TTT. rVR.NTTO CXftEGONIAN, FRIDAY, &TJGUST 10, 1900.
10
CHEMISTRY IN
Copjrlcht. 1900, by Seymour Eaton.)
THE OREGONIAN'S HOME: STUDY CIRCLE: DIRECTED BY PROF.SEYMOUR EATON
COMPARATIVE STUDIES
OF TWO CENTURIES
BT PROFESSOR PAUL C. FREER.
Tin.
At the bosinnlns of the 18th century
chemistry had Just been emancipated
from the influence of medieval supersti
tion and had established Its right to be )
considered an Independent science, -with j
the consciousness of a basis for future (
Individual development. Almost from tne j
Christian era it was stunted by the Ignis
fatuus of alchemy and iatro chemistry, .
its sole reason for existence being the j
application of the few known facts to the j
conversion of the baser metals into gold, '
or to the exploitation of so-called medl-
clnal remedies. The knowledge thus far
collected was incidental to these purposes, i
and the prevalent theories were borrowed ,
from the ancients or Arabians. All known j
substances were suDDOsed to be formed by
varying proportions of the essential prln- i
clples earth, water, fire, air, mercury,
sulphur, and salt. Experimental science,
boring- for its object the establishment
of fundamental theories, derived by the
correlation of observed facts, was un
known. Chemistry as an Independent science
owes Its origin to Kobert Boyle, who in
.the middle of the 17th century was the
first to courageously oppose the older doc
trines advocated by the peripatetics ana
who by a series of masterly writings
sought to replace the vague notion or
.principles by more definite chemical ele
ments, defined by him as substances,
which could not by ordinary means be
disintegrated into two or more simpler
bodies. It is true Boyle frequently erred
In his conclusions, as for example, when
ia considered glass and water to be chem
ical elements, owing to his Inability to
decompose them. Although his methods
were often weak, his conclusions were
sound and his brilliant experimental
genius finally succeeded in establishing
the science on a firm basis, even render
ing the "black art" fashionable at court;
Kings and Princes neglected ordinary af
fairs of state in order to dabble with
the "spring of the air" and kindred top
ics. Although Boyle revolutionized methods,
St was not until the beginning of the 18th
century that the entire scientific world
'abandoned the older views and the way
was opened for the establishment of the
first chemical theory which undertook to
connect a series of obviously related
JE&cts. Until this necessary advance was
'made no substantial progress could be
Jaoted, for all the efforts of investigation
.ended merely in aimless wanderings. Tho
flrst scientific step opened the way for
-consistent and vigorous advance. The
first theory was subsequently discarded
because it was founded upon qualitative
and not quantitative observation of chem
ical phenomena, nevertheless its benefit
was incalculable, for it outlined a definite
and precise course for future experimen
tation. The theory is known as that of
phlogiston. Its object was to explain the
changes taking place during combustion.
Ail matter while burning was believed
to separate a principle termed phlogiston,
so that the remaining incinerated prod
uct was supposed to be of simpler com
position than the initial substance. The
lault of the theory was that In reality
bodies during burning gain In weight,
a separation seeming, therefore, less like
ly than a union. A further development
of SO years was required before workers
in the science realized this fact. The
phlogiston period was one of great activ
ity in the chemical field, and many no
table discoveries occurred under Its aus
pices. Particularly was this true of the
isolation of various gases such as carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), ni
tric oxide, ammonia gas, muriatic acid
gas, chlorine and lastly oxygen and hy
drogen. Black, Priestly, Scheule, Watt
Cavendish and many other men added lus
ter to the science. Considerable progress
was made In chemical industry; the man
ufacture of sulphuric acid developed and
toward the end of the century when the
phlogiston theory was already giving way
to our modern views the dry distillation
of bituminous coal and the manufacture
of illuminating gas. coke and tar began.
The phlogiston period was brought to
an end about 1780-1790 by the accurate re
searches of the Frenchman Lavoisier.
This investigator demonstrated combus
tion to be a union with one of the con
stituents of the atmosphere, a gas which
Priestly and Scheule had discovered and
which X.avolsler named oxygen. Sub.
stances in burning wore shown to have
gained weight, and this gain In weight
was demonstrated to be commensurate
with a loss suffered by the air support
ing the process of burning. Chemical ele
ments, as they are today, were defined
as forms of matter which, when alone,
could not be changed into two or more
simpler bodies, and the products of com
bustion were therefore shown to be com
pounds. Ijavoisler's crowning work was
tho final proof that water Is a compound
of hydrogen and oxygen and the firm es
"tabllshment of the law of constancy of
matter. A new system of nomenclature,
substantially the same as that of today,
was Introduced, and the way was opened
for tho marvelous advances made In the
19th century.
After the death of Lavoisier. In 1792, a
host of earnest Investigators carried on
Ills work; new elements and compounds
were discovered and by 1605 the way was
clear for the establishment of tho funda
mental law governing the composition or
chemical compounds known as the law of
constant proportions (Proust). All true
chemical compounds were recognized as
having their constituent elements com
bined in constant and unvarying ratio by
weight, and although a bitter opposition
to this view was carried on by the emi
nent scientist, Berthollet, the facts re
pealed by careful analysis established the
theory, and from that time all chemical i
science was based upon their understand
ing. Almost simultaneously with this
advance, the present theory of atoms,
which has been of immeasurable benefit
in the progress of the science, was de
veloped In England by John Dalton, and
the laws governing the combining vol
umes of gases were discovered by Gay
lussac in France, thus serving to firmly
establish this theory In the chemical
world j
Chemical industry received a great lm-
pctus from the Intense activity In the
theoretical field. The isolation of France i
during the Revolutionary pariod caused
her to make an earnest effort to supply j
chemicals previously purchased abroad, !
and as a result the Le Blanc process for j
the manufacture of soda originated there. I
I'ntll recently it was the sole means of !
producing this Important chemical. Owing '
to the possibility of the commercial pro
duction of chlorine, bleaching powder
came into use; ammonia was generated
in quantity from the gas works, which
wer Increasing in number, and the cul
tivation of the sugar beets and the
means of marketing the product, a dim
cut chemical problem, began to gain
ground.
The period In the history of chemistry
immediately following the understanding
of the law of definite proportions was
until slmiir 1S33 main- 3T-nt fir. !
ing and enlarging the views alreadv es- pot 1:ito bad relatlons with each other,
tabllshod. the principal object being to i and the 5pIrlt of antagonism thus en
lnvestlgate the subject of ntomjc weights, t gendered caused them to form what
which were chemical quantities defined i loked 1Ik battle array, and threaten
by Dalton. and about the exact interpre- ' to leave on the fle5d of action both dead
tation of which bitter controversy 1 and wounded. Xo one was hurt, and the
reigned. The conflict thus precipitated affalr ended without any serious results.
stimulated research And served to hasten I '
the discovery of many new elements and Broke- n TIiIrIi Stamp,
comnoanrs and to nerfect the methods FOREST GKOVE. Or, Aug. .0. Peter
of analysis. The Swedish chemist Be:
zeltus, a man of endurance, untiring en
ergy and experimental skill far beyond
that of any of his contemporaries, was
the most notable figure in the chemical
world of this period. In addition to his
pre-eminent dexterity in the laboratory
1800 AND 1
he was a voluminous writer. The results
of his researches were compiled In' a man
ual of chemistry, which first appeared in
the Swedish language and which was sub
sequently translated Into German by his
friend Wohler. The general chemical field
was reviewed In an annual compilation.
By means of his activity and his excep
tional facilities for bringing his views be
fore his coUeagues Berzelius succeeded
during: SO years in completely dominating
tho science.
The period from 1S05 to 1815 was fruit
ful In the discovery and isolation of new
elements, over 25 being added to the
known list. Mineral analysis almost
reached the standard of the present day
and the study of crystalline forms and
crystallography began to establish itself
as an independent science. Almost all
of the experimental results obtained were
discovered with reference to the possibility
of determining the relative weights of the
atoms of the elements. Two opposing
schools arose, one maintaining that the
accurate understanding of these small
quantities would be .forever an lmposslbll
ity: the other that a Judicious combina
tion of laboratory results with theoreti
cal reasoning ultimately would lead to
definite conclusions. The latter view fi
nally triumphed.
Until 182S a sharp division existed be
tween so-called inorganic chemistry and
that portion of the science termed or
ganic The substances with which organ
ic chemistry had to deal were supposed
to be the product of life action only; It
was believed that any attempts at labora
tory formation of the products of living
organisms would fall. In 1823 Wohler with
one stroke broke down the barrier. He
succeeded In synthesizing urea, which had
been considered solely the result of phy
siological action. The result opened a new
field for chemical activity, and in a few
years many men were engaged in Inves
tigations which led to the production of
a large number of new substances and
their derivatives, all containing the ele
ments carbon combined with hydrogen,
many of them also with oxygen, nitrogen
and phosphorus and sulphur. The pos
sibilities of this new branch of the sci
ence, still termed from habit organic
chemistry, were practically unlimited, but
the old controversy In regard to atomic
weights was not settled. Its development
was retarded owing to the misunderstand
ing of chemical principles. In 1S32 Lleblg
and Wohler published a long research of
the oil of bitter almonds which did much
to clear up existing misconceptions, and a
few years later the French chemists,
Dumas, Laurent and Gcrhardt. made a
further advance by the discovery of chlo
rinated acetic acid and allied bodies. The
conception of the nature of organic sub
stances and of the mission of this branch
of chemistry became clearer. In the early
'60s Kekule in Bonn and Frautland and
Williamson In England finally brought or
der out of chaos and placed the science
on a theoretical basis which has been fol
lowed to the present day.
Meanwhile, although much time had
been spent in theorotlcal discussion, ex
perimental work had grown rapidly, and
the result became apparent In a practical
way. In 1S25 Farady discovered benzene
In the oil obtained from the distillation
of coal for gas works. In Itself the dis
covery was apparently of no practical
Importance, but yet this same substance
was 30 years later to become the oil
from which was derived aniline and many
of the modern coal-tar products.; The
waste tar of the gas works, formerly a
nuisance. Is now redistilled and refined.
It produces all the Innumerable dyes
( which are In use today, as well as antl-
pyrlne, antlfebrln, phenacetin and a host
of other modern medicinal remedies. No
branch of chemical Industry has shown
greater advances than that of coal tar
and Its derivatives, and none can rival
it In the multiplicity and the varied ap
plication of Its products. Aniline was
first svstematlcally Investigated by Hoff
man In 1843. The first aniline dye was
placed on the market in 1S55 by Perkln
In England. In 1SSS Graebe and Llber
mann produced artificial madder which
later entirely replaced the natural prod
uct and caused the entire revolution of
agricultural methods In France. Subse
quently Baeyer succeeded In accomplish
ing the difficult task of preparing artifi
cial indigo. Of recent years one of the
greatest advances in organic chemistry
has been accomplished by Emll Fischer
In his exhaustive work on the group of
substances known as sugars. He has at
last succeeded in preparing synthetic glu
cose from materials obtainable in the la
boratory. ,
The last 15 years has brought forward
the development of a practically new field
of chemical work, which Is at present
termed physical chemistry. This portion
of the science concerns itself chiefly with
tho Intermediary ground lying between
physics and chemistry, and, although the
history of Its later development has been
brief. It already has many notable
achievements to Its credit. Its future
work concerning electrical problems close
ly allied to chemistry and the elucidation
of questions appertaining to solution will
inevitably have a wide practical bearing.
The Influence of physical chemistry al
ready Is being felt In many branches of
technical Industry.
The strides taken by the chemical In
dustries, based upon the exhaustive theo
retical knowledge obtained by years of
laboratory development, have been mar
velous. Within the limits of this brief
article it Is not possible to enumerate
the smallest proportion of their progress.
Apart from the subjects mentioned above,
modern chemistry has revolutionized the
manufacture of explosives, glass, soap,
paper, alloys and cement. Metallurgy Is
on an entirely different footing, and the
process of electrometallurgy has become
one of the most Important Industries In
existence. Beet-sugar production has been
developed almost Into an exact science.
anl the various processes of fermentation
and alcohol preparation have kept pace
""JJ'1 r?st-
Physiological chemistry recently has ad
vanced to a point where accurate results
and close reasoning are possible, and
the benefits derived from such substances
as antitoxin cannot be overestimated.
The entire army of chemical Investiga
tors is moving forward today as it has
been in the past. The future for the
chemical Industries Is perhaps beyond our
present comprehension, but In order for
this result to be accomplished the founda
tion of technical advance must be laid
broad and deep in the firm ground of
scientific research.
Ucc&C.
University of Michigan.
Dlsplny of Covrfooy HoodlnmHm.
Pendleton East Oregonlan.
At Lehman Springs a few days ago, a
company of young men from Heppner
made the camp rather lively for a time,
and sort of performed the bad-man-wlth-a-gun
act, by shooting at the stovepipes
and otherwise manifesting a playfulness
not compatible with the best breeding. In
some manner, a number of young men
from Pendleton and some from Heppner
Harper. of DUley. an elderly man. who
had the lower third of his thigh ampu
tated several years ago. fell this morn
ing, and broke the bone of the stump.
Collier Ashore.
CAPE HENRY, Va.. Aug. 9. The Brlt-
kj
ish steamer Palestro. from Pensaco'a,
Fla.. for Llverrool and Newport N w ,
for ccaL stranded this morning on Dia
mond Shoals, and cannot be saved. Tne
crew are safe.
THE- AMATEUR REFORMER.
Meetlns That Resulted in Embar
rassment iov One Participant.
"Glad to meet you, Mr. Berkenhead,"
ho said, acknowledging the introduction,
"but we have icct belore."
"Indeed, Mr. "
"Gwilllams."
"Mr. Gwiiliams, just at tho moment 1
where did I have the pleasure"
"O, tho pleature was entirely on my
side. I was In the audience. You tvere
tho speaker. I attended the political
meeting you addressed at Grassyhurst
the other day."
"I see. Well, I had the first word, any
how. I hope the speech .was to your
liking."
"Very much. I was particularly im
pressed with that portion of it In wnlch
you said that the Piesldent, while he
might be above the reach of the people,
certainly voii! ' not be beyond their cen
sures. I -Umlred this because Sir Francis
Bacon made a bungling atempt to jay
tho same thing In his letter to the Duke
of Buckingham In 1616, only instead of
President he said King James, you re
member" "Ah, yes, that was a er sort of coin
cidence" "I was impressed, too, with the forcible
manner In which you spoke of the nego
tiation for the annexation of Hawaii as
having 'begun wltfc a political Jockey
named Sonford B. Dole.' for Charles
Sumner tried lo use the same expression
when he said in the Senate, some time In
1S70, I think, that the negotiation for the
annexation of San Domingo, proposed by
President Grant, began with a political
jockey named Buenaventura Somethlng-or-Other.
I have always been fond of
that phrase, 'political jockey,' and"
"You seem to have been on the watch,
Mr. Gwilllams, for plagiarisms, but those
are such trifling examples"
"Bless you, Mr. Berkenhead, I don t
speak of thm as plagiarisms at all. Xou
Improved ceiy thing you touched. For
example, your remark to the effect that
'it Is the balance of our trade with for
eign nations, not altering the standard yf
our coin, which Increases or lessens our
bullion at home,' was a decided Improve
ment on the clumsy utterance of John
Locke, author of the 'Essay Concerning
the Human Understanding,' who used the
word 'countries.' I think 'nations' much
better."
"It pleases you to be sarcastic, Mr.
Gwilllams."
"Not at all, Mr. Berkenhead. I was
never moro sincere. For example, again,
when you said of Roosevelt, 'His hour
had come; he promptly grasped the lead
ership thus left open. Starting out de
liberately for the Presidential nomination,
his plan embraced three leading features.
His stepping stone was the Governor
ship, his shibboleth administrative re
form, his method a pretended opposition
to Boss Piatt.' It sounded familiar. 1
hunted it up and :ound it all except the
Boss Piatt part on page 574 of 'Blaine's
Twenty Years of Congress,' second vol
ume. The deft manner In which you
made a masterly arraignment of Samuel
J. Tllden do service In a diatribe against
Teddy Roosevelt challenged my highest
admiration. So, too, when you ob
served that 'It would bo difficult in the
whole compass of history to find another
Instance In which such various and such
powerful agencies concurred to degrade
the character and to blast the prosperity
of a nation,' and that 'the greater part
of them sprang directly from the corrupt
and selfish party now In power and from
the greed of organized monopoly,' and
so forth, you made a little the cleverest
use of a quotation from 'Lecky's History
of England In the Eighteenth Century' ,
for a political purpose that ever came
under my notice. Such a thing is enough
to make the author clap his skeleton
hands together and applaud you In nis
grave if he happens to be dead. 'Web.
Davis himself couldn't have' done It bet
ter." "If I had thought there was a man In
that audience looking out for a chance lo
pick little flaws In my speech I would
have saved him the trouble of hunting up '
tho references by giving chapter apd
verse for every quotation"
"Pardon mo, adaptation."
"Excuse me, sir"
"No excuses necessary, Mr. Berken
head. We all do It. I was a candidate
for office once myself, and made several
speeches. Judgeship, or Congress, or the
Legislature, or something of the kind.
I am not entirely certain now what it
was, but I remember I didn't get It.
Didn't even get the nomination, though
the Stock-Yard Sun published my biog
raphy In full, with portrait."
Mr. Berkenhead stiffened perceptibly.
"I am not a candidate for office," he
said.
"Then yon make political speeches for
"That, sir, is a matter which con
cerns "
"Nobody but yourself, you were about
to observe. Quite right. I wasn't going
to ask you how much you got for them,
anywaj. I was about to suggest the pos
sibility that you made political speeches
from motives of patriotism."
"Pardon me If I say that Is equally
none of your"
"Business. I know It. I run plump
against that proposition every time I try
to establish a friendly understanding
with anybody. I presume I am the most
peaceably disposed man In the world,
next to Samuel Gompers, but I am always
Impinging awkwardly against something
that hits back. Ever In the leather bus- i
lness, Mr. Berkenhead?"
"Sir?"
"Reason I ask is that I once knew a ,
man of your name who was. I am not
sure, however, but he was a cooper.
Ever in the coopering business, Mr. Ber
kenhead?" "Sir. this is"
"Smoke, Mr. Berkenhead?"
"No, sir, I do not smoke!"
"Ever drink anything, Mr. Berken
head?" "No. sir!"
"Neither do I. Glad to have met you.
Mr. Berkenhead. Good day."
The Size of China.
New York Press.
China proper Is about half the rlre of
the United States, leaving out Alaska
and the Indian Territory, and has about
5 times the Inhabitants. The Chinese
Empire is about as big as the Unite!
States including Alaska and adding Mex
ico. It contains close to six times as
many Inhabitants as the United States.
It Is nearly l.COOOOO square miles larger
than all Europe, and contains about the
same population.
Cnnnl Company TJnnnceessfal.
MANAGUA. Nicaragua, via Galveston,
Aug. 9. The representatives of the Inter
Oceanlc Csnal Company have been un
successful In their effort to pet an exten
sion of the t!me for depositing with the
Government of Nicaragua $400,000 gold and
beginning the construcllon of a railroad
and canal across the country.
Daily Treasury Stntement.
WASHINGTON, Aug. 9. Today's state
ment of the balances In the general fund,
exclusive of the $150,000,000 gold reserve
in the division of redemption, shows:
Available cash balance ?147,123,4S6
Gold 72,451,403
Troops Itetnraeil From Cnba.
NEW YORK. Aug. fl. The United
States transport McPherson, from Santi
ago, August 2, with nine officers and
412 men of the Fifth Infantry on hoard,
has arrived here.
Fire In n. Lumber Ynril.
MARINETTE, Wis., Aug. 9. Fire in
the lumber yard of the Polka Indus
trial Company at Crlvltz today caused
a loss of J1C0.C00.
BUT FEW NEW CHARTERS
WHEAT EXPORTERS AXD SHIP
OWNER AT A DEADLOCK.
Nitrate Freight Near the Highest
- - Point on Record The Jetty Im
provement. Nearly a month has elapsed since a
grain ship has been reported under en
gagement for Portland loading, but In
spite of this apparent dullness, rates seem
to hold as firm as ever, owners refusing
to accept less than 45 shillings. The
shortage In the California crop caused a
slight weakening in San Francisco about
a month ago, and one or two ships were
taken at 37s 6d. They, were on spot,
however, and to take in ballast, pay"
towage and pilotage expenses to go to
another port would have probably cost
them enough additional to make the rate
received equal to nearly, if not fully, 45
shilling. Two other ships which were in
tho Bay City at the same time refused
37s 6d, and were chartered a few days
aso at 3Ss 9d. While considerable will de
pend on the course of the market during
the' next six months, the statistical po
sition of freights has seldom been
stronger than It Is at the present time.
Never before In the history of the sbip
plnglbuslness In this port has 40 shillings
and upward failed to start considerable
amount of tonnage In this direction
"seeking."
Rates have been above 40 shillings for
over four months, and during that period
not to exceed three or four disengaged
ships have been headed in this direction,
and even these were taken up long be
fore they reached here. The big demand
for steam tonnage for transport service
has, of course, been a great factor in
booming freights, but there are other
reasons for the advance. The demand for
sail tonnage for nitrate loading has never
been so great as at the present time, and
the- highest rates on record are being
paid. The British bark Principality, which
has carried at least half a dozen cargoes
of Oregon wheat to Europe, has been
chartered to load nitrate at a west coast
port for the United Kingdom, at 37s 6d.
As the nitrate ports are 6000 miles nearer
the European markets than Oregon and
Washington ports, and the port expenses
are lighter than they are anywhere else,
owners have always been willing to take
10 shillings less than was demanded from
north coast ports.
Bajred on nitrate freights, as they are
quoted at present, 45-shilling ships are
apparently very reasonable, but at the
same time, the uncertainties regarding
the farmers' disposition to hold are such
that exporters will not take hold of ships
until they are forced to.
SHIPBUILDING IX UNITED KINGDOM.
Slight Redaction Compared With
Same Period in 1SDS.
From the returns compiled by Lloyd's
Register of Shipping, it appears that, ex
cluding warships, there were 49 vessels
of 1,205,313 tons gross under construction
In the United Kingdom at the close of
tho quarter ended June 30, 1900. Of these,
there were 436 steel steamers of 1,213,307
tons, 35 iron steamers of 6C61 tons, and
two wood and composite steamers of 870
tons, making a total of steamships 473,
having a gross tonnage of L2J0.83S tons.
Of sailing vessels there were 26, viz.,
eight steel ships of 1230 tons, and IS wood
and composite craft of 2105 tons. Com
pared with the corresponding period of
1899 these figures show a decrease of 69
in tho number of vessels under construc
tions and 121,054 tons in the gross tonnage.
The return, however, shows an Increase
In the tonnage under construction of
about 5000 tons, as compared with the
figures for last quarter, but a reduction
of about 135,000 tons as compared with
the unprecedentedly high total which
was reached In December, 1S9S. Of the
total ships building on June 30, 360 of
949,817 tons gross were built for United
Kingdom owners. In looking at the size
of the vessels now being built, we find
that the most popular ship is that between
3000 and 4000 tons, of which there are no
fewer than 91 steamers and two sailing
vessels. There are, besides, 50 vessels
between 4000 and 5000 tons; 19 between
EO00 and 6000 tons; 18 between 6000 and 7000
tons; 7 between 7000 and 8000 tons; 2 be
tween 8000 and 9000 tons; 5 between 9000
and 10,000 tons, and 15 of 10,000 tons and
above.
With regard to the warships under con
struction in the United Kingdom, we find
that there are for tho British Admiralty
54 fighting craft of 368,550 tons, for the
British Navy. There are in addition un
der construction for foreign powers, or
not stated, six armored vessels of 57,540
tons .displacement, one protected cruiser
of 4165 tons.
WORK ON THE JETTY.
Repairs Xovr Gains Forvrard Rapidly
at Fort Stevens.
Repair work on the jetty at Fort
Stevens, under the direction of Superin
tendent Hegardt, is progressing at a
rapid rate. Orders have been placed for
over 1,000,000 feet of lumber, to be used
in reconstructing the trestle, and several
carloads of rails have been ordered for
use In relaying the track. The work is
giving employment to a large number of
laborers, and the new town of Hammond,
which Is close by the fort. Is receiving
dally additions to its population. By the
time a further appropriation Is available,
the plant and approaches to the Jetty
will again be In good order, and ready
to handle the work of making permanent
Improvements.
' ORIENTAL FLOUR TRADE.
Withdrawal of the Argyll Will Not
Affect Matters at Present.
The war In the far East has had a se
rious effect on the flour trade, and for
this reason the withdrawal of the Argyll
from the regular service is felt less than
it would be at any other time. Advices
from Hong Kong state that there are
1,000.000 quarter sacks of Oregon and
Washington flour on the dock at Hong
Kong, and 300,000 quarter sacks of Cali
fornia flour at the same port. Ship
ments to the interior have almost ceased,
and there will be but little Improvement
so long as the present conflict Is raging.
For the same reason there is a smaller
amount of other freight offering.
CEASES TO BE FREE PORT.
After the ,Tear 1O0O Dnes Will Be
Levied on Ships at Manchester.
MANCHESTER, Eng., Aug. 9. Chair
man Bythell, of the Manchester Ship
Canal Company, at a meeting today, in
formed the shareholders that Manchester,
after the year 1900, would cease to be
a free port; that ships' dues would be
levied on a moderate scale, and that
shipowners would bo obliged to pay for
berths for their ships.
Glenogle Clears for Jnpan.
TACOMA, Aug. 9. The big liner Glen
ogle cleared this morning for Japan.
There were only a few cabin passengers
and about 20 Chtnrse In the steerage, but
she carried 99,400 sacks of flour, mostly
the product of Washington mills, des
tined for Japan and coast cities In China.
In addition to the flour she has a great
quantity of general store supplies. About
2500 steel rail were taken to Japan
to build driveway tracks In the mines.
Domestic and Foreign Ports.
ASTORIA Or., Aug. 9. Sailed at 10:40
A M., British ship Harlech Castle, for
Queenstown. Condition of the bar at 1
P. M., smooth; wind, north; weather,
cloudy. "
Hoqulam, Wash., Aug. 7. Sailed
Schooner Lizzie Vance, from Aberdeen,
for San Francisco; schooner Occidental,
Xrom Aberdeen, for San Francisco. Ar
rivedSchooner C. B, Wilson, from San
Francisco for Aberdeen; schooner La
Glronde, from San Pedro, for Hoqulam.
San Francisco, Aug. 9. Sailed Schoon
ers Chas. E. Falk and Jennie Thelln, for
Coos Bay.
Hong Kong. Aug. 9. Arrived previous
lyNippon Maru, from San Francisco,
via Honolulu and Yokohama.
Cherbourg, Aug. 9. Arrived Kaiser
Friederich, from New York, via Ply
mouth, for Hamburg. -
Genoa Sailed August 4 Iris, for San
Francisco (not previously); Oak Branch,
for Tacoma.
New York, Aug. 9. Anchorla, from
Glasgow.
Boston. Aug. -9. Arrived Saxony, from
Liverpool.
Queenstown Sailed August 8 Germanic
(from Liverpool), for New York; Penn
land (from Liverpool), for Philadelphia.
New York. Aug. 9. Sailed Columbia,
for Hamburg, via Plymouth and Cher
bourg; La Touralne, for Havre.
New York, Aug. 9. Arrived Lahn,
from Bremen.
Hamburg. Aug. 9. Arrived Palatla,
from New York, via Cherbourg.
Plymouth, Aug. 9. Arrived Kaiser
Friedeerlch. from New York, .for Ham
burg, via Cherbourg.
Liverpool, Aug. 9. Arrived Majestic,
from New York; Rhlneland, from Phila
delphia. Glasgow. Aug. 9, Arrived Norwegian,
from Boston.
Boston, Aug. 9. Arrived. Menominee,
from New York.
Rotterdam, Aug. 9. Sailed Spaarndam,
for New York.
Liverpool, Aug. 9. Sailed Dominion,
for Montreal.
San Francisco, A-g. 9. Arrived Steam-e-
Pobert Adamson. from Nanalmo;
steamer Portland, frcm St. Michael;
schooner Mavflower, from Coquill River.
Sallod-Schoener Charles E. Faiv. for
Coos Bay; steamer Umatilla, for Ylcto ia;
schooner Jennie ThMln. for Cros Bay;
ship Occidental, for Seattle.
Seattle, Aug: 8. Sailed Steam-r Queen,
for Sitka; steamer Humboldt, for Skag
way. Cape Nem". In port July 31 Steamer
Aloha, brlsantlne Geneva and birkenllne
Ruth.
Port Town-send. Posted Au ut 8 Ger
man ship Athene, from Port Los Angles.
Arrived August 9 Geiman bark Admiral
Lepetezhcff, from Mcllendo; Norwegian
bark Passepartout from Hmg Kong;
barkentlne J. L. Evlston, from Cape
Nome. 4
"Waterford. Arrived Auust 6 British
bark Berehdale, from Portland.
Hong Kong. Sailed Augu-t 8 British
steamer Empress of China, for Vancou
ver. New York. Aug. 9. Arrived L on XIII,
from Genoa, Barcelona and Cadiz.
STAGING OF SHAKESPEARE.
Mr. Beerbohm Tree's Defense of the
Pnblic Taste.
Fortnightly Review.
"Sir," said Dr. Johnson, "I have not
even mentioned 'Little Davy' In the pref
ace to my Shakespeare."
"Why?" ventured Boswell. "Do you
not admire that great actor?"
"Yes," replied the doctor, "as a poor
player who frets and struts his hour upon
the stage as a shadow."
"But," persisted Boswell, "has he not
brought Shakespeare Into notice?"
' At this the Immortal lexicographer fired
up. "Sir, to allow that would be to lam
poon the age. Many of Shakespeare's
plays are the worse for being acted."
Then Boswell, Scotchman that he was,
once more replied with a question. "What!
Is nothing gained by acting and decora
tion?" "Sir!" replied Dr. Johnson, breathing
hard; "Sir!" he thundered, as he brought
dovn his fist with all the energy of his
rotund and volcanic personality; "Sir!"
and for once there was a silence the only
silence that Is recorded In the life of that
masterful personality.
In this brief conversation is raised the
chief question which has divided lovers
of Shakespeare for three centuries past.
Ought his works to be presented upon the
stage at all? Strange as It may seem In
an actor, I am bound to say that I can
understand this attitude of mind, which
was shared by 'many thinkers of past
ages. I am not astonished even that such
acute and genial critics as Charles Lamb
and Wordsworth that such serious lovers
of Shakespeare as Hazlltt and Emerson
held the opinion that the works of our
greatest dramatist should not be seen
upon the stage. . . .
We are told that under the present sys
tem it is no longer possible for Shakes
peare's plays to be acted constantly and
In their variety, owing to the large sums
of money which have to be expended,
thus necessitating long runs. Of course,
If a large number of Shakespeare's plays
could follow each other without Intermis
sion, a very desirable state of things
would be attained; but my contention Is
that no company of ordinary dimensions
could possibly achieve this, either worth
ily or even satisfactorily. Leaving out of
consideration for the moment all such
questions as rehearsals of scenery and
effects, It Is Impossible for one set of
actors properly to prepare one play In the
space of a few days, while they are play
ing another at night. Those who have
had any experience of rehearsing Shakes
pearean drama In a serious way will bear
me out that a week or a fortnight, or
even a month, is insufficient to do the
text anything like full Justice. And even
when attempts of this kind have bcin
made, can It honestly be said that they
have left any lasting Impression upon tho
mind or the fancy? I contend that great
er service for the true knowing of
Shakespeare's works Is rendered by the
careful production of one of thfise
plays than by the indifferent or,
as I believe It Is now fashionably
called, the "adequate" representation of
half a dozen of them. By deeply impress
ing an audience and making their hearts
throb to the beat of the poet's wand,
by enthralling an audience by the magic
of the actor who has the compelling
power, we are enabled to give Shake
speare a wider appeal and a larger fran
chisesurely no mean achievement.
Thousands witness htm instead of hun
dreds; for his works are not only, or pri
marily, for the literary student; they are
for the world at large. Indeed, there
should be more Joy over ninety-nine Phil
istines that are gained than over one
elect that is preserved. I contend that
not only is no service rendered to Shakes
peare by an "adequate" representation,
but that such performances are a dis
service, in so far that a large propor
tion of the audience will receive from
them an impression of dullness. And In
all modesty It may be claimed
that It Is better to draw mul
titudes by doing Shakespeare in
In the way the public prefers than
to keep the theater empty by only pre
senting him "adequately," as these coun
sels of Imperfection would have us do.
I tike It that the proper object of put
ting Shakespeare upon the stage is not
only 'to provide an evening's amusement
at the theater, but also to give a stimulus
to the further study of our great poet's
works. If performances, therefore, make
but a fleeting Impression during the mo
ments that they are in action, and are
forgotten as soon as the playhouse Is
quitted, the stimulus for diving deeper
Into other plays than those that we have
witnessed must inevitably be wanting.
For my own part, I admit that the long
run has its disadvantages that it tends
(unless fought against) to automatic act
ing and a lessening of enthusiasm, pas
sion and imagination on the part of the
actor: but what system is perfect? It is
a regrettable fact that In all the affairs
of life, whenever we strive for an ab
stract condition of things, we are apt to
come Into collision with the concrete wall
which is built of human limitations as
many an Idealist's battered head will
testify. In making a choice one can only
elect that system which has the smallest
number of drawbacks to Its account. The
argument that the liabilities involved
nowadays in producing a Shakespearean
play on the modern system are so heavy
that few managers care to face them, and
that therefore, unless a change in such
system takes place, Shakespeare will be
banished from the London stage altogeth-ei-ls
in my opinion a fallacious one.
Again I apologize for Intruding the re
sults of my own experience. tut I feel
bound to state if only for the purpose
of encouraging others to put Shakespeare
on the stage as magnificently as they can
afford that no single one of my Shakes
pearean productions has been unattended
by a substantial pecuniary reward.
DHULBEP SINGH'S DAUGHTER
Princesses of India Have Been Male-Ing-
a Tonr of the World.
New York World.
The Princess Sophia and Bimba Dhu
leep Singh, daughters of the Maharajah
Dhulcep Slnsh. the wearer of the g.eat
est name In, the nobility of England's In
dian empire, arrived at the Waldorf -Astoria
on Friday night.
The Princesses came from Chicago on
their way to th:ir home In England, af er
miking a tour of the world. They wer
accompanl-d by a single attendant, a tall
Eng Ish woman, who acts la the capacity
of ccmpanlon.
The arrival of the princesses attracted
so l'fls attention at the hotel that their
presence wes hardly noticed. They ar
rived lat-, and went dl rctly to a splen
did suite of apartments that had' teen re
served for them on the second floor front
ing Fifth avenue. They did not appea
In public un r late In the afternoon, when
they went out for a drive, and returned
at 6 o'clcck for dlnn:r, which was served
in their apartment.
When a Worll repo-ter sent up his card
to the Princesses lat evening a note was
returned pol tely rere t n; that they
were on the point of departure and could
receive no visitors.
A written rerquest for Information re
garding the object of their visit was re
sponded to bv a card on which was writ
ten In a fashionable English hand, ' Just
came here to see New Yorx and oa the
way back to England."
A few minutes later thi Prl-ce'-se"'. ac
companlsd by their Engll-h attardant
descended frcm their apartments and en
tered a coach. In which they were drivn
to the Baltimore & Ohio depot to takj &
train for Wa.h'nston.
Tne Princes-scs are Httl, sl?nder wom
en, with dark, aqull n-J featu-e and lus
trous black eyes. Eo h were simply Lut
tasteful'y clad In dark st-'ped silk tn- el
lr.g cos urn's, with striw sal or hats s m
ply trimmed with flowers.
It was originally their Intent'on to spend
some days In New York, but lat n ght
they changed their minds and detcrm ne 1
to pay a visit to the National canltal.
They expect to return to New York In
time to sail for England Wednesday.
In the veins of the Prlnc-jrs S phi a
Dhuleep Singh and the Prince -s Bamva
Dhuleep SIncrh runs the Hoi ol on? of
the proudest potsntates of the earth.
They have been bom to the most exaltel
position In all India, and to limit e s
wealth. They are making the tour of tae
world chiefly that they may return 3s
thorough women of the world, and al'O
that Princess Sophia may be benefited li
health.
The Prlncerses are each less ttai to
years old. Dhuleep Singh Is the rcp-een-tatlve
of one of the oldest families 1
India, which, prev'ous to the English oc
cupation, was reckoned richest among all
the Oriental potentite.
The family waged relentless warfare
against tl.e British newcomers. Prlnci
Dhuleep Singh took up the fight and
fought on for years. But England at last
whlped Dhuleep Singh's armies and cap
tured him. He was taken to Englind.
The British Government looks after h's
estates and mines, turning over the ea:n
lngs to him every year.
The two Princesses have ben educated
in England, and are graduates of the
leading schools. Prlnce-s Sophia was born
In India. Princess Bamba was born In
England.
Fnnilne Relief Fnnd.
NEW YORK, Aug. 9. The India fam
ine relief fund has reached the $200,000
mark.
What a luxury Pears'
soap is!
It is the cheapest and
best toilet soap in all the
world.
AU sorts of people use It, all sorts of stores
tell it, especially druggists.
IS YOUR
PERFECT? fJ&
Are you as strong and vigorous every
way as you wish to be? If you are,
pay no further attention to this adver
tisement, as It will not Interest you.
But if you are, not, then send for my
booklets (free), fully explaining what
Galvanic Electricity applied under my
guidance can do for you, whether man
or woman. Thirty years of experience
treating- the weak and nervous with
Nature's invlgorator, making- them
strong again, enables me to effect cures
when all else falls. Write today.
DR. A. T. SANDEN
Cor.lFourth and Morrison
PORTLAND OREGON
A DOUBTING THOMAS.
Had His Falling: Hair Stopped, and
Dandruff Cnred, Without Fnlth.
H. B. Fletcher, Butte, Mont., October
20, 1899, says: "Like many other people,
I have been troubled for years with dan
druff, and within the last few months
my hair came out so badly that I was
compelled to have what I had left clipped
very close. A friend recommended New
bro's Herplclde. I confess that I doubted
his story; but I gave Herplclde a trial;
now my hair Is as thick as ever, and
entirely free from dandruff." "Destroy
the cause, you remove the effect." At
druggists, $1 00. Herplclde Is a delightful
hair dressing for regular use.
TMJlJrN
Those tiny Capiulea arc superior
to Balsam or LopaiDa, a
Cubcbsorlnjectionsand MJt I
CURE IN 48 HOURSVXl
the same diseases without!
inconvenience.
Scldbf ell Jrt'txisT.
yims&f i
m
rri
THE PALATIAL
1 BUILD
Not n. dhrlc office In the building!
absolutely fireproof; electric lights
and artesian iratcr; perfect aanitn-.
tlon and thorough ventilation. Ele
vators ran day and night.
.UXRT,Tn. PR. GEOROE. Phystelan....COa-00'J
AI.DRICII. S. VT.. Onernt Contractor.. ....CM
wnnnjnx. GTISTAV. AtTomy-it-Lw-...iJ3
FPrnATST PRKSS: E. I. PowMt. Mrr. .30
APFTEJT. K. C. Manarter for Oreicon and
Wahlnetm Banker' Ufa Anrelatton. of
I Mclnen. In 502-303
nWKKKS I.IFK ASSOCIATION. OV BK3
MOIVKS. IA.:P. C. Austen. Mnnajrer..n02-o03
n VTKTfN. GEO. B,. Mgr. for Chas. Scrlb-
ner's Son ,SI
rtHAr.. VTm'APT A.. Forecast Offlctal IT.
P TVittr Pn"u ................... ....Oto
P.FVJ MTV R W.. DrTtlt 314
nTXCWAN'r.F.R. Tn. O P.. Thru. A 8ur.4t0-41t
RROOKH. Tin. T. ?r Phys A Surg TOS-709
iunwx. :krvRA. m. r ru.i-r.t4
RRFERK T)R. O. E-. PhyMrlon 412-413-411
It'PTFEn P.triTRD. Azent Wilson & Mc-
Cnlln- Tnbarro Co C02-G03
rT-KTN G E.. District AR?nt Trnvplertf
Irurin Co. ...TH
r?ottTi,j, pR r h ....309
cni.miniA tet-fptwyt cdmpxnt
no4-co3.cofi-fift7-fti3-ni4-r.i3
rnrjXFr.TT'P. C. W.. Phv n Punr-on.. .on
COVPR F I-.. r.Th!- FtiUiW- T.lf .. .30
''OT.T.IER. P. P.. Pnbtlaher: 3. 1 jrcGntre.
Sfnnaevr 413-41B
V 3 n H. ?'. 31S
mvi VAPOI.FOX. Pm!lent Columbia
T!Thor. Cn . ..WIT
rtrrTc.env. rm. t f.. phr-irinn 7is-7t4
rPT-F pr h R. PhvVinn G12-5I3-RH
PTPn. OF F ToMccos 402
FTITorTAT. RCOMP Flrhth rtoor
ForrrxpT.F t tv-r r"TT srr pocthtt:
It P-miil Mnnnrr F. C Cover. Cmhlfr.aOfl
RVFVTVO TTT.FGTtAW 3?5 Alder i?tr
FEVTOV. .T. n Ptr.!an nil RurKcon.SfiO-Sln
FP-Vrnv. rm ttttcc: p. F.v nml Ear.... 3U
rFVTrv. vTTTirwF. rntit oca
FTDFT.ITT VTTT. T.trE APSOCIATION:
F. r fnrk. Manner 601
GAI.VAKI. W. H.. Emclni-er and DrauKhti-
ronn ...Of
GAVIX. A.. President Oreson Cnrnern Club.
214-213-2tn-2I?
GEART. TiR. EDWARD P.. Physician nnrt
Piiririn 212-211
rT-wr. rT.R rn It(J Fne, Art pubJUh-
t: ST. C. M"Grevv. Mbt 318
GIK-PT A J. Pbr.ii'lnn nml Purceon. ..700-71U
CODDVRD. E. C T.. Fontxroir .
Grnitml floor. 12I Plxth trt
GOT.TWAV.WIT.I.TXW. Mir.nr Manhnttnr.
T,1f Tn."mnnp Cn at Nw York .... 20D-W
TOT FRvk- p.. ttornr-at-Inw .. .fll?
UAMMMt RATHS. Kin Compton. Pror..""!
KAMMflXD. A- R .".:
nOLT-TPTEU. DR. O. C. Phy A Pur..B04-3OJ
IDT.F.MAX. r M.. Attomey-Rt-T.avr..41fi-17-,.
JOJIXPON. W. C 3ir-31B-3
ICADT. MARK T.. Pnr"TV!or ot Acents
Mutual Reserve Fund Life Avn.....04-r;M
1.A5JOXT JOHX Vlce-Prnlilent and Gen
eral Mnnnrer Columbia Telephone Co. ...fir
MTTLF.FIFI.D. H. R-. Phyt and Sunreon. .20
MXmTIM. W. 5.. KeK Oreirnn Camera CTub.214
MACKAT. DR. A E.. Phy. and Punr. .7U-712
MAXWET.U Tin W. E.. Phy ft Surr. 701-2-3
MrftJT mvmv Attornv-at-T.a 713
Mc.FA.DE?: MIPS IDA E.. Stenographer 20
MCGINN'. KENRT E.. Attornev-at-Law.3!I-3t3
MeKELT.. T J.. Manufacturer" Represent a
tlve 301
METT. HENRY 21
MILLER. DR. HERBERT C. Dentist and
Oral Punreon ftOR-OOj
MOPSMAX. DR. E. P.. Dnt!rt 312-313-31
MANHATTAN LIFF INSURANCE- CO.. of
New York; W Goldman. Mnnacer. . .200-210
MUTUAL REPER"E FUND LIFE ASS'N:
Mark T. Ksdy. Sunervtior of Aent..C04-C"1
MpELROT. DR. J G.. Phy. ft Sur.7(l-702-703
MrFARLAND. E. R.. Secretary Columbia
Telephone Co. ..BM
MrGUIRE. S. P.. Manager P. F. Collier.
Publisher 413-41S
MeKTM. MAURICE Attorner-at-Lmr. . 300
MUTUAL LIFE INCURANCE "0.. of New
York; Wm. ?. Fond. State Mcr .4OJ-403-408
viriTOH P.. HORACE R. Attomer-ar-Lnw.713
NILEP. M L.. Cannier Manhattan LIX In
surance Co.. if New York 2M
OPF.GOV INFIRM RT OF OSTEOPATHY:
Dr. Ik B Smith Osteopath 40S-4OS
ORFGOV r-AMFRA CLUB 214-215-210-21?
PATrERPON. PETEtt 1O0
POND. WM P . "filf Manage" Mutual Life
Irso. Co. of New York 4(M-t(1.-l08
PORTLAND EVE AN DEAR INFIRMARY.
Croiind floor. 13 Sixth street
PORTLNT ATINING ft TRUST CO.: J. II.
Marshall. Mauaer:. 81
QITIMBY L. P. W.. Game and Foreirtry
Warden 7K1-71T
ROSENDALE. O. M.. Metallurgist and Min
ing Engineer 313-310
REED ft M LCOLM. Opticians. 133 Stxat irtre-t
RFf.D. F . Fish Commissioner 407
RTAN. J. R.. Attorney-at-Lnw ..41?
FAMUEL. L.. Manncee Equitable Life... 309
SECURITY MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE
CO : H. F. Bushonjr. Gen. Agent for Ore.
end Wash ..801
SHERWOOD. J. W.. Deputy Supreme Com
mander. K. O. T. M 317
SMITH. Dr. I. B.. Osteopath 408-409
.ONP OF THEAMERICAN REVOLUTION.300
STARK. E. C Executive Special. Fidelity
Mutual Life Association of Phlln.. Pa... .01
RTUART DELL. Attorney-at-Law 817-019
STOLTE. DR. CHAS E.. Dentist 704-70S
SURGFON OF THE S. P. RY. AND N. P.
TERMINAL CO 70i
STROWBRIDGE. THOS. H.. Executlre Spe
cial Airent Mutual Life, of New York 4M
SUPERINTENDENTS OFFICE 201
TUCKER. DR. GEO F. Dntlst.. 010-1!
U. S. WEATHER BUREAU 0o7-8OS-0OO-Ol
U. P. LIGHTHOUSE ENGINEER?. 13TH
DIST.. Captain W. C Langfltt. Corpa of
Engineers. U. S. X B0J
U. S jr.'r;jwTT' OFFICE. RIVER AND
HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. Captain W.
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WATERMAN. C. H.. Cashier Mutual LIf
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retarr Native Daughters ...718-717
WHITE. MISS L. E.. Assistant Secretary
Oregon Camera Club 21
WILSON. DR. EDWARD N.. Phys. & Sur.3lH-3
WILSON. DR. GEO. F.. Phys. Surg. .700-T07
WILON. DR. HOLT C. Phyn. ft Sur.g.307-30S
WILSON ft McCALLAY TOBACCO CO.;
Richard Busteed. Agent flft2-tt3
WOOD. DR. W. L.. Phyilclan 412-413-414
WILLAMETTE VALLET TELEPH. CO. ..011
A fevr more elepnnt office mar be
had by applying to Portlnnd Trnut
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to the rent clcrU in the building.
men s: sr;
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for circulars. Correspondence confidential.
THE HEALTH APPLIANCE CO.. rooms -4f
Safa Deposit building. Seattle. Wash.
wlP illli