10
XlXsZ JAjIIiSj OltEU JInIX, IxisLx, 1'LLxvL'Alti 19, iu0.
THE BEGINNINGS OF
&w light, 190Q, by
THE ORBOOWAWS HOME STUDY CIRCLE
AMBRIGAN POLITICAL PARTIES
T
XACT, LI D.
I-THB FEDERALIST PAHTT.
A julllhiul party may be defined briefly
as las organ for the expression of pub
lic oatfnton." Soon organs bave oeme into
exMonee alone with, tbe transition in
government Croat privilege to democracy.
They east wherever men are striving to
realise government of, by and for the
people. In all countries where a demo
cratic Meal prevails each political party
prvfnseee to set forth and to strive to
realise that policy which 'will beet pro
note the Interests of the whole people.
Became) men are not agreed as to what
will beat promote those interests, polit
ical parties exist. In respect to each pos
itive, aggressive measure there are always
opposing views; one body of men advo
cating a chance in the existing policy as
likely to serve better the welfare of the
people, others resisting the proposed
change and striving to show that it will
endanger tbe interests of the people.
It is to be continually borne in mind
that the party, properly so-called, is al
ways to be distinguished from the fac
tion, or from, tbe class contending for its
own privileges. Centuries of selfish fac
tional strife preceded in England the rise
of true political parties.
Federalists sad Anti-Federalists.
The study of American political parties
may properly begin with the struggle for
the adoption of the constitution, 1787-9.
American whigs and tories there had in
deed been previous to the revolution,
who corresponded in their views to the
parties of the same names in Great Brit
ain. The whigs opposed the policy of
King George and his ministers, while the
tories supported it After the close of
the war. for obvious reasons, no tory par
ity remained upon this side of the Atlantic,
while what had been the whig party now
included practically the whole people.
That has hence been called the first
American political party. But it is per
haps more strictly accurate to say that
the advent of peace and independence
found the new nation wKhout parties and
a state of political fluidity ready to
crystallise Into opposing forces the mo
meat the divisive element should appear.
Thte was supplied by the work of the con
stitutional convention, which set before
the people a frame of government for
their adoption or rejection. During the
great debate which followed probably
the most thorough, the most Influential
debate known to our political history,
reaching down to the fundamental princi
ples of all government and familiarizing
the people throughout the land with those
Ideas which underlie free government
everywhere arose tbe two parties known
In history as federalists and anti-federalists.
The whole subject of party names in our
early history is somewhat confused, and
the variety of terms used by different
writers, with their diverse applications,
tends to perpetuate this confusion. It is
however, clear that a form of constitu
tion having been adopted by the conven
tion which met in 1787 and placed before
the states for adoption or rejection, the
party favoring the adoption called them
selves federalists, -while the name anti
federalist was applied to those who op
posed the adoption of the constitution,
declaring that the centralisation of gov
ernmental powi- involved would be dan
gerous to Individual freedom and to the
cherished right i of the several states.
Fodcrallnm and Republicans.
Two years ofKlscuesion of the question,
"Shall the cotftitution be adopted?" led
to the triumiff of the federalists and
placed WashtjfcrUm in the presldentia
offloe. The costitution having been made
the law of th ft land and accepted by the
nation, and tlw man who was the unani
mous choice pt all the people placed at
the head of the new government, fresh
divisions must at once begin. Henceforth
political debate concerned matters of Im
mediately practical consequence the in
terpretation of the constitution, which all
parties sow accepted and professed to
Carpenter Hall, Philadelphia.
venerate, the adjustment of the difficult
financial problems of the new state and
questions of foreign policy. Naturally the
leaders of thought and opinion were gath
ered in the cabinet and the houses of
congress. 'While Washington could be
persuaded to remain in office they could
not differ as to the presidency, but they
could and did dhTer as to the vice-presidency,
and they differed in respect to the
use to be made of the new federal pow
ers of the government. The towering Intel
lect of Alexander Hamilton could not but
draw to Itself a following of thinkers of
like lndtnation. The pressing problems
of state oame before them as they con
ferred together. Their discussions of men
and measures led them to agree in their
judgment as to the individuals best fitted
for cortam positions of responsib'ltty. The
names of such persons were then sug
geetoa to others, to men of prominence in
their several states. In effect those men
were thus "nominated" for office, and this
coterie of public men led by Hamilton was
the nucleus of a "party.' It became the
"federal party" of the period succeeding
the adoption of the constitution. In a pre
eieoty similar manner arose the first re
publican party headed by Thomas Jeffer
son. Thte Is th$ way political parties are
made.
The party in power during Washington's
two admmletratlons and that of John
Adams retained the name federalist, but
the iirfT party now called Itself repub
lican, while Its adherents. In reproach,
were sometimes called democrats by their
enem . Sometimes me find the hyphenated
noun "democratic-repubneane" give to the
same party.
New terms and new hwuoc dM not, how
ever, destroy the underlying basis of divi
sion, which in the beg'nning separated
federalist and anti-federalist. The fear of
centralised power tended to persist in the
minds of those clarees it bo had fought
against the adoption of the constitution,
and. though It has not always come to the
surface, the same fear has beep throughout
all our after history one of the divisive ele
ments ta our national politics. Divergent
tendencjee remained and spread among the
people after the groat struggle was ap
parently ended and the new administration
had entered upon the herculean task of
weldtnv Into a united nation the reluctant
factions which bad given their unwilling
and tardy consent to the undertaking
Some of those who anti-federalists
had opposed the constitution dM no doubt
give, after Its adoption, their loyal adbe
s'oa to the adosmletratloa of Washington
that Is to the federalist party: "but the
major part cast In their lots with the new
republ'can party, af which Jefferson was
the acknowledged leader. Some of them
believed that they saw la the new forms
of go prrtrrrt and in the attitude of the
federal le1er monarchical tendencies and
rmw. n t"UM o'her disasters to Mbc-ty
whtca had been foretold. Others dts
mttfod the financial policy of Alexander
Hamilton, the new secretary of the trees-1
AMERICAN POLITICS
Seymour Eaton.)
DIRECTED BY PROF. SEYMOUR EATON
ury and the real head of his party. Among
these were found the masses of the rural
population and the dwellers in the scat
tered towns and hamlets throughout the
country. Many of those also who had
labored with the federalists to secure the
adoption of the constitution found them
selves, under the readjustment arising
from the new Issues, allied with the re
publicans. Madison himself was one of
the number.
On the other hand, the commercial
classes and in general the dwellers In
those parts where the population was dians whom the government could then
concentrated, realizing better than the move to this reservation and commence
others the imperative need of a stable and ' the process of education and agr .cultural
straightforward financial policy and tin civilization. Statesmen have urged upon
importance of that well-ordered society I the government the necessity for such ae
and security of life and property upon ' tlon, from standpoints of justice, huinan
whloh progress in civilization depends, lty and even economy, but thus far con-
WS 7r . )
CCC l"-7 -Ot7I
y tjr
y. cxrT
A FEW OP THE SIGNATURES
gave their adherence to the federalists
and upheld Hamilton's propositions for
funding the debt of the Union along with
the debts of the various states.
Personal Interest doubtless entered into
the motives actuating many of the mem- !
bers of both parties. Those states having ,
large debts to prov'de for like South i
Carolina and Massachusetts naturally
agreed in desiring the assumption of their
obligations by the national government,
while Pennsylvarla and New Hampshire,
having less to gain by that measure,
strongly opposed It. Eeliglous motives may
have had their influence. "The descendants
of the pilgrims and puritans feared the
infidelity which seemed to mingle with
Jefferson's liberal political views.
It was at this period also that the lines
separating the agricultural and commer
cial classes were more sharply drawn and
sectional strife was" intensified. Differ
ences in political thought due to differ
ences in economic conditions and sup
posed Interests led to diverse views of
the constitution and to contradictory ap
plications of theories of government,
though the fundamental principles no lon
ger entered into discussion.
Iowa College.
Note Study No.
Wednesday next.
1 will be continued oa
IRRIGATION BY INDIANS.
Once Fine Farms Hnic Become
Wastes The Government's Ncg;lcct.
WASHINGTON, Fb. 7. Four hundred
years ago, according to the narrative of
that intrepid Spanish adventurer, Cabeza.
de Vaca, the portion of Southern Arizona
now occupied by the Gila Indian reserva
tkr grew luxuriant crops of fruit and
maize for the friendly Pima Indians. This
explorer describes them very much as
they are today. They occupied the same
lands as at present, and were industrious
farmers and irrigators, as they continued
to be for many years after the acquisition
of Arizona by the United States. They
have1 raised corn, wheat, pumpkins, beans,
sorghum and vegetables in profusion; they
have lived In small villages arid held their
lands In severalty, and they are expert
weavers of fine blankets and cotton fab
rics. All this has been accompl shed
through irrigation, practiced by them since
before the discovery of me New World.
The Pimas have always been friends of
the white and enemies of the Apaches.
They gave aid and succor to the early
white pioneers, and their tepees were al
wajs open to peaceable whites or Indians
when hard pressed by the savage foe. It
Is today their boast that their hands Aave
never been stained by the white man's
blood. It was under these conditions that
they were joined about a century ago by
the Marlcopas, who came as fugitives from
the more powerful Yuma tribe. When the
belligerent Apaches broke out upon the
warpath, the troops of the United States
often obtained substantial aid and sub
sistence from the gentle Plmas. Their
agriculture has been carried on entirely
by irrigation, with water diverted from the
Gila river. The tribes have always sup
ported not only themselves, but have
shared their world's goods with the poorer
Indians to the south of them not favored
lj irrigation. They have learned readllv
at the government Indian school, and their
Hb lunttiu jauuera civilization nas
.p... c m. UIC cuuuuraging
CELEBRATING THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION.
features of the Indian problem. During
the last 10 years, their irrigating water
their life Wood has been taken away from
theci. and they are, perforce, lapsing Into '
inooieace, misery and vice.
The waters of the Gila, aoove them, have '
been diverted by white settlers, and in- sent-roindedness Is a good word, but it
stead 06 waving fields of green, they now, j strikes us that abstraction would be pre
durlng the summer, look out upon the dry, i dser. In any event the process will soon
parched earth. Year after year they be in operation, and we nmnnsA tn s
plowed and sowed and irrigated their crops,
only to see them wither and die before
maturity, owing to lack of sufficient hr.
gatton water In the drier months. A few
who are favorably located at points where
water appears in the dry bed of the
Gile can still mature their crops, others
can eke out a bare existence by hauling
wood or other precarious employments,
while the larger number have become
more or less dependent upon char ty or
have degenerated into thieves and vaga
bonds. About 6000 of these Indians are dependent
for their subsistence upon the lands of
the reservation, which contains 350,001
acres, while the water supply in the Gila
last year, owing to use for lands above,
had not been sufficient to Irrigate 1003
acres belonging to the Indians. Fully half
the crops planted have not produced
enough for seed, notwithstanding the greac
lerumy 01 tne sou. iwo acres per inaian
of irrigated land has been shown by com
petent authority is ample land for their
use and comfort.
Government engineer have pointed out
the solution of the problem through the
building of a storage reservoir on the
Gila, which will supply water not only for
t the Plmas, but for thousands of other In
y-rO VV ix-jVa v '
' ' - "'U'UfVK
TO THE CONSTITUTION.
gress has turned a careless ear to such
entreaties. Had the Indians been private
American citizens, they could have claimed
their rights and enforced them, but, being
wards of the nation, others have come in
and taken their water, to which they have
had undisputed title for 400 years, and the
government turs Indifferently away, even
directing Its attention to new wards thou
sands of miles distant, while its original
friends and allies are left to steal and beg
an existence or starve. ,
The United States has expended large
sums of money for the Introduction of Ir
rigation on the Indian reservations where
it Is desired to educate the Indian Into
agricultural habits as a means to his civ
ilization. Here is a tribe of Indians who
have for centuries been engaged In agri
culture by Irrigation, and who were, until
I recently, the only successful irrigators In
Arizona. They are now. deprived of their
water through the agency of the Tshlte
man, directly encouraged by the United
States government Is it not an Impera
tive obligation of honor upon the Ameri
can people that their supply should be
restored to them? The only means lies
through the construction by the govern
ment of a storage reservoir on the Gila.
And. Instead of the uncertain possibility
of elevating a savage or hostile tribe, the
I necessity presents Itself of preventing the
destruction or a clvil'-atlon already at
tained among a friendly and hospitable
people.
t a
PREDICTION OF NAPOLEON.
Eighty Years Ap?o He Said That Eng
land Would Be Mistress of Afrlcn.
Edgar Saltus in New York Journal.
News from the Cape has been exciting,
(The chair used by John Hancock when presid
ing ojer the continental eonsrress, and later
by "Washington, at the convention In Phil
adelphia, iiay 14, 1787.)
but less so than it will be. Ladysmith
may be gloomy, but the fate of the Dark
Continent "is clear. It won't be this, that
and the other in spots it will be British
fcll over. Prophecy is not in our line un
less we know how matters are going. In
this case we have a pretext for airing a
little information, and, what Is more satis
factory, we have a text.
Eighty-five years ago by the clock Napo
leon announced that Prussia would devel
op into a Germany reconstituted, that It
aly would become united, that Spain
would lose her co'onies and Franco sub
side. The oracle of Delphi never did bet
ter, and we suspect that It never -did as
well. But here la some more. Napoleon
wound up with the prediction that su
premacy would be divided between Russia
preponderant in the Orient and England
mistress of Africa.
not happen to be wrong. In which respect
hr ms lust nir tho rct , .... -o..i
is not preponderant in the Orient yet
she will get there, however. In 40 years
sne nas crawiea rrom the Ura s to the
Pacific. The flag of Britain does not yet
flaunt from Somali to Senegambia or from
Cape to Cairo, either. But it will. A re
cent historian has stated that it was in a
fit of absent-mindedness that Encland
carved out of 'Afrlcn. sii. after ittra a.
tight and watch It at work. Meanwhile
the suggestion of unselfish Europe that
Mr. McKlnley should step in and interfere
has contributed considerably to our amuse
ment as doubtless it has cohtributed to
his. Nationally we have the reputation
of being great at entertaining, but there
are limits to entertainment, and we -can't
entertain that.
,' -$-es3'
REASON FOR THE CHANGE
SENATOR. SEHON'S REPORT ON PORT
LAND POSTOFFICE.
Failure to Provide Facilities in Ne-iv
Custom-House Makes This Ap
propriation Necessary.
WASHINGTON, Feb. 13. There are
some interesting statements contained In
tho report which Senator Simon made on
his bill appropriating $150,000 for enlarg
ing the Portland postofflce building, to
make it adequate to accommodate not
only the postofflce. but the federal courts
of the city as well. In his report he
states:
"This old building was erected nearly
SO years ago, and for a long time has not
been able to accommodate the growing
demands of the business transacted with
in Its walls, A few years ago congress
authorized the construction of the custom
house building in the northern part of
the city, and subsequently determined
that this building sliould be" used for tho
appraiser's stores, federal courts, surveyor-general,
signal service and other
federal offices located In Portland, leaving
only the postofflce to continue In the old
building.
"Since the custom-house has been undrr
construction the growing demands of the
city have demonstrated that these fed
eral offices could not all be accommodat
ed In the new building. It has been in
contemplation to ask congress to make an
appropriation for additional room In the
new building, and to authorize the con
struction of another story. In view of the
fact, however, that the new custom
house Is situated at a considerable dis
tance from any business and would not
be a convenient or proper location for
the federal courts, and as the State Bar
Association of Oregon at a recent meet
ing, hejd In Portland, at which nearly all
tne prominent members of the bench and
bar of the state were present, unani
mously protested against the removal of
the federal courts to the new custom
house building, and as the federal judges
holding courts at Portland are strongly
opposed to the remcival of their courts
and earnestly Insist that the courts be
permitted to remain in the posiofflce build
ing, where the courts have been held for
so long, it has been deemed inexpedient
to ask congress for any appropriation for
the enlargement of the new custom
house building and permit the same to
be completed in accordance with existing
plans, and to ask congress for a limited
appropriation for enlarging and fitting
up In a suitable manner for the accom
modation of the federal courts, the old
postofflce site. ' ,
"The committee Is of the opinion that
the federal courts should be convenient
and easily accessible for attorneys and
those having business with the courts,
and tho removal of the courts to the new
custom-house would occasion delay, an
noyance and confusion to those practic
ing before the courts, and that such a
removal ought not to be made. The post
offlce building In its present condition
is unfitted and Inadequate for the proper
conduct of the important and growing
business of the government to be con
ducted therein, and that the enlargement
of the building so as to properly and
conveniently accommodate the postofflce
and federal courts should be authorized."
The secretary of the treasury at the
request of the committee made a rough
estimate of tho cost of the proposed ad
ditions to the building, and he finds that
the additions, together with repairs and
fixtures, will cost $155,000, 15000 more than
is appropriated by the bill. If the bill
passes, however, and there Is little doubt
of it there will be little difficulty in se
curing the extra small amount if it shall
be needed. It is understood that the de
partment has all along favored this plan,
and been opposed to making a change In
tho new build ng. Under the present ar
rangement there will be perfect har
mony between congress and the depart
ments, and what might prove an un
necessary delay will be avoided.
' THEORY OF GHOSTS.
Its Varied and Intricate Phases
Anions the Savage and Civilized.
PORTLAND. Feb. 15. (To the Editor.)
The account of the haunted house In
New York, given In a recent issue of your
paper, indicates that the primitive be
lief In ghosts still survives among us in
one of its earliest forms.
The study of the origin and development
of this primitive philosophy Is interest
ing, for the belief In ghosts is. undoubt
edly the most ancient and the most uni
versal of the many superstitions of sav
ages and the lower races of men generally
throughout the world. "No one," says
Professor Flske, "has ever discovered a
race of men devoid of a belief in ghosts."
Some of their theories are peculiar. For
example, among the natives of Chittagong,
If a man dies away from his home, his
relatives stretch a thread over all the
otreams between the place of his death
and his. own village, so that his ghost or
spirit may return; it being supposed, says
Lewln, that "without assistance spirits
are unable to cross running water; there
fore tho stream here had been bridged
in the manner aforesaid."
Among the lowest races, however, it Is
not only human beings that have their
ghosts. Dogs and horses, and even
plants, stone hatchets and arrows, arti
cles of food and clothing, all have their
ghosts. Thls.enlarged theory is found to
day among many races in different parts
of the globe. But It Is also a very an
cient theory. The burial-places of primi
tive men, ages before the dawn of his
tory, bear testimony to the immense an
tiquity of this savage philosophy. In
looking for the origin of the "bel ef in
ghosts. It Is necessary to bear in mind the
base and savage condition of the people
with whom It first originated.
iFrom the great mass of facts collected
from all parts of the world In recent
years, the universal conclusion of un
biased scholars Is that even our highest
civilization Is the result of a gradual de
velopment from the lowest degree of sav
agery. Whether or not man is descended
from the beast, is not the question here;
the obvious conclusion Is that our first
human ancestors, however they may
have originated, were of the lowest and
basest grade. The fossil remain of man
found in Europe In caves, In drifts and
in peat beds, indicate a savage life spent
in hunting and fishing. Yet before these
cave-men appeared upon the scene there
wandered over the face of the earth "a
being erect upon two legs, and wearing
the outward semblance of a man and not
of a beast," setting his mark upon it as
no other creature had yet done, and leav
ing behind him Innumerable tell-tale rem
nants of his fierce and squalid existence.
It is also pointed out that these oldest
remains of human existence date back
hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions
of years.
Now, it Is very clear that some time dur
ing this gradual development primitive
man came to believe in ghosts as a result
of his attempt to explain strange occur
rences which he could not otherwise ac
count for. For example, hunger and
gorging, both very common with savages,
excite dreams of great vividness. Now,
after an unsuccessful hunt and long fast
he lies exhausted, and while sleeping goes
through a successful hunt kills and cooks
his 'prey and suddenly wakes when about
to taste the first morsel. To suppose him
saying to himself, "It is all a dream,"
is to suppose him capable of
such reasoning as we know Is
beyond the savage mind. If at another
time, lying gorged with food, the disturb
ance of l)is circulation causes nightmare
If. trying to escape and being unable,
he fancies himself In the clutches of a
bear, and wakes with a shriek, why
should he conclude that the shriek was not
due to actual danger? His squaw Is there
to tell him that she saw no bear, yet
heard the shriek. The only way he can
account for It is by supposing that his
life, his spirit or ghost 3vas away while
h's body remained. "The savage," says.
Sir John Lubbock, "considers the events
In hb dreams to be as real as those of
his waKing hours, and hence he comes
to feel that he has a spirit which can
quit his body." (Origin of Civilization
P. as.
Many Illustrations of this belief are
fOUnd amonr? EltmiTce nt rmi nvm Aav
The Malays do not like to wake a sleeper.
ior xear iney snouid Hurt him by disturb
ing his body wh'le the spirit is out The
Ojlbwas tell how nn nf fhMr xhtafa AtA
but while they were watching the body on
mc uuru uignt nis snaaow came oacic
to It. and hf snt nn ntwl tnlr? tinm Vinnr
he had traveled to the "River of Death,"
but was stopped and sent back to his peg
pie. "The Zulu," says Edward B. Tylor,
"will say that at death a man's shadow
departs from his body and becomes an
ancestral ghost, and the w'dow will relate
how her dead husband has come in her
sieep ana threatened to kill her for not
takinrr carp nf hlx r-MMrn- m im onn win
describe how his father's ghost stood be
fore him In a dream, and the souls of the
two, the living and the dead, went off to
gether to visit some far-off kraal of
their people." (Anthropology, p. 344.) The
NIcaraguans, when questioned as to ther
l'ClIsrlon. said that when a mnn n-r nrnmnn
dies the breath comes out of the body
tnrougn the mouth, and Is the life which
does not die.
Here In a few words Is the savage and
barbaric theory of spirits and ghosts,
where life, m.nd, breath, shadow, dream
and vision come together and account for
one another In some such vague way as
satisfies the mind Of thfi rnitmipht rpnunn.
er. Our own language plainly shows
traces or tnis savage belief, as when the
souls of the dead are called "shades"
(tnat is, "shadows ") or "spirits ' or
"srhosts" (that fa. "hrAnth" tormis ri?nVi
are relics of man's earliest theories of life
and death.
It must be remembered, however, that
SOme races entlrelv dtsholfpvo In thn sur
vival of the spirit or soul after the death
of the body, and those which are more ad
vanced often differ much In their views;
In fact, the belief In an independent and
endless existence after death Is confined
to the higher races of men. It Is re
corded by Mr. Dong, In his "The Abori
gines of Australia," that a friend of his
once trfed long and patiently to make a
very intelligent Australian black under-
siana nis existence without a body, but
the black never could keen his mmton-
ance, and generally made an excuse to get
uy. une aay me teacher watched and
found that he went to havo. a trnnrf inno-n
at the Idea of a man Itvtnc nnri min-
about without legs, arms, or a mouth to
etti, ijr a long time he could not be
lieve that the white man was serious, and
wh.cn he did realize it the more serious
me teacner was, the more laughable the
whole affair appeared to the black.
Among the races who believe In the sur
vival of the gh03f after death we find
that many of them attribute to the more
Important ghosts the causes of ?mrn un
usual occurrences as diseases, storms,
v-ui umuaites, ecnoes and eclipses. Here we
see the reason of sacrifices to the good
and bad sDirlta whlcVh nw pmiotnc t,
disturbance. S nee an angry man may be
appeaaea oy presents, why should not an
angry ghost or deity? When this form
of belief appears, there Is necessity for
a class of persons whose business It Is to
cpmmunicate with and appease these
supernatural agents when vexed or angry.
The name given to this class usually de
pends upon the social status of the people.
Among the lower, they are called sorcer
ers, magicians or med cine men; but
when the people have come to have tem
P eg and worship, they attain to the dig
nity of priests. It is difficult, however, to
draw a line between them. As Herbert
Spencer says: "A satisfactory distinction
between medicine men and priests is dif
ficult to find. Both are concerned with
supernatural agents, which In their orig
inal form were ghosts." ("Principles of
Sociology," volume III, page 37.)
An Important part of the duties of the
priests of the Kaffirs consists in con
trolling the weather. Mr. Warner tells us
that "they, firmly believe that some of
their priests have the power to cause it to
rain." In cases of pestilence, famine, etc.,
these men, having a "pull" with the su
pernatural agents producing the affliction,
are a very important class; and it Is much
to their Interest to maintain, and even
to enlarge, their Influence and authority,
and incidentally to enlarge the powers of
the deities, for whom they soon profess
to be the special messengers on earth. It
is also to be expected that they will cre
ate and encourage such dogmas and cere
monies as are to their best advantage.
Thus, in Guinea, where the sea and the
serpent were the principal deities, the
priests, as Bosman expressly tells us, en
couraged offerings to the serpent rather
than to the sea, because in the latter
case "there happens no remainder to be
left for them." For u like reason, per
haps, a pamphlet was issued by a church
in this city, not long ago, wherein the
members were advised, in case of a death
in the family, to spend money for mass
for the repose of the soul rather than
for flowers for the funeral.
In the "priestly code" of the early He
brews we also find them providing for
their personal Interests when it was com
manded that only unblemished animals
should be used for sacrifices; and so
among the Greeks a "law provided that
the best of the cattle should be offered
to the gods," and among the Peruvians
It was Imperative- that "all should be
without spot or blemish."
Surely no other belief has played or 'is
playing so important a part in the life of
humanity as this pnmitive theory of
ghosts, with its innumerable phases and
intricate developments.
H. K. SARGENT.
i o
MARY'S LITTLE LAMB.
A Ploneci; in Educational Reform,
Says Dr. EdTrard Everett Hale.
Chicago Tribune.
For a hundred years children have been
taught that the historic Mary was a fit
object for scorn and derision, because she
interfered with discipline by taking hes
lamb to school.
But, sooner or later, history justifies
most pioneers and Innovators. Now we
are told, on no less authority than that of
Dr. Edward Everett Hale, that pets ought
to be kept in every schoolhouse. Not only
lambs, but cats, dogs, and rabbits, should
be allowed to follow their masters to
school, to the end that all the pupils may
learn the lesson of kindness to the lower
animals.
It will be remembered in the case of
Mary's Iamb that "at last the teacher
turned it out but still It lingered near."
wafting for Mary to come out at recess.
Dr. Hale Is of opinion that teachers, in
stead of driving iway pet animals, ought
to provide thtm so that the small boy
pupils, instead of tying tin cans on the
tails of stray dogs, may feed the rabbits
and stroke the soft fur of poor pussy.
That Dr. Hale practices what he
preaches is shown by the fact that he has
provided comfortable sleeping apartments
for no less than 13 stray cats under his
front veranda. Ho finds that these cats,
having a warm place in which to sleep,
no longer practice sonatas on his wood
shed at midnight, and he suggests that
people who are now troubled by nocturnal
feline music will find his remedy more
effectual than the bootjacks and old shoes
which are usually prescribed.
But the Important fact in connection
with Dr. Hale's dictum is that poor Mary,
at whose folly we have all smiled, was in
reality a pioneer, born before her time,
and therefore an object of derision on the
part of the dense and unenlightened pub
lic But with recent years methods of
chool management and discipline have
changed so rapidly that no modern Mary
need fear she will do unappreciated. In
fact, it would not be especially surpris
ing If the. throwing of paper wads In
school hours should be advocated on the
ground that the practice tends to the de
velopment of qu.ckness of eye and sure
nes3 of aim.
"Take up the loose ends." the little ail
ments, to prevent sickness, by taking
I Hood's Sarsaparllla,
EOR SECOND HOMESTEADS
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TUB
BILL. BEFORE CONGRESS.
Comments and Suggestions ef the
Commissioner of the General
LaHd Offlce Upon' It.
WASHINGTON, Feb, 12. The house
committee on-public lands, in reporting
the bill designed to provide for makiRg
second homestead entries, makes the fol
lowing statements, which are of general
Interest:
"The first section of this Mil as amend
ed provides that persons who have here
tofore made entry under the homestead
laws and commuted, the same by making
payment of $1 25 per acre and upward, ac
cording to the location and character of
the lands, after residing upon the lands
a certain length of time, as provided by
section 2SW of the revised statutes of the
United States and the amendments there
to, shall be allowed to make another en
try under the homestead laws; but in case
such second entry should be made tho
entryman must live upon the land the
time required by the homestead laws, and
cannot commute the entry which the bill
authorizes.
"The committee is of the opinion that
those who have commuted homestead en
tries have not, as a matter of fact, had
the full benefits of the homestead law,
and as It is the intent of that law that
every qualified entryman shall be allowed
the full benefit of its provisions, it is
believed that the legislation proposed is
In consonance with the spirit of the home
stead act. The purchase of land from
the government after a residence of some
length of-time, as is done In the case of
a commutation, is not full enjoyment of
the- benefits of the homestead law, and
this section of the bill proposes to confer
those benefits upon former commuters.
"The second section of the bill as
amended confers the right to make a
seeond homestead entry upon those who
have heretofore made entries under the
homestead laws, but who for any cause
have lost or forfeited the same, but bars
those from making such second entry
who abandoned or relinquished the for
mer entry for a valuable consideration.
Many persons who have heretofore made
homestead entries in good faith have been
unable to make final proof and secure
title to the land so entered for various
reasons. It being in accordance with the
spirit of the homestead laws that every
qualified entryman who so desires shall
have the opportunity of perfecting title
to a tract of land under said laws, it is
clearly just and proper that those unfor
tunate homesteaders who have made the
attempt in the past to secure title to lands
under the homestead law but failed shall
be given an opportunity to make another
effort. The section bars those from its
benefits who have secured a valuable
consideration for thejr former claim.
"Accompanying and made a part of this
report are letters from the commissioner
of the general land offlce and from the
secretary of the interior suggesting cer
tain amendments and recommending the
passage of the bill 'as amended. The
amended bill is as follows:
" 'Section 1. That any person who has
heretofore made entry under the. home
stead laws and commuted the same un
der the provisions of section 2301 of the
revised statutes of the United States and
the amendments thereto, shall be entitled
to the benefits of the homestead law as
though such former entry had not been
made, except that commutation under the
provisions of section 2601 of the revised
statutes of the United States shall not
be allowed of an entry made under this
section of this act
" 'Sec. 2. That any person who, prior to
the passage of this act, has made entry
under the homestead laws but from any
cause has lost or forfeited the same, and
'who has not abandoned or relinquished
such tracts for a valuable consideration,
shall be entitled to the benefits of the
homestead laws as though such -former
entry had not been made.'
"The committee reports the bill back
to the oongre3s with the recommendation
that as amended It do pass."
Land Commissioner's Report.
The commissioner of the general land
offlce, to whom the bill was referred fer
report, makes the following comments and
suggestions:
"Regarding section 1 of said bill, I have
to say that section 2301, revised statutes,
provides for the commutation of home
stead entries. Said section was amended
by section 6 of act approved March 3, 1881.
Before amendment of said section 2301,
the homestead claimant, In order to en
title him to commute to cash, was re
quired to prove his actual settlement, im
provement and cultivation of the land
embraced In his homestead entry for
not less than six months preceding the
date of proof, and that his residence was
actual and continuous for the prescribed
period. The amendment above referred to
requires that parties proposing to com
mute their homestead entries to cash
shall make proof of settlement and of resi
dence and cultivation of the land for a
period of 14 months from the date of
erttry, etc. By act approved June 3, 1886,
further provisions were made in the mat
ter of commuted homestead entries, and
my said act, among other things, it was
provided that the 14 months' period of
residence re'qulred for commutation by ex
isting law shall run from date of settle
ment and not from the date of the entry.
'.'The department has ruled that the
commutation of a homestead entry is an
entry under the homstead law, and con
sequently a bar to the further exercise
of the homestead right, or, in other words,
that the commutation of an entry Is an
exhaustion of the homestead right.
"In proposing the legislation contained
in this section, it appears to be considered
that one who has commuted his entry
and paid for his land has not received the
benefit of the homestead law to the same
extent as one who has acquired title
without commutation through residence
alone.
"Occupation of the public land by
actual settlers being desired, see noth
ing objectionable in this section, provided
it be amended , so as to prohibit those
making entries under its provisions from
commuting said entries under the provis
ions of section 2391, revised statutes of
the United States.
"Regarding section 2 of said bill, the act
f of September 29, 1890. restoring to settle
ment forfeited railroad lands, also con
tains the provisions that 'any person who
has not heretofore had the benefit of the
homestead or preemptlcn laws, or who
has from any cause failed to perfect the
title to a tract, of land heretofore entered
by him, under either of said laws, may
make a second homestead entry under the
provisions of this act'
"The act of December 29, 184, amending
the act of March 2, 1380, permitted any
settler who had theretofore forfeited his
or her entry by reason ef being unable
from a total or partial destruction or fail
ure of crops, sickness or other unavoida
ble casualty, to secure a support for him
self, herself, or those dependent upon
him or her, to make entry of not to ex
ceed a quarter section on any public lands
subject to entry under the homestead
law, and to perfect title to the same un
der the same conditions In every respect
as if he lad not made a former entry.
"It will be seen from the foregoing that
congress has. from time to time, passed
special laws relieving against the disqual
ifications of homestead settlers who had
failed to perfect their entries, but many
of said laws either bave reference to a
particular locality or are intended to op
erate retroactively and not prospectively.
"This section proposes to give those who
have made homestead entries since De
cember 20. 1EW, and who have failed to
perfect title thereto, the same privileges
enjoyed by those who made such entries
previous to that date. It also goes a lit-
I tie farther than previous acts by permlt-
tta a second entry tn ho nri ttv .in-i
one who has not heretofore perfected t
io a entry made u i'-r he home-t-i '
hvws. and who has not abandoned or c
ltaQnisRod tho same for a valuable n
mitted a aaoood entry fo be mad on!
by those- wire had failed to perfect u e
for cerfah specified reasons.
as there may be other causes throngh
wbleit an entry might ave been lust
JIly as good as thosj enumerated a
fcevloBs acts, it would seem proper r
thus extend tho scope of the law Ta
section as it stands would entitle an.,
Person Wha km nnt nprfix'txl tttlo nn 1. r
a homestead entry and who has noc aban-
wa or relinquished same lor a va.ua j e
oMiwueraooa. to the benefit of the home-
Stead l&WK m ttMuurh aiii-h fnrmr on rw
had not been mad. This might be v "-
fTiea to permit on now living upon a
homestead ntr ia aiunnina it mfi , u-.-.
another one if not to make another eu r
wunout abandoning the one occupied As
I take It to be the intent of this su' on
to permit another entry to be mad by
those Who have fallad ta amuir t.n, t
a traot pr.vtius y enter d ucder the a r-
steaa jaws, and who have lost and f r
fotted the same and who have not aban
doned nor relinquished tbe same fo" a,
valuable consideration, tho section shn tid
be so amended as to make this inum
plain, and also that it will not permit a
second entry without abandonment of
reUaquisttmeflr, nor pennK abandonment
or relinquishment in order to make a
second entry."
EAST TAYLOR STREET.
A rroperty-OwHer Strenaoasly Ob
jeots to Peer Improvement.
PORTLAND. rTn.-o the Editor )
A few days ago a correspondent sigoing
himself "Taylor Street" had a lt.er .a
The Oregonlan, In which, after referriijj
to tbe "talk" of improving East Tailor
street he expressed himself as heart
In favor of it. adding a fervent hope that
tbe work will be started forthwith.
As a rule, anonymous letter-wr'tera
ousht to be treated with silent contempt.
but ia thte inataoc the fear Is enUr
tained that this anonymous party unan
swered, may be taken as voicing the sen
tlments of a large majority of East Taylor-street
property-holders, whereas n Ui
ing could be farther from the truth Tne
whoJe cost of street hnnrovement m-st
be borne by the abutting property-owr rs
When Improvements are under consider
ation, these propsrty-ownor8 naturally
want to know what effect such Improve
ment will have on their property
Tbe character of the proposed improve
ment (so-called) to practically a corchiro'
road, and, if constructed, will n the
opinion of the writer, depreciate the - -uua
of all property affected by It Morxner
I am not adsived how this anonjmous
"Taylor Street" is fixed financially tht
he is so urgent at this time but I an
speak for a number of the property -own-ers,
along the street, who are not pre
pared, and who assort that the present i3
an inauspicious time for enterirg upun
street improvements.
For an object-lesson, see the net results
from the improvement of Belmont street
-The planking is nearly worn out. whust
only one real estate sale has been mad"
and that at a ridlcuoaety low figure ard
the construction of two houses. These
results cover 1 miles of a handsome im
provement and a period of four years Is
it not tbe part of wisdom patient! to Tvai"
until conditions will justify a first-cUss
improvement one that WH1 at once resu t
in substantial benefit and be a sourc? of
pride to those most vitally Interested'
But, say these projectors of the cordi-ry
road, "let us get it done now wM at
we can take advantage of the bordjra
aet, which provides for payment in 10
annual Installments, without interest far
the next legislature wHl surely repeal I
And our promoter friends are not or y
willing, but anxious, to take achan'aga
of a defect in the bondJns act and sa.d-1 3
the interest which Is peoperly chargeaii
to them, on their fefiow-citijens It is
to be hoped that our energetic councilman
Mr. Hanson, will not only refrain from
putting his shoulder to tbe wheel to g
the work started during the life of the
present council, as advised by your aorj -mous
correspondent, but that he wi 1 use
his energies in discouraging such a sa
called improvement at this time
B. FALLOWS
o
Interpretation In Kansas.
Glen BMer SontmeL
"Now, beys," said a Sunday school
teacher, addressing tbe class, composed
of a dozen bright boys, at a cer'a n
popular church last Sunday morning
"who can tell me why 9t Peter Is al
ways standing at the pearly gates'" In
stantly one little fellow answered. ' May
be he's laying for them guys who robbed
him to pay Paul."
No other soap in
, the world is used so
much ; or so little of
it g3es so far.
NO PAIN! NO GASr
HjLO
No charyo fer pata xtraetto, when teeth
are ordrad. All -work &"" T gvadoata dentlate
of 12 to 20 years' experience: x specialist la
each departmeat. "We wtll tell yea ta adranoa
exactly what yoor werlc win" ccst by a free
examination. Grve tia a salt, aad you will find
we do exactly as we advert.
Set of Teeth S.OO
Gold Filling: .$1.00
Gold CroTrxt ......... ........S.OO
Silver FllllBST jlQ
fJO PLATES
All work examined by profeaMocal manager.
Dr. J. 8. Waiter, resfotored dentist.
New York Dental Parlors
fl E. Mr. Frts art Merrbu Strteb
Lcdy always in attendance.
Hours i to 8. Sundays. M to t
MBK iH CURE, MO
PAX TUB MuiV.
APPLIANCS-A p-
way to serfeet trar"icl
Everything- lse tails. The VACUUM TPAT
MSIfT CURES ym without medtcia of
all nervous or diseases of the generative orsans,
uch. as tost manhood, exhaostliw drains varco
eK bs9iteaey. etc Me are uleicly restored ta
perfect halth and strength.
Writs for circulars. Correspondence- eonadaa
Hal. TH2 HSALTH APPllANCK CO rooan
17-13 Sofs Deposit buikHaj. Seattle. Wash.
pp
SLjig "'-,&,. iMaAgaiM.Aauait