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?THF, MOKNIXG OBEGONIAN, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 13, 1900.
50
STORY OF INDIAN WAR
trouble: dettveks nnccLARS
AND VOLUNTEERS.
Qereraor Stevens' Sharp Letter Re-
baking: General Wool for
Hefafilasr Aid.
"When the great Indian "War of 1S53-6
broke out In Oregon and Washington,
General Isaac I. Stevens. Governor of
Washington, determined to occupy the
country permanently by roads and block
houses, by which, together with the
etockades and blockhouses which the en
couraged settlers were building and hold
ing at many points, to circumscribe the
hostile resorts and coverts, and open up
the trackless back country. Indian aux
iliaries were to be used as the best means
of preserving their doubtful fidelity, and
of using their knowledge of the country
to search out and hunt down the hos
tile. Governor Stevens appears not to
have received the cordial support of the
Regular Army In the war against the In
dians, and his son. General Hazzard Ste
vens, savagely attacks General John E.
"Wool, then In command of the Pacific
division. In the biography of General
Isaac Ingalls Stevens, soon to be pub
lished. The author says:
"This plan the Governor early commu
nicated to Lieutenant-Colonel Silas W.
Casey (Major-General in the Civil War),
then commanding at Stellacoom, and In
vited and secured his co-operation there
with. So desirous was he to insure co-operation
between the regular and volun
teer forces that, waiving etiquette, he
twice visited Casey In person; and early
in February he again made the arduous
Journey to Vancouver, and by personal
conference with Colonel George Wright,
who commanded the regular troops both
on the river and the Sound, sought to
arrange harmonious and combined action
between their respective forces. During
the war the Governor spared no palne to
consult with the regular officers and se
cure their concert of action with h'.m, and
this end he brought about quite fully with
Casey, and partially with Wright, not
withstanding both officers were under the
strictest injunctions from Wool not to
recognize the volunteer forces in any way.
The letter which Governor Stevens wrote
to General Wool on rea-hlng Wa.l?
Walla gave very fully the results of his
knowledge of the country and the In
dians, and his views and suggestlors In
regard to prosecuting the war. which, if
adopted or heeded by the prejudiced com
mander, would have brought the contest
to an end In a few months.
"The Governor recommended Wool to
occupy the "Walla Walla Valley with all
his available foree in January, establish
ing a depot camp there, and a line of
bargee on the Columbia between the
mouth of the Drs Chutes and old Fort
"Walla Walla, to bring up supplies: In
February Jo cross Snake River with Zffl
men and strike the Indians on the Pa
louse, where the hostlke driven out of the
valley were congregated; to follow up this
blow by sending a column of SOJ mn up
the left bank of the Columb a toward
the Okinakane River (Okanogan), while
200 remained to guard the line of the
Snake and keep the Indiana from doub
ling back. The effect of these movements
tvould be to drive these hostlles across the
Columbia Into the Yakima country, when
the troops north of the Snake were to fol
low them, and all the troops outh of that
stream, who had been holding the river
dressing and depot camps. were to unite,
cross the Columbia at the mouth of the
Snake, and move up the Tak'ma Valley,
and with the other column put the In
dians to their last battle, for the effect
of these movements would be to drive the
enemy into a corner from which he could
not easily escape. Moreover, and this
ivso of the first Importance, thla plan
would Interpose the troops between the
hostile and friendly tribes. Simultaneous
movements aga'nst the Yaklmas and north
of Snake River would throw the hostilco
upon the Spckanes, and might cause them
to take up armp. About S00 effective
troops would be required. There were
already .7)3 mounted Oregon volunteers in
the Walla Walla Vallev. and Wool had.
or would soon have, 50 to 600 regulars
available. In the last paragraph of this
letter, the Governor Ftated:
" 'In conclusion, it Is due to frankness
that I should state that I have determined
to submit to the department the courre
taken by the military authorities in dis
banding the troops ralsoa In the Territory
of Wash'ngton for my relief. No effort
was mode, although the facts were pre
sented both to Major-General Wool and
Major Rn'ns to send me aspltance. The
regular troops were all withdrawn into
parrison. and I was left to make my
way the best T could, through tribes
known to be hostile. It remain to be
een whether the commissioner selected by
the President to make treaties with the
Indians In the interior of the continent
Is to be Ignored, and hie safety left to
chance.'
Wool Drnonnrm the Volunteers.
"But Instead of profiting by the valua
ble information and sound views given
him by Governor Stevens. Wool sarcas
tically replied that he had neither the
resources of a territory nor the Treasury
of the I'nlted States at his command. In
stead of making u? of, or co-operating
with, the Oregon volunteer? already in
the Walla Walla Valley, he denounced
them a. making war upon friendly In
dians. and declared that, with the addi
tional force recently arrived at The Dalles
and Vancouver, he could bring the war to
a close In a few months, provided the
extermination of the Indians was not de
termined upon, and the volunteers were
withdrawn from the Walla Walla Valley.
He filled the greater part of a long let
ter with denunciations of outrages by
whites upon Indians in Southern Oiegon.
and of the Oregon volunteers and of Gov
ernor Curry. He declared that two com
panies he had Just sent to the Sound,
with three already there, making five in
all. under Lieutenant-Colonel Casey,
would be a sufficient force to suppress
the outbreak in that region. He con
cluded by saying:
" 'In your frankness and determination
to represent me to the department. I trust
you will be governed by truth, and by
truth only. I disbanded no troops raised
for your relief: and your communication
gave me the first intelligence that any
were raised for such a purpose.'
"The bad blood and duplicity of this
communication was the more Inexcusable
from the facts that it was on the requisi
tion of hi? own officers that the Wash
ington volunteers had been raised and
mustered Into the United States service;
that he made no complaint whatever
against them or the people of that ter
ritory, and that his last assertion was a
downright falsehood. Even after receiv
ing the full and valuable memoir which
Governor Stevens sent him. h declared
In official communications: 'I have been
kept wholly Ignorant of the state of the
country, except through the regular offl
cer. of the army.'
"Thus. Instead of the co-operation which
he so earnestly sought with the regular
service. Governor Steven? was coolly re
quired by the commanding General to dl
band 13 companies of white troops and
four bodies of Indian auxiliaries, abandon
his posts and blockhouses defending the
settlements and In the enemy's country,
leave the door of the Snohomlh open for
the Yakima emissaries to strike the res
ervations and the settlements In a word,
give up his whole campaign at the mo
ment when he had Inflicted a severe de
feat upon the enemy, and. fully prepared,
was on the eve of following It up with
his whole force all posted in the very
positions, and furnished with the needed
supplies, which he hid secured by so
much labor and foresight, and to leave
the defense of this extended and expend
frontier to an officer whose force would
consist of only five companies of regulars
and two of volunteers, seven In all. and
whcse most extended operations thus far
had never gone bvond 15 miles from hi?
headquarters at Fort Stellacoom. This
artful and Impudent request of Wool for
Colonel Casey made It by his Instructions
was Instantly rejected by the Governor
with the scorn it deserved: and in a let
ter to Wool, dated March 23. 1835, he ad
ministered well-deserved castlgation to
that ill-disposed officer:
Governor .Stevens to General Wool.
" 'I have the honor to acknowledge the
receipt of your communication of Febru
ary 12, and to rtatc generally in answer
thereto that the events of the past four
weeks, in connection with your own offi
cial course, afford satisfactory evidence
that the most objectionable positions of
your letter have been abandoned, and
that you have finally been awakened to
the true condition of the Indian war. and
arc seeking to make some amends for
the unfortunate blunders of the past. You
have probably learned how much you
have been misled In ycur views of the
operations of the Oregon volunteers, and
how much unnecessary sympathy you
have waited on the Infamous Pu-pu-mox-mox.
For your own reputation I have felt
pain at the statement made in your letter
to me, for 1 am an authoritative witness
in the case; and In th letter which sub
mitted your own action In refusing to
send me succor. I have presented briefly
the facts, showing the unmitigated hostil
ity of that chief I assrrt that I can prove
by Incontrovertible evidence that Pu-pu-mox-mox
has been hostile for months;
that he exerted his Influence to effect a
general combination of the tribs; that he
plundered Walla Walla and the settlers
of the valley, distributing the spoil? to
his own and the neighboring tribes as
war trophies; that he rejected the inter
cession of the friendly Nez Perccs to con
tinue peaceful; that he had sworn to take
my life and cut oft my party: that he
and the adjoining tribes of Oregon and
."Washington had taken up their military
position as warriors at the proper points
of the Walla Walla Valley and a'l this
before the volunteers of Oregon moved
upon him. . . . '
" 'That some turbulent men of the Ore
gon volunteers have done injury to the
friendly Cayuses Is unquestionable, and
It Is reprobated by the authorities and cit
izens of both terrltorlce. It has. however,
been grossly exaggerated. Had. s"r, the
regulars moved up to the Walla Walla
Valley, as I most earnestly urged both
Major Rains and Colonel Wright both by
letter and In person, these Indiana wou'd
have been protected. The presence of a
single company would have b'en sufficient.
The responsibility, if evil follows, will
attach, sir, to you, as well as to the vol
unteers. "'In your 'letter of the 12th of Febru
ary, you state: "I have recently sent to
Puget Sound two companies of the Ninth
Infantry. These, with the three com
panies there, will g ve a force of nearly
or quite 4 regulars, commanded by
Lleutenant-Colonel Cay. This force,
with several .ships of war on the Sound,
to which will be added in a few days the
United States steamer Massachusetts, It
seems to me. if rightly directed, ought
to be sufficient to bring to terms 20 In
dian wnrrons. Captain Keyes, In his
last report, says there are not quite 200
in arms in that region."
" "Here you have expressed a very con
fident opinion. You thought proper to J
quote Captain Keyes as to the number
of Indians, but you found It did not suit
your purpose to refer to the requialtlors
he had made upon you for six additional
compan'ee, two of which only had been
cent forward: nor could you find time to
refer to the fact that Colonel Casey had
recommended that, after the war was
over, eight companies should be perma
nently stationed there for the protection
of the Sound.
" You think volunteers entirely unneces
sary, although after having received from
the executive Information as to the condi
tion of the country- It le now March,
a month later, and you eend two com
panies of regulars, and dl-ect Colonel
Casey to call upon me for two additional
corrorplrfl of volunteer?.
" 'Thus you have practically acknowl
edged that you were wrong, nnd that I
was right: and thus I have your .testi
mony as aealnst yourself In vindication of
the necessity of my calling out volunteers.
As regard thi call for volunteers, it 1
presumed that Colonel Casey informed you
that the whole available force cf the
Sound country was bearing arms, and thit
the great proport on of them were nctlve
lv engaging the enemy: that, organized In
two battalions, the Northern Battalion
occupied the line of the Snohomish, where
they were ertabl'ching blockhouses and
closing the passes of the Snoqualmle.
" 'That the Central Battnllon was oc
cupying the military road over the
Nahchcss. in relation to which road and
Its military bearing your aid-de-camp.
Lieutenant Arnold, will be able to give
you full Information; and that on both
lines decisive blown had been struck:
and also that It was beyond the ability of
our c'tlzenn to raise an additional com
pany of even DO men to honor your requi
sition. " 'I had a right to hold you to a full
knowledge of our condition here. If you
say you were misinformed, then you are
not fit for your position, nnd should give
place to a better man. If you were in
formed, then your measures as a military
man manifest an Incapacity beyond ex
ample. " 'Therefore, the call on me for two com
panies of volunteers 's a call upon me to
withdraw the troops now In the field with
60 to 80 days' provisions, after decisive
blows have been struck, and when every
thing is ready to Atrlke a, and perhaps
the, .decisive blow to end the war.
" 'I am. sir. too old a soldier ever to
abandon a well-considered plan of cam
paign, or do otherwise than press forward
with nil mv energies in the path marled
out. promWnp. as It does, the speedy ter
mination of the war; and. sir. I am too
wary n man not to detect the snnre that
hns been laid for me. You never expected,
sir, that the requisition would be com
plied with. You knew that it was a
practical Impossibility; but, not haxing
the courage to acknowledge your errors.
It was resorted to In the hope that my re
fusing your requisition might enable
you to occupy my vantage-ground, and
throw me on the defensive. I hold you.
sir. to the facts and necessity of the
case; clearly demonstrating by your own
confess-lon the propriety of my course, and
the necessity on my part of a steady ad
herence to it.
" 'You have referred to the atrocities
committed upon friendly Indians by the
whites. I know coining of what has oc
curred in Southern Oregon; but I have to
state that no man. to my knowledge. In
the Territory of Washington, advocates
the extermination of the Indians. The
authorities here have not only used every
exertion to protect them, but their exer
tions have been completely successful. Did
you learn, sir. in your brief visit to the
Sound, that nearly CO0 Jndians friendly
Indians had been moved from the war
ground on the eastern shore of the Sound
and Its vicinity, to the ad.jcent Islands,
and have for nearly five months been liv
ing In charge of local agents? That not an
Indian In the whole course of the war has
been killed by the whites, except In bat
tle? That where a military commission,
composed of a majority of volunteer of
ficers, tried some months since eight In
dians, only one was convicted, and that
the sentence of death passed upon him
has not yet been executed? It is the good
conduct of our people, sir. that has so
strengthened the hands of the authorities
as to enable them to control the.e friendly
Indians, and to prevent any considerable
accessions to the ranks of the hostlles.
" 'I have recently heard from the Nez
Perces. the Coeur d'Alenes, and the Spo
kanes. The former are firm In their al
legiance: but the Spokane urge me to
have a military force on the great prairie
between them and the hostile Indians, so
these latter may not be driven to their
country, nnd thus incite their young men
to war. The letter of Garry, chief of the
Snokanes, is a most earnest and plaintive
call for help, eo his hands may b
strengthened in keeping his people to their
plighted faith; and the coincidence is re
markable, that this Indian chief, a white
man in education and views of life, should
have .asked me to do the very tKlng 1
have urged upon you; for you will remem
ber. In my memoir. I urge that the troops.
In operating against the Indians, should
be interposed between the friendly And
hostile tribes to prevent those now friend
ly from Joining In the war. I nave, air,
studied the character of these Indians,
and my views as to the influence upon 'the
friendly Indians, of the mode of carrying
on the war against the hostlles, are con
firmed by the only educated Indian of
either Oregon or Washington, and the
head chief of the tribe in reference to
which I made the recommendation and
felt the most solicitude.
"It seems to me that the present condi
tion of things imposes upon you the neces
sity of recognizing the cervices of the vol
unteers of the two Territories now In the
field, and of your doing everything to fa
cilitate their operations. But If you waite
your exertions In the fruitless effort to
Induce either the authorities to wlihdraw
their troops, to abandon their plan of
campaign in order to comply with your
requisition, or to meet your peculiar no
tions. I warn you now, sir, that I, as the
Governor of Washington, will cast upon
you the whole rsponsibllity of any dif
ficulties which may arise In consequence,
and that by my firm, steady, and energetic
course, and by my det rmlnatlon to co
operate with the regular service, whatever
may be the provocation to the contrary,
I will vindicate the justice of my course,
and maintain my reputation as a faithful
public servant. I warn you, sir, that,
unless your course is changed, you will
E. W.
XEWLY INSTALLED GRAND PATRON, ORDER OF EASTERN STAR
E. W. Raines, who was Installed last week as Grand Patron of the Grand Chapter of Ore
gor Order of the Eastern Stir, Is a banker and flour-mill owner of Forest Grove. He rep
resented Washington County In the Upper House of the last Legislature aa a Republican. He
is now serving his second term as Patron of Forest Chapter, No. 42, O. E. 8., and In the
allied Masonic order is a Past Master of Holbrook Lodge, No. JO. Mr. Haines is prominent
In other fraternal orders, and well known throughout the state.
have difficulties in relation to which your
only salvation will be the flrm and de
cided policy of the two Territories whose
services jou have Ignored, whose people
you have calumniated, and whose respect
you have long since ceased to possess.
Can you presume, sir, to be able to cor
rect your opinions by a hasty visit to the
Sound for a few days? And do
you expect, after having taken my de
liberate course, that 1 shall change my
plans on a sample intimation from you.
without even a conference betwen us?
Were you desirous, sir, to harmonize the
elements of strength on the Sound, you
would have seen that It was your duty
at least to have Informed me of your pres
ence, and to have Invited me to a con
ference. "Whilst In the country, in the Fall and
Winter, you complained that the authori
ties of the two Territories did not com
municate with you. Why did you not in
form me of your prtoence In the Sound
on your arrival at Stellacoom? I Veorned
of your probable arrival by simply learn
ing on Saturday morning of your having
left Vancouver, and I Immediately
cfspatched the chief of my staff
to wait upon you with a letter. But you
were gone; and whether you did not know
the courtesy due the civil authorities of
the Territory, "who had taken the proper
course to place themselves in relations
with you, or whether you were unwilling
to meet a man whose safety you had crim
inally neglected, and whose general views
you have been compelled to adopt, is a
matter entirely immaterial to me.
"What, sir, would have been the effect
If Governor Curry had not made the move
ment which you condemn, and my party
with the friendly Nc Perces had been
cut off? Sir, there would have been a
hurricane of war between the Cascades
and Bitter Root, and 3000 warriors would
now be In arms. Every tribe would have
Joined. Including the Snakes, and the spirit
of hostility would have spread east of the
Bitter Root to the upper Pend d'Orielles.
"I believe, sir, I would have forced my
way through the 500 or 600 hostlles' In th
Walla Walla valley with 50-odd white men
and ICO Nez Perces. Would you have ex
pected It? Could the country expect It?
And what was the duty of those having
forces at their command? Governor Curry
sent his volunteers and defeated the ene
my. You disbanded the company of Wash
ington Territory volunteers raised ex
pressly to be sent to my relief.
' 'I have reported your refusal to send
me succor to the 'Department of War, and
have given some of the circumstances at
tending that refusal. The company was
under the command of Captain William
McKay. Before your arrival there was a
pledge that It should be mustered Into
the regular service and 6ent to my as
sistance. Major Rains Informs m that
he did everything In his power to induce
you to send it on. William McKay In
forms me that he called on you person
ally, and that you would do nothing. I
am Informed that your ald-de-camp. Lieu
tenant Arnold, endeavored to get you to
change your determination. What was
your reply? "Governor Stevens can take
care of himself. Governor Stevens will
go down the Missouri. Governor Steven"
will get aid from General Harney. If
Governor Stevens wants aid, he will send
for It." These were your answers, ac
cording to the changing humor of the
moment.
" 'And now, sir. In view of your asser
tion that you disbanded no troop? raised
for my relief, and that my communica
tion gave you the first intelligence that
any were raised for that purpose, I
would commend the chalice to your own
lips, "that I trust you will be governed"
hereafter "by the truth, and the truth
only."
The Letter lletnrned.
"Unable to answer this letter, which so
clearly exposed and Justly rfbuked his
reprehensible courre and conduct. Wool
returned It. with a note from his aid
stating that it was done by hi? order. In
response, the Governor, In a final letter
to Wool, remarks of thts act.
" 'It can only be construed as evinclng
a determination on jour part to have no
further offical communication with the
Executive of the Territory of Washington,
at the very time when, from the clrcura-
.stanees of the, caro and the nature of
their respective duties; there should, and
rmust often be, such communications.
" 'It is a matter which Is not to be de
cided by personal feeling, but by con
sideration of public duty, which alone
should govern public acta. I shall there
fore continue- la my official capacity to
communicate with the Major-General
commanding the Department of the Pa
cific whenever, in my Judgment, duty and
the paramount interests of the territory
shall den and such communication to be
made, casting upon that officer whatever
responsibility before the country and hla
superiors may attach to hi? refusal to re
ceive such communications. My duty
ohall be dore. Let others do their duty.'
"The Governor was always of the opin
ion, the result undoubtedly of what he
was told by other officers, that, in dis
banding the troops raised for his relief.
Wool was actuated by resentment at his.
the Governor's, manly declaration In San
Francisco when disgusted at Wool's self
laudatlon nnd disparagement of a greater
pnmmanrl. Vi cnM that 'avmi'x f?tw-r
j knew, and history would record, that Gen
eral Taylor won thd battle of Buena
Vista.' However that may be. after the
caustic letter given above. Wool's malice
j knew no bounds. He redoubled his accu
4 mtlons of making war upon friendly In
dians, gathered up and sent on to the
HAINES.
War Department in hi? official reports
newspaper slanders against the Governor,
and even declared that he was crazy. He
reiterated his orders to his subordinates
to hnve nothing to do with the territorial
volunteers or authorities, and finally went
to the length of directing his officers to
disarm the volunteers. If practicable. No
attempt was ever made in that direction.
The Volnnteem Ignored.
"The hostile Indians on the Sound hav
ing been thoroughly subdued, and those of
the upper country being still In unbroken
strength and confidence. Governor Stev
ens, on May 28, 1J66. proposed to Lieutenant-Colonel
Casey a Joint movement of
their respective forces across the Cas
cades: " 'I WOUld SUKOest vour senrtlne- hri
companies to the Nahchess, retaining one
at or near-the pass, and advancing the
others Into the Yakima country.
" 'At the same time I will put my whole
mounted force through the Snoqualmle
Pass and down the main Yakima. The
northern battalion shall occupy posts on
the line of the Snoqualmle from the falls,
to the eastern slope. A depot shall be es
tablished on the eastern slope; all the
horsemen will then be available to strike
and pursue the enemy.
"But Casey, strictly forbidden by Wool
to recognize the volunteers, sent two
companies under Major Garnett to rein
force Wright by the circuitous Cowlitz
and Columbia route, declining to 'send
him across the Nahchess Pass, for the
reason, first, I consider there would be
too much delay in getting across. In
the next place, I have not sufficient trans
portation to spare for that purpose.' From
Stellacoom to Wright's camp on the Nah
chess was barely n hundred miles by the
direct route acrcrs the pass; by the Cowlitz-Columbia
route it was 315 miles, for
115 of which the troops could be trans
ported by water, leaving 200 to march.
By these facts, and by the ease and
celerity of Shaw's march a few days later
over the rejected route, the validity and
candor of Casey's reason may be Judged.
"Such a combined movement would
have given Wright ample reinforcements,
and in the mounted volunteers the veo
arm he most needed: for Infantry could
never reach the Indians on tho.e plains
-In Summer unless the latter chose to
fight. And for the second time he was
given the opportunity, by availing himself
of the co-operation of the volunteers, to
Inflict a severe punishment upon the en
emy. Unhappily Wool's orders tied hi
hands, and Wright himself was Imbued
with Wool's delusion that the Indians of
the upper country the great hostile trlbea
that had plotted and brought on the war
afresh from treacherously signing the
treaties at Walla Walla, had murdered
the miners and Agent Bolon. and had
plundered Fort "Walla Walla, and laid
themselves In wait to cut off Governor
Stevens and his party were Innocent and
peaceably disposed Indians, who had been
forced to war by the aggressions of the
whites."
CONVENES TONIGHT.
State- Sunday School Convention
Meets In the White Temple.
The 15th annual session of the Oregon
State Sunday School Association will con
vene tonight In the First Baptist
Church. Many delegates have already ar
rived, and others are expected during the
day.
A preliminary prayer service wl.l be
held In the church this afternoon, be
ginning at 4:30. The address of welcome
will be deilvored at the opening session
tonight by Dr. Alexander Blackburn pas
tor of the church. After this Marlon
Lawrence will speak on the "Bad Boy
Problem." and a social hour wilt follow.
E. O. Exell. the noted singer, of Chi
cago, is expected to be present, and will
have charge of the music during the con
vention. Interesting programmes have been ar
ranged for each session. After the work
of the convention has been completed it
Is probable that an excursion will be
given on Saturday, up the Columbia to
Bonneville, returning in time for the do'e
gates who so desire to leave for home
on the evening trains.
GROWTH OF IRON TRADE
ABRAM S. HEWITT OX ITS DE
VELOPMENT. He Believes "We Have Entered
Period of Permanently Higher
Prices.
BALTIMORE. June 7. The Manufac
turers' Record of this week will publish an
extensive Interview with Abram S.
Hewitt reviewing the progress of the Iron
J and steel Interests nnd pointing out the
i rapid Increase m the consumption of iron
throughout the world. After alluding to
the fact that the world Is practically re
built about every 33 years, and Illustrating
it by the fact that 35 years ago his firm
furnished the iron work for the fiwt Iron
fireproof office building erected In New
York, and that today that bui.dlng Is
being demolished to be replaced by an
other iron building, more in keeping with
the advance of recent years, Mr. Hewitt
says:
"The consumption of Iron has increased
more rapidly than any one ever predicted.
Nearly 50 years ago, or In 1SC6, In an ad
dress before the American Gcographica:
Society, 1 indicated that, judging by the
past. It would be conservative to estimate
the production of pig-iron in the world for
1S35 at 2S.O00.0O) tons, and In 1915 at 4S.00V
000 tons. On this baste the output of 18J0
should have b'en about 35,000,00) tons, but.
as a matter of fact. It was about 40.tOO.OO3
tons. In 1300 Mr. Edward Atkinson, wi h
out knowing of my prediction made In
1E36, estimated that wc could safely count
on the world's consumptive demands re
quiring 40.000.000 tons by 100. His esti
mate, like mine, seemed to many to oe
too high; but last year the world con
sumed over 40.000,000 tons, and yet the de
mand was greater than tne supply.
"These facts, which are familiar to
thinking people, indicate the wonderful
strides which the whole world has been
making In the consumption of Iron. But
Iron and steel are now going Into so many
new uses that we may more reasonably
look for an accelerating rnte of growth as
compared with population than for any de
crease. Steel car-mrting, an Industry of
only a few years, in fact, an Infant indus
try, is already consuming about 400,000 to
KO.OOO tons of steel a year. These can,
carrying 100.000 pounds of freight. Instead
of the 40,000 or. 50,000 pounds carried by
wooden cars, are requiring heavier loco
motives, heavier rails, heavier and
stronger bridges, and so their introduction
almost forces the gradual rebuilding of
many of out railroads". Large office build
ings, even costly private dwellings, are
now almost exclusively framed of iron.
The whole world Is busy Jn building ships
for wars, as well as for commerce: every
town must needs have Its waler works
and sewerage systems; electric railways
are no longer confined to cities, but aru
spreading out Into suburban districts, and
connecting smaller municipalities. The
appetite for iron and steel seems almo3t
Insatiable.
"In this new era In the world's Iron
trade we have entered upon a period of
permanently higher prices. I do not
mean that we shall not have periods of
activity and of depression as In the past:
but we shall probably never again get
down into such depths aa we had a few
years ago. The increasing consumption
of Iron and steel, the Increasing cost of
production In Europe, and the centrali
zation of theEe industries in strong hands.
Instead of being In weak ones, will keep
the business on a basis of steady and
reasonably profitable operation. In Mr.
Atkinson's article, written 10 years ago.
to which I have already referred, he said:
" 'I may not venture to say In this trea
tise that the supremacy in this branch of
Industry has passed away from Great
Britain, but the increasine; scarcity of her
fine ores, the increasing depth of her coal
mines, the great heat and difficulty in
working them, the near exhaustion and
consequent high price of coking coal and
the change In the conditions of the work
men in Great Britain may sustain such a
conclusion.
" The question is not, however, whether
the United -States will take away any part
of the present lroi' production from Great
Britain. The true question Is, Can the
irpn-producing countries, combined, read
ily produce the prospective Increase of
demand?
" 'It may be that the artificial obstruc
tions or duties which are now placed in
the way of the import of ores and pig
iron in this country were removed, then
our complete supremacy In the produc
tion of plg-lron would be finally and per
manently established, not by reduction In
price In this country, but by bringing up
prices and wages In Great Britain perma
nently to the standard of our own. If my
forecast is well grounded, there can be no
permanent reduction in price for many
years, whatever the temporary fluctua
tions may be.
" "When the disparity due to taxation Is
removed, and the price of Iron is as high
in Great Britain as In the United States,
tho supremacy in the consumption or con
version of iron Into steamships, railway
bars, heavy machinery, tools and the like
may be finally established In the United
States. "When established within our lim
its, then the supremacy of the production
of the Iron Itself must go to the point
where the facilities for working the mines
and the cost of assembling the materials
at the furnece are least, because at that
point the highest wages can be paid for
skilled workmen, accompanied by the
lowest cost of production which will be
due to such favorable conditions.'
"With these statements I very fully
agree, but it may be added that the su
premacy in this industry has already
passed from Gteat Britain to the United.
States. While our production Is now at
the rate of about 14,000.000 tons a year,
Great Britain's is less than 10,000.000. The
supremacy has been permanently estab
lished in this country, and this means,
in the not very distant future, the su
premacy in shipbuilding and In all the
Interests based on coal and Iron and steel.
Its world-wide effect. Its Influence upon
trade and transportation, upon commerce
and finance of the world. Is beyond our
power at present to fully grasp.
"The two great centers for dominating
the iron and steel of the world are to be
the Lake Superior region, with Its Bes
semer ores, on one side, and Alabama,
with Its basic ores, on the other. The
growth of the basic-steel industry, now
that It has been fairly started In the
South, ought to be very rapid. This sec
tion, with its abundant stores of ore and
coal and limestone in such close prox
imity as Is found in Alabama, bids fair
within the next quarter of a century to
dominate the basic-steel industry of the
world. Before the war I foresaw the
strength of the South's Iron-making pos
sibilities, and in 1S5T had a report made
on the whole Birmingham district. The
war came on. nnd made it Impossible to
develop these Interests, and when the war
ended, the Iron and steel business had
become so strongly fixed In the North
that the South labored under great dis
advantages. Not only have I always
shown my faith In the South by my
words, but to the extent of my ability,
outside of my business interests In the
North, I have been an Investor in South
ern iron and coal properties. After the
severe test of the long years of depres
sion following 1S32. when Alabama's abil
ity to make iron In competition with the
world had been fully demonstrated, a new
era opened for the South's metallurgical
Interests. No longer dependent upon the
home trade. It has the world for Its mar
ket. In foreign countries the cost of Iron
making Is tending to increase, by reason
of lessening supplies of ore and coal,
or greater cost In mining, but the South,
with Its vast supplies of ore and coal,
can make Iron without great Increase In
cost for generations to come, except for
the changes that may occur from time
to time In the cost of labor."
Crovrdn Do Not 3Inke Presidents.
New York Post, Bern.
Again it has been shown In a most con
spicuous way, as it woe shown in the
THE OREGONIAN'5
HomeStudyCircle
SEYMOUR EATON, Director.
Summer Courses
1900
BEGINNING FRIDAY, JUNE 15
F. American Political Parties.
II. The Discoverers and Ex
plorers of North America.
III. Famous Art Galleries of the
World.
IV. Historic Studies In Home
Furnishing.
V. Comparative Studies of
Two Centuries.
VI. Literary Talks and Remi
niscences. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE
SUMMER TERM COURSES, 1900
REV. EDWARD EVERETT HALE, D.
D.. Boston.
COL. TIIOS. W. HlGGINSOPf, Cam
bridge, Mann.
ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS, Bos
ton. F. HOPKINSOX SMITH, ICerr York
City.
HARRIET PRESCOTT SPOFFORD,
"Wnnhlnsrton, D. C.
FRAXIC A. VAXDERLIP. Afmlstant
Seeretnry of the Treamiry.
G. STANLEY HALL. LL. D., President
of Cleric University.
PROFESSOR LE"WIS E. GATES, Har
vard University.
PROFESSOR JAMES F. KEMP. Co
lombia University.
ALBERT S. BOLLES, LL. D., Haver
ford Collepfe.
JESSE MACY. LL. D.. Iovrn College.
WILLIAM J. ROLFE, LITT. D., Csm
brldRe, Mans.
O. P. AUSTIN, Chief of the Bureau of
Statistics.
A. C. MLAUGHL.IX, LL. D University
of Michigan.
MARGARET AIXSLEE, Philadelphia.
PROFESSOR G. R. CARPENTER, Co
lumbla University.
REV. LY3IAN P. POWELL, Author
of American Historic Toytos
Series.
JAMES A. WOODBURX, PH. D., In
diana University.
"WILLIAM HOUSTON, M. A., MacMaa
ter University, Toronto.
GEORGE M. WRONG, M. A., Univer
sity of Toronto.
CHARLES H. SMITH, LL. D., Yale
University.
PAUL C. FREER, PH. D., 31. D., Uni
versity of Michigan.
ROBERT 31. TOOKER, 31. D., Chicago.
OSCAR H. ALLIS, 31. D., Philadelphia.
"WILLIA3I HOWE DOWSES, Art Edi
tor Boston Transcript.
ARTHUR HOEBER, Art Editor N. Y.
Commercial Advertiner.
same manner 10 "years ago, that crowds
and hurrahs and "enthusiasm" furnish
no indication as to the way that men are
going to vote. After the passage of the
MoKInley act In 1890, Its author was re
ceived at Republican meetings with such
apparently hearty demonstrations from
large crowds that, he felt sure the coun
try was going to indorse his work; but
When election day came, the new policy
was repudiated by an overwhelming ma
jority. A few weeks ago Bryan, traveleo.
through Oregon "sounding the keynote"
of the Democratic campaign, drawing
everywhere greet andiencea, which ap
plauded him vigorously, and he felt as
confident that the state was for him as
McKinley felt about Ohio 10 years ago.
He has now had the same disagreeable
sort of a surprise as befell his rival In
1890. No politician who attains a Na
tional reputation ever gets the idea into
his head that Americans will turn out in
crowds to see a man- about whom they
have heard a good deal, and will even ap
plaud him when he makes a good point,
without Che remotest Idea of supporting
him at the polls.
REDUCED RATES
Via
Great Northern Railway.
If you are going East, rake advantage
of these rates: Philadelphia and return
5SS 50; St. Paul and return, $60. For
dates of sale and full information, call or
address A. B. C Dennlston, city ticket
agent, 263 Morrison street.
ctrs
Pretty boxes and odors
are used to sell such
soaps as no one would
touch if he saw them un
disguised. Beware of a
soap that depends on
something" outside of it.
Pears', the finest soap
in the world is scented or
not, as you wish; and the
money is in the merchan
dise, not in the box.
All sorts of stores sell it, especially
druggists; all sorts of people are
using it.
3IRS. MARY GREGOVICH.
Of Phlllpsbnrs', Montana, Tells How
She Was Cared of Dandruff.
Mre. Mary Gregovich, of Phllipsburg,
Mont., under date of November 26, 18&a,
writes: "I had typcold fever this Summer,
consequently was losing my hair terribly,
and my head in places was perfectly bald.
Nebro's Herplclde had Just come Into use
in Phllipsburg, and the doctor strongly
recommended It to me. After three or
four applications my hair stopped falling
out, and !fl coming in again quite as thick.
I used to be troubled greatly with dan
druff, of which I am now quite cured."
Kill the dandruff germ with Herplclde.
THE PALATIAL
REG0N1AN BIUII
Sot a dark office In the ImtldlBgi
"bsolately fireproof: electrie lights
and artesian water: perfect sanita
tion and thorough ventilation. Ele
vators rnH day and nlcbt.
Rooms.
AIXSLIE. DR. GEORGE. Physician... .GQS-G03
ALDniCII. S. W.. General Contractor 010
ANDERSON, GT'STAV. Attornev-at-Law.,.013
ASSOCIATED PRESS: E. U Powell. Mr..80
AUSTEN. F. C. Manager for Oregon and
Washington Bankers' Life Asrr-datton, of
Dcs Moines, la .502-303
BANKERS' LIFE ASSOCIATION. OF DES
MOINES. IA.;F. C. Austen. Manaser..C02.-303
BEALS. EDWARD A-. Forecast Oaiclal U.
S Weather Bureau .,.010
BENJAMIN. R VT.. Dentin 31
BINSWANGER. DR. O. S.. Phrs. & Sjr.10-11
ill I3!!
BROOKE. DR. J. M.. Phvs. A Rnr TAS-TOS H
BROWN. MTRA. M. D S13-3H
BRUERE. DR. G. E.. Physician 412-413-414
BUSTEED. RICHARD. Agent Wllaon & Mc-
Calla Tobacco Co. C02-60J
CAUKIN. G. E.. District Agent Travelers'
Insurance Co. T1S
CARDWELI DR. J. R 500
CARROI.U W. T.. Special Agent Mutual
Reserve Fund Lf0 Ass'n 60
COLUMBIA TELEPHONE COMPANY
OM-C05-6C6-C0I-613-CH-C13
CORNELIUS. C W.. Phy.. and Surseon 2TO
COVER. F. C. Cashier Equitable Life ,.309
COLLIER. P. F.. Publisher: S. P. ilcGulre.
Manager 415-418
DAT. J. O. & I. N. 315
DAVIS. NAPOLEON. President Columbia
Telephone Co. , CM
DICKSON. DR. J. F.. Physician 713-714
DRAKE. DR. H. B. Physician 512-513-514
PWTER. JOE. F.. Tobaccos 403
EDITORIAL RCOMS Eighth boor Vj
EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETT;
L. SarnueJ. Manager: F. C Cover. Cashter.30o
EVENING TELEGRAM 323 Alder street
FENTON; J. D.. Physician and Surgeon. 500-510
FENTON. DR. HICKS C. fire and Ear..,..511
FENTON. MATTHEW F.. Dentist ,.509
FIDELITY MUTUAL LIFE ASSOCIATION:
E. C Stark. Managsr 001
GALVANI. W. H.. Engineer and Draughts
man coo
OAVIN. A.. President Oregon Camera Club.
214-213-2JS-21T
GE4,RT. DR. EDWARD P.. Physician and
Surgeon 212-213
GEBBIE PUB. CO.. Ltd.. Fine Art Publish
ers; M. C. McGreevy. Mgr 518
GIESY. A. J.. Pbjslclan and Surgeon... 709-710
GODDARD. E C &. CO.. Footwear......''..
Ground floor. 120 Sixth street
GOLDMAN.WILLrAM. Manager Manhattan
Life Insurance Co. of New Xork 203-210
GRANT. FRANK S.. Attorney-at-Law G17
IIAMMAM BATHS. King &. Ccmpton. Prope.309
HAMMOND. A. B -...-;.-.-.3..--A.lll
MirrniXOE'R- GEO. A- & CO., Pianos and
Organ 131 Sixth street S
HOLLISTER. DR. O. C. Phys. & 5ur..WH-W3
IDLEMAN. C M.. Attorney-at-Law.. 416-17-1S
JOHNSON. W. C. ...... 315-316-311
KADY. MARK T.. Supervisor of Agents
Mutual Reserve Fund Life Ass'n CO4-603
LAJVONT. JOHN. Vice-President .and Gen
eral Manager Columbia Telephone Co..:.. 601
LITTLEFIELD, H. R-, Phya. and Surgeon.. 201
MACRUM. W. 3.. Sec Oregon Camera Club.214
MACKAY. DR. A. E.. Phya. and Surg. ,711-712
MAXWELL. DR. W. E.. Phys. & Surg. .701-2-3
McCOY. NEWTON. Attorney-at-Law 713
McFADEN. MISS IDA E.. Stenographer.... 201
McGINN. HENRY E-. Attorney-at-Law.Sll-3J3
McKELL. T. J.. Manufacturers' Representa
tive - 803
METT. HENRY T.218
MILLER. DR. HERBERT C. Dentist and
Oral Surgeon 60S-0W
MOSSMAN. DR. E. P.. Dentist 312-313-314
MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE CO., of
Jw York: W. Goldman. Manager.... 200-210
MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASS"N;
Mark T. Kady. Supervisor of Agents.. 604-603
McELROY. DR. J. G.. Phys. & Sur.701-702-703
McFARLAND. E. B., Secretary Columbia
Telephone Co 60S
McGUIRE. S. P.. Manager P. F. Collier.
Publisher 4f5-418
McKIM. MAURICE. Attorney-at-Law 300
MILLER &. ROWE. Real Estate. Timber
and Farming Lands a Specialty 700
MUTUAL LIFE INCURANCE CO.. of New
York: Wm. S. Fond. State Mgr. .404-405-404
NICHOLAS. HORACE B.. Attomey-at-Law.713
NILES. M. L.. Casnier Manhattan Life In
surance Co.. of New York J...209
OREGON INFIRMARY OF OSTEOPATHY:
Dr. L. B Smith. Osteopath 40S-409
OREGON CAMERA CLUB 214-215-210-217
POND. WM S.. State Manage" Mutual Life
Ino. Co. o7,wi,York.1vV. 4O4-4C5-4O0
P01tTLANDr.ER.ESS CLUB 501
PORTLAND EYE AN DEAR INFIRMARY.
................Ground floor. 133 Sixth street
PORTLAND MINING & TRUST CO.: J. H.
Marshall. Manager :..51S
QUIMBY. L. P. W.. Game and Forestry
Warden 716-717
ROSENDALE. O. M.. Metallurgist and Mln-
lng Engineer 515-510
REED &. MALCOLM. Opticians. 133 Slxst street
REED. F. C. Fish Commissioner ....407
RYAN. J. B.. Attornej -at-Law ,...417
SAMUEL. L., Manager Equitable Life., ...303
SHERWOOD. J. "W., Deputy Supreme Com
mander. K. O. T. M 317
SMITH. Dr. L. B.. Osteopath 408-403
SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 500
STARK. E. C.. Executive Special. Fidelity
Mutual Life Aesociation of Phlla.. Pa, ..'..601
STUART. DELL. Attorney-at-Law 617-018
STOLTE. DR. CHAS. E.. Dentist 7Q4-705
SURGEON OF THE S. P. RY. AND N. P.
TERMINAL CO ,...70.
STROWBRIDGE. THOS. H.. Executive Spe
cial Agrnt Mutual Life, of New York. ....403
SUPERINTENDENTS OFFICE ,.201
TUCKER. DR. GEO. F.. Dentist.. 610-811
U S. WEATHER BUREAU 8O7-80S-0O9-010
U. S. LIGHTHOUSE ENGINEERS, 13TH
DIST.. Captain W. C Langfltt, Corps of
Engineers. U. S. A. SOI
U. S ENGINEER OFFICE. RIVER AND
HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. Captain "W.
C Langfltt. Corps of Engineers. U. S. A.. 31
WATERMAN. C. H.. Cashier Mutual Life
of New York 409
retary Native Daughters 716-717
WHITE. MISS L. E.. Assistant Secretary
Oregon Camera Club 211
WILSON. DR. EDWARD N., Phys. & Sur.304-3
WILSON. DR. GEO. F.. Phys. & Surg. .706-707
WILSON. DR. HOLT C. Phys. & Surg.B07-50S
WILSON & McCALLAY TOBACCO CO.:
Richard Busteed. Agent 602-603
WOOD. DR. W. L., Physician.. .....412-413-411
WILLAMETTE VALLEY TELEPH. CO... 61 J
A fevT more elecant offices may bt)
had by applying to Portland Trust
Company of Oregon, lot) Third t., or
to the rent cleric In the bnildlngr.
THIS BADGE
Is an "emblem of
consideration" and
s"gnlfles the wear
er's Intention to
herp the Retail
Cleiks and mer
chants to shoiter
hours by making all
purchases before 6
P. SL