THE MORNING OREGONIAN, SATURDAY, MARCH 3, 1900.
DEFENSE OF THE TRUSTS
DEBATE OF OREGON UW STUDBXT
IX WASHINGTON.
Denied That a. Natioaal Law Proalb-
ltiBST Trust Should Be Enacted,
and He Won.
WASHINGTON, Feb. 26. Alvah W. Pat
terson, of Heppncr, Or., who has taken a
leading part in the debates at the Co
lumbian Law School In this tlty, where
he has been pursuing a course in law for
several years, recently added new laurels
to his previously distinguished record In
this line, and came out oa top, with flying
colors, in a debate, the subject being,
"Resolved, That a national law prohibit
ing trusts should be enacted." Mr. Pat
terson was among the speakers on the
negative side. Several members of Con
gress who listened to the debate con
gratulated Mr. Patterson on his compre
hensive treatment of the subject, and one
declared it the clearest statement of the
case he had yet heard. Mr. Patterson'
remarks were in part as follows:
"Trusts in a strict sense are stocks in
the hands of trustees, with a result that
the stockholders become interested In all
the corporations whose stock is placed In
the trust. Such trusts, like all other bus
iness combinations, whether partnerships,
associations or corporations, are evil if
organized and conducted for evil pur
poseo, and likewise beneficial if organized
and conducted for legitimate purposes.
There certainly can be no objection to this
mode of combination, If its true purpose Is
a valid one. The public today care little
lor the mere form of business associa
tions. They are interested In results. But
in discussing this question this evening,
it would be barren if trusts were not con
sidered in the widest possible sense. So,
any combination that restricts or lessens
competition, yes, any organized relation
or understanding Is Ira that sense a trust
"So to this class or group belong In a
way the lawyer, the physician and the
minister. They serve their common inter
ests in ministerial boards, academies of
medicine and associations of the bar. They
have certain regulations and restrictions,
which elevate their respective professions,
better the service and blacklist unprofes
sional conduct. Do we want to lower the
professions by preventing these trust or
ganizations? No. Let every effort toward
their unbuilding, betterment and promo
tion be encouraged and commended.
"The exchanges of this country are
closed corporations or trusts for the pur
pose of regulating the quality and stand
ard of the articles dealt with, the admit
tance of approved securities to business
dealings, listing terms of payment, meth
ods of clearing and the prevention of un
businesslike and non-commercial methofls.
To the business world this is an espe
cially commendable trust. A meat trust
has been organized in many of the larger
cities to annihilate the butchering of an
inferior class of stock and to Insure the
customer the best possible grades of meat.
The past year has heard much discus
sion of a similar trust In the milk trade,
which, if successful, would mean much to
the consumer, as then we would have less
spreading of germs of disease, purer milk
and better milk-food products. Certainly,
no one would oppose such trusts.
Laborers In a Trnst.
"The assembling and co-operation of la
borers or persons of any calling for the
purpose of united action Is, In this same
sense, a trust and must be covered by
any equitable general legislation In that
direction. But such co-operation is not
condemned. No one opposes It. On the
contrary, all commend such peaceful or
ganization and combined effort on every
occasion. But the rights of persons who
labor In accordance with their respective
wills is no different in quality from the
rights to liberty and property generally.
If. then, those having one class of prop
erty to dispose of, namely, their labor,
are free to co-operate for their mutual
advantage, while those having other
classes of property to dispose of are pro
hibited from doing so, why. It is very
apparent that the liberty and property of
the latter class of persons are subjected
to burdens from which the liberty and
property of the former class are free.
"The opposition affirm that the organ
ization of trust interests stagnates busi
ness, destroys competition, cripples in
dustry, increases prices and lowers the
standard of their production. But will
those statements bear Investigation? Let
us reflect for a moment. The last quar
ter of a century has been emphatically
an era of combination in business. Has
competition been destroyed? On the con
trary, it was never so strong. Why, it
is a natural law effort Impels effort,
combination begets combination, new In
dustries are built up. new markets are
opened and new methods of manufacture
Invented. It is a law of life that by each
striving to get ahead all make better
progress.
""Havo prices been incrensed? Have in
ferior products been a result? On the
contrary, combination In business, lower
prices and higher and purer product have
gone hand In hand. Combination has
never been so great as during this quar
ter of a century of which I speak, and
yet prices have never ruled so low. Much
of this decrease In price and Improve
ment in the grade of the product, you
will say. Is not due to combination, but
to improved methods of manufacture, new
machinery and lower transportation. Ad
mit even this, and It Is still true that ag
gregated capital was very essential to the
adoptldn of new machinery and Improved
methods of manufacture. And lower
transportation is the direct result of tha
general reorganization and combination of
railroads which has been so general dur
ing that period.
"Long before trusts, in their modern
sense, were ever heard of, the wholesale
price of every foot of rope, every pound
of hardware, every pane of glass In fact,
the price of every article of Importance
in trade was to some extent regulated
and fixed by dealers association. Yet
again I ask. have prices Increased? No,
notwithstanding this well-known and
long-continued system of business, prices
have gone down, and not up. The reason
is plain. People who invest capital in a
business strive to make that business per
manently successful. To that end It is to
their interest to keep prices at the lowest
profitable point, in order to both encour
age consumption and keep out competi
tion. Every advance In price lessens the
number of consumers, while It Invites
competition of producers. Why, potential
competition is as effective In preventing
extortionate prices as actual competition.
No, my friends, trusts have not advanced
prices. Their effect on business has not
differed from that exercised by partner
ships and corporations. For example,
since the petroleum trust was formed, pe
troleum has not only decreased In price,
but the output has greatly increased, and
exports have grown. In spite of foreign
competition, which would have ruined our
export trade but for the power of aggre
gated capital In producing business econo
mies In the manufacture and marketing
of our product. And yet, strange as It
may seem, competition has not been de
stroyed. The amount of oil refined by
the competitors of the trust today exceeds
the total quantity refined at the time the
combination was formed.
"Has the wage-earner suffered as a re
sult of trust organizations? On the con
trary new avenues of labor have been
opened. The demand for labor, and partic
ularly skilled labor, has increased; wages
have grealty advanced, the cost of living
has materially decreased, and the condi
tion of the laboring man wonderfully Im
proved. Trusts have In many cases Im
proved the condition of workmen, reduced
the hours of work, and given them steady
employment. This is "based on frequent
Information, as furnished, not by the pro
fessional agitator, but by the workingmen
themselves, and by a complete and Im
partial comparison, it is very clear that
laborers in centralized undertakings have
fared as well, and in many instances bet
ter, than in decentralised ones. Mr. Gom
pers, president of the American Federa
tion of Labor, after a careful study,
gave It as his opinion that better results
would follow the complete organization,
not only of capital, but of the producer
and the laborer. The consequence of
united organization, he asserts, cannot be
harmful, and will always bring about a
more stable condition of affairs, richer
"blessings and greater activity in every
avenue of life. From a careful study,
said he, it is clear that much more has
been done for the work-ngmen where
capital is united in the hands of honest,
experienced men, as a result of whose
liberality, universities, museums, Institu
tions of art and charity have been estab
lished, and which have again and again
opened new flelds for productive labor.
Has the Individual been crushed out? To
an extent this may be true, as it would be
under the freest competition. But such
have found a larger sphere for their ef
forts through associations with other In
dividuals. No time has ever equaled this
quarter of a century In the opportunities
offered intelligent and industrious men.
Employes can and hav In many Instances
Invested their savings In the stock of in
dividual corporations and association
trusts, and thus shared the profits- of the
business along with the organizers and
officers. In this direction, to my mind,
lies the ultimate solution of the problem
of proflt-sharing between employer and
employe. And we might well turn our
attention to such measures as shall tend
to make these Investments free from all
except legitimate risks, prevent the water
ing of stocks, s'ock manipulation or corporation-wrecking.
Yes, regulate the
working of the trust and thus encourage
the workingmen to Join in sharing in the
profit of the business, and a great deal
more will have been accomplished than
by attempting to stamp out all forms of
combination, organization and united ef
fort. "I am fully aware that In the modern
mechanism, of trusts there are many de
fects and faults. But because of these
defects are we going to strike them down?
No, because we And unprofessional con
duct among the professions; unbusiness
like methods practiced by mercantile bod
ies; low and base methods among the
corporations; unchristian spirit thriving
in a religious organlzaton, Is no argument
for the extermination of all such forma
of organization. No one would advocate
such a step. Likewise with trusts they
should be restricted, regulated and ele
vated. But to exterminate would mean
much more than this, and should be
calmly weighed before action.
"Think how much of our wonderful
progress is due to the application of
largo capital and from the centralization
of undertakings. Let us not forget how
humanity, by means of organization and
combination, has been led from 'thatched
huts, without chimneys or glass,' from a
state where women chanted wild measures
while men brandished clubs and danced
the war dance, to the highest blessings
of clvUIzatlon. This as a result of or
ganlzea effort of trusts. So let us not
attempt to annihilate but rather govern
or restrict them.
"The history of the anti-trust legisla
tion as previously enacted has been any
thing but commendable, and has usually
been followed by a general demand for Ita
repeal by all classes. Passed as It waa
for political purposes, even those politi
cians who sought by Its passage to soothe
apparent popular clamor, realized Its fail
ure. Yes, the multiplicity of laws of such
a character Is a great danger to a com
munity. Their passage prescribing many
things, simply impossible, must. In the
long run, have no other effect but to
undermine the sense of legality and re
spect for law. Again, I assert, a legiti
mate restriction, a law fairly and equit
ably governing Is certainly to bo preferred
to any disastrous general anti-trust at
tempt. "In summing up, trusts may be divided
into two general classes. One that Is
legitimate and consequently beneficial to
the public, and the other Illegitimate, un
warranted, and, as a consequence, tem
porarily harmful. The first where product
is increased and process cheapened, by the
compacting together of elements is, no
matter how great, a public advantage. The
second class are those of false founda
tion and of corrupt and unsound mo
tives, but, after all, need not excite any
undue alarm, for they have so many -ele
ments of disruption and dissolution that
they cannot longer prosper. 'To choose
that which Is good and reject that which
Is evil, how wise Is this,' said a Japa
nese philosopher. If this were kept In
mind, we would hear less demand for
laws which destroy freedom of contract
and right of business association, the two
most necessary and effective privileges
of modern Industry. And It Is my candid
belief that the future belongs to neither
ths prophets of individualism, socialism or
annihilation. But to a social reorganiza
tion of a corporate character, which will
be controlled by public supervision and
legitimate restriction."
Knew What's "What.
It is commonly understood that one of
the newspapers of New York city has a
rule to employ none but college graduates
on Its staff. It may, or It may not be true.
Nevertheless, a young man of good ad
dress, bringing with him excellent recom
mendations and equipped for journalistic
work by several years' experience, called
one day at the editorial office of that
paper.
He made so good an Impression that the
managing editor was about to assign hlra
a place on the staff, when, as If remem
bering something he had overlooked in
examining the applicant, he suddenly
asked:
"By the way, of what college or uni
versity are you a graduate?"
"I am not a graduate of any," replied
the young man, "but I know better than
to write 'pants' for 'trousers, 'plead' for
'pleaded' and 'he was given a cKance'
for 'a chance was given him.' I never
use the phra.se 'In our midst.' I under
stand the correct use of 'who' and 'whom'
and of 'shall' and 'will.' I prefer 'officer'
to 'official.' 'dwelling to 'residence.' I
avoid 'as to whether,' abhor 'reportorlal,'
never split an infinitive and never write
a sentence long enough to tie In a double
bowknot."
He got the position. The Fourth Es
tate. 4 9
Derivation of "Grlnsro."
People often wonder and ask why the
Mexican calls the American a "gringo,"
or what the word means. That can be ex
plained much easier than why the Ameri
can calls the Mexican a "greaser."
When the Americans went to war with
Mexico a melody, every verse of which
ended with "Green grow the rushes, oh,"
was verj- popular. It pleased almost
everybody's fancy, and was sung by old
and young. While In camp the soldiers
would sing it constantly, and all the
Mexicans would hear was "Green grows
the rushes, oh." They Immediately began
to call the American soldiers by the first
two words, as It sounded to them, "grin
goes." They made It Into one word, by
which they will ever know the Americans
"Gringo."
m 0
Fuel Scarce in Natal.
Indianapolis Press.
The scarcity of wood In Natal has been
severely felt by the British troops. Almost
all of the firewood that does not come
from the boxes in which the canteen goods
are packed forms a part of the commis
sariat stores, and is Issued In small quan
tities to the troops. One pound of wood a
day to a man Is the specified quantity.
The remark of a Sergeant Is apropros. He
said: "They give me three little sticks for
my regiment, and expect me to cook three
meals with them."
a e
Russia's Modern Naval Station.
Indianapolis News.
Vladlvostock, Russia's Pacific Naval
Station, has developed remarkably within
the last 20 years. Stone and brick have
replaced everywhere the old wooden
buildings. Full advantage has been taken
of the great natural possibilities. The
wharves, the railway station and the
landing facilities are superior to those of
any port in China.
CROPS OF THE CAUCASUS
WHEAT IS MOST IMrOIlTAXT, AND
YIELDS WELL.
Barley, Corn and Potatoes Extensive
ly Grown Cultivation of Grapes
and Production of Wine.
ROSTOV-ON-DON, Russia, Aug. 9.
From Vladikavkaz to this city, a ride
of 435 miles, the traveler passes through
the western portions of the Northern
Caucasus, along the base of the great
range pf mountains and over some of the
plains of South Russia to one of the chief
Industrial centers of the empire. It Is as
an outlet for the Industries of Northern
Caucasus that the place Is of Interest.
All the products of the Caucasus south
of the range of mountains of the same
name find exit from the country to the
R.T7SSIAX GRAIN ELhJ
markets of the world by way of the
Trans-Caucasus Railway to Batum or
Poti, on the Black Sea. To the north of
the mountains the parallel line of railway
extends from the Caspian at Petrovsk to
Rostov, and over this route are shipped
the surplus productions of the region.
Goods may reach the Black Sea either by
way of Rostov and the Sea of Azov or
by a branch line to Novorossisk, on the
Black Sea Itself. Having Journeyed from
Petrovsk, on the Caspian, to Vladikavkaz
some weeks ago, I have now crossed tha
full width of the Isthmus, both north
and south of the mountains, in addition
to crossing the mountain range twice.
The Northern Caucasus Is by no means ,
as varied In Its population as Is Trans- i tnat wntcred. but the wine from them
Caucasia, most of the people along this , ls not aiways ot the best. in the North
lino being Russians, Instead of the mixed ern Caucasus tne vineyards cover some
communities of Georgians. Armenians. w acr and ln the Transcaucasus
Tartars and the more obscure races that ; , ,., ,, ,,
are represented ln the mountains and in
the southern provinces of the country.
The population, however, ls not near as
dense as ln the south, nor are the man
ners of lifo and the methods of agricul
ture as novel and interesting. Here the
newest of Improved agricultural Imple
ments to be found anywhere ln Russia
are generally used, including plows,
threshing machines and everything that
comes between, quite of the varieties wo
know at home.
Wheat is the most Important product
of the provinces of the Caucasus. Both
winter and spring wheat are grown profit
ably, and a larger area is planted to this
crop than to any other. The average yield
throughout the government ls not less
than 15 bushels to the acre, and that Is
considered small on well-cultivated and
favorably situated farms. The winter
crops, as a rule, are superior to spring
crops. The best wheat crops are pro
duced ln the low-lying districts of East
ern Trans-Caucasia, where a yield of 45
bushels ls frequent, and ln the parts
overflowed by the river even 50 bushels.
Indian Corn Grown.
After wheat, barley is the next most
Important crop of the Caucasus, where
It forms the principal food for horses.
Corn ls grown on both sides of the moun
tains, and helps to make the country look
a little more like home to on American
traveler. In the Kutais Government, ln
Western Trans-Caucasia, the people de
pend almost entirely on this grain. Corn
bread very much like that we know at
home Is the principal article of diet. ,the
surplus crop ls the chief article of ex
port, while the stalks and husks are valu
able as fodder for the cattle. The aver
age crop Is said to be nearly 60 bushels
per acre. Rice, millet, buckwheat, rye,
spelt, oats and potatoes are tho other
chief field crops of the Caucasus, each
with Its own local district where it Is
most favored and most profitable.
All of the products named, except pota
toes, are exported from the Caucasus,
either to the other portions of the empire
where a demand exists or to the outer
world by ships on the Black Sea, from
Batum, Novorossisk or Rostov. The to
tal yield of all kinds of grains ln an av
erage year In the Trans-Caucasus Is ap
proximately 90.000,000 bushels, and of the
Northern Caucasus about 140.000.000 bush
els. Out of this total of 230.000,000 there ls
a surplus available for export of nearly
150.000.000 bushels in average years. Tho
larger portion of this ls contributed by
the northern provinces, which are not as
thickly settled as those of the south, and
which do not require as large a proportion
of their product for home consumption.
Neither ln the north nor south, however,
has production reached Its limit. There
are great areas of favored lands ln tho
Northern Caucasus yet uncultivated,
while In Trans-Caucasia the primitive ag
ricultural methods In vogue are by no
means adequate to obtain the best results
from the labor that Is expended upon tho
land. Nature has been kind to the Cau
casus ln climate and soil, access ls easy
to the markets of the world by way of
the Block Sea. and the region must ba
reckoned with as one of the most produc- empire. They are going to become doml
tlve portions of the Russian Empire. clled ln Germany, where they have largo
The list of agricultural products which j landed possessions. The palace In Brus
have a market value and use In the Cau- sels, where Count Egmont once lived, will
casus ls a long one. It Includes the sun- be turned Into a state "palace of sa
flower and other oil plants, flax, hemp vants," while the grounds have been
TUB RIVER FRONT AT SAMARA.
and cotton, mustard, poppy, sesame, to
bacco, saffron, madder, alfalfa, melons,
cucumbers and a number of more ob
scure plants, which serve to contribute
to the domestic economy of the people.
Next to agriculture, horticulture is the
most general occupation of the people of
the Caucasus, and the vineyard Industries
the most Important branch of horticul
ture. For many centuries the wines of
Transcaucasia have been celebrated, and
at this time they are highly admired by
many people. Of course, the use of grapes
for the manufacture of wines is confined
to the portions of the country where
Christians form tho dominant element ia
the population. In the Moslem district the
grapes which are left after the demand
for the fruit In its natural form is satis
fled are used either for the preparation of
non-alcoholic drinks or for raisins. The
methods of cultivating the vine and of
manufacturing wine are quite as primi
tive, in most Instances, as the methods
of agriculture which I have described.
Some of the landed proprietors have be
gun to introduce modern methods of vini
culture, but the peasants are slow to adopt
them. The grapes are robbed of their
Juices In the simplest of presses, and the
wine is still carted and stored In bullock
hides. A wine cellar In Tlflls Is a strange
sight, with its rows of distorted skins,
bulging with the liquors.
Production of Wine.
In spite of primitive methods, the prod-
" uct of wine In the Caucasus is continually
, Increasing, and the consumption keeps
pace with the production. The wine of
the district of Kakhetla, east of TIflis, Is
' particularly favored by Russians and by
I travelers. Both red and white wines are
produced, and they are exceedingly cheap.
I They are made In Imitation of all the
' best-known European brands, and are
ATOR AT KURSAWKA.
marked with labels which counterfeit the
French, Italian and German labels. They
are found on the table of every eating
station on the Russian railways, and In
the hotels of St. Petersburg, Moscow and
the other cities. Up to this time they
have not been properly prepared for ex
port, so that they have appeared but lit
tle outside of the Russian dominions. It
Is promised, however, that the exhibit of
wines of the Caucasus at the Paris ex
position will extend their use by the fine
display that will be made. The vintage
yield of the vineyards of the Caucasus
runs from 120 gallons per acre upward.
sometimes reaching more than 600 gallons
.A inrr.A; rrnn nn rrlven hv the vines
I auuuk uic u4ici . tout....
Pears, apples, apricots, peaches, nectar
ines, cherries, plums, quinces, raspberries,
gooseberries, chestnutB, walnuts, gall
nuts, almonds, pistachio nuts, figs, olives,
licorice and dye roots are to be named as
contributing to the agricultural wealth of
the Caucasus. Licorice root, indeed, is
cultivated to an extent that makes It a
very Important factor. The preparation
and export of the root have become of
sufficient consequence to bring buyers
from France, England and America at the
proper seaport. The annual export
amounts to nearly $1,000,000. the quan
tity for tho last year for which I have
the figures at hand being some 20,000 tons.
Pasturage and the breeding of cattle
form as large a part in the Industry of
the people of the Caucasus as would be
expected of the inhabitants in such a fa
vored countT. There are about 1,120.000
horses In the various provinces, 130.000
asses and mules, 6.000,000 horned cattle and
buffaloes. 1S,000,000 sheep and goats. 1.000.
000 swine and 26.000 camels. Horned cat
tle are more favored ln the northern and
western provinces, while sheep and goats
have the advantage in the south and east.
Buffaloes are valued for draft animals,
and their milk Is generally preferred to
cows milk. Sheep are bred ln many
choice varieties, for wool, mutton and
milk. Bees and silk worms, too, are quite
generally kept, and the varieties of choice
honey have helped to make the Caucasus
famous. One of the most famous has tho
quality of Intoxication, and Is made by
the bees from tho flowers of the cherry
laurel and from azaleas.
The simple catalogue of the Industries
of the Caucasus, none of them yet devel
oped to full capacity. Is enough to Indi
cate the richness of the region, which has
been famed for its wealth since the days
when it was the ancient kingdom of
Iberia. In scenic be'auty. ln the pictur
esque peoples who dwell there, and ln the
industrial possibilities of the country. It
Is one of the most Interesting ln tho world
for the traveler and student.
TRUMBULL WHITE.
Lilies In the South.
Scottish American.
Some Interesting experiments are being
conducted ln several Southern States to
cultivate there the popular Bermuda lily,
so much used here for decorative purposes.
It Is thought that the illy will bear trans
planting to these states. An experiment
in South Carolina was attended with the
most satisfactory results, and it Is hoped
that the same results will follow the ex
periments elsewhere. If so, the home
markets will he supplied with the native
grown product. Though the supply from
Bermudas Is still unlimited, the stock has
so degenerated as to cause general com
plaint in this country.
a
A Distinguished Family.
New York Sun.
Belgium Is about to lose the Arenberg
family, who are among the richest of the
! mediatized Princes of the Holy Roman
bought by the city and the picture gallery
!wlll follow the family. The' Arenbergs
have heretofore been conspicuous in Paris
! rather than in Berlin, and one member
of the family ls now president of the
Suez Canal Commission.
The Quern's Private Solicitor.
Chicago Times-Herald.
It Is not very generally known that the
Queen, the Prince of Wales- and other
members of the royal family nave their
own private solicitor. Sir Henry Arthur
White has acted ln that capacity to the
i royal family for a sood many years.
plli
Ipfe
THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR
IT WAS DELIBERATELY PLANNED
BY THE AFRIKANDER BOND.
Theodore Sckreiner. Brother of the
Cape Premier Shows Up the Cause
of tne Trouble in New Llcht.
The Cape Times, Just received by mall,
contains an Important letter from Mr.
Theodore Schrelner, a brother of the Capo
Premier, well known for h!a temperanco
and religious work, based on a manifesto
Issued to the Orange Free State burghers
by Mr. Reltz, State Secretary of the
Transvaal, says the London- Times. Mr.
Schrclner says:
In this shameful and -shameless docu
ment. Sir Alfred Mllner. Mr. Chamberlain,
the British Cabinet, the Queen of Eng
land, and the British nation are declared
to be murderers, robbers, breakers of
treaties, etc., and the responsibility for
the present war between the Republic and
England ls sought to be laid on their
shlulders in a wealth of scurrilous and
mendacious statement.
I feel Impelled to write the following
lines, not to discuso matters which havo
passed beyond the pale of argument, but
to throw a little personal historic light on
the question as to who is responsible for
the present war, which may serve to ohow
that not England, nor England's Queen,
nor England's Government, are the real
originators of the same.
I met Mr. Reltz, then a Judge of the
Orange Free Stato, ln Bloemfonteln, be
tween 17 and IS years ago, shortly after
tho retrocession of the Transvaal, and
when he was busy establishing the Afri
kander Bond. It must be patent to every
one that at that time, at all events, Eng
land and Ita government had no Intention
of taking away the independence of tho
Transvaal, for she had Just "magnani
mously" granted the same; no Intention
of making war on the Republics, for she
had Just made peace; no intention to seize
the Rand goldfields, for they were not yet
discovered. At that time, then, I met Mr.
Reltz and he did his best to get me to be
come a member of his Afrikander Bond,
but, after studying Its constitution and
programme, I refused to do so, whereupon
the following colloquy In substance took
place between us, which has been In
delibly Imprinted on my mind ever since:
Reltz Why do you refuse? Is the object
of getting the people to take an Interest
In political matters not a good one?
Myself Yes, it is; but I seem to see
plainly here between the lines of this
constitution much more ultimately aimed
at than that.
Reltz What?
Myself I see quite clearly that the ulti
mate object aimed at Is tho overthrow of
tho British power and tho expulsion of
the British flag from South Africa.
Reltz (with his pleasant, conscious
smile, as of one whose secret thought
and purpose had been discovered, and
who was not altogether displeased that
such was the case) Well, what If It ls
so?
Myself You don't suppose, do you.
that that flag Is going to disappear irom
South Africa without a tremendous strug
gle and fight?
Reltz (with the same pleasant, self
conscious, self-satisfied and yet seml
apologetlc smile) Well, I suppose not;
but even so, what ot that?
Myself Only this, that when that strug
gle takes place you and I will be on op
posite sides; and what Is more, the God
who was on the side of the Transvaal In
the late war, because It had right on Its
side, will be on the side of England, be
cause he must view with abhorrence any
plotting and scheming to overthrow her
power and position ln South Africa, which
have been ordained by him.
Reltz We'll see.
Thus the conversation ended, but dur
ing that 17 years that have elapsed I
have watched the propaganda for the
overthrow of British power ln South Af
rica being ceaselessly spread by every
possible means the press, the pulpit, the
platform, the schools, the colleges, the
legislature until It has culminated in the
present war, of which Mr. Reltz and his
co-workers are the origin and the cause.
Believe mo, sir, tho day on which F. W.
Reltz sat down to pen his ultimatum to
Great Britain was the proudest and hap
piest moment of his life, and one which
had for long years been looked forward
to by him with eager longing and expecta
tion. He and his co-workers have for years
past plotted, worked, prepared for this
war, and the only matters In connection
with It ln which they are disappointed are
first, that they would rather the war
had come several years later, so that their
anti-British propaganda might more fully
have permeated the country; secondly,
that they would have liked to have de
clared war against England at a time
when she should be involved In some great
struggle with a foreign power. Instead of
at a time when she Is free to give all her
attention to South Africa; and, lastly,
they are disappointed ln finding out that
English soldiers care flght.
It is true that an active factor ln bring
ing about this war has been the existence
of the gold flelds of the Rand; not, how
ever, as asserted, because England covets
them and has determined to seize them,
but because the wealth drained irom them
has enabled tho republics to become mili
tary powers of a strength far out of pro
portion to their population, and thus led
F. W. Reltz & Co. to think that their
dream of a pan-Afrikander republic and
the ousting of the British flag may be
come a reality. Hence their declaration
of war against England rather than granc
Just political rights to the Inhabitants,
whom that same wealth has led to settle
down ln the Transvaal, and whose pres
ence and numbers, however useful to tho
Dutch republics towards the production
of wealth to be used for the setting for
ward of their political alms, might, if
they became possessors of the franchise,
prove damaging to the success of the
scheme of tho great pan-Afrikander re
public Although I have been obliged in
this record of a historic reminiscence to
mention the name of the Afrikander
bond, I do not wish to be supposed to bo
attacking that body as it exists In Cape
Colony at the present time, or to accuse
It of backing up Mr. Reltz ln his declara
tion of war against the British Empire.
Its leaders claim that It and they are
loyal to England. So be It! My object Is
to show that, not the British Govern
ment, but the republics, led by Kruger,
Reltz, Steyn and their co-workers, havo
been steadily marching on towards this
war, and consciously plotting for It. ever
since the "magnanimous" retrocession of
tho Transvaal by England, and even be
fore the Wltwatersrand gold flelds were
discovered.
OLD MEN IN WAR.
Results and Not Red Tape Are the
Main Things
Natlonnl Review.
Necessarily, the old man is less adap
tive and more routine-bound than the
young, whose naturo and disposition have
not been stereotyped by habit. Necessari
ly, also, he Is less energetic, less capable
of vigorous and rapid action, less bold In
the face of danger, less inclined to make
tho changes and adopt the reforms which
circumstances show to be positively de
manded. A Bismarck, a Blucher and a
Moltko are the exceptions rather than
the rule; for one old man who has done
well in great emergencies or national
crises a dozen may be cited who have
done very badly. Our own empire was
built up mainly by young men. Chatham
was not 50 when he was called upon to
rescue England from utter collapse and to
convert continued defeat into victory ev
ery morning. Pitt was a boy when he
was summoned to the administration of
affairs, on the eve of tho greatest struggle
ln which our country has ever engaged.
Wolfe was only 42 when he laid down his
noble lifo on the Heights of Abraham.
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It removes the cause of disfiguring eruptions, loss of hair, and baby blens
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hands. No other foreign or domestic toilet soap, however expensive, is to
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Thu3 It combines in One Soap at Oxe Price namely, 25 Cents tho
best skin and complexion coap and the best toilet and the best baby soap in
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Props., Boston, TJ. S. A. "How to Purify and Beautify the Skin," free.
Complete External and Internal Treatment of Every Humor.
GUTICURA Consuitin; of Cdticdsa. Soir (3Jc), to delate ths lUn of emits and le<i and soften
. f Err ci 05 the thickened cuticle, CuncunA Ointment (50c.), to instantly Uiy itching and irritation and
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set b often inffldent to can ths sererest humor when all else fails.
Nelson was 39 when tho victory of the
Nile stamped him as "our greatest sailor
sinco the world began." Wellington was
34 when he commanded at Assaye, and
only 40 when ho opened the Peninsular
War as Commander-in-Chief of a great
army. John unurcnui, ojuko ot juotiuui
ough, was 52 when ho took tho tield for
his first campaign as Generalissimo ln
Flanders. Cromwell, the greatest soldier
and organizer our country has ever pro-
duced,awos 46 when he won Naseby. The Excepting General French, who has al
Duko of Cumberland was not 25 when he j ready distinguished himself by winning
became- Commander-m-tJiuei: some
months later he went to an army demor-
alized by defeat, and ln a few weeks lift
ed it to confidence and viotory. But, then,
Cumberland was a prince who had sol
diered and studied, Instead of giving his
tlmo to sport.
And now let us turn to tho men who
control the fortunes of the empire today.
Their names and their ages are as follows:
Age.
Lord Salisbury 0
Mr. Chamberlain 4
Mr. A. Balfour...
Mr. Goschen
Slr M. Hicks-Beach 6o
Duke of Devonshire ji
Lord Lansdowne 2
Lord UOlseley Ot
Lord W. Kerr w
Members of tho dofense committee.
There Is no one under 30 ln this "Inner
circle." Tho two youngest men in the
number are. rightly or wrongly, especially
identified with the want of foresight and
preparation which has brought the empire
to Its present pass. Mr. Balfour's speeches
show him to have been olind and Indif
ferent to the danger; the plight of our
army In South Africa, the half measures.
the manifest hesitations, and tardiness of
the dispatch of reinforcements, equally
condemn Lord Lansdowne.
Tha Generals who made their name on
tho side of the North during the Civil War
were all young men. Grant was 40 when
he commanded at Shlloh; Sheridan was
33 when he received command of the cav
alry of the Army of the Potomac: Sher
man, ono of the very best. If not the
best man that the war produced on either
side, was only 44 when he started forth
upon, his Immortal Atlanta campaign. On
the side of the South, too, the Generals
were young by modern standards. "Joe"
Johnston was only 52 at the outbreak of
the war; Lee was 54; "Jeb" Stuart was
2S. "Stonewall" Jackson 37. Promotion on
either side went with Ughtnlmr rapidity.
Sheridan opened the war as a humble
Lieutenant, closed It as Major-Gcncral;
Grant began as a Caplaln, ended as Lleu-tenant-Gencral
and savior of the Union.
It was a time when It might truly be
said that, as in Napoleon's day, a career
was open to all talent, no matter what
tho birth or source of the talent. The
consequence was that the army attracted
an enormous proportion of able men.
When the private could, and did, rise to
Brigadier-General ln a couple of years, a
force was created which had all the fire
and enthusiasm of the French revolution-
ary armies, and which fought superbly till
It was shattered, decimated, and broken
MRS.
fe
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$m
Mil
IT ALWAYS
PS NVJ?
VJMJ&
W mT&l&& MRS. RIDDLE'S EXPERIENCE IS SIMILAR TO Ik
blotche3, blackheads, red rough, oily,
ln morale by Grant's fearful series of
frontal assaults on entrenched veterans.
If we turn to our own field army today
we shall find that not one of the officers
ln high command in South Africa ls un-
j der 40. These are the ages
Age.1 Age.
Gen.
Buller CliGen. Kelly-Kenny.60
Gatacre 57Gen. "Warren 60
Methuon ....55Gen. White 63
Clery 62 Lord Roberts 63
French 4SiLord Kitchener ...50
Gen.
Gen.
( Gen.
j Gen,
, the one complete victory on a smalt scale,
j it Is true of the war, Lord Kitchener ls
the youngest. It ls because he is the
youngest, and because his comparative
youth will have the benefit of the experi
ence of the venerable and beloved- Lord
Roberts, that tho nation watches him
with such hope. For this ls a war in
which we may have to change our tactics
certainly we shall have to change our
strategy and radical changes demand
young men. Generals must be fearlessly
removed bv tho Commander-in-Chief, as
2 ' in the American Civil War, when they
.69 havo really proved insubordinate or in-
t competent. They must not, and; will not.
DG removed at home dictation by the poll
tlclans of tho committee of defense. By
I , llmlnotnn nn.1 nrnmntlnn tr
' ; -"""""" " '11 : "" "
aiiiin ace Lilt: ui uicu kumc iu mo iuf.
What Is wanted for the civil adminis
tration of the army and navy ln each
case Is a man of the Roosevelt type. Mr.
Theodore Roosevelt, as he then was. wa3
Under-Secretary of the American navy
just before the Spanish-American War.
He was a specialist, as his admirable
history of the War of 1812 showed, and
his well-thought-out. practical measures
before the war virtually paved the way
for the easy successes of 1S93. He trebled
the allowance of ammunition for target
practice, and took care that not the most
senior, but the most able, omcer should
be selected for the command of the chief
American fleet. He may have made mis
takeshis bill amalgamating engineers
and executive may have been wrong,
though we don't think so but as to the
value of his work as a whole there can
be no doubt. Routine is nowhere so dan
gerous as in a navy, where In tho long
years of peace a tendency grows up to
preserve traditions and repress tho indi
viduality of the younger officers.
A A'nlnnlile Water-Poiver.
New York Post.
A water-power company of Holyoke,
Mass., has Just completed a new stone
dam across the Connecticut River, at a
cost of nearly $1,000,000. which gives by
far the largest water-p-ver in New Eng
land, Its avcrase total head being CO feet.
The dam has a clear overflow of 1020 feet,
and draws water from a drainage area
above Holyoke of S00O square miles.
o
We Oint o Cabled.
St. Louis Globe-Democrat.
The first ocean cable was laid across the
British Channel in 1S51. Great Britain now
owns over 135 cables, France 54, Japan, 70,
Austria 41. Denmark 73 and Spain 13. Nor-
I way has ln use 323. mainly short lines. Tho
" United States owns no cables, though It ls
' a first-class customer In ocean telegraphy.
RIDDLE'S EXPERIENCE IS SIMILAR
THOUSANDS WHO WRITE US DAILY.
Zeno, S.a,9-29-99L
Gentlemen I had a cough for three years, effecte
of grip and not taking proper care of myself. In
April, 1893, 1 becane so weak I was unable to work.
I was examined by two physician3, who told mo I had
bronchitis, very bad. They advised me to use Duffy's
Malt Whiskey, but I was so bitter against whiskey that
I would not consent
By August 20th last I had gone eo far as to bo unabla
to get my breath, except with difficulty was very low.
I thought I could not live much longer. Our old
physician, Dr. T. W. Campboll, of Energy, S. C, ex
amined my lungs, told me ths right ono was very bad
and the left one but a trifle better, but that I had
enough lungs left to live a good while yet if I would
take plenty of Duffy's Malt Whiskey, and take it reg
ularly. By this time I was willing to do anything for
relief. So the dear old man, though ho Is not a whiskey
doctor, ordered mo to begin at once with two table
spoonfuls as a dose every two houra, day and night.
I did so, and immediately began to improve, and now,
elx weeks from that time, I can breathe almost as well
as I ever could, and Dr. C. says my lungs are healed,
except one dull place ln the "right lung, and that the
cavities are contracting.
I do not know whether God Is going to let me get
well or not, but I humbly trust lie will, and I believe
that, under God, your Whiskey has saved my life thus
far, and if I had begun a year ago I would have been
cured by this time. Respectfully,
Mrs. H. E. RIDDLE, Zeno, S. a
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Book of valuable Information sent free.
DUFFY MALT WHISKEY CO., Rochester, N. V.
V3I