8
THE MORNING OBEG,ONIAN, MONDAY, APRIL ; 8, 1901.
COLLEAGUE OF BENTON'S
DE, JASK CHATHPIOSfED OREGON'S
GAUSS IJf THE SEXATE.
Underctood the Possibilities of tlie
'West and Urged American
Expansion.
Dr. Louis Fields .inn, who "was a United
States Senator from -Missouri -when this
country was expanding toward the Paclnc,'
was an ardent champion of Oregon. His
reply to Senator McDuffle. of South Caro
lina, -was one of the most forceful speeches
on the Oregon bill.' O.'H. Smith," -who -was
one of the Indiana- Senators, describes
Senator Linn in "'Early Trials In Indiana,''
as a "plain, direct and intelligent"
speaker. d"The mind of Senator Linn,"
says Senator Smith, "was "West, and while
his own Missouri was never absent from
him, the still farther "West, the great
slope between the Hocky Mountains and
the Pacific, was ever present to him; the
territory of Oregon, the country on the
Columbia River, the Valley of the Wil
lamette, were cherished objects of his
Senatorial regard."
J. M. Greenwood, superintendent of eltj
schools of Kansas City, Mo., in an ad
dress delivered before the Greenwood Club,
of Kansas City, outlined the career of
Dr. Linn, whose professional and public
services, he said, "ought to be better
toiown to the people of Missouri, and more
fully understood and appreciated by the
people at large." Mr. Greenwood said:
Dr. Lewis Fields Linn's ancestors emi
grated from Pennsylvania to Kentucky
tioon after the Revolutionary War, and
settled near the City of Louisville, Ky.,
where Lewis Pields was born, November
6, 1795. At the time of young Linn's
birth, both banks of the Ohio Kiver were
the hunting grounds and fastnesses of
bloodthirsty and ferocious Indians, who
spared neither persons, property, age nor
sex. They were indiscriminate butchers.
Both of the grandparents of Dr. Linn
with seven members of their families,
fell -victim to the merciless and bloody
scalplng-kntfe. His intrepid grandfather.
Colonel William Linn, after having passed
through the stormy period of the Revo
lution, Anally gave up his life in battle
against the Indians in a conflict on the
Ohio River near Louisville.
Dr. Linn's father was named Asael,
and his mother, Ann Hunter, who was
twice married: first, to Israel Dodge, of
Louisville, the father of General Henry
Dodge, who was Governor of Wisconsin
territory and Delegate to Congress, and
from 1848 to 1S57, United States Senator
from that state. He died at Burlington,
la., June 13, 1867. He was also the father
of Augustus C. Dodge, who was born in
St. Genevieve, Mo., January 2, 1812, and
represented Iowa in the Senate from 1848
to 1855. After the death of her first hus
band, Israel Dodge, Mrs. Ann Hunter
Dodge married Asael Linn, of Louisville,
Ky., the father of Lewis F. and Mary
Ann Linn. She never lived to learn the
gratifying fact that two of her sons,
Henry Dodge and Tlewls Fields Linn, and
one of her grandsons, Augustus C. Dodge,
were members of the United States Sen
ate, and during periods nearly simulta
neous. The two children, Mary Ann and Lewis
Fields, were left orphans early in life,
Mary at the age of 14 and Lewis at 12.
Between them a remarkable similarity of
character and personal appearance exist
ed. Both were handsome in form and
features; both were endowed with a pre
cocious self-reliance and an elevated and
fearless spirit. Their dispositions were
genial, buoyant and cheerful. Mary's was
that of the continuous sunshine without
shadow; but Lewis' was more of light
and shadow. Her proverbial brightness
preserved the equilibrium of the two.
Upon entering the Senate, Dr. Linn first
acquainted himself with the routine du
ties of his position, and he addressed
himself diligently to the work that was
to be done, and how It should be accom
plished. Indifferent at first to his own ""powers
as a public speaker, he devoted much of
his time chiefly to the private claims of
Missouri. By his quiet, dignified, courte
ous manner, he soon won the respect of
every member in the Senate without re
gard to party affiliation. His intellectual
faculties were of a high order, and he
was resolute, courageous and ardent in
every pursuit in which his energies were
enlisted.
Political Career.
When he entered the Senate, party feel
ing ran high, and the senior Senators
"were rather averse to forming intimate
acquaintances with the new Senators of
the opposite party, except there was some
strong social or Intellectual tie, but in
the case of Dr. Linn this was not so in
any sense. Yet be had been in the Sen
ate some" time before anything beyond the
mere common civilities of life had been
interchanged between him and Mr. Clay.
The following touching incident will il
lustrate this trait in Dr. Linn's charac
ter: "One of Mr. Clay's sons had come
to visit him in Washington, and a few
days after his arrival, ie was taken very
sick and his case was regarded as hope
less. Many of Mr. Clay's warm personal
friends had received medical aid from Dr.
Linn, and they urged Mr. Clay to send
for him. Mr. Clay said it was impossible
to ask such a favor, as he was scarcely
acquainted with the doctor, and he knew
the doctor would receive no remunera
tion for his services. Young Clay grew
rapidly worse, and finally Mr. Clay sent
a note to Dr. Linn inviting him to come
as a 'Good Samaritan,' and strive to save
the precious life of his son. Mr. Clay
met the doctor at the door of the sick
room, his countenance expressing the
deepest anxiety. He said: 'Doctor, I
thank you with all my heart for coming
to see my son, but It Is too late. I am
cpnfident his hours are numbered; my"
dear boy must die. After an examina
tion of the patient, the doctor said? 'Mr.
Clay, trust your son to me; go to the
Senate, and should my vote be wanted
for Missouri, send for me; in the mean
time I will stay with your son, using
every effort with God's blessing to save
his life.' The son was restored to health,
and the closest and warmest friendship
sprang up between these two men which
lasted while they lived,"
Notwithstanding the demands made
upon Dr. Linn's time, both public and
social, he kept ' constantly in mind the
wants of the people of Missouri and of
the great West, and he devoted much
energy toward developing the great nat
ural resources of his state. He sent a
lump of iron from Iron Mountain, weigh
ing two tons, to Paris for the scientists
to inspect as to its properties. They re
ported that it was of the very best qual
ity, and for most purposes superior to
any they had seen. Also some of the pure
white sand which is so prevalent in the
Southeastern part of the state near
where he lived he had taken to Pittsburg
to be tried In the glass works there, and,
upon trial, it was found to make the
most beautiful of glassware. Not satis
fied with a knowledge of the progress of
mining In this country, and believing that
Missouri held Inexhaustible treasures of
the useful metals, he decided to visit the
mines of Europe, and to bring home with
him experienced miners who could in
struct our people in this subject, which
then was so imperfectly understood. So
highly pleased was Colonel A. D. Stew
art, Paymaster United States Army, with
this enterprise, that he tendered Dr. Linn
what money -ihe could readily command,
and his credit, for any amount he might
find necessary, to carry out his plans on
a larger scale.
While In Europe, he sent many very
Interesting letters home to his family,
giving lively occounts of what he' saw.
One of his letters from London, Septem
ber 17, 1839. is published In his life. Here
is an extract: "I will commence where I
left off in my longest letter. I took lodg
ing in a boarding-house kept by an Eng
lish woman on the plan of an American
house. She is short, thick, fat. loqua
cious, obsequious .to those above her, and
. tvrant to those, below: keen, sarcastic
unfeeling and avaricious these are her
principal virtues., .Her daughter, JMIss
F., is about 22. years of age, above the
ordinary stature, qulfe fat, or rather as
a Frenchman would say, inclined to "em
bonpoint,' with a tolerably handsome
face, shaded very much by a profusion
of dark brown curls of her own, or bor
rowed from the dead or bought from the
living cannot say which. She plays well
on the piano and harp, and speaks the
French remarkably well. She is certain
ly an accomplished woman, and would
she permit common sense to have fair
play, would be an Interesting one. She
assumes the delicate, sensitive, languish
ing, lacadalslcal beauty. Her eyes are
usually cast down, and a half-sleepy and
dreamy expression.".
He was a modest man In the Senate,
distrustful at first of his own ability, yet
there was nothing in the Mississippi Val
ley or ,the far West that escaped his at
tention. After settling many of the land
claims under the Spanish and French
grants, and determining what claims were
valid and what ones Invalid, he gave
much attention towards putting the
Western country In a state of defense
against the large bodies of Indian tribes
that had been settleS by the Government
along the borders of Wisconsin,. Iowa,
Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. Nat
urally sensitive on the Indian question,
he earnestly sympathized with the pio
neer settlers, and he was their greatest
advocate In the Senate. Many of the
Indian tribes had been removed from the
older states "by the General Government
and located along the border settlements.
He claimed that these acts were made in
the interests of the older states and to
free them from the Indians as a disturb
ing element, hence it was only justice
to the newer states and territories that
a sufficient military force should be sta
tioned along the Western frontier to keep
the Indians in awe as well as to prevent
their depredations on persons and prop
erty. He was continually in dread of a
general uprising of the Indians extend
ing from our Northern boundary to the
Gulf of Mexico. He knew well the In
dians' thirst for plunder as well as re
venge, and how easy It would be to ex
cite this inflammable matter to burn,
murder and destroy, and that were they
hard pressed by the soldiers, they could
easily fly to the plains which lay back
of them, rendering pursuit and punish
ment exceedingly difficult. Dr. Linn be
lieved most thoroughly In preventive
measures against combinations and bor
der wars.
Whatever measures were enacted by
Congress touching the Indian question
during the 10 years he was in the Senate
were due almost entirely to his efforts.
When he spoke upon this or any other
topic, he confined himself strictly to a
statement of the facts in the premises,
and the deductions that could bo logically
drawn from the data Involved.
A Firm Friend of Oregon.
Another subject of the deepest solici
tude to Dr. Linn was for our Government
to gain possession of Oregon so as to
exclude the English from it. He was the
best-informed man in the Senate on the
Oregon question, and he was unwilling
that this country should be partially dis
possessed of. any part of that vast re
gion, or to share her title with any other
nation. On February 7, 183S, Senator
Linn introduced a bill authorizing the
occupation, of the Columbia or Oregon
River, establishing a territory north of
latitude 42 degrees, and west of the Rocky
Mountains, to be called Oregon Territo
ry. Some discussion followed the Intro
duction of the bill, and eventually Mr.
Linn made one of the clearest and most
'convincing reports on the Oregon Terri
tory that was ever submitted to the Sen
ate. His report is a complete historical
and legal presentation of the entire sub
ject, including every incident of import
ance connected with the territory from
the time the Americas first claimed the
country to June 6, 1838. It is one of the
ablest papers ever presented to the Sen
ate. The rise, the progress and the his
tory of the entire era Is traced with
great and exact minuteness. All claims
by Spain, Russia and England are pre
sented with great fairness. This report
is the basis upon which all subsequent
historical discussions are based. It shows
to the best advantage the resources, the
breadth and extent of his information,
and the wide range of subjects which
he had mastered, arranged and classified.
Had this report been the only thing he
ever did In the Senate, It would entitle
him to the foremost rank as a statesman,
and yet his name is scarcely mentioned
in history in connection with Oregon.
On December 11, 1838, he introduced a
bill authorizing the, occupation of the
Oregon Territory, which was read twice
and referred to a special committee, con
sisting of Mr. Linn, chairman; Mr. Cal
houn, Mr. Clay, Mr. Walker and Mr.
Pierce. On January 28, 1839, he presented
the memorial from the citizens of Oregon
Territory. This petition was signed by
J. S. Whltcomb and 35 others, residing
south of the Columbia River, praying
Congress to extend rotectlon to their
settlements and embrace Oregon under
Federal Jurisdiction. In the advocacy of
the passage of his bill, Senator Linn
pointed out that the occupation by the
United States of Oregon would secure
the sources of vast wealth in the fur
trade, the fisheries, the trade with Cal
ifornia, the Hawaiian Islands, China and
Japan and the Orient in general. He
prophesied many things that have since
come to pass, dwelt upon the magnifi
cent scenery of Oregon, Its fertility of
soil, and the mildness of Its climate, con
cluding with the statement that Its pos
session was Important and delay in oc
cupation dangerous.
Mr. Linn believed that the time had
come when the United States should
stretch- Its protecting arm over all Its
citizens residing In the Oregon Territory.
He brought forward different bills hav
ing for their object the same general
purpose. Thus matters stood till August
31, 1842, when Mr. Linn asked permission
to address the Senate concerning the oc
cupation of the Oregon Territory. He ar
gued again that this country should as
sert Its title' to Oregon, and enact meas
ures to encourage immigration, and to
take such other steps as the urgency of
the situation seemed to aemand. His re
marks were .pointed, clear and convinc
ing, but his friends urged him not to press
the Issue at this session owing to the
negotiations' then pending between Great
Britain and the United States, and so
the matter was held In abeyance until
February 6, 1843, when the "Senate, by a
vote of 24 to 22, passed the bill. Thus
Dr. Linn, after laboring Incessantly for
five years, had at last the satisfaction of
seeing the bill pass the Senate and his
efforts crowned with partial success. The
following tribute from a speech delivered
by Senator Benton In St. Louis, shortly
after Dr. Linn's death, will set this mat
ter In its appropriate light: "But how
can I omit the last great act, as yet un
finished, in which his whole soul was
engaged at the time of his death. The
bill for the settlement and occupation of
Oregon was his, and he carried It through
the Senate when his colleague, who now
addresses you, could not have done it.
This Is another historical truth, fit to
be made on this occasion, and in which
is now declared to this large and re
spectable assembly under all the circum-'
stances which Impart solemnity to the
declaration. He carried that bill through
the Senate, and it was the measure of a
statesman. Just to the settler, it was
wise to the Government."
Senator Linn worked In another cause
In the Senate, for the passage of a bill
to remit the fine which had been Im
posed on General Jackson for proclaim
ing martial law in New Orleans in 1815.
This was one of the best speeches the
Senator ever delivered, and it shows, the
same deep grasp of the subject as does
his Teport on the Oregon Territory. His
whole heart and soul were In it. He re
garded the fine imposed on General Jack
son as an act of the grossest injustice.
These were the motives that prompted
Mm. They were honorable, manly, just
and humane.
Reply to Senator McDulQe.
Replying to Senator McDuffie, of South
Carolina, when the. Oregon bill was pend
ing. Senator Linn said:
"These are the views of those who look
only to the earthly rewards of hazardous
enterprise: But "the Eastern 'States fur
nish others, whom a sacred call has led
to trace the pathless wilderness, careless
"Of all human protection; who, in the
true spirit of Christian philanthropy,
have braved every privation and danger
to carry to the valleys of the Oregon and
the Willamette the light of the Gospel,
and Its attendant, civilization; accom
plishing there by their devotedness, those
noble benefits which it was your part to
have performed. The Christian spirit of
men has outstripped the" tardy' policy and
goodness of the Government, and these
Gospel-bearers have at once formed a
paradise, where your statesmen, imagined
nothing but sterile sands, or. a surface
blackened by volcanic fires.
"Of the horrors of such a sojourn, the
Senator from South Carolina (Mr. McDuf
fie) seems to have formed a particularly
lively conception, and has conveyed It
(as was to be expected) In a. very "power
ful form. Had he (he said) an honest or
deserving son, who desired to immigrate
thither, he would say to him: 'Don't go;
stay where you are.' But had he' one fit
for a convict-ship or Botany Bay, he
would tell him without hesitation.; 'Go,
by all means.' Now, for the- Senator's
Information, I beg to read a few well
authenticated descriptions of this blasted
land of his. The reports of the mission
aries, and the narratives of Captain
Vl -SfeiXS-i,
vAviu .": j- f -vv
. CHAMPIONED OREGON'S CAUSE IN THE SENATE.
nMOMHMMMaaBMMMiaam
DR. LEWIS FIELDS LINN, FOR3IERL Y UNITED STATES SENATOR FR03I
MISSOURI.
Wilkes and of Mr. Peale, the naturalist,
give a very different picture. They agree
that for picturesque beauty,, for exuber
ant" fertility, and for salubrity of climate,
no region of the earth 6t equal extent
surpasses the vales and table-landsof the
Oregon. There, too, they tell you, In
stead of the" dissoluteness of such a pop
ulation as the Senator thinks it only fit
for, are seen gentleness, piety, .intelli
gence and peace, which seem to have
their chosen seat in the beautiful- valley
of the Willamette. Tliey'are law-abiding
and law-loving; they are active, yet quiet;
no strifes or broils, suicides or murders.
No compulsion of the law Is needed to
make them pay their debts a contrast
on this verge of civilization, as the Sen
ator supposes it, at which a portion of
his constituents, not to say my own,
might well blush. He Is not less mis
taken as to the mercenary motive which,
he thinks, can alone have led these wan
derers so far. Was It such that brought
our sturdy ancestors to the Rock of Ply
mouth? May not their descendants speed
to this further West with like visions of
some noble futurity to be realized? There
is a fascination In these half-read dreams
which I have witnessed and felt; and had
I wealth to pay, or could such things be
bought, I know not what I would give to
have felt the wild and strange rapture
with which Boone must have gazed, for
the first time, from the summit of the
Cumberland Mountains over the match
less plain of Kentucky; or, yet again,
when he had passed through that Eden
like wilderness, and, from the top of one
of the mounds of a departed race, looked
In bewildered delight over the magnifi
cent banks and streams of the Ohio.
These, sir, are sensations not to be pur
chased. There Is In them no touch of
anything mercenary; and they animate
men to ventures which no gain can re
pay, but which surely, in .finding or
founding empires for us, deserve encour
agement and protection, as much as any
labors of that more sordid kind which
seek and make themselves. In safety, re
wards at home. There are men who go
forth to the wilderness like our first
parents, when God sent them forth from
the Garden of Eden to subdue the earth.
Such feelings, to our own immediate an
cestors, shed an Ideal beauty over the
barren Rock of Plymouth; one day, un
der their all-subduing spirit, to blossom,
like the rose. The same Impulse yet ani
mates their race, and will bear them
across deserts, as of old across the deep
give them only the. protection of your
laws and the countenance of the Gov
ernment. I recollect, Mr. president, at
the last session of Congress, to 'have
heard a venerable and respected lady say
that, when she removed, at the close of
the Revolution, from Annapolis to Cum
berland, In Maryland, she was looked
upon as having gone 'out of the world,
and as about to become a semi-savage.
In such a light -vvere your forefathers
(Mr. Bates, of Massachusetts, In the
chair) viewed when, in their forlorn
search for freedom, they abandoned the
ease of civilized life, and, for freer homes,
braved the dangers of the deep and the
terrors of a savage shore. They but
obeyed the instinct of our peculiar race
that invincible longis.gr for liberty and
space which Impels those of Anglo-Saxon
descent to trace the rudest tracts, the
wildest seas, range the Atlantic and In
dian waste of waters explore the vast
Pacific, arid break through the Icy bar
riers of the Polar Oceans. With a spirit
renewed from our virgin soil, and from
Nature Itself In this untamed continent,
it looks back to the land of our fore
fathers half ready to spread there the
regeneration which constantly agitates
Itself. Other nations may enlarge them
selves by physical conquests; but we
(I thank God for It!) can subdue only
by the dominion of mind, the moral em
pire of Institutions. If neighboring coun
tries are; at any future time, to bo added
to our Union, it will be they who will
have sought, the blessings of our free
Institutions; not we who will have covet
ed the enlargement of our territory by
conquering fleets and armies.
"Sir, I confess that this wealth of the
surface, arid the still vaster treasures'1
that He beneath, unmlned but not un
known, have awakened irr men, and seem
to me to justify, the expectations which
the Senator considers so visionary. Overl
such a region, the passage from the .rich
est valley In the wprld that of the Mis
sissippi to a new and wide commercial
empire, that must presently start up'-on
the Pacific. I, cannot think railroads and
canals mere day-dreams. The . wonders
which have within the last 20 years been
achieved in "these things may well ex
cuse those who look uppn the results I
have mentioned as possible, even within
the compass of .the present , generation.
All predictions, even the most sanguine,
have In .this country been so distanced
by the actual progress of Its, prosperity,
that gentlemen who foretell the other
way should beware of the error of the
MUlerltes, and not "lay the accomplish
ment of their prophecies too close at
hand. Even In the, faith of the bold en
thusiasts who landed at Plymouth Rock
was there one ardent enough to Imagine
that their descendants would In five cen
turies perform what has been effected In
two? It was said by General Cass, In
his discourse before the Historical Soci
ety of this city, 'That he conversed with
those 'who had talked with 'the children
of the Pilgrims.' In that small space 'of
time, what amazing changes! What an
empire has risen up, like an exhalation
from the earth! A new people has been
added .to the great household of nations,
and Is already- among the first in the
world. There are those among us who
have talked with Daniel Boone,' that over
land Columbus, who first explored the re-
cesses or that immense wilderness in
which we now count many states, teem
ing with population and wealth, and glad
with all the gifts of civilization. What
Imagination has yet outstripped 'the gi-
gantlc pace at which Improvement
marches , along with us? Sir, 1 can well
conceive the tumult of delight which must
have swelled the bosom of Clark, when,
from the bluff he had . gained, he first
heard ,the roar of the great ocean, and
saw the surges of the Pacific bathing the
territory he had explored. In the vision
of that, moment, he saw through the dim
vista of the future, rising "states of his
country, men spreading along. the shore,
and the white sails of their commerce
wafting along the bosom of that peace
ful, sea the barbaric wealth of the East,
In return for the more solid fruits of our
own industry. One can not read the
warm and striking description of what
he saw and felt, without sharing in his
enthusiasm. Some of those now here
have shaken hands with Boone, with
Clark, and with Cass, who have often
conversed with a relative, a contempo
rary, of the first-born of the Pilgrim
Fathers. What a picture does this pre
sent for 'the contemplation of the states
man and philosopher! The chain Is com
plete from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Oceans from the first-born of Massachu
setts to Clark on the borders . of the
Western Ocean."
Lieutenant Fremont's-TExpedltion.
A communication was received from the
War Department, in answer tqa call
heretofore made for the report m Lieu
tenant Fremont's expedition -to the Rocky
Mountains. Mr. Linn moved that It be
printed for the use of tie Senate; and
also that 1000 extra copies be printed.
"In support of his motion," Mr. Linn
said, "that in the course -of the last Sum
mer a very interesting expedition had
been undertaken to the Rocky Moun
tains, ordered by Colonel Abert, chief of
the Topographical Bureau, with the sanc
tion, of the Secretary of War, and exe
cuted by Lieutenant Fremont, of the to
pographical engineers. The object of the
expedition was to examine and report
upon the rivers and country between the
frontiers of Missouri and the base of the
Rocky Mountains; and especially to ex
amine the character, and ascertain the
latitude and longitude of the South Pass,
the great crossing-place to these moun
tains on the way to Oregon. All the ob
jects of the expedition nave been accom
plished, and In a way to be beneficial to
science and Instructive to the general
reader, as well as useful to the Govern
ment. . .
"Supplied with the best astronomical
and barometrical instruments, well qual
ified to use them, and accompanied by 25
voyageurs, enlisted for the purpose at St.
Louis, and trained to all the hardships
and dangers of the pralrieu and the moun
tains, Mr. Fremont left the mouth of the
Kansas, on the frontiers of Missouri, on
the 10th day of June; and, In the almost
Incredibly short space of four months
returned to the same point, without an
accident to a man, and with a vast mass
of useful observations, and many hundred
specimens of botany and geology.
"In executing his instructions, Mr. Fre
mont proceeded up the Kansas 'River far
enough to ascertain Its character, and
then crossed over to the Great Platte, and
pursued that river to Its source In the
mountains, where 'the 'Sweetwater (a
head branch of the Platte) Issues from
the neighborhood of the South Pass. He
reached the pass on August 8, and de
scribes It as a wide and low depression
of the mountains, where the ascent is
as easy as that of a hill on which this
Capitol stands, and where a plainly beat
en wagon road leads to the Oregon
through the valley of Lewis' River, a
fork of the Columbia. He went through
the pass, and saw the headwaters of the
Colorado, of the Gulf of California; and,
leaving the valleys to Indulge In laudable
curiosity, and to make some useful ob
servations, and attended by four of his
men, he climbed the loftiest peak of the
Rocky Mountains; and especially to ex
amine the character, and ascertain the
elevations of the plains, and the courses
of the rivers, on August 15, he looked
down upon Ice and snow some thousand
feet below, and traced in the distance the
valleys, of the rivers which, taking their
rise in the same elevated ridge, flow in
opposite directions to the Pacific Ocean
and to the Mississippi. From that ulti
mate point he returned by the valley of
the Great Platte, following .the stream
in Its whole course, and solving all ques
tions in- relation to Its navigability, and
the character of the country through
which it flows.
"Over the whole course of this extend
ed route, barometrical obseryatlons were-
made by Mr. Fremont, to ascertain ele
vations, 'both -of the plains and of the
mountains, astronomical observations
were taken, -to ascertain latitudes and
longitudes the face of the country was
marked as arable or sterile;" the facility
Of traveling, and the practicability of
routes, "noted; the grand features of na
ture described and some presented in
drawings i military positions indicated;
and a! large contribution to 'geology and
botany, was. made In the Varieties of
plants, flowers, shrubs, trees and grasses,
and rocks arid earths, which were enu
merated. Drawings of some grand and
striking points, arid a map of the whole
rotite, Illustrate the report, and facilitate
the understanding of Its details. Eight
carts, drawn by two mules each, accom
panied the expedition; a fact which at
tests the facility of traveling In this vast
region. Herds of buffaloes furnished sub
sistence to the men;i a .short, nutritious
grass sustained the horses and mules.
Two boys (one of 12 years of age, the
other of 18), b'esldes the enlisted men,
accompanied the expedition, and took
their, share of Its hardships; which proves
that boys, as well as men. are able to
traverse the country to the Rocky Moun
tains. "The result of all his observations Mr.
Fremont had condensed Into a brief re
portenough to make a document of 90
or 100 pages; and, believing that the
document would be of general Interest
to the whole country, and beneficial to
science, as well as useful to the Govern
ment. I move the printing of the extra
number which has been named.
"In making this motion, and In bring
ing this report to the notice of the Sen
ate, I take a great pleasure In noticing
the activity and importance of the Topo
graphical Bureau. Under its skillful and
vigilant head (Colonel Abert), numerous
valuable and incessant surveys are made;
and a mass of Information collected of
the highest importance to the country
generally, as well as to the military
branch of the public service. This report
proves conclusively that the country, for
several hundred miles from the frontier
of the Missouri, Is exceedingly beautiful
and fertile; alternate woodland and pral
rle( and certain portions well supplied
with water. It also proves that the val
ley of the River Platte has a very rich
soil, affording great facilities for emi
grants to the west of the Rocky Moun
tains." The printing was ordered.
In March, 1843, as Dr. Linn was re
turning home from Washington, he
caught a severe cold, which came very
nearly ending his life, and, although he
recovered, he did not regain his usual
health; lingering, he expired suddenly
October 3, 1813. As soon as his death be
came known, meetings were held In every
county In the State of Missouri, for the
purpose of paying tribute to the memory
of the lamented 'statesman. Letters of
condolence were received from many of
the most distinguished statesmen and
citizens throughout the country, and
Wisconsin and Iowa, then territories,
mourned his death as If he had been their
own honored Senator. He had represent
ed both territories so ably In the Senate
that their citizens felt with deepest grat
itude and affection what he had done for
them, and both Legislatures, after pro
nouncing most beautiful eulogies, passed
appropriate resolutions in each body to
wear mourning for him and to send let
ters of condolence to his widow and fam
ily. Such was the affection In which he
was held.
AT THE HOTELS.
THE PORTLAND.
A Hazolton. N Y
L Friend, N Y
J S Levy,- San Fran
J Craig, Sllverton
B H Cooper. Chicago
J W Collins. San Fran
F W Bullock, Chicago
J A Chadbourne, S F
L F Starks, San Fran
F J Stroebel, Utlca
F W Pettygrove, -S F
E C Kemtelder. Seattle'
H Tonjos, N Y.
W F Little. Boston
is Marsh, -Newark
C A Tousey, Chicago
G A Cook .and wife,
Chicago
M Franklin. N Y
J A Young, S F
A H Wise, Sioux City
J B Brewster, San Frn
L O Leonard and' wife,
J H Rohr; 'New York
Capt C E Hlnkle, S F
Butte
H F Norton. Seattle
M J Wax. city
C G Smithy city
G W Hazen and wife,
city
H B Friend. N Y
Mrs ,H E Friend, do
E Milner and wife.
Providence, R I
Mr and Mrs J D Stand
lsh and chid, Detroit
J Heller and wife, do
J H Seymour, Astoria
Mr and Mrs Leo Peter
MIsa J Stand Ish, do
Sam KTnlsly, N Y
A B Stewart, Seattle
H "Whitman, Boston
F J'Skilton. Boston
son, .city
C H McLeod. Missoula
J M Keith. Missoula
A E Stewart and wife,
Seattle
B F "Van Bekan,
Evansville, Ind
G W Skennington,
Oakland City, Ind
H Burkhardt. N Y
A X Land, New York
F T McHenry. N r
Max Flahn. "Tele
phone Girl" Co
C Spauldlng and wife.
Concord, Me
W A Semple, Albany
J L Emerson, Pa
C D Donahue. Mich
P J HImmelly, San Frn
J C Fenton, San Fran
J H Gay and wife.
'Josephine Stanton
Henry Haiiam
W H Fullwood,
A C Pell.
W H Fullwood
J Clarence Harvey
and wife
Lillle West
W H Mead, Brooklyn
Philadelphia
Miss Sue Seymour, do
E J Martineau. Phila
l McLaine. Phila
Mrs R F Piatt, city
T H Curtis, Astoria
J M Boyd, "Victoria
W E Tallant, Astoria
THE PERKINS.
E Pike, Goldendale
L Jacobsen, Chicago
D H Glass, Seattle
W H H Dufur. Dufur
J A Symon. Astoria
A J Johnson, Astoria
G F Stone, Seattle
W S Lysons, Kelso
J Meisei, Vancouver
Mrs J Meisei, do
A E Cook, McMinn
C L Stewart, Puyallup
Mrs C L Stewart, do
U G Berry, Peoria
H HIrshborg. Inde
pendence, Or
Mrs G Linsdale, Salem
P J Hayseeder, S F
Miss S Seymour, N Y
E J Martiner, N Y'
Mrs A Ohmast, Salem
E E Williams. Or City
L R Salyards, Loula
. ville, Ky
M Koehler, Tacoma
Wm Miller, La Grande
Oscar Tlbbetts, Walla
Walla
G M Davis, La Grande
L H Baey, Kockiora
H Emerson, Seattle
J DeLacy, Cooley Co
H Armour, Cooley Co
Sydney Piatt, do
C F RuDell. Seattle
F Warrant, Des Moins
C A Lindner, urana
Rapids, Mich
Ed Boyer, do
L E Crown Dalles
G W Crosfleld, Wasco
Mrs G W Crosneld. do
W A Johnson. Dalles
J H Henderson. Salem
R Dunn. Portland I
R S Henderson, Salem
J R Colllver, Aurora
Mra J R Colllver. do
F C Whlttier, Cath-
lamet
Mrs F C Whlttier, do
G H Taylor, Kalama
J T Doyle, Kalama
B Senders, Kalama
H J Meyer. Kalama
J P Oliver, Kalama
THE IMPERIAL.
W. Knowles, Manager.
Senator Peel
L O Leonard, -Butte
Mra Leonard. Butte
B J Ereckson, Los
Angeles
Mrs B J Ereckson, d
C E Lytic Shanlko
H Sherman, Salt.Lake
G O Morse, umana
W L Bradshaw, Dalles
H R Emlemen, Duluth
Mrs Emleben, Duluth
Miss Emleben, Duluth
W Rasmussan, do
E N Jones, Spokane
R Jacobson, city
Master Jacobson, city
Miss I Dale, city
Al Ellis, city
M Schloss, city
I Sylvester, Chicago
J C Stoss, Helena
C A Pague. San Fran
E J Frazer, San Fran
Mrs Frazer. San Fran
T W Potter, Chemawa
H N Sloudenmeyer, do
jMre Lytle, Shanlko
j Peterson, Minn
Judd Geer, Cove"
E L Smith, Hood Rvr
J B W Johnston, Ta
coma B S Smith, Seatttle
Mrs Smith. Seattle
G T Preston, Hood Rvr
T J O'Keefe, Omaha
C A West, St Lguls
G P Mills, Montana
Mrs Mills, Montana
A Foster, Little Falls
Mrs Foster, Little Falls
J N Castle, Minn
H A Snyder, Aurora
E W Trenholm, Spo
kane, Wash
H G Stafford, N Y
C B Rice. New York
J H Robblns. Sumpter
J H Raley, Pendleton
R A Farmer, U S Geo
Survey
C E Hill. do
'Ben Rosenfeld. S F
Clarence Johnson, do
T T Geer, Salem
R L Jeffery, Astoria
H A Calef. Astoria
Miss N Jeffery, Astoria
THE ST.
J Mandrv. Marshland
CHARLES.
J Batsford,
city
E Carroon, Cathlamet
C W Purdin, Hillsborc
W Carver, Horrlson-
vllle
C B Johnson, Ilwaco
G T Peer, Portland
J H Pearson, White
Salmon
O Relnseth. Kalama
G Weeks, Kalama
C E Doughty, Hllls-
C Johnson. Hlllsboro
Annie Burmsgaard,
Skamokawa
E J Wood. McMinnvlllo
J Bedford, Duluth
M Hogan, Drain
John Hogan, Drain
E Lelay, New York
H Hermsen, St Louis
M Toms, Salem
G McCarn, Michigan
H Kuyler. Long Bech
J Featherstone, ao
C M Start. Gerrysberg
Mrs B F Coe, Astoria -John McLean, Mich
a nnhl. Astoria
I A Mclntyre, St Louis
J A Johnson, Goble
John Hoffman, Goble
S A Heaton. Kalama
J G Slingerland, Se
attle. AVash
Mrs J G Slingerland,
Seattle, Wash ,
F Rhode. Waseva
J P. Richardson, Deep
River
Wm Costello, do
John Green, city
A D Monroe. Rainier
r Wnim. Hoauiam
J E Heaton, Kalama
P Ryan, Deep River
J C Pembroke, city
Jas Harvey, San Fran
T L Graves, La Grande
B F Hanlon, Eendleton
A R Logan. Prlnevllle
H Glenn, The Dalles
O Steele. Aberdeen
N Nelson, Humptullps
R Strlngham, oo
I
Hotel DrnnHvrlclc, Seattle.
r.iinnann. flT'ct-nlnV'C Rfltfl.Q. r HTlA tir
One block from depot. Restaurant next
door.
Tacoma Hotel. Tacoma.
American plan. Rates, $3 and up.
Donnelly Hotel, .Tacoma.
EuroDeannlan. Rates. 60c and us.
FORMING OF PARTIES
BEGINNING OF POLITICAL LIFE IN
MANILA.
Sensation Canned br Carman Inci
dentHatred of the Friars
Recent Events.
MANILA, Feb. 23. (Special Correspond
ence.) The Catholic party and the Fed
eral party constitute the two political or
ganizations of Manila at the present time.
The last named was the first formed. It
Is a political party organized for the ap
parent Durpose of assisting the Govern
ment in the pacification of the Islands.
The Federalists, so called I suppose from
their avowed sympathy with the United
States Government, are mostly Filipinos,
the leaders being men who are ex-afflclals
In the Insurgent government, as the two
Paternos. Maximo and Pedro, Felipe
Buencamo, Pardo Tavera and others well
known In the political circles of the
archipelago. The Cathqllc party Is com
posed of Spaniards and natives. It was
called Into being not to oppose the polit
ical principles of the newly formed. Fed
eral party, but Is antagonistic to It on
religious grounds. The Federalists are in
favor of a complete disestablishment of
church and state.
They are bitterly opposed to the friars,
and Intensely antl-Spanlsh in sentiment.
Their views, should they prevail, would
go far to completely revolutionize the
ancient order of things In the Islands.
Could they have their way the monaster
ies would be disestablished, and the
brotherhoods expelled from the country.
During the discussion over the recently
enacted school law. the Federalists, by
their representative before the commis
sion, strenuously urged striking out a pro
vision permitting priests and clergymen
to teach in the buildings devoted to 'edu
cational purposer.
The relative positions of the two par
ties regarding educational and religious
questions cannot be better illustrated than
by the action taken by the representative
of the Catholic party during the pendency
of the same bill. Vhlle the Federalists
moved to strike out the section entirely,
as savoring of the union of church and
state, the representative of the Catholic
party moved an amendment to the effect
that the teaching shou'd be confined to
Catholic priests, and that none but Catho
lic teachers should be employed in the
schools.
There seems to be an utter misconcep
tion or want of conception of American
institutions and political systems among
the people' here of either party. The Fili
pino women some time since formed a
peace league, which many American
women have joined. An effort was made
by the native members to obtain signa
tures to a petition to the Military Gov
ernor praying the release of the pris
oners of war, a somewhat peculiar meas
ure during the existence of hostilities,
but one may expect anything proceeding
from a Filipino or Filipino origin. The
Issuing of this circular seems to have
somewhat checked the ardour of the
American women who had connected
themselves with the league.
The situation here Is very interesting.
There arc Indications of a general break
ing up of pre-existing orders and so
ciety. A spirit of uneasiness and dis
quietude prevails. The religious world Is
apparently undergoing a change. New
polltlncal societies are being formed. The
business world has been thrown Into a
ferment by the recent arrest of D. A.
Carman, a prominent business man from
the United States, who Is charged with
traffic with the enemy. If the allegations
against him are true, the offense runs
perilously near the line of treason. Car
man came here a poor man, as Is gen
erally understood, and rumor makes him
worth anywhere up to $2,000 000 or J3,0CO,O0O.
It should be remembered, however, that
In Manila dollars are Mexican, and any
sum therein expressed must be divided
In half to mean American money. Carman
was In the good grace of General Otis
from the first. It Is said that Mrs. Car
man was related to the wife of the Mili
tary Governor. For the purpose of ob
taining Information Carman was furnished
with a pass permitting him to go within
Insurgent lines. At that early day after
the American occupation, the produce of
the provinces, such as hemp, copra, etc.,
was rotting In heaps, awaiting shipment.
It Is alleged that Carman bought up great
quantities of the stuff, and, when the
port was opened, took advantage of the
market, making immense profits. Since
his arrest no disclosures have been made.
How far his transactions were covered
by his pass, and to what extent.if any,
he trespassed- beyond the limits 'permit
ted by the pass are questions to which
the public anxiously await responses.
There are grave suspicions entertained
as to the legality of the dealings of
prominent firms with the Insurgents, the
matter of Carman Is, however, more seri
ous, being the acts of an American citi
zen. . It Is highly probable that business
firms gave forced contributions to In
surgent leaders for the purpose of pro
tecting their property. While, legally
speaKlng, this would be no defense. It Is
a matter of doubt whether any action
will ever be taken In such matters.
Senor Felipe Buencamlno, a former In
surgent official, and a present member of
the Federal party, has Inaugurated a se
cession from the Catholic church. This Is
another new movement of which it Is dif
ficult to predict the result. The religious
question In the Philippines Is of all the
most peculiar. The people are well nigh
unanimously Catholics, yet the natives
are intensely hostile to the friars, or mem
bers of the religious brotherhoods. The
Spanish population is a friend and ad
herent of the friars, and as a rule does
not like the natives, or Chinese Mestizos.
In the Spanish population Is found what
may be appropriately termed the old Cath
olics, th Federalists representing the new
Catholics. The line of demarcation Is
the Monastic orders, the former adhering
to the religious brotherhoods, the latter
urging their expulsion from the country.
The natives, as before stated, are Catho
lics, but demand the admission of the
Filipino priests to all sacradotal offices,
and, as I understand, claim possession of
the church property, and demand that the
large landed estates of the brotherhoods
be appropriated by the state and parti
tioned In small holdings among the na
tive population.
The agrarian sentiment seems deeply
rooted among the people. In the Island
of Negros lives a celebrated character
known as Papa Islo, of Yslo, who com
mands a band of fanatical followers, at
tached to their leader by bonds appar
ently partly religious, partly political.
Papa Islo does not "seem, to be an Insurg
ent, but to lead an outlaw band, which
has united with the Insurgents, and the
Insurgents with them, for mutual advan
tages, or as Is likely the case, thieves
and outlaws have taken the role of ln
surrectos, and joined with Papa Islo for
purposes of pillage. The former com
manding officer of Negros states that
Papa Islo promised his followers to de
stroy the sugar plantations, drive away
the men of white faces, put a stop to
the cultivation of sugar, and that only
palay or rice should be raised, and the
island be divided Into small farms for
the benefit of the people.
Jealousy of the large landed holdings of
the friars, whether well founded or not,
seems to be the real cause of the hos
tility of the native people. There seems
to be a deep-sated agrarian sentiment
among the more Intelligent of the natives
throughout the Islands. I mean by the
more Intelligent those who may be con
sidered civilized in distinction to the sav
age or-half-savage tribes. The land ques
tion Is perhaps the mqst serious and diffi
cult with which the commission will have
to deal In legislating- for these Islands.
W. F. NORRIS.
The Tehnelche, Southern Patagonia.
National Geographic Magazine.
As a people, though not the race of
giants they were commonly reported to be
by most early writers, the Tehuelches I
are, nevertheless, decidedly above the average-
size. Of the 300 Tehuelches living
between Santa Cruz River and the Strait
of Magellan, I should place the average
height of the men at not less than 5 feet
11 inches, with an average weight of
175 pounds, while the fully grown, women
(those above 24 years of age) I should
estimate at 5 feet 7 Inches, and of an
average weight of but little, if any, ehort
of that of the men. This lack of disparity
between the physical development of the
sexes Is paralleled also in their mental
development. It Is noteworthy, and 13
due very largely to the division of labor
among them. The labor necessary for
the support of the family is more ecjually
divided between husband and wife, among
the Tehuelches, than Is common with the
Indian tribes of North America.
These Indians are muscular and well
proportioned. There is a tendency to ob
esity rather than angularity. Conscious
of their physical strength, like most per
sons of great physique even among the
more civilized nations, they exhibit a
kindly manner and gentle disposition.
Accustomed to the free life of the plains,
and living In the midst of an abundance
of those animals that for centuries have
supplied all their simple wants, they dis
play that homely hospitality so character
istic of well-fed and well-clothed savage
and seml-civlllzed people In sparsely set
tled eountrles. The frank, open counten
ance of the Tehuelche at once allays any
uneasiness and establ-'shes a feeling of.
confidence In the mind of the solitary
traveler who. In the course of his lontsly
wanderings throughout Patagonia may,
by chance or necessity, be thrown among
them.
Cuba's Sanitary Q.netIon
Review of Reviews.
It Is not fortresses or naval stations or
commercial relations that are chiefly Im
portant to us as regards Cuba, but, some
thing wholly different. Through our en
tire lifetime as a Nat.on, wc have ben
sorely plagued and incalculably harnud
by epidemic diseases that have visited us
from the West Indian ports, and particu
larly from Havana. In times past we
have thus Imported smallpox, typhus,
cholera and, worst and most frequently,
yellow fever. Since the American occupa
tion of Cula we have been doing all wo
could to improve sanitary conditions there
for the good of the Cubans,' and also tor
our own benefit. We are making soma
wonderful demonstrations as to the way
In which yellow fever is propagated, with
the prespect that we may in a few years
stamp it out altogether. It would be were
than frivolous folly it would be criminal
for a handful of Cuban politicians on tfce
one side, and a handful of nagging parti
sans and self-rlghtccus American news
papers on the other, to force a precipitate
independence upon Cuba that would sim
ply mean tf.e j early dread of cholera to
our entire Southern seaboard. The paopio
of the South should see this matter cleiuly
and In its true light, and should insist ti.at
their representatives at Washington put
Important considerations first, and rea
gue to a second p. ace an assumed duty
of "putting the Administration in a hoio."
The Unlttd States sanitary authorities, at
least, should not be withdrawn from Cuba,
no matter how soon Governor-General
Leonard Wood may be recalled.
Thirty-nine Indian boys and girls have
just received their graduating degrees at
the Indian schools In Carlisle, Pa. Six
teen of them are girls, and in the entire
class of graduates nearly every one of
the principal tribes is represented. All
of the boy3 have learned trades and tho
girls have served apprenticeships in tho
sewing department, laundry and kitchen.
DAILY METEOItOLOGIOAL HEPOU'l
PORTLAND," April 7, 8 P. M. Maximum
temperature, 51: minimum temperature, 38;
river reading at 11 A. M., 8.8 feet; change
In 24 hours. .3; total precipitation, 8 P. M. to
8 P. M.. .01 ot an inch; total precipitation
dnce September 1. 1900, 37.2(1; normal preottf
Uatlon since September I" 1000..- 30.081 'de
ficiency, L&2; total sunshine April 0, 4:28;
possible sunshine. 11:24.
s Wind.
J. oST 2. :r
c S a n
a r
. . . p
STATIONS.
Astoria .........
Baker City ....,
Bismarck ......
Boise ...........
Eureka
Helena .........
Kamloops, B. C.
Neah Bay ......
Pocatello .......
Portland .......
Bed Bluff ,
Roseburg
Sacramento .....
Salt Lake City .
San Francisco . . ,
Spokane ........
Seattle ,
"Walla "Walla. ..
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Snowing
Cloudy
Clear
Pt cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Pt eloudy
Clear
Pt cloudy
"WEATHER CONDITIONS.
Except a few small showers or snow squalls
In Southern Idaho and Utah, no rain or snow
of consequence has fallen during: the last 24
hours in the Rocky Mountain and Pacltlo
Coast States. It Is slightly warmer In Wash
ington, but elsewhere the changes in temper
ature have been small and unseasonably cool
weather prevails In all of the Rocky Moun
tain and Paclnc Coast States. The Indica
tions are for fair weather in this district
Monday, with severe frosts In early morning.
WEATHER FORECASTS.
Forecasts made at Portland for the 28 hour:
ending midnight, Monday, April 8. 1001:
Portland and vicinity FfiXft wlth.froflta la
early morning; warmer. ,taduno" afternoon j
northerly winds. '
Western Oregon and Western Washlngtoiv-
Fair, with frosts In early morning back, fro'ns
coast; warmer during afternoon; northerly
winds.
Eastern Oregon Fair, continued cool, with
freezinz temperatures; northerly winds.
Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho.
Fair, with frosts in early morning; light var
iable winds..
Southern Idaho Generally fair, with 'frosts
west, and continued cold east portion; north
westerly winds.
EDWARD A. BEALS. Forecast Official.
NEW TODAY.
Timber Lands
I have a few quarter sections for sale which
owners are anxious to close out at once. Great
bargains can be had in these now. Some ot
it is near Columbia River, some on Nehaletn
River and some pine in Southern Oregon.
R. M. WILBUR, 233 Stark.
S. S. Monmouthshire
For Europe, via Straib of Magellan, has.
accommodations of ths but Kind for t
limited number of fint-claja passengers.
Apply to
TAYLOR, YOUNG & CO.
PORTLAND, OR.
i&ou).00 8 W
J80.00il8 NTV
iS 0.00 12 SE
4( T 12 NW
! 5010.00 18 N
400.00)12 NE
52 0.00! SE
4S0.00f 8 NW
340.04 N
5110.00 6 NW
C20.00(12 N
5210.00 8 NE
600.0012 NW
340.ul (5 NE
50 0.00120 W
40 T J E
52 0.011 8 W
52 0.001 6 N
TEACHERS' EXAMINATION
Notice Is hereby given that for the purpose)
of making an examination ot all persona who
may offer themselves as candidates for teach
ers ot the schools of this county, the County
School Superintendent thereof will hold a pub
lic examination In room 22. Park School, com
mencing Wednesday, April 10, at 0 o'clock A.
IL, and continuing until Friday, April 12, at
4 o'clock P. M.
FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD-GRADE CER
TD7ICATES.
Wednesday Penmanship, history, orthogra
phy, reading.
Thursday Written arithmetic, theory of
teaching, grammar, school law.
Friday Geography, mental arithmetic. physN
ology, civil government.
PRIMARY CERTIFICATES.
Wednesday Penmanship, orthography, read
Ing-
Thursday Art of questioning, theory ot
teaching, methods.
R. F. ROBINSON,
County School Supt.. Multnomah Co., Or.
Dated this 31at day of March, 1802