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THE MOXiyg OREOO&IAy. THURSDAY, JANUARY 10, 1901.
te v8g&maxi.
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PORTLAND, THURSDAY, JANUARY 10
Two leading spokesmen of the Dem
ocratic party. William J. Bryan and
Governor Stone, of Missouri, have been
talking on Jackson's day, the one at
Chicago, the other at Kansas City.
They do not make the position of the
Democratic party clearer than it was
before. Indeed it was already clear
enough; and that is why the party has
been so utterly beaten. The Demo
cratic party has become a socialistic
party. The country perfectly under
stands it The Bryanized Democratic
party regards every man who has cap
ital or can command it, or who does
business on any important scale, as a
public enemy. It has taken a position
which would make its success incom
patible with business and property, and
this Is the reason why It has been
beaten. The country wants business
done, and it wants the rights of prop
erty conserved; and this Is the main
reason why It has rejected the Bryan
ized Democracy. Property in small ac
cumulations as well as in large, busi
ness on small scale as well as on large,
are interested alike In the maintenance
of conditions which shall exclude so
cialistic claims in theory and social
istic tendencies in practice. Herein Is
the principal reason why the Bryanized
Democratic party has been so over
whelmingly beaten, in successive elec
tions. The party, under its present
leadership, and with Its present alms,
dmes away from It men who do busi
ness, men who have property or expect
to acquire it, men who have ambition
to strive for any independent position
fur themselves or their posterity. In
exchange for these it is attracting to
its standard the less active, efficient,
cuceessful and independent classes.
More and more it loses the men of In
dividuality and purpose, and draws to
itself men who want government to
take care of them, with least possible
effort of their own. It is chiefly be-"
cause the Bryanized Democratic "party
is recognized as an enemy of property
and business that It has been defeated.
Its socialistic tendencies are perfectly
ar parent, even to those who do not at
tempt to analyze or define them.
Somebody with the necessary time
and comprehension of the subject will
write an Instructive paper some day
on the unwritten American Constitu
tion. He will there set out those por
tions of the unwritten Constitution
which fate has given formal recogni
tion In the written document, and then
he will designate those other properties
of our Anglo-Saxon inheritance which
were overlooked by the fathers or per
haps taken rVr granted. Then he will
go on to enumerate the parts of the un
written Constitution that ha-ve grown
up In the IIS years since'it was framed.
The exigencies of partisan politics have
obscured the true character of the Con
stitution, and we have some eminent
men who will be regarded by poster
ity with amusement at their worship
of the document's words. The theolog
ical doctrine of verbal Inspiration Is
equaled if not exceeded in Interest by
tr-e idea of some American statesmen
that the Constitution itself, words,
phrases and punctuation marks. Is the
Bource of our American ideals. It is
not the source of these ifleals, but
merely their record; and those parts of
the unwritten American Constitution
which are not found in the written doc
ument are as vitaJ and binding today
as if a luckier chance had accorded
them formal enrollment. The fathers
mentioned trial by Jury in the Consti
tution's thltd article, but we should
have kept en using it just the same if
they had omitted it, just as they omit
ted numerous usages of the English
common law which we continue to hold
sacred The electoral college is soon to
meet and our unwritten Constitution
requires its members to vote for the
mm named on their tickets last No-
ember, though there is nothing about
it In the written Constitution, which
entitles them to vote for whomsoever
they please. A study of our institu
tions and usages would doubtless re
eal many other interesting fixtures in
ur unwritten constitution; but the
principal faot to be borne in mind is
that the Constitution did not create,
but only records the fundamental po
litical Ideas that underlie representa
tive government in England and the
United States.
The death penalty Is forbidden by
law in Michigan, but unfortunately the
pardoning power still remains with the
Governor, so that Governor PIngree in
his last month of office pardoned 4S
convicts and commuted the sentences
of 24 Ampng them were 22 murderers
and 15 men convicted of criminal as
sault. This reckless use of the pardon
ing power by Governor Pingree, by
which 2 murderers are let loose upon
society ought to open the eyes of the
people of Michigan to the fact that the
only murderer's cell that a Governor's
pardon cannot unlock Is the grave. But
for the prohibition of capital punish
ment, these 22 murderers would have
been sent to the gallows. The advo
cates of the prohibition of capital pun
ishment overlook the strongest argu
ment for putting to death a murderer,
viz., that a cut-throat planted in the
grave will never commit a second mur
der. Society Is absolutely safe against
every murderer who Is Imprisoned In
the grave, and is never safe when a
murderer is placed in the Penitentiary
under life sentence, because its cells
are not pardon-proof like the grave,
since a weak or reckless Governor at
any time may abuse his trust and un
lock the door of a murderer's cell "With
a pardon. This argument for the per
petuation of the death penalty for mur
der has never been answered, because
it is unanswerable. The records of the
Michigan Attorney-General's office
show that in 1836 there were 12 prose
cutions for manslaughter and 31 for
murder; In 1897 there were 3 prosecu
tions for manslaughter and 30 for mur
der; In 1898 there were 9 prosecutions
for manslaughter and 31 for murder; in
1899 there were 3 prosecutions for man
slaughter and 35 for murder; In 1900
there have been 12 prosecutions for
manslaughter and 27 for murder, a
total during the Ave years of 193. "With
a population that apparently furnishes
more criminal homicides than Massa
chusetts or Indiana, Michigan is with
out the death penalty for murder, and
in consequence all her cut-throats go
to prison to remain until some reck
less Executive abuses his sacred public
trust, the pardoning power, and turns
loose on society 22 murderers. If these
murderers decide again to ply their vo
cation, the only penalty will be a sec
ond trial, a second conviction, a sec
ond imprisonment, until another weak
or reckless Governor is elected who Is
willing to use his pardoning power to
effect a general jail delivery of human
tigers -whose just fate should have been
the short shtlft of a hempen cord and
consignment o the cell of the grave,
which is pardon proof.
The Oregonian favors the election of
Mr. Corbett to the Senate for the rea
son that It believes him to be the most
efficient man for the interests of Oregon
that our state can send to the Senate,
at this time. In business affairs and
these now demand attention more than
at any time in our history Mr. Cor
bett's energy. Judgment, tenacity and
efficiency are proverbial. "We want
things done for Oregon. This is the
single reason why The Oregonian ad
vocates the election of Mr. Corbett. Yet
It may be added that Mr. Corbett holds
sound and distinct opinions on leading
questions of National polity. He Is a
leader, not a mere follower. His firm
ness is the basis of his character; he
cannot be warped nor misled. The Ore
gonian supports him because it believes
he would be more useful In the Senate
than any other man we could now
send to that body. Its only care In
this matter 1p for the large Interests of
the state and country. It Is not much
concerned about the Interests of office
holders or office-seekers, and it Is of
the opinion that they ought not be
permitted to dictate the election of the
Senator.
THE ARISTOCRACY OP INTELLECT.
The People's Press of Albany reflects
on this wise:
The Oregonian thinks Cudahy has done a
great deal tor the worklngmen. The latter
have made Cudahy a millionaire, but -ne never
heard of him returning the compliment. . . .
We may be excused If we decline to lose any
sleep grieving over the loss of 25,000 of the
mllllpns ol dollars which worklngmen have
mads for- Cudahy. Under socialism half the
fortunes of Armour, Swift. Hammond, Cudahy
and the other packers would be In the pockets
of stoekralsers, the other half in the pockets
of packing-house workmen.
It is a most remarkable misconcep
tion, this idea that without Cudahy or
Armour the work they have done for
the stockralser and the worklngman
would have been done by the stock
raiser and worklngman for themselves.
It Ignores the potent fact that the
stoekralsers and worklngmen con
cerned waited helplessly through gen
erations for these great directors of in
dustry to come along and organize
them. If these exceptional minds were
destroyed or prevented from exercising
their exceptional talents, the masses
would go on in stagnation and distress,
as sheep having no shepherd.
It is only through the exertion of
the great mind that the world gets
ahead at all. The masses are back
ground for the Impressive figures be
cause they have no power to be other
wise. This has always been true,
though the civilization of different eras
has been cast In variant molds and
has given scope to different types of
extraordinary talent. At one time this
exceptional power will reside in the
great fighter, at another In the great
politician, at another in the 'great in
dustrialist. Since the struggle for Na
tional formations, for freedom of
thought and for the civil rights of man
has been fought and won, the activity
of the race today is more concerned In
advancing the productive power of the
oommunitv ; and hence the great mind
capable of organizing our productive
forces with the highest efficiency re
ceives the eminence and the recom
pense that formerly went to the soldier
or the statesman.
The achievements of transcendent
genius, in whatever field they may be
made, are undertaken for se.f, but re
sult in general advance. The work
done by Vanderbllt in cheapening
transportation benefited widely sep
arated communities and classes of
workers. So a man like Cudahy or Ar
mour, through the power of forming
plans and Interesting others In them,
is able to do for the masses what the
masses are unable to do for themselves.
What has put meat into so many hands
and created an enormous market for
the stockraiser has been systematic or
ganization of the meat Industry. The
result has been not only to make stock
raising profitable as It could never have
been otherwise, but to provide employ
ment In stockyards, railroad service,
packing-house and salesrooms for thou
sands who would otherwise have had
no employment, or else have been
forced to compete in other occupations
at starvation wages.
It is not true to say that Cudahy's
or Armour's millions are a gift from
the worklngmen. It would not be true
to say that what worklngmen make 1n
Armour's and Cudahy's employ Is a
gift from them. But of the two ele
ments in the joint product, the contri
bution of the one exceptional mind is
more efficacious than the perfunctory
and complaisant part taken by the ma
jority. Socialism, of course, would
have no power to eliminate the excep
tional capaclt- of the exceptional mind.
But if it had that power and wpre to
put it in practice, human progress
would at once be arrested. Under so
cialism, therefore, instead of the for
tunes of the great being divided be
tween the producer and the employe,
there -would be no fortune for the one
or employment for the other. Armour
and. Cudahy are as Important for the
worklngman as "Washington was to the
Revolution, Grant to the Federal Army
or Luther to the Reformation. Nowhere
is help or guidance more needed by
the masses from the master mind than
In the realm of industrial development.
PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND PATER
NALIST!. A correspondent asks The Oregonian
why it seems "to denounce public own
ership In some articles while in others
it advocates it." The Oregonian, in
the large sense of public ownership,
meaning by that the Government own
ership of railroads, telegraphs and kin
dred popular necessities, has always
argued that It was not expedient from
the standpoint of either economic or
political welfare. The public ownership
of our railroads would cost the Na
tional Government $10,000,000,000 pur
chase money an enormous public debt
for a people to discharge who have not
yet succeeded In discharging the pub
lic debt of less than $3,000,000,000 im
posed by the Civil "War. It would not
be sound politics to have the Govern
ment own and operate all our railways,
because this would add" over 1,000,000
men to the present upwards of 100,000
stlpendarles in the Federal civil service.
A million of civil service employes
would not be a welcome prospect to a
people who think today that the Gov
ernment civil service roll Is large
enough for public health. --The spirit of
our Government from its foundation
has been that of individualism rather
than collectivism. It has proceeded upon
the theory that we govern best when
we govern least; so that our Govern
ment has avoided paternalism as much
as possible. Nevertheless, from the
foundation we have been a practical
people, and, like all other nations, have
made the Government the sole manager
and distributer of the malls. In the
spirit of practicality we have reserved
to the hands of the General Govern
ment other things that could be done
best by the General Government for the
whole people.
The reason why our Government does
not own and operate the telegraph lines
and the railways, as France, Germany
and Austria do, is that our Government
rested fundamentally on individualism,
while these governments started in des
potism, which has become modified In
this century to constitutional paternal
ism in government, with or without a
King. Furthermore, France and Ger
many are great military powers with
standing armies of 500,000 strong, and
such governments naturally need to
own and operate in peace the railway
system, which Is so essential to suc
cessful military operations In time of
war. Great Britain is content to leave
the ownership of railways in private
hands. Her government owns and op
erates the telegraph, but the economic
saving and superior quality of service Is
not such as to commend government
ownership of the telegraph to this coun
try. The Oregonian has always, op
posed the Populist scheme of Govern
ment loans or advances to agricultur
ists on their land, or on their crops,
stock or wool, which was termed the
Government warehouse proposition.
The Oregonian in this, large sense of
Government ownership has always op
posed it In every form of paternalism
save that which seemed necessary and
expedient like the Government conduct
of the distribution of the mails. In
state and municipal ' government The
Oregonian has always opposed or fa
vored public ownership according as
experiment had proved expedient or In
expedient. Municipal ownership of
public works has proved a good thing
for the people In Glasgow, Scotland; In
Birmingham, England; in Toronto,
Canada; in many European cities; but,
outside of the public ownership of
water works, municipal ownership has
not furnished a record of able or eco
nomical or 'incorrupt administration in
the United States. There are a few
minor cities that perhaps are an ex
ception; but as a rule great cities that
have undertaken the municipal owner
ship and administration of the gas sup
ply have given a very poor, very costly
and very corrupt service. The experl.
ence of Philadelphia is a recent and
notable record, which Is not likely to
commend municipal ownership to
Greater New York under Tammany.
The American view is practical. "We
are not afraid to exercise a limited pa
ternalism in government when the sit
uation demands it, but paternalism is
not the fundamental spirit of our Gov
ernment, which is individualism. "We
do not favor any such widespread pen
sion system as exists in Great Britain,
France and Germany; we pension sol
diers because of the peculiarly danger
ous and trying possibilities of their
service. Great railroad corporations
are beginning experiments in the matter
of a pension 'system for similar reasons
to those which prompt all governments
to pension soldiers. But because we
pension soldiers we do not apply this
military paternalism to every civil
servant of the Government. That is,
we are practical. "We decline to do
what Is inexpedient. Because under
peculiar emergencies we concede an
Inch to paternalism we do not feel
bound to yield an ell to every appeal.
In Germany, Austria, Belgium and
Italy, so-called state socialism is ex
hibited In legislation by which rail
ways, telegraphs, light and avater pro
viding agencies have all been absorbed
by the state, he Irish land act of 1881,
which allows the court to fix the rent of
land, the old-age pension act in Ger
many, would not today be tolerated
for a moment by our National or State
Legislature. Strictly speaking, govern
ment ownership of railroads, street
cars, telegraphs, telephones, are no
more socialistic than government high
roads and postoffices, or municipal fire
services, or municipal relief of the poor.
Our practical American question for so
lution has always been what can be
done best by the Individual and what
can be done best by the community
through its government. An experi
ment that has been crown sd with com
plete success In Birmingham: or Glas
gow might and probably would be a
disastrous municipal failure in New
York or Philadelphia, or any large
city in America.
The death of. Frank "Welch, pugilist,
"Wednesday at Esston, Pa., from the ef
fects of his fight at Phlllipsburg, N. J.,
New Year's eve with Paddy Donovan,
is the latest In a long line of fatalities
In the prizering. Stephen Flanagan
died in Philadelphia, - October 6, 1839,
from injuries received In a prizefight,
and Edward Sandrord died in the same
city of similar injuries on the 26th ult.
Jack Gallagher and George H. "Ward
died at Butte, Mont.t In December, 1889,
within twelve hours after leaving the
ring. Of course, when a prizefight ends
in fatal consequences, complaisant
Coroners persuade their Juries to clothe
the . verdict in hyperbolical language.
Thus in the brutal fight, between Jo
seph Dunfee and David Donovan,, at
Syracuse, N Y., on April 4, 1893, the
latter died from the terrific beating
he received, and yet "concussion of the
brain" was givn as the cause of death.
In the fatal bout between John Hellln
ger and Hesh Phillips in New York, in
November, 1891, "died from cerebral
hemorrhage" was the decision in the
case of young Helllnger, whose face
was pounded shapeless by his oppo
nent. The- same announcement was
made when Jackson was killed by
Ahern In the ring In St. Louis in Sep
tember, 1889, and when "Walter Griffin
sent Jack Cummings to his death in
fifteen rounds at the Tulane Athletic
Club, at New Orleans, In October, 1897,
"hemorrhage of the" brain" was as
signed as the cause. The prizering
thus has its own parallel for the cus
tom of polite society in ascribing un
pleasant deaths to "heart failure."
"A GOOD, BROAD HIGHWAY."
In his opening address before the
farmers' Institute held recently at Lo
gan, Clackamas County, Mr. O. D. Rob
bins said: "We know what good roads
mean to the farmer, and are deter
mined to have them." This statement
has the right ring, and gives evidence
of a spirit of enterprise too little known
to Oregon farmers in the past. That
Mr. Bobbins spoke advisedly for the
farmers in Jiis section Is attested by
the further statement that they sub
scribed 52500 for road work last year,
and had applied the greater portion of
the fund for permanent road construc
tion, which, in conjunction with a sim
ilar sum given by Clackamas County
and by the business men of Oregon
City, has, given the guarantee for a
good main highway, or at least the
foundation for it, between the produc
ing section and its shipping point.
Good roads mean much to the farmer.
They are the "Channels through which
he is enabled to keep in touch with
his neighbors, with the postofflce, with
the iharket and with the outside world
generally. They mean a substantial
saving in the course of the year In re
pairs to -'vehicles and in the wear of
draft animals. They mean, that he can
drive his family to church on Sun
day morning in comfort, 'and his pro
duce to market on weekdays, without
unnecessary loss of time. They are a
standing advertisement of thrift in the
neighborhood that Invites settlers of the
better sort and makes the establish
ment of a creamery in the village cen?
ter, as a means of profit alike to the
farmer and the investor, possible. Any
thing that adds to community self-respect
and enhances community pride
is of distinctive value. Thrift is con
tagious, and good roads are the carri
ers of its healthful germs. When farm
ers In convention assembled declare for
good roads as necessary to their
business, and supplement the declara
tion by liberal subscription for the
Construction thereof, the slipshod era
In Oregon farming may be said to have
passed away, or at least to be on a
"good, broad highway" leading down
to oblivion.
The new English associates of
Cramps, the American shipbuilders,
announce that the capitalization of the
consolidated, concern will be $20,000,000,
and that none of the stock is fop-sale.
It Is apparent from this that the profits
of an American shipyard are greater
than the advocates of the subsidy bill
have admitted. Englishmen would
hardly be expected, to come to this
country to engage In a -business which
the subpldy grafters have assured us is
much more profitable abroad than In
this country, unless there was an ad
vantage In their favor. The investment
of so much British gold In an American
shipyard at this time is not one of the
least of the many powerfui arguments
with which the advocates of the sub
sidy had to contend.
It Is Jirged by a correspondent that
a public library and reading-room in
the North End would enable the men of
that district to "keep out, of saloons."
Without disparagement tq the free li
brary, it may be observed that men
who find the saloon an attractive place
in which to spend their evenings would
probably find the well-ordered library a
very tame substitute for the more con
genial retreat. The old story that men
frequent saloons because they have no
other place to go has long since been
relegated by practical people to the
realm of fiction.
The Albany Democrat is Informed
that The Oregonian has not, as the
Democrat says, "come out for a Sena
torial caucus by the Republicans." The
Democrat is a good enough paper for it
to try to be accurate in its facts.
Mrs. Lease will not sue fpr a divorce,
but will go back homeand help Mr.
Lease raise the children. She has
gained enough notoriety to be a con
tented woman the rest of her life.
Per.haps if the preacher whose son
freejuents gambling-houses kept him
at home, or at work, the burdens of
the community would not weigh heav
ily on his shoulders.
As often as the British are defeated
they meet a superior force. The admis
sion is more to the credit of the Boers
than to their own.
It must be admitted the British, as
victims of misplaced confidence, have
been shabbily treated by the Boers.
Bears and lions are pretty big game,
but Roosevelt has captured bigger
game than that.
Miles is availing himself of the
grandest opportunity of his life to keep
his mouth shut.
Spanish Qneen'a Predicament.
Washington Mirror.
The Queen Regent of Spain, whose
duties as virtual ruler of her son's coun
try will soon come to an end. Is Just now
placed 1 a- very difficult position, owing
to the strong opposition shown by the
Spanish people to her oldest daughter's
marriage. The Queen is said to herself
greatly disapprove of tne alliance, owing
to the fact that the bride-elect, the Prin
cess, of Asturlas, stands in the peculiar
position of heiress to the throne Indeed,
for six months of her young life, that Is,
during the period which elapsed between
the death of the late Kins of Spain and
the birth of bis posthumous son. Prin-
I cess Mercedes, was actually Queen of
bpam The Prince, to whom she is en
gaged. Is the second son of the Count of
Caserta, and though his birch is as good
as her own, many circumstances would
make him an undesirable Prince Consort
should the Princess become Queen. Queen
Christian will only be Resent of Spain
for one year and a half longer, for Al
phonso XIII will come of legal age on the
17th day of May, 1902, on which day he
will celebrate his 18th birthday. The
Spanish people desire that his sister's
marriage should be put off till that date,
but already the weddlrig day has been
provisionally fixed In this forthcoming
January.
t i
BEFORE AND AFTER.
Latest Antics of the Bear That
"Walks Like n Man.
New York Commercial-Advertiser.
Russia's agreement with China for the
administration of Manchuria is not calcu
lated to warm the cockles of the hearts of
those earnest persons who begged Amer
ica tc look to St. Petersburg rather than
London for sympathy in dealing with
the Chinese problem. Nor does that doc
ument agree very well with the spirit of
that beautiful note of August 28 in which
tho Crar's government induced the United
States to withdraw the main part of its
troops from China. It Is worth recalling
the essential part of Its text:
As already repeatedly declared, Russia has
no designs of territorial acquisition In China;
equally with other powers now operating
there, Russia has sought safety of legations at
Pekln. and to help the Chinese Government to
repress the troubles; Incidentally to necessary
defensive measures on Russian border, Russia
has occupied New-Chwang for military pur
poses, and as Soon as order is re-established
will retire troops therefrom. If action of other
powers be no obstacle thereto. Purpose for
which the various governments have co-operated
for relief of legations in Pekln has been
accomplished; taking the position that, as the
Chinese Government has left Pekln. there la
no need for her representative to remain, Rus
sia has directed Russian Minister to retire
with his official personnel from China. The
Russian troops will likewise be withdrawn.
Holding these views and purposes, Russia ex
presses hose that tha United States will share
the same opinion.
It now appears that Russia is willing to
restore the civil government of Manchuria
to China on these terms: China must
pacify. the province and help to build the
railroad, feed and lodge Russians engaged
in the military occupation, disarm and dis
band Chinese soldiers, deliver to Russia all
munitions of war in arsenals not yet
seized and dismantle In, the presence of
Rusfian soldiers forts and powder maga
zines not require' by them, a Russian
regiment to be stationed at Mukden which
shall be kept informed of all important
measures, and Russia to be called on for
reinforcements when the local police are
unable to suppress disorder. If this is
RussI in evacuation what, one may well
ask, does Russian occupation mean? The
London Times not unnaturally suggests
that the Manchuria agreement raises the
situation- contemplated by the Anglo-German
agreement, viz.;
In case another power making use of tha
complications In China In order to obtain under
any form 'whatever such territorial advan
tages, the two contracting parties reserve for
themselves the right to come to a preliminary
understanding regarding the eventual step to
be taken tor the protection of their own in
terests In China.
SALT TRUST'S EXTORTION.
How It Operates to Bring; Competi
tive Imports.
Chicago Tribune.
The Armour Packing Company of Kan
sas City has Just imported 60 .carloads of
salt from Portugal. It seems like car
rying coals to Newcastle to bring salt
from Europe when the United States has
enough salt deposits to supply tho world,
but the packers say they have been driven
to thl3 action by the extortionate prices
now demanded by the salt trust. There
are rich saline deposits in New York, In
Michigan, In Kansas, and In other states,
to say nothing of the facilities for manu
facturing salt all along the seaboard. Salt
can be produced here as cheaply as any
where else In the world. The Kansas City
company could get all the salt It needs J
from the. Hutchinson works, only 210 miles
distant, yet It has found It preferable to
send 5000 miles to another country for It,
and to pay the steamer and freight rates,
besides a duty of 8 cents on each 100
pounds, rather than to pay the price de
manded by the trust.
The sources of supply in this country
are so numerous that It seems almost Im
possible for any combination to control
enough of the output to force up prices,
but it has been done, as is shown by the
recent arbitrary advances. How abnormal
the trust's demands are may now be seen
In the action of the Kansas City packers.
If they can save money by importing salt
from Europe the illegitimate profits of
the monopoly must be enormous. The
present wholesale price of 16 a ton must
be more than double the legitimate price
if imnorter3 can pay a duty of $1 6t a ton
in addition to the steamer and railway
charges for 5000 miles of transportation
and still get their salt more cheaply than
by purchasing It at home.
With affairs in this condition It Is evi
dent that the dutv on salt slmplv aids the
trust In the exaction of an excpsslv prlc
for its product This is a matte- for tho
consideration of Congress. Tt is proba
ble that if a Kansas Cltv firm can avo
money bv Importing salt It will pay Chi
cago packers and similar fli-m" In the Eist
to do likewise, far the freight from the
seaboard might "be somewhat les on the
shorter haul. The salt trust Is overreach
ing itself in the attemot to grow rich
too rapidly by monopolizing the sale of
one of th necesaries of life. The Im
portation of foreign Fait wherever possi
ble, will be one wav of teaching the trust
that It Is overreaching Itself.
Germnny and the Sea.
Fortnightly Review.
The growth of a naval policy In Ger
many has received more attention from
publicists than thei growth of the Ger
man mercantile marine. We need not
stop to discuss whether It is wise for
Germany to aim at being a first-class na
val power The fact Is that her develop
ment as an ocean carrier and colonizer
compels her to Increase her naval
strength The two largest merchant fleets
In the world are now sailed under the
German flag, and these fleets have lately
been, aro are still being. Increased. In
effective sea tonnage Germany now ranks
next, though longo intervallo to Great
Britain. The United States may have a
larger registered tonnage, but a consid
erable proportion Is in sailing ves
sels, and another large proportion
is on the Great Lakes, and does
not come into international com
petition at all. Germany has but a lim
ited seaboard and few ports in propor
tion to her territorial, area, but the de
velopment of her maritime enterprise Is
not the least strlklnir feature in the eco
nomic expansion of the empire. Tho ad
vent of the age of iron destroyed the old
North German wooden shipbuilding In
dustry. With the age of steel has come
a new birth, and Germany Is now build
ing vessels for half a dozen other coun
tries besides herself. It is true that she
has still to eome to us for some of her
first-class liners and for some of our dis
carded liners to do her ocean tramping,
but she alms at being entirely self-supporting
In the matter of ocean tonnage.
There is no reason why she should not be.
with the mechanical genius of her people,
the Intelligence of her workmen and, her
own coal and Iron resources.
The finest specimens of marine archi
tecture and mechanical skill are to be
found in the trans-Atlantic trade, and
several of the most noteworthy of these
are the products of German shipyards.
These German lines, of course, are sub
sidized, but they have to render service
in return for their subsidies, and it is
doubtful If they receive more proportion
ately than Great Britain pays for simi
lar services. They do, however, xeceive
state assistance In the way of preferen.
tlal railway rates on inward and outward
cargo, and they are required to give a
preference to the goods of German shippers.
HARD SLEDDING FOR THE TRUSTS
St. Paul Pioneer Press.
At the dose of 1S9S. there were pendlrg
consolidation Bchemea Involving some
$500,000,000, while some 11,000.000,000 mote
was Involved In schemes seriously con
templated. At the close of 1900 scarcely
a dozen euch projects are under active
negotiation. The appetite of the public
for common stock upon which there have
been no dividends paid and no prospect of
dividends la distinctly abating. And white
there is no doubt that men in every In
dustry stand ready to sell out to a prop
erly promoted trust provided the reward
Is large enough, this shyness of the un
derwriters and the speculating public
makes it difficult tor the promoter to car
ry through his projects.
For neither can the owner of a constit
uent plant any longer be induced by the
prospective profits on the sale of hls
share of common stock to enter the com
bination, nor ar. the splendid tales of
monopoly prices and cheapened produc
tion received with the confidence that
they were before experience In various
lines had showed what a large element
of imagination went to their making. In
many cases the savings from combination,
though theoretically attractive, have,
when put to the test, been found entirely
delusive. Not only has consolidated man
agement been found to be less economical
than the promoters pointed out. but the
heavy burden of stocks and bonds, a
iarge portion of which was issued against
plants dlsadvantageou3ly located or
equipped with old machinery, has dragged
down dividends to a disappointing degree.
The result has been that much of the
capital authorized has never been issued,
and a tendency Is noticeable among the
old and the new consolidations to restrict
capitalization as much as possible.
But the most discouraging feature is the
failure to establish monopoly. The effect
of an attempt to do so seems to have been
to Induce new competition. Every new
concern Independent of the trust puts the
consolidation to the alternative of pur
chasing the newcomer or sacrificing Its
hope of monopoly. In some coses where
the new competitor Is strong and Is In the
field to stay only the latter alternative Is
presented. For most of these new con
cerns have started with new plants and
with a capitalization sufficient for their
needs, but not so great as to restrict
them. A capitalization of $200,000 or less
has been found sufficient in some cases
for a concern to sustain competition with
a consolidation of $10,000,000 of capital,
much of which is pure water and much
non-producing plant.
In the last year we find that of the
$101,825,000 Increase in the capitalization of
old concerns $73,600,000 was issued to bring
in competing plants. At the same time
a multitude of new concerns put In their
appearance, which, if their owners were
open to propositions, would absorb the
surplus earnings and eliminate or reduce
dividends. Here, for Instance. Is the
American Steel & Wire Company, which
now faces 13 competing companies Instead
of the six which it left independent when
It was formed. The combined rod capac
ity of these concerns is said to exceed
that of the concern which supplies the
trust. The tlnplate trust has four new
concerns, all strong and lively, with
which it has to maintain competition, be
sides seven old companies operating mills.
The National Tube Company Is confronted
by three new companies besides several
large producers that would not enter the
combine. In sheet steel three new com
panies have put In an appearance since
last March, and a number of the older
concerns are building new plants. The
steel hoop trust, ohaln trust, seamless
tube 'trust and Otis elevator trust have
new competition. Outside of the Iron in
dustry, the glucose trust, which produced
but little more than 5000 barrels dally, has
to meet Independent plants with a capac
ity of 4200 barrels, and of the two new
concerns one is backed bv the Standard
Oil Interests. Tho match trust has seven
new competitors, with an aggregate cap
ital almost as large as Its own. The
Baking Powder Company has three new
competitors, each capitalized for $1,000,000,
besides 200 older and smaller concerns to
face. Even the Standard Oil Company
has not escaped. The Pure Oil Company,
with a capital of $3,000,000. disputing the
field with It. The paper trust has brought
many new competitors Into being, three
of the more Important having an aggre
gate capitalization of over $9,000,000. The
rubber company is trying to arrange a
truce with 14 competitors, four of them
newcomers. The whisky trust Is suffering,
severely from competition and the tobac
co trusts are not much better off. The
list might be extended further.
Moreover, by producing commodities of
an allied nature, many of the trusts have
entered into competition with each other.
Just as the Arbuckles went Into sugar
refining and the sugar company Into cof
fee, so the iron and steel Interests are
going Into allied fields. For Instance, the
National Tube Company is making seam
less tubes and cast-Iron pipes in addition
to Its principal product, welded tubes. The
Pressed Steel Car Company Is making
wooden cars, and the American Car &
Foundry Company has retaliated by mak
ing steel cars. Still another phase Is il
lustrated In the erection by the National
Enanjellng & Stamping Company of its
own tlnplate mills, thus making it inde
pendent of the trust.
The success of the consolidation move
ment Is pretty well Illustrated by sum
marizing the renorts of 45 companies pre
sented by the Iron Age. Of these, the
ones that have Issued only one kind of
stock have all paid dividends. The 36 oth
ers have Issued preferred and common
stocks, and of these only nine have paid
dividends on both preferred and common.
Seven have paid no dividends at all, and
20 have paid only on preferred. A pretty
poor snowing in boom times in the light
of the promoters' predictions.
Modern Ocean Conl Gluttons, .
Cassier' Msjptz'ne
In the last 10 years the race for the
transatlantic record has been far more In
teresting than any other period, for it has
been in this decade that the great coal
burners have been built. It Is also the
"twin-screw period" of ocean navigation,
and with the twin screws have come
greater speed, more and heavier engines,
and corresponding Increase of boiler pow
er. The American liners Paris and New
York wre the first to embody the new
and radical departures from the old meth
ods of shipbuilding, and In many respects
thev marked an entirely new era In ship
building. They were, from the first, bril
liant succses in speed and seaworthiness,
but they were also responsible for a new
era of coal consumption that has at last
brought the steamship companies to the
point where they are anxiously looking
for some let-up. The Paris soon broke
the record from New York to Queens
town, making the trip In much less than
six days at an average speed of 20 knots
an hour. The Teutonic and Majestic,
whlcn followed, theugh larger In every
way, were slower In speed, and less ex
pensive In operating. WJth only 18.000 In
dicated horse-power, against the 20,000 of
the Paris, the Teutonic consumes only 300
tons of coal per day to develop 19 knots.
The two magnificent steamers of the
Cunard Company, the Lucanla and the
Campania, which soon followed the
launching of the American liners estab
lished new ocean records, and new coal
coneumlng figures. The Campania, with
19,000 tons' displacement, had 30.000 hdrse
power, and developed a speed of 22 knots,
with a dally coal consumption of about
475 tons. The modern coal gluttons avcre
In full force by this time, and the steam
ship companies had to confess that the
lowering of the record meant, not only
larger ehlps, but heavier coal cost. The
Kaiser WUhelm der Grosse of the North
German Lloyd Steamship Company was
built on lines which fully recognized this
fact. She Is 23 feet longer than the
Campania, one foot greater In beam, and
has 1000 tons more displacement. Her
fastest trip was made at an average speed
of 22.79 knots, covering In one period of
24 hours 580 knots. Nevertheless her
horse-power was slightly less than that of
the Campania, being 23.000 against the let
ter's 30,000, and her coal consumption a
trifle more, amounting, according to the
owners' figures, to 600 tons a day
NOTE AND COMMENT.
So we are to have more Congressmetu
Insatiate Burleigh, were not 357 enough?
New Jersey will no longer tolerate prize
fights. She finds her hands full protecting
the trusts.
The Sultan will settle with Germany. Is
there nothing In International law about
preferred creditors?
If Lord Roberts creates so much en
thusiasm now, what will happen to him
when he goes back and ends the war?
Lord Roberts is now busy making prep
arations to send several hundred thousand
troops to South Africa to take his place.
Denver's Mayor is going to get out a
newspaper. In New York It is the news
papers which are trying to get out tho
Mayor.
Hall Caino speaks very highly of Amer
ican women. As long as he keeps them
out of his books, the compliment may be
taken as sincere.
A full account of the coronation, March
4, with portraits of the Emperor and Em
press will be found In the Lincoln Com
moner of March 5.
The temptation to curry favor with- thej
liquor element and the prohibitionists at
one fell swoop gives the Senate pause now
that it is considering the canteen bllL
A machine that washes and dries 000
dishes an hour has been invented. But
unless It can bo made to break 7999 of
them. It can never hope to compete with
the great American kitchen lady.
Backward, turn backward. Pat Crowe. In your
flight.
And explain how so quickly you get out of
sight:
Tour methods of wonderful value would be.
On occasions, we all o( us know, when ve
Load heaps of abuse upon some chap or other.
And And we've been talking the while to his
brother.
Professor Frederick Starr, of the Uni
versity of Chicago, with a photographer,
plaster-worker and guide, has gone on an
other visit of Investigation among the un
known tribes of Mexico. He will be ab
sent half a year, and expects to complete
with this journey his studies of the South
Mexican Indians.
He had fought on lookout Mountain, where
the bullets dealt eut death.
He had starved In Llbby prison weary weeks.
He had faced the wild Slouz Indians, and had
never caught his breath
Or felt the blood deserting from his cheeks;
He had tracked the Filipinos through the
marshes dank and dim.
And had dodred their bullets in the Jungles
dense.
But, beside the West Point haze-fest, all these (
terrors seemed to him
To resemble very closely thirty cents.
The following authentic and entertain
ing episode In the life of Lord Roberts
will be new to most roadors. On a certain
occasion, some years ago, the gallant Gen
eral was paying a vlstt to a friend In tho
Emerald Isle. A curious but strict rule
of the establishment was that while
guests were staying at the house no per
son was allowed within Its grounds, which
were watched by a brawny son of Erin
about six feet high.
The morning after he arrived Lord Rob
erts slipped out unseen,, dressed In an
easy style, with the Intention of having a
look over the grounds. He had not pro
ceeded far through the grounds when he
was pounced on by a big fellow, who gruf
fly shouted:
"Where wd ye be goln'?"
"Do you know whom you are address
ing?" retorted Lord Roberts.
"Addressln or not addressln', out ye
go."
"Why, I'm Roberts: stay."
"Shure, If ye take that gintleman's
name in vain, bedad; an' I'll throw yo
over the bridge yonder I"
Lord Roberts saw the situation, and re
turned, but he was resolved to have the
Joke out, so, telling his experience to his
host, the keeper was brought before them.
The poor fellow Immediately saw his. mis
take, and craved their pardon, which was
soon granted, and he departed richer than
when he went In.
PLEASANTRIES OF PARAGRAPHERS
How 'Twas Done Old Gentleman Here, sir,
how Is it I catch you kissing my daughter?
The Liover By sneaking In on us, sir. Phila
delphia Press.
"The idea of erecting a monument over your
pet dog!" exclaimed Mr .Graybeard; "I'll war
rant you wouldn't do as much for me." "In
deed," replied his young wife, "I'd be glad to."
Philadelphia Record.
Drug-Store Coffee. Customer (at soda fount
ain) Have you any coffee flavor? Cleric
(brlskly)-J-Yes, sir "Does it taste like cof
fee?" "Um er n-o. but It looks like coffee
perfect picture of it, sir "New York Weekly.
Scottish Golfer What a fine Scotch dialect
you have! Did you not find it difficult to ac
quire? Other Golfer Oh, not so very. You
see. I was naturally uncertain as to the dis
tinction between shall and will, and that gave
me a good start. Detroit Journal,
Disclaimed Responsibility. "When I was
your age I never thought of spending as much,
money as you do." "Well, sir, the careless
youth replied. "I cannot do more than offer
my sympathies. It was grandfather's fault,
not jnine." Washington Star.
Grimes Going to buy a bookcase? Aren't
you getting extravagant? Stone I suppose so;
but there's only one alternative. The house la
lumbered up with borrowed books until ther
are a nuisance. I've Just got to buy a book
case or return the books. Boston Transcript.
Anxious "Tour wife Just met with a seri
ous accident. Mr WIlken3," said the excited
messenger "She ran over a dog while riding
her wheel, and they've taken her to the hos
pital." Wllkens (excitedly) Was It a llver-and-whlte
fox-terrier with Mark spots on his
shoulders 7 Puck.
From "The Ballad of Reading Gaol.
Oscar Wilde.
Ah! happy they whose hearts can break
And peace of pardon winl
How else may man make straight his plan
And cleanse his soul from .sin?
How else but through a breken heart
Can Lord Christ enter in?
And he of the swollen purple throat
And the stark staring eyes
Walts for the holy hands that took
The thief to Paradise; ?
And a broken and a contrite heart '
The Lord will not despise.
And all men kill the thing they lov.
By all let this be heard;
Some do It with a bitter look.
Some with a flattering word.
The coward does It with a kiss.
The brave man with a sword !
Where Hope Hangs FndetL
Francis William Bourdlllon.
Faster than petals fall on windy days
From ruined roses,
Hope after hope falls fluttering, and decays.
Ere the year closes.
For little hopes that open but to die.
And little, pleasures.
Divide the long, sad year, that labors by.
Into short measures.
Yes, let them gol our day-lived hopes are not
The life we cherish;
Love lives, till disappointments are forgot.
And sorrows perish.
On withered boughs, where still the old leaf
clings.
New leaves come never?
And in the heart, where hope hangs faded,
springs '
Ho rw endeavor.