Clark's and Cap.
tain Meriwether Lewis' expedition lasted
two years and its details will give a his
tory of marvelous events. Captain Clark,
through his kindness and tact was able
to make negotiations with the Indians.
Thomas Jefferson planned the expedition
and it was his special wish thai the In
dians should be treated kindly. Mrs.
Dye's book will be written in her usual
natural style, with appeals to the tender
feelings of the heart. Her pen pictures
are extremely realistic.
Mrs. Dye Is a graduate of Oberlln Col
lege, being a classmate with her husband.
She came "East last Spring in search of
material for the Lewis and Clark book.
She visited libraries, gaining the most
or her Information, however, from Major
William Hancock Clark, of Detroit, the
oldest living grandson of the noted ex
plorer, and at the old Virginia home of
Julia Hancock, where Captain Clark was
married. In and around Washington and
Philadelphia she gained much lnforma.
tion. At St Louis she found many good
stories and procured many pictures for
Illustrations. Mrs. Dye's book will with
out a doubt be one of the most Interest
ing narratives of the opening of a gate
way to the Northwest
t
Christianity and History.
Cardinal Gibbons in North American
Review.
Christianity has dominated all modern
history. Its morality, based on the loving
kindness of an Eternal Father and the
mystic brotherhood with the God-Man
has renovated the face of the earth. It
has set firmly the corner-stone for all fu
ture civilization, the conviction of a com
mon humanity that has been deeply root
ed in us by no stoicism, but by the story
of Jesus Christ and by the lives and
deaths of countless Christian men and
women. It has clarified at once the sense
of sin and the reasons for hope. It has
touched the deepest springs of efficient
conviction; preached successfully, in sea
son and out of season, of mercy and Jus
tice and peace; affected Intimately every
function of domestic life; thrown a shel
tering veil of sanctity about maid and
mother and home; stood out against tho
fierce ambitions and illicit loves of rulers
and the low passions of the multitude.
It has healed and cleansed whole legisla
tions, and "filled out with a vivifying
spirit" the noble but Inorganic letter of
great maxims that a Seneca or an Eplc
tetus might utter, but could not cause to
live. It has distinctly raised the social
and civil life of all civilized humankind. It
bears within itself the antidote of a cer
tain divine presence, whereby it overcomes
forever those germs of decay and change
that cause the death of all other societies.
Its earliest writers and exponents had a
subtle sense of its true character when
they took over from paganism and ap
plied to the work of Jesus th symbolic
myth of the phoenix, emblem of a na
tive, organic and Indestructible vitality.
The Bandit and the Bonds.
Philadelphia North American.
A Bandit, being elected to office won
fresh notoriety as a bold and successful
Railroad Robber. His feme as a Thief
was spread throughout the Land. By
virtue of His Office the Bandit advertised
that he had bonds for sale not his own
bonds, but thooa of the unhappy people
over whomihe ruled.
Nobody would buy the offered bonds.
"Why is this?" demanded the Aston
ished Thief. "My subjects are perfectly
solvent and Good for their Money."
"The Explanation is," replied a Timid
Investor, "that while our People are
Good for any Amount, nobody of my
Careful Temperament is anxious to deal
with them through a Notorious Crimi
nal." "This," shouted the Indignant Bandit,
"is not a Personal Matter. It Is a hideous
and unwarranted attack on the Credit of
the City."
Moral: Municipalities that want to bor
row money should be careful to select de
cent agents.
MR. M'KINLEY AND RECIPROCITY
New York Times.
How strongly does Mr. McKinley really
desire to get through the Senate some
tangible concessions of reciprocity?
This is the essential point In the Re
publican Congressional programme for the
next session. No one doubts that the
President has a certain desire in this di
rection. All who have talked with him
agree in reporting it It would be strange
if he had not He has learned much in
his four years In office that was only a
vague Impression before. He has un
learned some things. He knows now that
In many of the most important lines of
Industry there is no more need for pro
tection from foreign competition than he
himself has for swaddling clothes. He
knows, further, that in some important
lines there is an actual need for foreign
markets, which the high tariff duties tend
to close. He knows that In the chief Eu
ropean countries there is a well-founded
feeling of resentment toward the United
States on account of the selfish and arbi
trary commercial policy which we pur
sue. His own efforts to assuage this feel
ing by the negotiation of treaties of re
ciprocity, though authorized by law and
approved by his party platforms, have
been resisted in the Senate In a manner
that has made the situation more trying
and vexatious than before. He sees that
there Is a considerable and growing sen
timent In tho business community In favor
of a more rational and progressive policy;
he has done all apparently that seemed
to him practicable to secure some respect
for this sentiment, and he has been de
feated and almost flouted. The question
now is how far he Is prepared to go in
the use of his great Influence with his
party to bring the Senate Into harmony
with his own convictions and with the
advancing public opinion of the country.
With all respect for the sincerity of the
President we fear he will not go very-far.
Mr. McKinley Is profoundly convinced
that the substantial unity of the organiza
tion of his party is absolutely essential to
the welfare of the country. He will do
nothing that he can avoid that is likely
to imperil that unity. He will not try to
constrain any element In the party that Is
ready to show fight, unless It be in order
to conciliate a more powerful element that
is equally ready to show fight Now, it
must be conceded that at the present time
the opponents of reciprocity and of all
relaxation of the absurd and outworn
protective tariff are entirely ready to
fight, and the friends of tariff reform In
the party are not. Tho anti-reformers are
contending for their pockets. They are
In the enjoyment of profitable privileges.
They have the monstrous privilege of
taxing their fellow-citizens for trading
with their foreign competitors. From this
they have made and are making great
and continuous profits. These profits are
so large that they can afford to sell and
do sell In many cases their surplus prod
ucts in foreign markets at prices far be
low what they charge at home. Men do
not give up such advantages unless they
aro forced to do so, and it Is very hard
to force these men. They are a compact,
united body, trained by long experience
In all the arts of Influencing legislation.
Party success is nothing to them except
as It promotes their own interests. Party
discipline is valuable to them as a weapon
In their own hands. Turned against them,
It has few terrors. They never hesitate
to betray and defeat a party man who is
nqt enlisted on their side. Even Mr. Mc
Kinley can do little with them unless he
is able and ready to threaten them with
opposition that will Induce them to save
part rather than lose all. He may come
to this in the long run. He Is nowhere
near that point now.
The protectionists aro not deceived about
reciprocity. They know perfectly what It
means, and that, as far as It goes, It goes
straight in the direction of free trade.
They have fought it In its mildest form
on that account, and they will continue to
do so Until they are compelled to compro
mise. The only voice they will listen to is
the voice of the pedple at the polls, and
even to this they will be found very deaf.
If Mr. McKinley should see that the ad
vance of public opinion was becoming
dangerous to his party, ho might make
himself the Interpreter of that opinion,
and secure some attention for Its de
mands. But he would have to be very
clear In his conviction, much clearer than
he has as yet shown any sign of being.
Courage of the Darker Races.
Spectator.
In India there are races, like tho Benga
lees and some of the tribes of Madras,
who cannot by any provocation be in
duced to fight, or be trained as soldiers,
and they live side by side with others,
like the Ghoorkas secured for us by tho
intellectual acumen of one man, Mr. Brian
Hodgson and the Mohammedan converts
in Madras called Moplahs, who aro both
probably braver than the very bravest of
the white races. Why are the former such
exceptional soldiers, while It Is fancied
fhat their close kinsfolk In the Shan
States and Indo-China are rather timid?
Is the cause merely the Rajpoot cross in
tho Ghoorkas, who physically show no
signs of it, but look like rather inferior
Mongols; or is it, as we half suspect, that
tho Indo-Chinese are not cowards at all,
but men who have lost something, not so
much of their nerve as of their self-confidence?
The whole fufure of the French
occupation of Indo-Chlna, or of ours, if
we should over supersede them, depends
upon the response to that question, to
which as yet the answer Is most Imper
fect Then does the difference depend
upon habit upon difference of diet a sub
ject involving the entire future of Chris
tianity in India or upon religion, as so
many observers affirm as regards all Mus
sulman converts, or purely upon race?
Even as regards Chinese there is a most
amazing conflict of eVidence, competent
observers declaring that they are essen
tially timid, while others equally compe
tent assert that they have innately all
fhe capacities of soldiership a difference
explained by Chinamen themselves by at
tributing to the people of different dis
tricts entirely different characters. As a
matter of fact, Chinese from Yunnan have
beaten French regulars; whllo Chinese
from Shantung seem unable to stand up
tb any Europeans, or even to Japanese,
who spring from the same race. In Africa
the Investigation is even more pressing.
for African armies are yet to build. There
Is a great body of evidence t!o show that
the higher African races, though purely
black, such as the Bantu, are decidedly
brave, and If crossed with the Arab, ex
ceptionally so; but many experts, includ
ing, we fancy, all Boers deny this, and
attribute true bravery to the blacks only
when under certain Influences, of which
severe discipline is one. There is, we be
lieve, a difference of opinion on the sub
ject even in the Southern States of tho
Union, where knowledge must be exten
sive and practical a difference so great
that It can be explained only by wide dif
ferences in tho origin of tho quondam
slaves, who belonged originally to at least
four unconnected tribes.
Wall Street By the Ticker.
S. E. Kiscr in Leslio's Weekly.
There by the ticker some one lies.
The floor Is red with stains.
And while a face is turning gray
The busy ticker croons away
Of losses and of gains.
There by the crooning ticker lies
Hope, love, ambition, pride:
For him who wields th etraglc pen
A tale is there to barrow men
Who hurry on outside.
Somewhere, perhaps, a little faco
Is pressed against a pane
In eager watchfulness for ono
Who, while the changing seasons run.
Shall let her watch In vain.
There by the ticker some one lies
Whose weary faco is gray.
And at his feet a mocking pile
Of fragile tape keeps growing while
Tho ticker croons awayt
tfOTE AND COMMENT.
He who fights and runs away
Had best look out for E. Maclay.
Now Speaker Henderson Is going to Ber
lin to see whether or not Emperor William
will do.
Most people are willing to take it for
granted that the plaza blocks are worth
seeing at 5 A. M.
A censor could have beon employed to
good purpose In tho text-book department
of the Naval Academy.
Denmark Is still trying to palm off that
job lot of Islands on Uncle Sam, but 30
far she declines to quote him any dis
counts. The Retail Clerks' Association has
doubled in two years, but the small boy
who eats the green apple does the same
thing In two seconds.
Either the correspondents at Astoria
are seeing double or the salmon have
ranged themselves emphatically on the
side of artificial propagation.
There will be fewer sealskins this sea
sons, but the chances are that the wives
of the Kansas farmers will not be ablo
to purchase the usual number.
From recent utterances by prominent
Democrats, we gather that the name ot
the next Democratic candidate for Presi
dent will not begin with William Jennings.
It might be a good Idea to Inaugurate
an investigation to determine which of
the two cup challengers Is the faster. It
seems to be Impossible to decide it by
racing.
Judging by the action of the Russian
authorities yesterday it Is evident that
the Czar has been a constant. If not an
appreciative, roadcr of the works of
George Kennan.
There is no probabllty In tho rumot
that Emperor William Is going to end
tho Boer War. If tho struggle could havo
been terminated by talking, Webster Da
vis would have settled It.
Archbishop Katzen of tho Roman Cath
olic diocese of Milwaukee does not be
lieve In Christian Science, of which ho
recently said: "Christian Science is fun
damentally wrong. It Is founded on pan
theism, from which all its theories aro
drawn. Christian Science does no harm
whei it convinces some person who Is suf
fering from an imaginary 111; Indeed it
does some good, but when it tells a man
with his leg cut off that he only Imagines
that his leg is off and thus keeps him
from the care of a physician, when med
ical help could save his life, then It Is
wrong deplorably wrong." m
A suburban, resident was Journeying
from his homo to his place of business one
morning this week, when he observed on
a lot near the car line a goat moored to
the "for sale" sign of a real ostatc dealer,
and browsing on the grass and stones
within his reach. Noting the name and
address on tho sign he called at the deal
ers' establishment on his arrival in town
and said:
"I see you have something for salo out
on tho Mount Tabor trolley line."
"Yes," replied tho dealer with Interest
"Are you looking for an Investment?"
The suburbanite said that he was in a
small way, and the real estate man, much
to nis surprise, offered to Jump on the
car and go out to show him the prop
erty. Having a little time on his hands,
he agreed, and, In the course of halt
an hour the two stood gazing at tho
goat, tho sign and the surrounding coun
try. - "There," exclaimed the dealer, "I'll let
you have that for $2000."
"What?"
"I said I'd let you have it for ?2000. You'll
be able to sell it for twice that Inside of
10 years."
"Sell what for twice that?"
"Why the lot, of course."
"Shucks, I don't want to buy any let
I want the goat"
There was no sale.
PLEASANTRIES OF PARAGRAPHERS
"Haven't you any of your grandmother's old
things, Mrs. Newdash?" "No; but 1'te gota
lot of candlesticks, old tables and chairs that
belonjed to a woman who lived next floor."
Detroit Free Press.
Mrs. Crabshaw I suppose you'd be awfully
frightened if I should send you a telegram
while I'm away in the country. Crabshaw In
deed I would, my dearl I don't know where to
raise any more money to send you. Fuck.
"Is he what you would call a self-mada
man?" said one multimillionaire. "I should
say so," answered tho other. "Why, I can re
member the day when ho had scarcely a mill
ion dollars to his name." Washington Star.
Hoax I seo Rocksle, the gambler, is going
to retire on his fortune and sell out his place.
There's a chance for some fellow with a llttlo
capital to get In the .swim. Joax Ah I Tako
a dive to get Into the swim, eh? Philadelphia
Kecord.
"Don't you, think you could drive that mulo
without the uso ot profanity?" inquired tho
person ot refinement "Yes," answered, tha
canal-boat man. "I reckon I could get along
all right. But it would get powerful lone
some for the mule." Washington Star.
He was obviously anxious, and she seemed
almost willing. "I shall refer jou to papa,"
said she, with a becoming blush, "before giv
ing you a final answer." "But I am perfectly
willing to tako you without any reference,"
said he, magnanimously. Indianapolis News.
"Why, dear, what's the matter with you?
Bay news from your husband?" "Oh! worso
than that. He writes mo that is longing for
me and kisses my picture every day." "That's
no reason for crying." "Yes, but I find I put
mother's photograph in his trunk in mistake for
mine." Brooklyn Life.
"You will And. tho work easy," said Mrs.
Hauskeep. "We live ery simply, and there
are no children to " "Oh, Ol'll not tako the
place av there's no children," Interrupted tho
applicant. "The Idea! You'ro an exception to
the rule." "Well, av there's no chllder, all
the dishes OI break '11 be blamed on me."
Philadelphia Press.
"Well," asked the professor, "did you at
tend our commencement and meet our grad
uates?" "No," answered the editor, "I don't
attend, but I've met them all, I guess. How
many joung men did ou graduate this year 7"
"Two hundred and twele," answered the pro
fessor. "Then one of them must be 111." said
the editor. "Up to date, two hundred and
eleven havo been around to strike me for a
Job." Indianapolis Sun.
Rain.
Laura Spencer Portor. in Tho Atlantic
Tho patient rain at early Summer dawn;
The long, lone Autumn drip; the damp, sweet
hush
Of Springtime, when tho glinting drops seem
gone t
Into the first notes ot tho hidden thrush;
The solemn, dreary beat
Of Winter rain and sleet;
Tho mad. sweet, pasaionato calling of the
showers
To tho unblossomed hours;
Tho driving, restless, midnight sweep of
rain;
The fitful sobbing and tho smile again
Of Spring's childhood; the fierce, unpltylng
pour
Of low-hung, leaden clouds; the evermore
Prophetic beauty of the sunset storm.
Transfigured into color and to form
Across the sky; O wond'roua changing rain!
Changeful and full ot temper as man's life;
Impetuous, fierce, unpltylng, kind again.
Prophetic, beauteous, soothing, full of atrlfe;
Through all thy changing passion hear not wo
Th' eternal note e the, Unchanging Sea,
il