Mmm$- j Qm
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VOL. XL. 2s0. 12,480.
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The Battle With Dewet.
LONDON", Dec. 11. The Evening Stand
ard says that the battle between General
Knox and General Dewet continues, ana.
that the forces exchanged ground inces
santly. Lack of definite Information is
said to be due to the absence of telegraph
communication with the scene of action.
"While the "War Ofllce Is most reticent on
the subject, there are indications that the
officials have received -news suggesting
a considerable British, success jpinst
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McKinley and Harrison Meet.
"WASHINGTON, Dec. lL President Mc
Kinley and ex-President Harrison met
last night at a dinner given by Justice
Harlan, of the Supreme Court. It was
the first dinner that the President had
taken in "Washington outside the "White
House for some time. The fact of his
accepting an Invitation where he would
meet ex-President Harrison is taken to
dispose effectively of the reports that the
relations between the two had. been
etraiaea ox j&ta. . .
Kll
tesHKsSJ.ii..iu
AGAINST THE BILL
Senator, Clay Opposed to a
Ship Subsidy.
MADE A STRONG ARGUMENT
Principal Object of the Proposed
Measnre Is to Draw Nine Million.
Dollars Yearly From the ?-
tiona.1 Treasury.
"WASHINGTON. Dec 11. The first
speech in opposition to the ship subsidy
bill In the Senate was delivered today by
Clay CDem. GaO, one of the minority
members of the committee on commerce,
which reported it to the Senate. Ha is
recognized as one of the most vigorous
opponents of the bill in the Senate, and
during nearly two hours was accorded
close attention by Senators on both sides
of the chamber. Hanna (Rep. O.), who
expects to reply to Clay's arguments,
gave him a particularly attentive hearing.
In the early part of the session a lively
colloquy was precipitated over the ref
erence to the committee of the oleomar
garine bill, just passed by the House. It
finally went to the committee on agricul
ture. This was a victory for the friends
of the bllL There also was a sharp de
bate over the Montana Senatorshlp case,
but no action was taken, the matter, by
consent, going over temporarily. Tomor
row no business session of the Senate
will be held, as the time will be devoted
to the celebration of the centennial of
the establishment of the seat of govern
ment in "Washington.
An order presented by Cockrell CDem.
Mo.) was ratified by the Senate, directing
the vacancies on the committees of the
District of Columbia, Geological Survey,
Indian affairs, mines and mining. Pacific
islands, territories and railroads be filled
by the appointment of Towne (Pop.
MlnnO.
The resolution offered yesterday by
Hanna for the appointment by the presi
dent pro tern, of a committee of three
Senators to make the necessary arrange
ments for the inauguration for March 4,
was adopted without debate.
The Grout oleomargarine bill passed by
the House was laid before the Senate,
and President pro tem. Frye announced
that he felt obliged, in view of previous
action of the Senate on a similar measure,
to refer the bill to the committee on agri
culture. Aldrich (Hep. R. L), chairman
of the committee on finance, said he would
offer no objection to that reference, but
Vest (Dem. Mo.), a member of the finance
committee, contended vigorously that tho
bill, being, to his mind, a revenue meas
ure, ought to be referred to the committee
on finance. He declared that if the bill
were an honest measure. It was a revenue
rtuH, nd-iflt-vreT6&pai5honeotmeaXdJf
it was an enort to use ine taxing power
of the Government as a police regulation.
Proctor (Rep. Vt.) moved that the bill
be referred to the committee on agricul
ture. The auestlon was discussed briefly by
Kyle (Rep. S. D.), Stewart (Rep. Nev.),
Spooner (Rep. "Wis.), Allison (Rep. la.)
and Money (Dem. Miss.;, the last named
declaring that the Grout bill was a meas
ure the primary object of which was to
tax one industry at the expense of an
other. An objection to the proposed ref
erence by "Vest declared that it was pro
posed in thi3 bill to turn Congress into
a state legislature, and make it exercise
purely police power In the various states.
The motion to refer the bill to the com
mittee on agriculture was agreed to.
Carter (Rep. Mont.) called up his pend
ing motion to refer the credentials of
"William A. Clark and Martin McGInnis,
appointed Senators from Montana, to the
committee on privileges and elections, and
after somedlscussion the motion prevailed
without division.
Chandler (Rep. N. H.), chairman of the
committee on privileges and elections,
asked that the resolution on the calendar
that declared "William A. Clark was not
duly and legally elected to a seat In the
Senate of the United States by the Legis
lature of Montana, be recommitted to
the committee.
Bacon (Dem. Ga.) inquired what tne
object of the request was. Chandler
replied that before the Senate had an op
portunity to act upon the resolution the
Senator from. Montana, Mr. Clark, "had
gone through the form of resignation."
"That changed the entire aspect of the
situation," said Chandler, "and for a time
forestalled and prevented discussion of
the questions Involved."
To be entirely frank with Bacon, he
said, another reason why he desired a
recommittal of the resolution was that
the committee might desire to take some
positive action upon the matter with
which the resolution dealt. The whole
case, he maintained, had not been dis
posed of by the resignation and departure
pf Clark.
In tho course of a long reply, Bacon
held that he could conceive of no legiti
mate purpose in the desire for a recom
mittal of a resolution which dealt with
a question which practically was dead.
He intimated that the chairman of the
committee on privileges and elections
might have some ulterior purpose in view
which he could not at this time divine.
After Chandler had retorted facetiously
that the Georgia Senator was "too sus
picious," especially of the chairman of
the committee, the matter of recommittal
by consent went over until Thursday.
The Senate, then, in 30 minutes, passed
45 of the unobjected pension bills on the
calendar.
Pending the resumption of the discussion
of the ship subsidy bill, an act providing
that entrymen under the homestead laws
who served in the United States Army,
Navy or Marine Corps during1 the Spanish
"War or the Philippine insurrection shall
have certain service deducted from the
time required to perfect title under home
stead laws, was passed.
Senator Clay's Speech.
Clay then was recognized to deliver a
speech upon the pending subsidy bill. Clay
contended that the promotion of com
merce and the increase of foreign trade
of the United States, two of the most im
portant objects of the pending measure,
would not follow its enactment. The one
definite thing known about the operation
of the proposed legislation was that it
would take from the Treasury of the
United States J9.000.000 a year for 30 years
and donate that vast sum to the ship
owners carrying the foreign trade of this
country. Clay said that under the bill,
"the subsidy to be given vessels up to
12 knots, which arc really our great
freight carriers, is only J cents per gross
ton, while the subsidy given to a fast
steamer, which carries. chiefly passengers
and fine manufactured goods. Is 3.8 cents
per ton lor a H-knot ship.' He elaborated
Lsrkat lie deemed to be the 'InjusUca aadj
the inequality of the measure in this re
spect," presenting a comparison of car
goes carried by the St. Paul, a swift
steamer of the American line, and by the
Manhattan, one of the great freighters of
the Atlantic Transportation Company.
The comparison showed that the Manhat
tan, a 14-knot ship, carried Immense quan
tities of agricultural and manufactured
products, while the St. Paul carried prac
tically no manufactures or agricultural
products, yet the Manhattan will receive
little more than one-third of the subsidy
given the St. Paul. Clay contended that
the greater part of the exports of the
United States were carried In steamers of
less than 11 knots' speed, and that it was
not within the bounds of reason or jus
tice that the fast vessels should receive
the great hulk of subsidy. Clay main
tained that the bill, as formulated by the
committee, would not tend to Increase tho
merchant marine of the United States.
"If," said, he, "Senators will examine
the testimony taken before the committee,
the conclusion will be reached that the
shipowners have a thorough organization
to carry through this legislation. They
are not seeking opportunities to build
ships, but they are trying to secure legis
lation that will enable them to go In the
public Treasury and draw J9.00O.O0O an
nually to divide among themselves. If
those who favor this legislation are act-
x
- f . c
VIEW OF THE CAPITAL CITT "WHEN IT BECAME THE SEAT OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.
"WASHINGTON. Dec ll. The centennial celebration of the establishment of the seat of government in the District -of Columbia will
begin at 10 o'clock tomorrow with, a reception by the President to the Governors o the states and territories at the Executive Mansion.
rhi fnnfrUpnwlU be follqyed-byanxhlnltlon
thsfe
thes east'noomr 'in
erclses by the
siding. In tho evening a reception trill be
Ing In good faith, why did they not pro
vide that the subsidy shall be paid to
those who will build ships hereafter?"
Clay vigorously attacked the amend
ments which had been made to the 'bill
since the present session of Congress be
gan, and presented a long technical argu
ment In support of his assertion that they
had been made in the interests of a fa-
vored class of shipbuilders. He held that
as only ships constructed within the time
specified by the bill c6ul3 enjoy the subside-
it would be impossible for capital
ists to build new shlp3 after the lapse of
the specified period to compete with the
subsidized vessels. After discussing the
facilities of the United States for ship
building. Clay argued that there was no
more reason for giving a subsidy to ship
builders and owners than to the farmer
who produces wheat or cotton or corn.
If the shipowner Is entitled to a subsidy,
he contended, the farmer is equally en
titled to one.
At the conclusion of Clay's speech, Han
na, who in common with Senators on both
sides of the chamber had given close at
tention to the address, said he had ex
pected to submit some remarks on the
bill today, but owing to the lateness of
the hour, would postpone the delivery of
his address until Thursday.
ae Senate then, at 4:20 P. M., on mo
tion of Lodge (Rep. Mass.), went into
executive session. At 5:45 P. M. the Sen
ate adjourned.
The Execntlve Session.
There were no set speeches on the Hay
Pauncefote treaty in the executive ses
sion. Such discussion as there was con
sisted of questions and answers directed
toward clearing up doubt3 concerning tho
effect of the treaty generally. This exer
cise was opened by Beverldge (Rep. Ind.),
who did no? announce his own views, but
asked for Information as to the effect of
the ratification of the pending agreement
on three points. The first of these related
to the provisions of the Clayton-Bulwer
treaty relating to the acquisition of ter
ritory. He wanted to know with refer
ence to that article whether it still would
be in effect, so far as it prohibits the
United States from acquiring territory In
Central America. Secondly, he desired
information as to whether, in case the
Hay-Pauncefote treaty should be ratified
by the United States and then accepted
by. say, 20 other nations, it could be
modified without the consent of all the
signatory powers. His third inquiry re
lated to the right of hostile nations to
station ships in the vicinity of the canal
in case of its construction under the Hay
Pauncefote treaty.
In presenting his Inquiries, Beverldge
referred to a portion of the second article
of the Clayton-Bulwer agreement, basing
his first question largely upon it. Refer
ring to that article of the old treaty, he
said that It not only appeared to guaran
tee tho neutrality of the canal, but to
prohibit fortification, and to stand in the
way of either Great Britain or the United
States acquiring territory In Central
America. This clause had raised a doubt
in his mind, as he believed it had in the
minds of others, and he thought it should
be cleared up.
Replying to the first of these Inquiries,
Lodge said frankly that, in his opinion,
under the pending treaty, the United
States would be stopped from extending
Its domain Into Central American terri
tory, as the new negotiation did not abro
gate that portion of the old treaty.
Foraker (Rep. O.) expressed the oppo
site view, saying that unquestionably the
United States could extend Its domain
Into that region. If it so desired, just as
England had done In taking possession
of the Mosquito Coast. The Ohio Senator
replied affirmatively to a question from
Maso'n (Rep. HI.) as to whether the
United States could acquire and annex a
South American country, as we have an
nexed Hawaii, with the complete assent
of the country coming under our protec-
(Cs&cla&edQa Seoaa&ajr&'l
MU8TU8ETHEIMT
Legislative Redisricting of
Washington.
EFFECT ON LARGER COUNTIES
Etcb Under the Constitutional Lim
itation of OO in Lower Honse and
40 in Senate, Some Comities
Must Join Their Neighbors.
SEATTLE, Dec. 11. The constitution of
this state makes it the duty of the Leg
islature to redlstrlct and reapportion tho
various counties of the state into legis
lative districts after each enumeration of
the state's census by tho National Gov-
WASHINGTON'S CENTENNIAL
of tha tnodl and. drawings or theproposed
given in honor of tie Governors at the Corcoran
ernment. This is a duty which must be
performed at the session immediately fol
lowing such enumeration, and under
those circumstances the Legislature
which meets on tho coming January 14 is
charged with the duty thus laid down In
the constitution.
The latter Instrument further provides
that the membership of the lower house
shall not at any time exceed 99, and that
the Senate shall not be composed of less
than one-third, nor more than one-half
as many members as the lower house.
Under these restrictions alone, therefore,
the Legislature must work in redisrict
ing the state.
At present, the House is composed of 78
members and the Senate of 34. This ap
portionment was made In 1S91. Immediate
ly following the census of 1SS0, and has
not been changed since that time. The
population t of the state when the last ap
portionment was made was 349,390. This
gave one Senator to every 10,215 inhabit
ants of the state, and one Representa
tive to every 44S0.
Under the conditions which existed at
that time, however, it was possible to
allow every county In the state to have
at least one Individual representative in
the lower house, although many of the
counties did not come up to the standard
of population required for one representa
tive. The growth of the state In the past
10 years, however, has been so rapid that
it now seems to be an utter Impossibility
to give all of the smaller counties sepa
rate representation in either house, and
at the same time do justice to the larger
counties.
The late census showed the population
of the state to be 518,103, an Increase of
48.2 per cent over 1S90. This increase Is
so heavy that it tends to make the prob
lem of reapportionment a perplexing one
under the limitations prescribed by the
constitution.
State Senator "W. "W. "Wllshlre, of this
city, has devoted much attention to the
redlstrictlng scheme, and he favors tho
Increasing of the membership of both
houses to the full constitutional limit, or,
in other words, making the membership of
the House 99 and of the Senate 49. This
plan, he points out, will come nearer pre
serving individual representation for the
counties than a less number of legislators
could possibly do, although erven under
his plan 13 counties will of necessity be
deprived of separate representation, and
will be forced to unite with nelghobring
counties In the election of district repre
sentatives. Under the plan as outlined by Mr. "Wll
shlre, one representative would be elect
ed for every 5233 inhabitants of the state,
and one Senator for approximately every
10,575 Inhabitants. This Is the greatest
possible representation under the consti
tution. Even under It the folldwlng- coun
ties will be deprived of individual repre
sentation, namely: Adams, Asotin, Che
lan, Douglas, Ferry, Franklin, Garfield,
Island, Mason, Okanogan, San Juan,
Skamania and "Wahkiakum. All of these
counties have considerably less than 5233
population, and it Is clearly impossible
to allow them one representative each
and at the same time do justice to the
more populous counties of the state.
Should the present number of members
in both houses 34 in the Senate and 73
In the House be retained, not only would
the 13 counties mentioned be deprived cf
individual representation, but four more
counties would suffer In like manner.
These are Clallam, Jefferson, Klickitat
and Pacific
The political rivalry between the three
largest counties in the state King, Spo
kane and Pierce Is very spirited, and is
certain to enter Into the reapportionment
matter to a greater or less degree. Un
less both houses are Increased to their
full constitutional limit. Pierce County
williose in her representation In the lower
house, while retaining her present status
In the upper house. Spokane, under the
same circumstances, would make no ma-
Serial gsic. while she la entitled tot do sot
owlng to her increase In population. King
County, in any event, owing to her larger
population. Is entitled to practically dou
ble the representation of either Spokane
or Pierce and to more than one-fifth of
the total membership of the Legislature.
Under the present plan. King County
has six state Senators and 13 members
of the lower house. Under the plan as
outlined by Mr. "Wllshlre, she would be
entitled to at least 10 members of the
Senate and 21 members of the lower
house. Pierce County now has five Sen
ators and 10 Representatives. She would
be entitled .to the same number in each
house under Mr. "Wilshlre's plan. Spo
kane now has four state Senators, and
one small section of her territory is an
nexed to Stevens County, forming a fifth
district. She has nine members of the
lower house. She would, under the new
plan, be entitled to five state Senators
and 10 Representatives. This would make
her equal to Pierce County, although, she
has a slightly larger population. Stevens
County, which is now in a joint Senato
rial district with a Spokane district, is
entitled thus to a Senator of her own se
lection. Mr. "Wllshlre has not yet fully commit
ted himself to the plan as here outlined,
but after an exhaustive study of the mat
ter he says it is the best that has pre
sented Itself to his mind. It would seem
as if adequate representation could only
enlarged Executive Maw'.on at 11 o "clock In
SS-lmgHnqeHng
affiKTPrfc ir.-
Gallery of Art.
be obtained by making the membership
as large as possible, and even in that
event, many of the counties will be re
duced instead of being increased.
The other larger counties In the state
will gain to a certain extent by the plan.
Snohomish County, which now has but
one state Senator, will probably get two
and an additional member of the lower
ho'use. She now has four representatives
in the lower house. "Whatcom County,
which now has two Senators and four
Representatives, will probably be given
an additional member of the lower house,
while retaining her present membership
in the Senate. "Whitman and "Walla "Wal
la Counties will likely make gains In the
lower house, but none In the upper. Che
halls. Lewis and Skagit will also make
small gains.
Ten years hence, If the state makes
the phenomenal increase in population
that It did in the last 10 years, the consti
tution will have to be amended, or else
the small counties of the state will almost
disappear as entitles In' the state govern
ment. MASSACHUSETTS ELECTIONS
Temperance Victories In Municipal
Contests.
BOSTON, Dec 1L The temperance peo
ple of Massachusetts have won a great
victory In their crusade against liquor In
the city elections of last Tuesday, and to
day, out of 300 and more cities choosing
municipal officers and expressing an opin
ion, scarcely one shows a gain In the
license vote, while the additions to the no
license column are many.
The Democrats won a decided victory
in Boston by electing their candidate for
Street Commissioner, Hon.-J.-A. Galllvan:
seven of the 13 Aldermen, 44 of the 77
Coundlmen, a gain of two, and four
of the eight members of the school com
mittee, a gain of one. The city's major
ity for license was reduced nearly 000
from last year.
G. A. R. ENCAMPMENT.
Location "Will Be Decided nt a. Meet
ing; in St. Lonls.
INDIANAPOLIS, Dec. 1L Captain W.
H. Armstrong, of this- city, senior mem
ber of the National executive committee
of the Grand Army, today received from
Commander-in-Chief Rassieur a call to
come to St. Louis Monday to attend an
important meeting of the National execu
tive committee. The purpose of the meet
ing 13 to decide whether next year's
Grand Army encampment shall be taken
away from Denver and held In some other
city. Captain Armstrong is inclined to
think the encampment will be taken from
Denver, and if so, it will be the first In
stance where a city has been deprived of
an .encampment after having secured It
by vote of the order. The final decision
will be made Monday.
-
Home for Aged Ellfs.
OMAHA, Dec 1L Jerome B. Fisher,
grand exalted ruler of the Elks; J. T.
Fanning and J. D. Oshea, grand trustees,
and George P. Cronk, past exalted ruler,
will leave for1 Colorado Springs tomor
row to select a site for the contemplated
home for aged and decriplt members of
the order. "William S. Stratton, of Cripple
Creek, has offered free a plot with a mag
nificent new building and everything in
tact at Colorado Springs.
Daily Treasury Statement.
"WASHINGTON, Dec 1L Today's state
ment of the Treasury balances-in the gen
eral fund, exclusive of the $150,000,000 gold
reserve in the division of redemption,
shows:
Available cash balance $137,996,061
Gold ,...,....,, 83,361,053
HIS LAST HOPE GONE
Kruger Gets No Consolation
From the Netherlands.
HOLLAND WILL NOT INTERVENE
The Dutch Foreign Minister Tells the
ex-President That the Role o
His Government Must Be
Passive.
THE HAGUE, Dec. 11. The Dutch
Government today finally and definitely
refused to take the Initiative In behalf
of arbitration between the Transvaal md
Great Britain. The decision was com
municated in an interview between Mr.
Kruger and Dr. Leyds on one side and
the Dutch Foreign Minister and Minister
of Finance, N. B. Plerson. on the other.
Mr. Kruger explained that the object of
his journey was to disseminate the idea
of arbitration, and the Dutch Minister
replied that the role of the Netherlands
must be passive. The Initiative belonged
to the great powers, he added. "When the
powers had reached a decision, the Dutch
Government might see what it could do.
"Vo Snnb Yet From Czar.
THE HAGUE, Dec. 1L The Transvaal
Legation says it Is authorized to contra
dict the report that Emperor Nicholas has
telegraphed to Mr. Kruger an Intimation
that he will not receive him.
THE TROUBLE OVER POTT.
Explanation ly the Dutch Minister
of Foreign Affairs.
THE HAGUE, Dec. 1L Replying- In the
Second Chamber today to the interpella
tion of Count van Byla'ndt, on the sub
ject of the tension between The Nether
lands and Portugal, the Foreign Minis
ter, Dr. "W. H. De Eeaufort, sketched
the history of the misunderstanding,
which hedeclared had been exaggerated.
He said the Dutch Minister at Lisbon,
Baron von Heekbran, announced Novem
ber 17 that Portugal would withdraw the
exequatur of Herr Pott as Consul of
the Netherlands at Lourenco Marques un
less the Government of The Netherlands
would obviate the neceslty by dismissing
or recalling Herr Pott. As The Nether
lands Government "had no official infor
mation that Herr Pott had permitted, as
alleged, the importation of contraband of
war, It could not accede to the demand
for his recall without a fuller Inquiry, and
It therefore instructed the Minister at
Lisbon to cable to Herr Pott, asking him
to clear- up the matter. Herr Pott then
applied for leave to come to Europe,
which was granted, and The Netherlands
proposed to Portugal that an Investiga
tion be made during the Consul's visit
and that thri -months ta nllowert for
of afeporE on the subject.
The Government of The Netherlands sup
posed Portugal approved of this proposal,
and was surprised to learn shortly after
ward that Portugal Insisted on withdraw
ing the exequatur of Herr Pott.
The Foreign Minister explained that he
was not aware if fresh complaints against
Herr Pott were the" cause of this, but a
notification sent to The Netherlands' Min
ister of the withdrawal of the exequatur
would now illy accord with the very
friendly relations between The Nether
lands and Portugal. Immediately after
the exequatur was withdrawn, however,
the Dutch Minister was summoned to give
information, and Herr Pott was expected
at The Hague within, a month. After
Count vanBylandt had expressed the hope
that the difficulties would be speedily
settled, the subject was droppe'd.
SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT NEWS.
Congress.
Senator Clay spoke against the ship subsidy
bill. Paso 1.
The Hay-Pauncefote treaty was again consid
ered in executive session. Page 1.
The debate on the -war-tax reduction bill be
gan In the House. Page 2.
A Congressional committee was appointed to
investigate the Boos hazing. Page 2.
Oregon delegation decides upon continuing con
tract for Columbia River improvement.
Page 4.
China.
Chaffee protested to Von "Waldersee against
German looting. Pags 3.
French troops have ceased looting Chinese ob
servatories. Page 3. ., ..-
Peace negotiations are about to begin. Page 3.
LI Hung Chang claims to have absolute power
to negotiate. Page 3.
Philippines.
The commission gave merchants a hearing on
the tariff bill. Page 2.
Affairs at Guam are in better shape. Page 2.
Captain Shields relates his adventure is Mar-
lnduque. Page 2.
Foreism.
Holland refuses to intervene in the Boer -war.
Pagel.
Lord Roberts leaves the Cape for England.
Page 3
The House of Commons voted 10,000,000 ta
carry on the Boer war. Page 3.
Domestic.
The Jury in tho Jessie Morrison case is still
out. Paso 2.
The Federation of Labor Is struggling with a
mass of resolutions. Pase 5.
Nine teams are still in the six-day race.
Pacific Coast.
In annual -report. Fish Commissioner Reid
says value of fish output for Oregon is over
53.000.000. Page 10.
State Superintendent Ackerman recommends
that Oregon schools observe John Marshall
day. Page 4.
Oregon dairy interests reported upon by Dairy
and Food Commissioner Bailey. Page 4.
A $50,000 irrigation ditch -will ba- constructed
at once in Moxee Valley, "Washington.
Page-4.
Oregon Board of Agriculture elects new officers
and submits report for year Just closed.
Page 4.
Prisoner escaped from courtroom at Spokane
unobserved by officers. Pace 4.
Commercial and Marine.
More strength in New Tork stock market.
Page 1L
French bark Cassard makes "a fast run from
Antwerp. Page 5.
Four grain ships finish loading yesterday.
Page 5.
Steamer Potter to be rebuilt- Page 5.
Portland and Vicinity.
Midnight mass will not be celebrated by Cath
olics in Oregon. Page 8.
County Commissioners oppose the bonding of
county Indebtedness. Page 12.
More burglaries added to TV". W. Scott's Ions
list. Page 12.
Business men on Union avenue Insist that the
street must be improved. Page 8.
The matter of developing Lower Nehalem coal
is said to have been considered in Nff&C
Joxk, Pag S