THE MOHNINGr OREGONIAN, MONDAY, FEBEUAEY 12, 1900.
NORTHWEST TIBER
SpecM Report of the Geolog
ical Survey.
OREGON HAS GREATEST AMOUNT
BfcrtrtlMriileii ef Lumbar Forests of
the Mm-te Heavy Inroads Have
Bom Xaae la Washington.
WAsHBMOTOK, Tee. 6. A special re
port of llw geological survey, prepared
by Hoary Gannett, just tented on the for
ests of tfee Western states, and particu
larly of the Pacific coast, -white mainly
stattstteai, contains a number of state
nests which are of more than ordinary in
terest at this time, because of the great
interest that Is now being manifested in
the question of forests. This paper shows
that the timber in the state of Oregon
reaches the enormous total of 24,958.609,000
feet, hoard measure. This timber is found
Stately in4 the Coast range, and on the
west slope of the Cascade range. Lane
eonnty has more timber than any other
m. the state, with & total of 2S.809.003.096
board feet, while Douglas county comes
la & dose second, with ,8&4.9,G9Q feet;
Clatsop, with 15,47S,M,M feet, follows,
and from that it runs down to but 476,009.-
feet m Morrow county, and none in
The amount of timber in the various
section of Oregon Is estimated as follows
LOCATION.
Coast nanam
West slops Cascades.
East -mope Cascades..
3saosm Oregon.
Total
J?
if 3 BEE
s H li
. .
r-
HiMii" aim iesTies
14.0M 8,900 S7.0S8
, 7,H 27.534
L6W 18,441 17.9SS
234,653
The uflwwtog table gives the estimates
of Oram timber by counties:
OOOXTT.
Baker
Beaton
c
Clatsop ..
Column
Coos
Crook
Curry
Douglas
Gilliam
Grant
Harney
Jackson ... .
Josephine ....
Klamath
Lake
Lane
Lincoln
Linn
Malheur
Marlon ... . . .
Morrow
Multnomah ..
Polk
Sherman ....
Tillamook ...
Umattta
Union
Wattown ,....
Washington .
Wasco
YamhHl
53
8?
MM L9M
J5M.
UK
SIS
M
l
K3Si
1.44
4,762
1.
6.4W
9.43
2.SW
1.78
6,264
8,W
4.J66
L
2.M8
9.!
LB4
2,071
4401
m
i!iw
ttas
S.3I2
C84
3.2W
WH
r s3p
- a
SB "1 j 12
qs. : o
c I ; s
l,8Wi 17209
15.8901 1.72S
15.7001 13,338
I S6.800) 15,476
cents per 1000 feet, not less than $30,000,
000 worth has gone up in smoke."
Following is the estimate of the mer
chantable timber in the state of "Wash
ington, by counties (board measure).
Feet.
Asotin 8LOOQ.600
Chehalls . 18,579.009,060
Clallam 9,672.000,096
Clark 2,342,000,000
Columbia 248,090,008
Cowlitz 5,2iWOO,000
Douglas 31.OO0.eO9
Ferry L667,00000
Garfield 170,000.000
Island 496,W9,000
Jefferson 4,230,006,000
King 7,644,000,000
Kitsap 1,141,000,000
Kittitas 1,200.000.000
KJlQkltat 743.OU0.VW
Lewis S.5S6,X),O0O
Lincoln 14,000,000
Mason 2,881,000,000
Okanogan 2,665,000,000
Pacific 7.818,000.000
Pierce 6,520,000,000
Skagit 10.362,000,000
Skamania 4,661,000,000
Snohomish 7,709,000,000
Spokane 766,000,090
Stevens 2,702,000,000
Thurston 2,787,000,000
"Wahkiakum 2,974.000,000
"Walla "Walla 5,000.000
"Whatcom 1,346,000,000
Whitman 35,000,000
Yakima i 893,000,000
The counties omitted contain no mer
chantable timber.
The average stand of timber (board
measure) per acre on timbered areas Is
given as follows:
Counties Feet.
Chehalls 2L300.000.000
Clallam 15,709.000.000
Clark 19,000,000,000
Cowlitz 20.400,000,000
Jefferson 15,300,000.000
King 20.500,000.000
Kitsap 9.000,000,000
Lewis .16,509.000.000
Mason 5,600.000.000
Pacific 16,300,000,000
Pierce 18,000,000,000
Skagit 28,000,000,000
Skamania 17,000,000.000
Snohomish 19,000,000.000
Thurston 11,450.000,000
"Wahkiakum 27.000,000,000
"Whatcom 24,000,000,000
DIVERSITY IN FARMING
THAT'S WHAT WILL MAKE AGRI
CULTURE PAY.
Oregon Can Learn From Experience
of ailnncsotn The Codlln. Motli
Grasses and Grazing.
PORTLAND LETTER LIST.
Persons calling for thesa letters will please
state date on which they were advertised,
February 12. They will be charged for at the
rate of 1 cent each.
"WOMEN'S LIST.
Abbott, Miss Long, Babe
Allen. Mrs Theodore H McClellan. Mrs C It
.Andrews, Jennie McCarthy, Mies H
Anderron, Mrs JohannaMcFarland, Mrs I B
AiHJerson, Mlsa .Delia liMcHaley, Miss Annie
Aadersan. Mrs Belle Mclntlre, Miss Maud
Anderson, Miss fcophia, Mated, Miss Annie
9,683
12,926
7,300
1
L3WM
II
552 27.7601
1.25 15.600
3.7561 3.:
1,080 11 400 ,0W
3,660. 10.4091 23,854
400 1.5601 409
4,7601 1,500 4,700
1.1SH L500 L150
1.6i 11.600! 12,000
L&H 6 000 5.8W
13,834
2.009
28,800
9.800
3.426 6,900
2,6001 1,500
3,4361 13.660
6121 25.090
L686I 17,609 18,900
l,090i 1.5001 LOOO
576 12.600
470 1,560
21,000
466 13,6091
2.206
2,806!
350! 36.606
1.1W 16.000
1671 11,409
36,009
1.506
1.566
LWO 2,:
4.SWJ
4,645
470
1.300
3,328
iV,4(K
1,369
2,209
Mdcalf. Mrs A M
Melburn, Mia? Carey T
Millerje, Mrs Z E
Miller, Id
Miller, Miss Ida
Moore, Mrs Ella
Nystrom, Miss Lydla
OwlLgs, Miss Olive
Patimood, Mrs Emma-2
Palmblad. Miss Amanda
Raj-ser. Miss Caroline
fails, Mrs Marcarue
Buxton. Mrs
Backxnan, Mrs O J
Beaton, Mrs Jno-2
BerUwlf, Rolette
Barry, Mrs T H
Blum, Mrs B
Boven, Mrs Addle R
Bowman, Mis3 May
Broddey, Miss J J
Brown. Miss Frances
Brown, Mrs M B
n.1.1.'. mi -Dn-ToHiiiRead. Mrs Anile
Crlchael Mrs L A Rlckert. Mrs Eva
Caroihers.'Mrs Rosa-3 "aE2' A5,l5?:?Mft
Clark. Mrs Cora R 5,,'g J??4 ,e
Clark, Mtea Theresa 5':nfTIrS,1S
CDOk, Mrs M B Rond. Miss Oora
CnsnweU. Mrs Thom85"' ?A.5t!,
Croft. Mrs Meilsia Sargt,Mlss Detta
Darrow. Mrs Janus S??' .MjS t -c,
Dennlson. Mis3 Francs f. Miss E F
Dewey. Henrietta fmltn, Mrs Fannie t
TVlrlrnvan. Mlsn Scale .,
1,228
264.653
Spencer, Miss Georglc
Spetcer. Mlas Isettle
Stinit, Miss Jane
Staar, Mrs Laura
Sialeer, Mrs S
Steirsrandt, Mrs G E
Stephens. Mrs J R
Stooy, Mrs S B
Stolz, Mrs Ida
Stock. Miss Myitis
S torch. Miss M G
Talor, Miss Hortcns-i
Taylor, Miss Retta
Thurston, Mrs Helen
Thome, Mrs Ethel
Thomas, Mrs C J
Thompson, Mrs Ida-2
Thompson, Mrs J B
wff; M w2 G Trenton. Miss Madeline
Herter. Mi Helen Vlfl ,r rjo
Epperson, Miss Ger-
irude
Farnham. Mrs Nellie
Fvwler. Miss Daisy
Ford. Miss Polly
Frazer, Lizzie
French. Mrs Ellen
Fries, Miss Mollle
Gaston, Miss Tiny
Glboone, Miss Grace
Gillham, Mrs Emma
Gorf, Mrs J
Goudle, Mrs J E
Girff, Miss Katie
Hall, Miss Ted
Hanack, Mies Kate
Haal, Miss Clara
Hassell, Mrs Annie
An interesting statement in the report
is that of "W. T. Grtewold, made in 1896,
which w as follow:
Ths foltowlng estimate of the timber
of the state of Oregon te made from per
sonal obssrvmtlon during the past five
3 ears, and a vast amount of valuable In
formation from cruisers' reports, loggers
and manufacturers of lumber in different
parts oC the state. In such areas as I
have reliable Information I have made
a summary of the estimate of timber by
townships, ftndtag them to run from 59,C09,
000 to 866,660,666 feet to the township, board
measure, and finding from these results
that a generally good-timbered area will
give an average of 12,009,000 feet for a
section. I have completed my summary
for those areas In which I know the lim
its but have no information as to the
quality and amount of timber.
' We gat a result of 266,669,660,600 feet of
standing ttwtnr in the state, distributed
as follows:
Feet.
Clatsop and Columbia counties,
coming onto the Columbia
iier 8.669,669,609
"Nhalem river 17,096,696,099
Tillamook bay ...... 6.690.090.099
Tillamook bay to Smith river.. 5,660,600,000
bmith river and the Lower
1 moons. 4,800,009066
oos bay and CoqufHe river... 18.669,066,009
Bull Run reserve, osmmg into
the Columbia via Sandy river 7.690.090,009
lackanias and Santtem rivers. 29,000,090,060
M Kende and waters of Wil
lamette 38 009.000,006
1 mpqua In the Cascades. 26,000,009.009
"Rogue river In the Cascades.... 22,096,090,009
N utertng smalt bodies over
the state N 2,560,609,666
line in Blue mountains 4,666,009,600
Timber ef "Washliifcton.
"WaosTCorth, Mrs Essie
Wallace, Miss Annie
"Watklna, Miss Goldle
Whltcomb, Mrs F C
Wheeler, Mite May
Herridon, Mrs Dora
HiH, Mrs E V
Hoyt. Mrs A S
Hotson, Mrs Marry
Hoidtn. Mm "Ethel M
HuUhlnson, Miss Ova TVllhelm'. Hilda
j umetz, ventura Wilcox, Mrs Rose
i?005' JJra Cbes Williams. Mrs Reta
5e?Jer' re J1- Williams, Mies Ella
Keller. Mrs C W Williams. Miss
Klnkade. Edna Wilson, Mrs Edith
Knapp. Mrs W "Wilson. Mrs
Ls. Gi.nge. Mra Marry wineton. Mrs L W
Laixlen. Miss Bernlce Wltchester. Miss Nellie
Leisure, Mrs riorence Wright, Mrs L P
MEN'S LIST.
Abrams. Leonard B Kelley, LeSter
Alien, iv
Bhlrd, M J
In speaking of the Washington forests,
tY- report states:
' With the exception of the redwoods of
( Uifomla, the forests of Washington are
4 be densest, heaviest and most continu
ous in the United States, Except for &
' w prairie openings, and except where
: moved by lire or the ax. they cover the
'Vintry as a thick mantle from high up
c l the Cascade range westward to the
res of the PacMc.
' The amount of standing timber in this
i g.on has long been a matter of interest,
- ni many wild guaosc have been haaard-
i but In most oases they are too high.
From the best Information obtainable, it
h s been estimated that the total amount
c "tandlng timber In the state k in the
neighborhood of U4.77S.666.606 feet, board
measure. More than six-sevenths of this
amount is west of the Cascades, the re
mainder being on the eastern slope. If
the timber of the state should be cut un
der the practice which prevails at pres
ent, the estimate given above would prove
about correct, but a much larger amount
will ultimately be realised for several rea
sons The standard is sure to be lowered,
so that instead of using one-thlvd of the
tree, double that will he utilised, and
many small trees now destroyed by fire
in the culled areas will be cut. Again,
some apedes not now m nee wttl come into
the market, areas now inaccessible, will
some day serve as sources of supply, and
the new growth on cut and burned areas
will reach merchantable s4se long before
the old growth Is exhausted.
"Out of the 1S.8K square miles of the
state formerly covered with merchantable
timber. 30 per cent has been destroyed by
fire. USk per cent has been cut. and the
remainder. 57H per cent. Is stHI covered
by standing timber. The present supply,
as it now stands is gurnet ont to supply
the sawmills of the Unite States for four
yeara, under the present rate of cutting.
Assnsnlng that the timber on the teggod.
areas was as thick as Is still standing in
other areas, there have been cut in the
nsnfMwrhood of 3fi.6J0.96l.9M ft. ooard
meatus. Making the same assumption
regarttng the burned area. It appears that
there has been destroyed by are the
mists amount of 40,tM0t,sM feet, board
jiiiiish of lumber. Assuming that the
timber than; destroyed had a value of 76
Baker, F A
Baker, Wm
Bacnthr, V O
Bell. Loother
Barnes & Carrnel
Bates, J W
Bdghle. George
Belcher, W A
Bertelson, Kalse
Bieens, Bill
Bltcn. E H
BoeUzer. J J
Booth. Rennle
Brown. W H
Brunrer, Fred
Burch, Geo A
Burton, E H
Busb), F
Cameron, John D
Cttnaday. Wm
Cargnant. Joseph
Carver, Stephen
Cai'scn. Frank R
Chealley, Harry
Claton. E H
Clark, W P
Cos. Portrait Co
Conky. G F
Dooley, Albert
DoMrins, M F
"Dorbek. Will
Darbln, W
Douglas, Larry A
Shrman, Charles
Eberman. X A
Eastwood. A J
Elllrwcod, C M
Ericsson. J E
Estea, J W ,
Farragut, C H
Fisher, J
rrancte. C H
Frcen.an. D C
Furgburg, Wm
Fuller, C P
Gtger. Harry
George, Fred
Gllson, Jos
titobe Coats Co
boodnough. F L
Gordon, W
Gnrilth, B Frank
Halbert, Mr
Hamlin, L D
Hamer. Cbas
Hamilton, Jastur J
Hansen, M
Hecman. Emll
Hills, Albert H
Hock, Joseph
Hodgson. Dr A J-2
Howe, Charles
Howard, J R T-2
Huhte. Jack
Hurbert. G W
HurHHit, Rube P, jr
Iverson, O
Ingrateen. I G
James. W S
Jxckson. Tom
Jenkins, Arthur
Kllger, Fred
Lain, G B
Lawrence. Edward
Ler.-olr, Monsieur A
Llnebaugh. Dr J A
Lhllllon. Victor
Linke. H L
Lovell, Warren
Lv-te, Burt
Ludwlck, D
Mcintosh, William
McLarghlin, Jas
liatems. Scott
Matsloff. H
Mead, James
Mercer, Leonard
Mitchell, Francis E
Montague, Klrke
Monte ROsa, Louis G
Montijo, Daniel
Morgan, Walter
Morgan, F B
MosTis, Charley
Muller. Ed
Telseon, Charley Y
Nichols. E E
Nlckerson, Allen B
Oregon Stock Exchange,
the president
Owen, Dick
Cr Daniel, Ernest
Pantall, J W
Parmr, James
Pel land, Fred
Peters, Fred M
Powerton, R M
Puliam, A
Putman, James
Reetf, Geo Rus
P or.. E M
RejnoMs. A H
Rtwrs. J F
Richardson. Fred.
Rolierts, James
Roberts, Z C
Robins3n. E B
Rood. Ingal
Rosenthal. Lwls
Sceggln, A N
Sharkey. Lloyd
Smith, Benjamin E
Smlta. Fred
Smith. H J
Smith, J O
Smith, Jno H
Smith. Will
Springer, August
Stewart, Geo E
Stewart. H L
Storn. H H
Stravtns, Rev W H
Thomas, W L
Trowbridge, J Raynvoal
Turner, Tom
Vance. W E
Wagner, D M
Walgamot, F A-2
Walker, John L
Wells. T H
Welker. W M
Whlttler. A D
White, H W
Wlgle. J E
Wliilams, Pierce
Williams. Dr Wm D
"WllJn, Tom
"U'lkon, James
"Winter. Jaek
Woodward, Geo C
Jent-en, Emanuel
JoAAExra, Ell
JohmoB. W J R
Kitpe, Frank
Idem, Jake
Keith. J A
Keating, ja
PACKAGES.
Lain. G B Miller. J C
A. B. CROASMAX. P. M.
to
Scnls Are PlentlfuL
The seal herds are etlll vanishing be
neath the hatches of the Canadian seal
ers. This year the schooners are making
pretty close to record catches off the
Oregon and California coast. The bark
entine Tam O'Shanter, which arrived in
San Francisco a short time ago, reports
having epoken the sealing schooner Ocean
Belle on January 22, In latitude 38:27 north,
longitude 125:18 west. She had on board
309 skins. The Vera also has 300 skins.
E. B. Marvin & Co. has received a tele
gram from Monterey, stating that the
Vera arrived there on the 5th, with 308
skins.
It Is a Comedy.
PORTLAND. Feb. . (To the Editor.)
To settle a dispute, please let me know,
through your valuable paper, if "The Win
ter's Tale" is a comedy or not? L, H.
COLFAX, Wash., Feb. 10. The farmers'
Institute closed a two days' meeting here
tonight, in which there was much interests
The topics presented; had practical bearing
on farming and horticulture in the Palouse
country.
The farmers' institute yesterday was at
tended by only a small number of farmers,
owing to lack of previous advertisement.
Those attending showed in every possible
way their intense interest.
Professor Doane opened the exercises
with a talk on "Orchard Pests." He con
sidered the codlln moth the worst of the
orchard pests, compared with it the San
Jose scale being much easier handled.
The codlln moth an orchardist must fight
continuously. In the Palouse country five
years ago little complaint was heard. from
the codlln moth. Since then it has -been
increasing, and more care must be taken
if we want to ra'se apples fit for the
market He told of the habits and growth
of the codlln moth, described It ana
showed the audience from his sample why
they were often mistaken between the cod
lln moth and other pests.
The codlln moth appears about the
time the tree Is In 'bloom. The eggs are
laid usually on the leaves, but not al
ways. The egg looks like a minute drop
of milk. In two weeks the larva hatches
from this, and the first effort of the larva
Is to seek the apple Itself. Sometimes
they are laid on the tree, sometimes on
the apple. If they are laid on the apple,
in 20 or 30 days it becomes full-grown.
As soon as hatched they seek the trurik
,of the tree. When they find a rough place
on the trunk, they hide away, and then
they spin their cocoons, bringing the sec
ond generation. There may be as high
,as six generations on one tree, according
to tne climate ana lengtn oi season, un
Snake river there are four to six, and
nob so many on the higher lands of the
Palouse country probably two genera
tions.
The codlln moth has peculiar habits; It
flies at dusk or in the night, principally
at dusk, and not in the" day time, when
it stays hid on the tree. It is practi
cally the same color as the bark on the
tree, and hard to detect. In the night
time it flies about, and scatters its egg3
over the tree. It Is not attracted by light,
as a cut-worm is.
When apples are put In the cellar In the
fall which are affected, one will And In
the spring larvae or cocoons at the bottom
of the bins. They live through the. winter,
and fly out m the orchard in tre spring,
full-grown codlln moths. The remedy Is,
when storing away in the fall, or at some
time during the winter, see that all win
dows and doors, and other openings of
the cellar or storing place, have screens,
so that the full-grown moth cannot escape
Into the orchard in the spring. This Is
about the only thing that can "be done
with an adult codlln moth. The eggs can
not be destroyed by spraying, because
any wash strong enough to destroy the
eggs would destroy the tree.
The proper time for a first spraying is
when the petals fall. Then take one
pound of paris green, two or three pounds
of lime, 160 to 200 gallons of water, a
small amount of glue to make the paris
green stick, make a fine mist over the
tree, but do not spray long enough to
allow It to run In drops from the leaves.
Ten days or two weeks later, spray again.
It is very doubtful If any further spray
ing is of value. The value of the first
spraying Is based on the fact that when
the petals fall the calyx cup stands up
right, and the spraying mixture fills it
full. Then the calyx cup closes up, and
the second spraying is largely precaution
ary. It is estimated that the first spray
ing will kill 75 per cent of the eggs and
the larvae. When this has been done
all has been done that can be in com
batting the codlln moth.
Professor Doane recommended that all
of the old and rough bark on the trunk
of the tree be scraped off; that a gunny
sack or some similar rough substance be
bound around the tree. The codlln moth
larvae seek this. Every two weeksr the
orchard should be gone over and these
gunnysack bands should be taken off and
the larvae destroyed, either by burning the
band or by dipping It in hot water. If
the orchardist Is too busy In the summer
time to do this work, at least these bands
should be put on the trees In August and
be left all winter. In this way all the
fall and winter larvae will be disposed of.
Apples that drop during the growing sea
son are affected, and they should be de
stroyed, which can probably bo best done
by turning the hogs loose In the orchard.
White arsenic is coming Into general use
in place of paris green as a sprayer.
Diversified Farming.
Professor C. L. Smith, of Minnesota,
who is In the country on invitation of the
O. R. & N. Co., spoke on "What Dairy
ing Has Done for Minnesota."
He opened with the" statement that a
single crop system always ends in dis
aster. The railroads have been the first
to realize that they could not, for a term
of years, successfully operate, lines
through country depend ng upon one crop
alone. It is uncertain, and subject to
disaster. Eighteen years ago the Minne
apolis and St Paul people interested East
ern capitalists in two railways from those
cities into contiguous country where
farmers wero producing but one crop
wheat. In less than 10 years these two
roads -went bankrupt, and the manage
ment was changed per force.
The new management quickly decided
that something must be done to induce
farmers to change their system. The first
thing done was to invite farmers to visit
the state experiment station, giving them
free transportation. Numbers of them did
so. They were surprised, delighted and
interested at the work be'.ng done. Re
turning home, they held farmers' meet
ings, as we are doing here. Within three
years the traffic along this line was mbre
than doubled.
One station on this line, the officers tell
me, under thev old regime never had a
shipment of anything except wheat, and
but little of that In 1899 the freights
paid there on incoming merchandise ex
ceeded "by several hundred dollars the re
ceipts on outgoing wheat The railway
simply used common sense in assisting to
better conditions.
The speaker said the Minnesotans were
probably worse off than we here In the
Palouse country, because they had been
farming on the wrong basis longer. The
history of the wheatgrowing states In the
United States, however well adapted to
gralnralslng, showed that continual crop
ping deteriorates both quantity and qual
ity. This is the history of the wheat-
growing Industry in Virginia, New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois and other
states, Including Minnesota. But It took
our people a long time to learn that to
raise wheat exclusively was only another
way of extendln a pressing invi
tation for failure to aDlde with
them. It is hoped that you farm
ers of the Palouse country will not
take so long to learn your lesson. The
changes in Minnesota once this lesson
was learned were wonderful. The farm
ers have quit abusing the money loaner
and high rates of Interest, the times' are
now so hard there that the farmers can
not get even 2 per cent on their money
deposited in the banks. The banks will
not pay Interest because there is no de
mand for money, or at least not suffi
cient demand to provide use for the sur
plus funds of the farming population. New
farmhouses are being built, old ones paint
ed and repaired, and grassy lawns laid in
front Land sells at from $50 to $io an
acre. If one finds any one who will sell.
There 15 none for sale. I talked to the
register of deeds of Fillmore county two
fers of farms' in that year, she of them
being necessary to settle estates where
the owner had died.
I do not consider that dairying has
alone brought about this change, but it
was certainly an important factor the
main spoke in the wheel iii producing a
change from extreme poverty among farm
ers to a satisfactory condition. It is the
central and Important factor. Steele
county, one of the smallest of the state,
consisting of 12 townships, during the days
of wheatralsing, fell far below the aver
age In its yield of grain. Today there
are 30 co-operative creameries paying J650,
000 a year for cream alone. Not only this,
they sold more wheat last year than
they ever did- before. The average yield
was better because of the fertilization ot
the ground from the stock. Not a straw
stack was ' "burned: no screenings
were shipped, but. saved and fed to
the chickens; more hogs were
sold than ever before; more bsef
was shipped; more dressed poul
try was shipped than ever before. Sixty
cars of eggs were shipped from one station
alone. They sold clover seed, beans, po
tatoes, horses and any nunYber of other
things. The aggregate of all other things
besides dairy products was probably three
times the value of the cream.
A banker in th!s county told me that he
was exptcting to change his location, un
less something then unforseen happened.
He said that when he first came to the
country the farmers growled at him con
stantly because he would aot loan his
money on no or insufficient security, and
when he did loan It demanded such high
interest. Now there is a continual ding
dong for him to allow 1 or 2 per cent
on the $400,000 of farmers' money on de
posit In his bank.
The objections that were raised in Min
nesota against diversified farming are now
being raised in the Palouse country. When
the legislature passed a law appropriating
$7500 a year to maintain farmers' insti
tutes, the only votes against the law were
by farmer members. All the city legisla
tors were heartily in favor of the appro
priation. I advise the farmer to obtain the
bulletins as they are Issued by the experi
ment station at Pullman, as they contain
much of value the latest and "best scien
tific Information.
Grasses lor Pasture.
A. B. Leckenby, of Tacoma, assistant
agrostologlst for the Pacific coast of
the United States department of agricul
ture, delivered an interesting lecture on
grasses. Speaking of the destruction of
the range in the West, and the efforts of
the department of agriculture to preserve
these ranges, and how cattlemen at their
recent convention had passed resolutions
and petitioned congress to lease large bod
ies of government land for pasture in or
der that it might be fenced and the grass
preserved he declared that the native grass
of this country, commonly called bunch
grass, can be rcsown, and. will then afford
'better pasture than it did originally. He
explained how to do this so as to obtain
the best results, and urged that the pas
tures be renewed in this manner and the
ranges thus preserved. Alluding to the
Russian brome grass, which has attract
ed so much attention of late, the speaker
said it was one of the best pasture and
forage grasses that could be obtained for
thiscountry. He also considered Italian
rye grass equally good in most localities,
while in some placesthls latter grass is
altogether the best possible grass than can
be grown. Next in importance was the
Canadian blue grass, which does well on
cold, black and rich soil, and also on the
warm, light and sandy places, and stock
of all kinds eat it with avidity, and do
well on it Telling of the best grasses for
different kinds of stock, the speaker said:
"If a farmer Intends to go into the
cattle business he should ascertain the
best grasses for cows, and should he de
sire to go into the sheep business (and a
farmer should engage In both industries),
he should learn what kinds of grass the
sheep like and thrive on best. Canadian
blue grass Is almost equally good for both
cattle and sheep."
Professor Spillman, of the agricultural
collegei here Interrupted the speaker, and
said that each of these grasses was the
choice pf the cow and the sheep -whenever
such a choice was left to 'the animals,
and told how he discovered this fact. This
was when some cows and several sheep at
the college farms broke out of the pas
ture into the field where he had 200 grass
plots growing. Both sheep and cows con
fined their attention to the two plots plant
ed to Italian rye grass and the Canadian
blue grass, which they ate out clean,
leaving the other 198 plots untouched.
In answer to questions, Mr, Leckenby
said that the Italian rye grass is one of
the best-known hog grasses, while the
Canadian blue grass is not a good hog
feed. Red alfalfa and the Italian rye do
splendidly together, as each takes oppo
site substances from the soil. He advo
cated sowing vacant spots In alfalfa fields
to Italian rye grass, and said It should
be harrowed In, the process of harrowing
iDelng a decided benefit to the alfalfa. The
"speaker said that Italian rye grass will
grow on stronger alkaline ground than
almost any other grass or grain. He found
It would thrive on alkali spots where alfal
fa will net grow In answer to a question,
the speaker said ho found Russian brome
grass does not do well on wet lands. He
described It as "sunshine grass," wh'ch
does well in warm ground and on upland.
HOW RICH WE'VE GROWN
OUR TRADE AT OUR MOSEY PASS
TWO BILLION-DOLLAR LINE.
Money In. Circulation Nott 33 Per
Cent More Than in 1807 Tvro
1 Thirds the Increase Is Gold.
WASHINGTON, Feb. 11. Every 'year's
developments seem to Justify the asser
tion that this is a "billion-dollar country."
The year 1899 brought our foreign com
merce, for the first time, past the $2,000,-
OD0.0O0 line, and the month of February,
1900, shows our money in circulation for
the first time as more than $2,000,000,000.
Thus, by a ourious coincidence, the an
nouncement of $2,000,000,000 of foreign com
merce and $2,000,000,000 of money in circu
lation are made within a single month,
the totals Indicating that the $2,000,000,000
line had been crossed In our commerce for
1899, having been only completed by the
treasury bureau of statistics on January
14, while the treasury bureau of loans and
currency, on February 1, announced that
the total money In circulation had also
crossed the $2,000,000,000 line, while gold
and gold certificates alone had crossed the
$800,000,000 line. The total foreign com
merce for the year 1893 was $2,074,345,242,
while the total money in circulation, on
February 1, was $2,003,149,355. The use of 10
figures with which to show the business
conditions of the country is, indeed, be
coming surprisingly frequent The tables'
of the December summary of commerce J
and finance how, for instance, the total
resources of national banks at $4,475,343,
924; the latest report of the controller of
the currency shows the deposits In sav
ings banks to be $2,230,366,954; the total re
sources of all banks in the United States
are given by the same report as $5,196,177,
381, and the latest number of the sum
mary of commerce and finance show3 the
December clearing-house returns of all
cities outside of New York, at $3,012,896,144,
and those of the city of New York at
$0,348,285,867.
The announcement that the money in
circulation in the United States has, for
the first time, crossed the $2,000,000,000 line,
also calls attention to the fact that the
amount of money for each Individual Is
greater today than ever before. The treas
ury bureau of loans and currency pub
lishes, each month, a statement of the
amount of money in circulation, and by
combining with this the actuary's esti
mate of population, presents a monthly
statement of the amount of money in cir
culation per capita. This statement puts
the population, on February 1, 1900, at
77,116,000, the money In circulation at $2,003,
149,355, and the circulation per capita at
$25 98. This gives a larger per capita than
in any earlier month in the history of the
country. On February 1, 1899, it was $25 42;
on February 1, 1393, $23 42; on February 1,
1897, $23 05, and on Februa.y 1, 1896, $22 47.
No period In our financial history has
shown a more rapid growth In the amount
of money in circulation than that covered
by the past three or four years. The total
money in circulation today Is 33 per cent
greater than at the beginning of the fiscal
year, 1897, and the gold and gold certifi
cates in circulation, 61 pet cent greater
than at that time, the actual Increase in
money in circulation during that period be
ing $493,424,155, and of gold and gold cer
tificates, $305,886,000, practically two-thirds
of the increase, therefore, having been In
gold.
The following table shows the amount of
gold and: total money in circulation at the
I beginning of each quarter of the fiscal
year, from July 1, 1896, to date:
Gold coin Total
and certificates money
Date in clrculat'n. in circulat'n.
1896 July 1 $493,449,242 $1,509,725,200
Oct. 1 517,508,129 1,582,302,289
1897 Jan. 1 555,630,668 1.650,223.400
Apr. 1 554,582,095 1,669,000,664
July 1 556.432,594 1,646,023,246
Oct 1 564,997,312 1.678.840.538
1898 Jan. 1 584,126,049 1.721,100,640
Apr. 1 618.448.941 1,756.058,615
July 1 696,780,519 1.843,435,749
Oct. 1 658,043,721 1.816,596,392
1S93 Jan. 1 732.980,132 1,897,301,412
Apr. 1 727,748,591 1,927,846,942
July 1 734.716,728 1,932,484.239
Oct. 1 745,234,744 1.948,703,186
1900 Jan. 1 779,100.627 1,980,388,170
Feb. 1 804.330,065 2.003,149,335
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FOR
SUBSIDY CAUSE WEAK.
FIGHTING NATURAL LAWS.
n Efforts to Amend the- Bill Plainly
Shovr.
Pianos-Organs, witey B Ajiea Co, J.Sai5 fip. Tiers. Mi fcaea eight trans- i in-law.
Singular, Obtnscness Co in inff to Light
in Xew York State.
Chicago Tribune.
There is under consideration in the New
York legislature a bill for the exemption
of real estate from taxation for state pur
poses. To make good this loss of revenue
it is proposed, among other things, to Im
pose a tax of one-half of 1 per cent on
mortgages, which are to pay no local
taxes. This Is no concession, as they do
not nowl
. The opponents of this tax say it will fall
on mortgages in the form of higlier inter
est rates. The friends of the scheme say
the effect will, be to lower interest rates.
They argue that while taxes are paid on
few mortgages, except those whose owner
ship Is revealed in the probate court, yet
they are all liable to pay a tax of about 2
per cent, and that a knowledge of this
keeps up Interest rates above the point
at which they would bo if it was known
that the tax on mortgages could not ex
ceed one-haff "of 1 per cent. It Is alleged
that this is what happened in Maryland
when a stringent law for the taxation of
mortgages at a low rate was put into
force.
The truth of this last statement is" de
nied on good authority. Whether it Is
correct or not, it Is Interesting to notice
that lenders on real estate security in New
York city are insisting that a clause shall
be Inserted in new mortgages, by which
the mortgagor agrees to pay the one-halt
of 1 per Cent if the bill becomes a law.
It appears that about 75 per cent of the
property in the county of New York la
mortgaged. About 10 per cent of the mort
gages ara overdue, and payment would
be called for at once If the bill which has
been mentioned should become a law. In
18S8 a similar bill was Introduced and Ita
passage strongly urged. As a conse
quence many of the mortgages made since
then have a provision that principal and
accrued interest shall become due at once
if a mortgage-taxing law Is enacted. So
the passage of such a measure would ba
Injurious to the majority of real estate
owners.
It is singular what a long lease of life
this nbtlon of taxing mortgages for tho
aHeged benefit of mortgagors has. Wher
ever it has been tried it has harmed them.
Some states wfalch have tried the experi
ment have abandoned it Others' will do
so when they arc more intelligent. Yet
this exploded project is brought forward
again Jn a state like New York.
Arrival of Turkish. Minister.
NEW YORK, Feb. U. All Ferbh Bey,
the Turkish minister to the United States,
arrived on La Gascogne today, and left
at once for Washington. Minister Feroh
J was accomoanisti h bis wile ami sister-
Baltimore Sun.
The modifications made In tho original
draft of the shipping subsidy bill show
that It is not so strong as its advocates
would have us believe. To get votes for it
Its supporters have had to let in various
Interests, so that It is no longer a bill to
promote American shipbuilding exclusive
ly, but will offer "bounties to companies
that have bought their ships abroad with
in a certain period. The total amount of
subsidy payable has been limited to
$9,000,000, at the request of congressmen
from states that have no seacoast, with
tho effect that the bill is a puny effort to
accomplish a result that requires hundreds
of millions. Only two or three existing
companies can hope to profit by the mo
nopoly the subsidies will create.
The conservative commercial press of
the Union is upon the whole incredulous
as to the advantages promised by the sub
sidy Jobbers, taking the view that we tried
subsidies years agd without success, and
other nations, notably France, have failed
wholly to get results from the subsidy
system. English and German subsidies
are spoken of, but the subsidized lines of
these countries form but a small fraction
of their merchant marine: "It ought to
be evident by this time," says the Iron
Age, "that the country which eventually
is to be supreme in the shipping trade of
the world will not become so on account
of the payment of subsidies. The Ameri
can people have been able to develop an
unparalleled transportation system on
land by means of private enterprise and
the employment of private capital. Why
should it be more necessary to depend
upon government aid In the building of
ships? This question is pertinent in view
of the success of the American shipping
trade before the period when railway
building began to abporb to so large an
extent the capital of the country."
This directs attention to the real cause
of the decline of American shipping en
gaged in the foreign- trade the fact that
Investments in developing the resources of
the interior of the country have paid
much better than shipownlng. In the last
40 years we have built thousands of cities
and towns, opened innumerable profitable
mines, established furnaces and factories
and added 100,000 miles of railway, to say
nothing of the street railways, coast ship
ping, telegraphs, telephones and farms wo
have been investing In. These were more
profitable than shipping, which pays only
4 or 5 per cent We lot the foreigner take
a business we did not care for except as
a matter of sentiment As soon as our
investments ashore pay us no more than
we can get at sea we shall go to sea and
compete with the English, Norwegians,
Germans and Italians for the precarious
and narrow profits of shipownlng.
a
The World's Navies.
The German naval bill, which recently
passed the federal council and is now
pending in the; reichstag, provides for 38
ships of the line, six. cruisers and a large
number of torpedo-boats and gunboats, the
construction of which Is spread over tho
next 20 years. Germany now has 18 battle-ships,
37 cruisers of all kinds, 11 coast
defense vessels, US torpedo-boata and one
torpedo-boat destroyer. Its ultimate navy,
as contemplated by this bill, omitting coast
defense and small vessels, Is 159 war ves
sels of the battle-ship and cruiser class.
This eeem a powerful navy upon paper,
but the real effectiveness of the German
navy, as compared with other European
navies, is better ascertained from the ves
sls that sssesuasaiam- ba? afloat sad
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INTELLIGENT
DISCUSSION
By reading Dr. Jesse Macy's articles on Ameri
ican Political Parties in The Oregonian's Home
Study Circle, beginning Monday, February 19.
JESSE MAOY, LL. D.
Dr. Macy is the most distinguished awihorky in
America on political history. He has occupied the
chair of political science in Iowa College since 18S5,
and is the author of "Our Government "The Eng Ush
Constitution" and other well-known books.
The course on American Political Parties has been
arranged for young voters, and for the presidential year,
with a view of directing intelligent political study and
discussion. Many interesting portraits, rnps and dia
grams will be shown, illustrating the history of Ameri
can politics.
The outline of topics is as follows:
1. The Federalist Party and Its OppoBaais
2. (The same, continued.) t ''.'
3. Local andState Farfey- OrgaafaatfeB .. r, ar-
4. National Nominating Maoateeryt -- 1 (
(1) The CongressloBal Party Caras.
5. National Nominating Maktocy.
,(2) The National Conventls.
- 6. The Bra of Good Feeling.
7. The Democratic Party Unter Jackeoa.
8. Origin of the Whig Party.
9. Effect of the Mexican War Upoa Patty
Organization.
10. Decline of the Whig Party.
11. The American, or Know-Nothiag, Party.
12. Origin of the Republican Party.
13. Party Organization on SectioBal Line.
14. The Campaign of I860. t
15. Minor Parties- Previous to the Civil War.
16. The Fully Organized Party Maehise.
The spring term of the Home Study Cirete wiH begin
Thursday, February 15," and continue throughout Feb
ruary, March, April and May, presenting the following
courses of study:
American Political Parties.
Twenty Lessons in French Conversationi
Recent Scientific Discoveries.
Golden Ages of Literature.
Photography for Amateurs.
Biographical Studies for Girls.
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fs building. These comprise 98 battle-ships
and cruisers. Great Britain baa 53 com
pleted battle-ships, 17 armored cruisers, 107
protected, and 15 unprotected cruisers, and
Is building 17 battle-ships, 14 armored cruis
ers and nine protected cruisers, or a total
of 232, as against Germany's 6S. France
has 123 vessels of these classes, and Bus-
Is what ailed It here. The difference be
tween Chicago, however. Is this: Chicago
rose in revolt and declined to go. New
York has endured it another season, not
because opeipa-aosrs wished to see tho
I opera, but because tney wisoea 10 see
e&eh other. New that they have begun
to growl and to demand a change of
and Mrs. Brown's tiara, after a tlsie grow
raenotooows asd tiresome. No weRder tiw
promoters are thinking' serkmaly about
their f atura pottcy.
HI '
.. m t.. kiA.eMn orv niicP aflcflt methods It Is evident they ace tirtaff ot
Great Britain has 192 and France, Ger- j seeing each ether. Mrs. Ssistfi's gowns
many and, Russia combined, itz. me
srreat navy contemplated by the German
naval bill will take many years to con- j
struct, and Involves an immense outlay ot
money, but even when, tho work is eese
Great Britain's preponderance on the ocean
will be proportionately as formidable as it
Is now. If this increase of strength on
Germany's part has been Inspired by the
desire to contest England's supremacy on
the ocean, it will fall short of Us purpose.
It will have a formWrble navy 26 years
from now if the present schemes are ear
Jast Like the Sacs Canal.
New York Thaee.
The ides, of the joint protectorate dis
appears. That Is and always was highly
oojeottoiiaWo that is. If we are to main
tain oar pretswtloa that American affairs
are to be free from Kuropeaa interference.
T sntaxantee of the neutrality of the
ried out, but not formldaole enough to I caneii jg & vry different matter. It la
justify a hostile attitude to Great Britain. iintly desirable that all the eommer-
' ctel and civiUaed powers shall unite -a
Another Operatic Tale of Woe. that guarantee, as the powers of Europe-,
Chicago Tribune. by the Constenttaeple agreement of l&7r
A familiar tale of woe Is beginning to guarantee that the Seez canal shall at a J
come from New York, and Mr. Grau is times. In. peace as wett as In, war, for Uo
busy listening to it Notwithstanding ships of trade as well a for ships of war.
the stories of financial profit, the backera and ot an www, e aept open, ana iaai
of the grand opera are anxious as te the no warlike operatlOB shall be attempted
future. They have discovered that the in or near it As It is reported that other
pubXc Is growing tired of Mr. Grau's an-' nations are expected te Join Great Brita.a
nual offering, and that opera-goers never 1 and the UnKed. States te assuring the
before have shown so Isttle interest to ', neutrality of toe tettauittn canal. It may
wtoa Ja going on in froftt of them. The be aseumed that R wiH be placed upoa
details of the complaints have an old, practically the sasse feeting- as the Sues
farndlJar sound. Van Dyck was not able canal. This mass that we are free to
to sing for several weeks. -Saleza has construct and own the canal, to operate
only sung twice, Terofoa only once, and it. to make an neeoful and Just regulations
Dippel is overworked. With a few ex- for Its use and lantntonanoo. We shall ee
ceptlons "the scenery la oM and shabby expected te keep It seen and to protect it
and incorrect, the costumes are dirty, as Great Britain protests the Integrity of
tawdry and sloppy, and the stage man- the Sues canal by her eontrol ef Egypt,
agemen Is chiefly noticed by its absence." . it will become an ant of the sea, open to
Thertf Is the eternal round of "Faust," the trade ef tne world, wWl all powers
"Romeo and JuHetv" "Lohengrin," "Taan- privileged to nee K an none having any
hauser" and "Die Walkure." Iack of greater rights and prtvnngea In its use
robearseis has airways been a feature of than any ether.
this company, and Ibis year ttiere do not s
"appear to be any. The brlWant revivals Habitual uniiuHiimltnii onced and the
wfakih were premised In the prospectus k0W8g strongthoeosV by tHesegular use
have been postponed indeflfiftely. Tate Is ot Carter's LpSe I4V fB te 9WU
yhn,t Ua the o$ec&- to Nar ?& && teacn Jtea't cst tws.