THE MORNING OREGONIAN," FRIDAY, " FEBRUARY 9, 1900.
5
NO HELP TO THE FARMER
J. J. HXXjX OPFG9BS HAAXA-PAY.B
SUBSIDY BILL.
Address 1b. "WMek He Said Fassagre of
the Bill Waul Be & National
Soaadal.
J. J. IBM. reeently spke before the
State AgfteMltwral Society of Hlmteeeta
on TBrge4 Markets. &e 'was particu
larly ektspekea in Ms eppesttJon to the
HatuML-P&yne subsidy MU, saw pending la
congress for tbe second tine. Hie ad
dress In full was as fottews:
Tbe question of & market is next In
Importance to the question of raising tbe
commodities we have to sell. Our coun
v try has been for Ml years essentially an
agricultural country. Fully one-half of
the property, of the capital invested in
property, in the entire country Is invested
in agricultural property or pursuits.
About one-half of Ihe population of the
oountry te following; directly or indirectly,
the cultivation of the sett. We have ex
tended our Holds, extended the areas from
which are raised our agricultural products,
until we have practically created a sup
ply that for a large portion of the time
Is in excess of the demand.
In the Northwest our priaolpal crop Is
iiheat. It has been wheat as far baok
as I eaa recall the first farming In the
state. I don't know any reason why the
farmers of Minnesota may not go on
Indefinitely raising wheat. They are now
paying more attention to dairying and to
live stock, and I think they are reaping
the benefit. The benefit from dairying
Is not alone in the product of the dairy.
The farmer gets back in the added fer
tility of the soil an equivalent of fully
one-third of all the fodder consumed by
the animals fed.
The population of this country doubles
about every M years. An examination of
the ceneue resorts snows this to be true,
and there k no reason to expect that this
rate of growth will not continue. If this
is the fact, in HM we will have a popula
tion of from XM,(O,6O0 to 1,09.WQ. They
must all be occupied. They can't be like
Artemue Ward's regiment atl brigadier
generate. Somebody must always work
and always will work. If the population
continues to increase in the ratio indi
cated, where are we to put them all, and
what are they to do?
'World's Wheat Consumption.
The world consumes 2,309,903,009 bush
els of wheat per annum. In 1H7 the fig
urea gave a total of about 2,288,009,000,
a shortage of about 7MM.M9 bushels from
the total ordinarily estimated as the re
quired amount to feed the wheat-eating
peoples of the earth. The wheat-eating
peoples of the world are about one-third
of the total population, and they eat an
average of a barrel of Hour In a year.
In this country we eat about Ave and one
half buehete per capita. Ia England It is
-about four and one-half bushels; In
Franae and Germany it is lew.
Now, K .you will recall prior to 1867,
many will remember that the price of
wheat was very low, but that shortage
of 7f,ee,e0 In the entire world advanced
the price from 15 to St cents per busheL
It is moat extraordinary to me that so
small an actual shortage should, be fol
lowed by an advance on the entire prod
uct amounting to many times the value
of the number of bushels of the shortage
during that year.
Our grain, and In fact our agricultural
products generally .including meat In Us
various forme our cheese, I am sorry to
say. hardly does us credit but our meat
and our grain And a market in Europe,
fttxty to It 3r efjtt of our entire sales
abroad goes to Ores Britain. Great
Britain produces enough wheat to furnish
Its own people bread for only 12 weeks
out of the EL In Germany we are not
quite so welcome. The agricultural rep
resentatives In the different parliamentary
gatherings Jegkuate against us. They find
some excuse to keep our meat, or our
butter, or our lard, or our grain from
their markets. France also discriminates
against us. The reason is that so large
a portion of the French population Is on
the land cultivates the soil that the
French politician is anxious to take care
of that Interest.
The Porgretten Farmer.
Our oountry is expanding in population.
What hee been done to expand our mar
kets? What Intelligent work has been
done since the Civil war and that Is
as far back as most of ue remember
or need to go to add to our foreign mar
ket? I have given tbe subject some at
tention and I am free to say that I have
failed to nod a single Intelligent sentence
written or apoken by any one, in an en
deavor to Improve oar market for agri
cultural products. We have fostered many
interests and have said that we must pre
serve our home market. Now our ex
ports of Iron and steel during the past
year have amounted to J75,Wfl,0&8, a little
more than one-half the value of our wheat,
but a small .portion of our entire agricul
tural product.
The cheapest steel produced in Great
Britain is probably the steet of the Mkl
fUesborough district. A year ago, before
the recent advances, It cost them about
& 76 to produce a ton of Bessemer pig.
In this country, taking the cheaply mined,
cheaply handled Lake Superior ores of
highest quality at the point where it is
assembled with the West Virginia o
Pennsylvania coke, the cost of as good a
quality of Bessemer pig is about ?2 5 a
ton less than in Great Britain. So that
we are able to furnish them with pic and
billets and to an extent with rails and
plates and other manufactured steel. We
are also gnipptag It to Italy and Austria
and Germany. We can furnish the peo
ples of those countries with these prod
ucts for less than they can produce It
themselves.
With our great growth of population we
must consider how the people must be
employed so that they may be intelli
gent, prosperous and happy. The foun
dation of the oountry, of all Its material
good depends more upon the agricultur
al class than upon all the others combined.
The intelligence and patriotism of the
country certainly lies to as large an extent
if not larger with the people on the
farms as with all others combined. The
nation has found whenever this has been
tested, whenever help was wanted to sus
tain the flag, that K has come from the
fields, and. I see no reason why It should
not always come from the fields.
Rivals la the Field.
If we are to continue turning out prod
ucts we must And markets. As I have al
ready said, we sell M or ! per cent of the
total to one country. If for any reason
that oountry was not able to buyfrera us
our people would very quickly realize the
real situation they are in. Take the Ar
gentine Republic, for example. Argen
tina at times has been a sort of bug
bear. The Argentina wheat has broken
down the price of the American crop m
Europe. Australia has done the same
thing occasionally. India was considered
a few years ago our great competitor.
But India is Just as likely to have a
shortage and famine as to have a surplus.
For a few years the Argentina crop
has been a light one. This month they
are harvesting a crop variously estimated
at from 6t.0.Mt to n,ttt,M bushels.
Australia was a customer of ours to a
limited extent last year. This year she
will have from 7.Mv to 10.00(1,003 bushels
to sett. Under these conditions we may
find ourselves as we did In the latter part
of 18M and In MW against a low price of
wheat, so low that It will not be profit
able to cultivate it. And when this is so
this section suffers because so many people
are Interested la the sett and 4a this one
crop.
Where an we sell our crop' In Europe,
France or Italy, or Austria, or Germany
we are met with hostile legislation We
are not welcome to take our wheat to
Russia would be like carrying coals to
Newcastle. They have a surplus to sell.
If one-third of the people of the world
only are wheat-eaters and the other two
thirds live on rice or maize or rye, we
must find our markets with people who
are not now consumers of our crop. We
must have more people to consume the
stuff we produce. It is not an experi
ment. I believe that wherever wheaten
flour has been introduced to any race,
with the single exception of the blaqk
race, they are from that time on ready
to consume it. Take our own American
Indians. Once they ahve had it, the Indi
ans want flour more than anything else,
and will go further to get It except pos
sibly "firewater. The Asiatic rice-eaters
are as fond of flour as the white race, and
as ready to eat it If they can get it at a
fair price.
"Wasres and Freights.
The question may arise, how can people
who work for wages of from 10 to 15 cents
a day and have lived for centuries on
Just such wages how can they buy flour
which must be carried across the Pacific
ocean? If they did buy flour, instead of
4 bushels ier capita at the rate of one
bushel per capita, we in this country
would have to go to eating corn pone.
We 6lmply couldn't sell it to them. Sup
pose we could let them have 150,000,000
bushels, which Is a very large surplus
the average for 10 years has been about
97,000,000 bushels. If we could sell them
one bushel per capita, it would take 450,
000,000 to supply China and Japan alone,
to say nothing of Straits Settlements and
other countries having a large population.
In the north and west parts of China
there Is an excellent farming country
with fine farmsteads and buildings. There
they can raise corn and wheat, but they
are so far from the dense population on
the seacoast that It cannot be carried
there. We may perhaps fear that Russia
with the Siberian railroad completed may
enter Into competition with us for the
Asiatic wheat or flour trade. The trans
portation question settles that. The aver
age rate on the Russian state railroads is
1.8 cents per ton per mile. If the actual
cost of operation amounted to but two
thirds of this figure L2 cents per ton per
mile this rate applied to the distance
from that part of Siberia where the wheat
Is grown would give a transportation
charge of 54 20 per barrel on flour, while
it should be carried from our Pacific ports
to Yokohoma, Nagasaki, Kobe, Shanghai
and Hong Kong for 25 cents a hundred,
$6 a ton, 50 cents a barrel. Russia is not
In a position to compete with us at all,
even if the wheat and flour were carried
for the naked cost of its transportation
to the government. What applies in this
respect to our wheat applies to cotton
from the South and to every pther article
we export, even to Iron and steel.
Vaunted Home Market.
If the home market which we .have
nursed for so long for our iron and steel
Industries is of so much value, let us now
go on and take some care of our agricul
tural Interests and not leave thennwhere
they are today without one lota of as
sistance from any point. A year ago you
could buy noils for ?1 25 a keg; now they
are 73 25. You all know how lumber has
gone up and all the other articles of prime
necessity on the prairie farm. Fuel has
advanced. Everything made of Iron has
advanced. But your crop has not ad
vanced because It is sold in open competi
tion with the product of the world. And
until we get other peoples to eat wheat
It will not advance, and you will go on
hoping against hope. You will not get a
high price for your wheat until wheat Is
made scarce. The figures I have already
given you Illustrate It perfectly. A short
age of only 70,000,000 bushels in one year's
crop raised the price of the whole many
times the value of the shortage.
If we could Increase our export to the
Orient by 50,000,000 bushels and reduce
our export to Europe 50,000,000 bushels, I
.haven't the slightest doubt it would .ad
vance the price tof -what we do send to
Europe 15 or 20 cents.
In tho first place, what we would send
to the Orient would go from the Pacific
coast. The Pacific coast grain Is handled
In a manner entirely different from that
which prevails east of the Rocky moun
tains. Having to cross the equator twice,
It must be carried in sacks to prevent
heatinc, not In bulk in the hull of a ship,
as on the Great Lakes or the Atlantic,
The grain Is practically all bought by
three concerns, two of them located In
Liverpool and also Interested In the White
Star line of steamers, so that they fur
nish their own shipping. It Is sent to
England and sold for what it will bring.
It aots as a damper a wet blanket on
the entire market. The voyage around
the Horn Is four months long, and by the
time the first cargoes are reaching port
the last are leaving, so that It is all
afloat at the same time. The buyer in
Europe knows what is afloat. Thus the
manner in which the crop is handled
breaks the market down more than twica
the same amount from Atlantic- ports.
There the buyer must send over and place
his order In advance of shipment. With
the Pacific coast groin It must sell for
what it will bring. The ship cannot be
delayed and the grain cannot be stored in
sacks.
In Competition "With the "World.
You can never get away from the prac
tical proposition that you are In competi
tion with every wheatralser In every
country, the peasants on the steppes of
Russia, the ryots of India or the Argen
tine farmers, most of whom went from
Italy. You are In competition with them
on an even wfrlpnletree and you always
will be so long as you have to sell out
side your own country, and that your
own country will ever consume your en
tire product no intelligent man will thlnK,
at least for half a century,
W may Increase the wheat area. Bet
ter cultiation and there Is room for it
will Increase the yield. More than a hun
dred years ago, after the American Revo
lution, the people in Great Britain began
leavinjr the farms in such numbers that
a royal commission was appointed to de
vise means to keep the people on the land.
That was the foundation of the Royal
Agricultural Society of Great Britain,,
which is giving premiums for particular
ly well-cultivated fields.
You must excuse me if I digress from
the question of markets to take a whack
at the farmers. They certainly ought to
do better fpr themselves. In England
they have raised their average yield from
10 to 12 bushels 100 years ago to 22 to 20
bushels. Every intelligent farmer knows
that under fair conditions he is entitled to
a yield of 20 bushels to the acre if culti
vated properly. Oh, they say, that Is spe
cial cultivation. I would make It general
cultivation. It wouldn't be necessary to
cut as great an area. It would take less
labor. It requires about the same amount
of labor to handle 10 acres yielding 10 bush
els to the acre as 10 acres yielding 20
bushels tp the acre. It is a little heavier
to handle, but there are not so many steps.
But coming back to the question of how
to get the market. You can do nothing.
I can do very little. The price of trans
portation has come down, but the price of
wheat has come down with it. Compare
the cost of carrying a ton of wheat to
Liverpool or Antwerp 20 years ago and
now, and you will find that the fall in the
price of wheat from year to year Is Just
about the difference In this rate. It hah
made wheat cheaper for the other follow.
He Is not compelled to take your wheat
from Argentine or anywhere else.
We must find new customers by enlarg
ing our commercial relations, by expand
ing our markets. The country has always
expanded and always will. If it is to go
on and increase we must have some place,
some people, where we can get rid of the
stuff we raise.
Legislation on Wrong Lines.
I notice that the senator from New
Hampshire has introduced a bill looking
to the appointment of a commission to In
vestigate our commercial relations with
the Orient, with a view to extending our
markets. The new senator from North Da
kota in the first 30 days of his service has
introduced a similar proposition But both
of them seem to nio to wander wide of
the mark. They want two members of the
commission from the Pacific slope, two I
from the Atlantic seaboard, and one from
the Middle West The Pacific coast, to be
sure, raises 30,000,000 bushels of groin, but
the people whose Interest Is the greatest
and who will derive the greatest benefit ore
the people of the Middl West.
Suppose the trade with these people to
amount to one copper cent per capita for
each day in the year. That would amount
with China alone to Ji.000,000 a day nearly
51,500,000,000 a year. We couldn't begin to
furnish it to them. We haven't tho sur
plus. The European nations have the Mediter
ranean sea and two oceans to cross In
reaching these peoples. We have to cross
but one ocean. Some of our friends say
the Panama canal should be built. It
might do us some good if we had any
ships to use It. Of- the carrying trade
going to China in 1898 we carried three
fourths of one per cent. Yet we call our
selves a commercial nation and are ambi
tious to be a maritime nation.
There is -a bill in congress to promote
the building of an American merchant ma
rine. It gives a bonus to ships of Amer
ican build according to the measurement of
the ship, steam or sailing vessel, for trips
of 1500 miles or more and not more than
16 trips a year. It seepis to me to fall
short of what is desired, for it is not neces
sary to carry one ton of American prod
ucts. The payment is on the measurement
of the ship and the distance out and back.
Shipowner vs. Producer.
I am entirely unable to see why tho
American people should pay a bonus on
ships coming back from Germany or
France carrying a oargo of champagne or
kid gloves, or any other of the products
of those countries, or the commerce of
any other country to our own. Certainly
they should not as long as wheat Is 50
cents a bushel and has no assistance from
any quarter.
Whatever bonus Is to be paid I would
apply It to tho product of the American
field and forest and the mine If the
American miner is disposed to kick up a
fuss about it. But If they were able to
sell at Mobile at $7 a ton they needn't
kick, now that they are getting $18 or
$20 a ton:
The product of your labor Is selling no
higher than a year ago. .The reason is
plain. It is no more scarce; perhaps it Is
a little more plentiful. 'And there will be
no relief until there are new peoples to
consume. Make your product scarcer and
you make It higher.
There Is another condition In this bill
which Is'to be railroaded through. They
give for ships of 14 knots' speed a bonus
on the measurement out and back, a bo
nus of 1 cent a ton for each 100 miles. For
ships of 21 knots they give 2.3 cents. It is
a well-established fact tho world over that
the cheapest carriers are the low-speed
vessels. Take the Lucania and the Cam
pania, with engines of 30,000 horse-power
and a speed of 21 knots. Horse power of
7500 would drive them 14 knots one-fourth
the power and twotbirds the speed. It is
the last knot that costs the money. A ship
with a speed of 21 knots, while its meas
ured capacity may be 15,000 tons, couldn't
possibly carry 3500 tons of your agricultural
products. And still under that bill It would
get an average bonus out and back of
about $1000 a day.
Now, If the bonus was paid on outgoing
commodities, products raised in our coun
try, certified out under a customs certifi
cate and certified into a foreign country
under a consular certificate, we could af
ford to pay for what had found a new
market. It Is unfair to pay for a tonnage
we could not use.
Speed Doesn't Signify.
It cuts no figure with the farmer how
many ships cross the Atlantic at a speed
of 21 knots. It Is unfair to the farmer
and yet It is proposed in the interest of
the farmer. He is asking for bread and it
is giving him a stone. If your products
were carried across the Atlantic for noth
ing, it would only break down the market
still more for the benefit of the buyer.
If this bill passes and It may be made
the business of a party to pass It I hope
not it will prove the worst delusion and
snare ever offered. The money can all be
absorbed by .15 or 20 Atlantic greyhounds.
The next time I ask you to consider th&
extension of your markets by providing
means to carry your products to market
and I expect to keep at It until something
Is accomplished you pwill say that It has
been tried and failed.' It will not be tried
under the present bill, It will pay on the
measurement of the ship. The ship may
never carry a pound of your products and
yet draw a bonus for its full measured ca
pacity. You care nothing about the size of the
ship but you do care about Its carrying
your products to some new people who will
use them. If this measure is to be urged
to assist the agricultural Interests, let It
be put in form where the aid cannot be
frittered away. There Is little time. The
fate of the bill will probably be deter
mified in the next 30 days.
I am not seeking to build ships, but
somebody will. Whoever does will build
because he sees on opportunity to moke a
reasonable return on his investment. The
reason we can compete with other nations
is because we have greater facility in us
ing human intelligence, while the other
nations use simply human energy. Fifty
or 60 years ago we had more than our
share of the world's carrying trade. To
day, the cheapest transportation in tho
world is on the Great Lakes. It now as
tonishes Europe, but tho end is not yet.
It can be done for even less.
Riddance of the Surplus.
But If we could carry grain at these
rates from the Pacific coast to China and
Japan we wouldn't ship one bushel of
wheat from the Pacific slope to Europe.
And with a chance to bring every car
back loaded with Pacific slope lumber
unless we- were forbidden by law to load
our empty cars you know we sometimes
are we could carry millions and millions
of bushels from Minnesota and the Da
kotos. You know empty cars one way
means double mileage.
It would not only help you here by tak
ing the Pacific coast wheat out of compe
tition, but it would carry away at times
a part of your own crop. Either I know
absolutely nothing or I know absolutely
that you would be greatly benefited. Why,
we have carried right through here hun
dreds of thousands of bales of cotton from
Texas to Puget sour-d. Our ships did
carry some wheat, 257,000 tons I think,
about 12,000,000 bushels, last year. The en
tire crop might have gone if there had
been ships to carry It
But If we are to pay $9,000,000 a year In
subsidies and three-fourths of It I3 to go to
fast ships on the Atlantic ocean. It will
bring you no benefit. Let us take our
products to markets where they cannot
supply themselves as well from other
points.
Take it up with your representatives.
I have talked with your representatives
and those from neighboring states, and I
know they are anxious to do the right
thing. But the trouble is they haven't yet
heard from you from the people. It will
do them good to let them know that you
are back of them and will support them
in opposing what will be .a. national scan
dal and disgrace upon the country.
I claim It would be a national scandal
and disgrace If, under the guise of helping
the agricultural industry of tho country,
a bonus of perhaps $450,000 a year is grant
ed to a lot of fast Atlantic passenger
boats on which people may go abroad to
spend the money they make here. If we
are ever to get so prosperous and so fool
ish as to do that, first let us raise the
price of wheat above 50 cents a bushel.
SMITH'S DANDRUFF POMADE
Has yet to find the first case in which it
failed to do all that Is claimed for it, and
Is the best preparation for dandruff. Itch
ing scalp and falling hair, and will moke
hair grow. Price 50c, at all druggists.
B
A book published in Japan 1000 years ago
notes that at that time good silk was al
ready produced In 25 provinces of that
country.
a '.
Chocolate is still used as rtdney In cer
tain parts of the interior of South Africa,
as also sre cocoanuts and eggs.
A STRONGHOLD OF ISLAM
VISIT TO THE ANCIENT CITY OF
BOKHARA.
Cruelty, Filth, and Fanatical Mo
hammedanism Distinguishes It
Its Mosques Kept Sacred.
BOKHARA, July 27. Abdul Hamld Beg
and I got Into a Russian phaeton drawn
by arpairMo'f little Bokhariot horses and
driven by a Tartar groom of tne enibassy,
for a trip to the ancient forbidden city of
Bokhara. It was nn extremely, hot day
and the road offered little shade, for the
Asiatics have not learned to plant trees
as freely as the Russians do In their
streets. Before we were fairly out of
the Russian town we drove past the un
finished palace of the 'emir Abdul
glanced at It as scornfully 'as did the
THE GREAT MINARET OP KALIAN.
Russian officers with whom I had made
my first coll. Evidently the palace gains
approval from no one.
The nine-mile drive to the city was dusty
and hot, but never dull. .Gardens and
grain fields lined the road on either side,
with here and there the mud walls which
surrounded an attractive place hidden
among mulberry and fruit trees. It does
not do to look down upon a dwelling in
this country because It is made of mud
and stands but one story high, with a flat
roof. It may be the home of a Bokhariot
plutocrat, with furnishings of silk hang
ings and rare carpets that would make
the critic yearn with envy If he could
but get a glimpse of them. The road was
busy with the traffic that drifts In and
out of the city, caravans of cam
els plodding along with the ut
most dignity and never glancing
to right or left, and caravans of don
keys, too though that does not seem Just
the right word under the guidance of pic
turesque donkey boys, who huddled them
to one side of the road in order fo let us
pass. There was nottnuch wheeled traffic,
though we passed a few- of the Bokhariot
arbas, those peculiar carts with wheel3
always as tall as a man's head and some
times as much as ten feet hi height. They
have their advantages, tho.ugh' lightness
Is not one of them, for Bokhariot history
relates that the army of the emir once
crossed the Oxus dry-shod during a march
against Khiva on a bridge made of these
carts. They are certainly more mobile
than pontoons. Sometimes there would be
half a dozen women bundled Into the cart,
while the horse which drew It was bestrode
by the big Bokhariot who, according to
Abdul, was the husband of them all, this
being the manner of giving the family an
outing. The men of the Bokhariot fam
ilies were dressed in the gayest of striped
and figured silks, while their women were
bundled Into black and gray robes utterly
shapeless and deftly calculated to conceal
every possible charm of person. Many
of these family parties were Tiding home
on the backs of their donkeys instead of
driving. In that case the husbands rode
over tho shoulders of the patient little
beasts, which were harrtiy tall enough to
keep the feet of a full-grown man from
dragging on the ground, wnile the wives,
sometimes two of them, were perched be
hind, clinging os best they could.
Eleven gateways give access to the city
OVER THE ROOFS OF THE HOUSES OF BOKHARA.
of Bokhara through the buttressed and
crenellated walls. These walls, built of
brick and plastered with mud, ore some
thing more than eight miles In circum
ference, ten feet thick at the base and
about 30 feet in height. It Is said that
the first wall was built more than 1000
years ago, in the year 830, but the pres
ent wall dates only from the 'reconstruc
tion of the city after it was razed by
Chlnghlz Khan In the early part of the
13th century. These gates are closed after
the evening prayers by the watchmen of
the gates, who live In holes in the walls,
and after that hour no orie Is permitted to
enter or leave the city. In fact, from that
time no one Is permitted to moVe abont
within the city, watchmen patrolling all
night with clattering rattles to enforce
thelaw. When morning prayers, are said
at sunrise the gates arc opened again and
the busy traffic of the city Is resumed.
No .Annoyance to Foreigner.
We passed into the city through one of
these gates, to find that our"progress was
no longer at the will of uur driver. The
narrow streets stand as they have-stood
for many centuries crooked, confined,
rough. The Tartar driver shouted con-I
tlnually to clear the way ahead, while
1 Abdul leaned back In the cushions look-
big bored, and I leaned forward, glad
I that more speed was difficult. Usually It
Is Impossible to require the drivers to
go slowly through the most Interesting
sights. Much to my surprise, I saw no
sign of resentment of the Inconvenience
we caused. Other travelers have written
of the sour looks and the surly remarks
offered them in Bokhara by the fanatical
Moslem people of the city, but nothing of
the sort came under my observation. It
may bo that Abdul's position as dragoman
of the Russian embassy had something to
do with the exemption, but I do not think
so. It seemed rather as if the Bokhariots
have found that the few foreigners who
comedo -them no harm and have no de
signs on them or their religion, so the
labor of being resentful is so much wasted
effort. Be that as it may. camels, don
keys and men in throngs were elbowed
to one side, pushed into courtyards, and
byways, and interrupted In their own af
fairs to let us pass. Some were frankly
curious, and others were dlgnifledly Indif
ferent, but no one was annoying. The
chief evidence of the strict observance of
Moslem rule was In the concealment of
the women. Even Andijan was outdone.
The women we met were not only heavily
veiled with the peculiar fabric of horse
hair used for the purpose, but they turned
their faces away when we met squarely,
or whenever it was possible withdrew Into
doorways and faced the wall till we had
passed.
The historical remains and ruins of Bok
hara do not begin to compare with those
of Samarkand as. a whole, though there ore
some notable ones that are worthy of the
highest admiration. The oldest of these
is the palace of the khan, which is said to
have been built by the Persian king Alp
Arslan more than 1000 years ago. or at
the time of the construction of the first
walls of the city. It Is situated In the
ark or citadel, standing on a conical emi
nence In the center of the city, but stran
gers are not permitted access to It. The
great entrance to the citadel and palace
Is flanked on either side by round towers.
Over the arch Is the dial of the town clock
of Bokhara, which was made by Giovanni
Orlandl, an Italian slave, who was put to
death by the late emir In 1851 because ho
would not change his religion.
The reghlstan, or great square of Bok
hara, Is the center of Interest and ac
tivity, according to the custom In the
other cities of central Asia, and the en
trance to the palace and citadel I3 hore.
Tho most noticeable edifice facing the
square, however, and the most famous,
is the minaret of Kalian. This is the chief
feature of the principal mosque of Bok
hara, tho Mesjld-I-Kalian, which was
built by Tamerlane. This mosque, with its
dome about 100 feet in height. Is not as
large as some of the ruined one3 In Sam
arkand, but the minaret is by all means
tho most splendid In central Asia. It is
taller, larger and more elaborate in its
architecture than any of the many in
Samarkand, and for some reason remains
In almost perfect condition, while all the
works of Tamerlane In the city which was
his capital are more or less falling to
ruin. The minaret of Kalian Is more than
200 feet in height. It is faced with glazed
tiles of white and blue, placed in curious
designs.
The minaret gained its greatest fame
because it was for many years the Bok
hariot place of execution. The poor
wretches sentenced to death were taken
to the top of the tower and thence hurled
to the flagstones In the great square be
low. Until 10 years ago no European, ever
had been permitted to ascend this min
aret, no exception being made In favor
of the Russian officials at the embassy.
Since that time, however, a few as
cents have been permitted, though
they ere still very rare. I tried
in every way to make the ascent,
but it was very difficult to induce Abdul
to Intercede, and when he did not all his
blandishments had any effec on the at
tendants. He must have told them some
dreadful tales about the eminence of the
applicant, for they were more than re
spectful In the deference they showed, but
It was all of no use. Admission to sev
eral of the more notable and pretentious
mosques was refused with equal polite
ness and equal emphasis, so altogether
the city maintained its reputation as the
stronghold of Islam. It Is claimed, how
ever, that In deference to the sentiments
of the Russians, who were distressed by
the shocking sights, criminals' are no
longer cast to their death from the sum
mit of Kalian, but are executed in sdme
less public fashion.
Cruelty, filth and fanatical Mohammed-1
1 si 1 1 v 1 '&
anlsm. seem to have been distinguished
characteristics of Bokhara for a long
time. The three methods of capital pun
ishment in vogue until the Russians used
their influence to discourage them ware
throwing the criminal from the highest
minaret, cutting, his throat in the reghl
stan and handing him over to the rela
tives and servants of his victim to be
tortured to death. Mr. Dobson relates a
notablo instance of the latter sort. The
murderer of one of the ministers of the
emir some ten years ago was delivered
over for vengeance of this kind. The
wretch hod his eyelids cut off. his limbs
broken and hacked away, and when the
relatives and menlal3 of the murdered
minister had done their work the muti
lated body was t tied to the .tail ot a
donkey and dragged through the streets,
to be thrown to the dogs outside. At
that time the Russian embassy was lo
cated In the city, and many who knew
the circumstances cast severe blame upon
the diplomatic resident for seeming to
countenance such an atrocious system of
execution. If Russia's representative,
they said, had no Immediate power to
prevent such a savage kind df punishment
he should have quitted the town with all
his staff during Its Infliction, by way of
showing hla decided disapproval. Even
to this day the emir employs several
executioners.
Hardly less cruel than the executions
themselves are tho forms of Imprisonment
practiced on the unfortunates who com
mit crime in Bokhara. The prison 13 a
veritable chamber of horrors, dark, crowd
ed and filthy. Chains and torture are
an accompaniment of the confinement,
and virtual starvation as well, for the
prisoners are allowed only one thin cake
of bread daily as their ration. To supple
ment thl3 commissary, at no expense
to the emir, two prisoners are permit
ted to stand in the street, chained to
gether, begging food and alms Irom the
charitable. What they gather in alms
may be divided among those confined in
the Jail, who take turns performing tho
duty.
In the center of the dark cell of thl3
Jail Is the slab which covers the entrance
to the dungeon made notorious by the
torture9 of Captain Conolly and Colonel
Stoddort. It is said to be sealed and
.closed forever. In deference to the de
mands of tho Russians. When the late
emir died tho cell containd 110 prison
ers, one of whom told the Russian agent
when they were released that no Inmate
had been known to survive confinement
there for more than three years.
TRUMBULL WHITE.
MAHAN ON THE PHILIPPINES
Our Na.vnl Authority Ha So Sympa
thy With, Policy of Shirking.
Chicago Times-Herald.
Captain Alfred T. Mahan has an article
In The Independent which sums up tne
arguments for the retention of the Philip
pines In a way to confuse the antl-expan-elonlsts.
First, he says, "as regards the
civilized nations of the world, the United
States holds tho Philippines by the unim
peachable title of successful war, con
firmed by subsequent treaty with the
previous unlmpeached possessor."
Now In this connection it Is a note
worthy fact that no foreign power has
ever raised a word of remonstrance
against our claim upon the Islands. Ap
parently the thought of doing such a thing
has never crossed their minds. They have
considered the Philippines to be as com
pletely under the sovereignty of this
country as any state In the Union. In
their opinion the rebels are rebels, nothing
more, and they feel that It would be highly
Impertinent to offer to mediate between
us and Agulnaldo's followers.
Secondly, Captain Mahan says, as re
gards the inhabitants of the islands, the
United States "finds herself confronted
with the grave question of her technical
possession, and of political rule, trans
ferred to her by treaty." Then he adds.
"It Is a miserable measurement of the
question, by advocates or by opponents,
to regard It merely as one of interest,
although questions of Interest are lawful
and necessary parts of the general con
sideration. But Interest is not the first
thing. The great question before us is
one of responsibility and duty."
Everyone must admit that the technical
possession, the political rule which passed
to us from Spain, does give us some sort
of relation to the islands which ia differ
ent from that of other nations or from the
ono that wc sustained toward them before
the war. This relation compels us to
evince some concern for their future. It
implies both a responsibility and a duty,
devolves the problem of their government
upon us, and certainly forbids us to aban
don the Inhabitants to the game of cut
ting one another's throats.
With all the talk we hear ahout govern
ment by the consent of the governed we
know, and Europeans know, that the al
ternatives now are control by the United
States or anarchy, and that If the former
were withdrawn the latter would continue
until some other foreign power inter
vened and established Its authority.
Though the policy of the anti-expansion-Ists
is supported with many high-flown
phrases, it is In fact no policy at all, but
a contemptible shirking of a plain obli
gation. IT. S. Grant Club Smoker.
The entertainment committee is pre
paring an excellent programme for the
U. S. Grant Club smoker, which will take
place tomorrow evening In Gruner's hall.
East Seventh and Stephens streets. The
hall may be reached from the City &
Suburban railway, at the corner of East
Seventh and East Harrison streets, and
from the Oregon City line at Hawthorne
avenuo and East Seventh, the hall being
five blocks south. The Invitation to all
republicans is general, and a large at
tendance Is expected. One of the feat
ures of the evening will be the matter
of registration and the need of getting
every republican in the eighth ward to go
at once and register. At this meeting a
committee on registration will be ap
pointed. There will be one or more ad
dresses on that subject. While the pro
gramme is not completed, there will be
short talks by T. C. Devlin, R. E. Sewall,
Councilman George Cameron, General
Summers, Waldemar Seton and others.
The Southern Pacific brass band has
been engaged to discourse music.
The Society of German Composers as
serts that about 150,000 persons in Ger
many earn their living in connection with
music.
DOCTOR
JPIIIP&-
SPECIALIST
881 Third Street, Opposite Chamber of Commerce
Hours OA.JI.toCP, M.j cTBUnr, 7 to j Sundays, 10 t
i GAIN IN ISLAND COMMERCE
OUR TRAIB INCREASE WITH LAXDB
OF THE PACIFIC.
Dutch Bast ladle Supply One-Trir4
Ike Sugrar We Import New Field.
for Our Bsperts.
WASHINGTOJT, Fob. 7. American aom.
meres with th island and countries of
the Paelne shows & greater gain in tho
year 1810 than that with any other part of
the world. Our total exports Increased
$89,000,600. and our exports to Asia and
Oceaniea alone increased over 5W,000,000;
our total Imports Increased $161,000,000,
and $48,400,000 of this increase wag from
Asia and Oceaniea. Exports to Asia and
Oceaniea Increased 27 per cent, while im
ports from that part of the world in
creased 49 per cent.
Of this increase of $M,6ttMtt) in exports
to Asia and Oceaniea. over 96,000,000 went
to British Australasia. $4,600,000 to the Ha
waiian islands, $4,000,000 to China, and
the remainder distributed to the various
countries &nd lstande of that part of tho
Western Pacific while of the imports
from Asia, and Oceaniea, $12,009,000 were
from the Dutch Sast Indies, $11,000 000
from Japan, $4,909,000 from the British
East Indies, $7,600,000 from China, and
$6,000,600 from Hawaii.
Of the increase in exports, the large
proportion was in cotton, eotton goods,
machinery and other manufactures of
iron and steel. The increase In our ex
ports to China was largely hi manufac
tures of eotton, and that to the Ha
waiian islands and Australia, manufac
tures of all kinds, the large proportion,
however, being machinery and general
manufactures of iron and steeL Of the
Increase of $4,00e,00 in Imports from the
countries of the Pacific, raw silk, tin,
flbers and sugar were the most Important
items. From. Japan the importations of
raw silk Inoreased $8,000,000, and there waa
also a considerable Increase hi matting.
From the great tin mines of the Straits
Settlements there was an increase of
$5,000,000 worth of pig tin for use in man
ufacturing tin plates, and from British
East Indies there was an increase in jute
and jute bagging and other productions
of this character. From China there was
an Increase of over $6,000,000 in raw silk
for use in manufacturing. From tho
Philippines, an Increase In hemp and
other articles, and. from the Hawallm
Islands a small Increase in sugar; while
the most important and suggestive In
crease from the Pacific countries is that
of sugar from the East Indies, chiefly tha
Dutch East Indies, which amounted in
the year just ended to 1.486,489,670 pounl?,
against 880,7,7S4 pounds in 1818 and 533.
237,708 pounds in I8S7, the value of the
sugar Imported from the East Indies in
1809 being $80,8M.4f9, against $18,039,642 In
1808, and $,9M,19 in 1887.
This rapid Increase of our imports from
the Dutch East Indies suggests a new field
for our exports tions which have been to
that particular spot very light up to to
present time. The French consul at Ba
tavia, Java, in a report which has just
reached the treasury bureau of statists 3,
suggests that the Dutch East Indies offr
an especially fertile field for those des r
ing to make sales of agricultural machin
ery and Implements which at present ha
says, are of an extremely primitive charac
ter in those islands. Most of the imple
ments used in small farming come frjm
Germany and England and are in many
particulars unsatisfactory; the handUs of
the sickles are not properly fastened to Tie
blade, while agricultural machinery, prop
erly so-called, Including machinery f-?
planting, reaping, binding and threshing,
are practically unknown. Even sugar-cane
plantations have as yet mads little prog
ress in the adoption of modern machinery.
The difficulties which have been enc u, -tered
In attempts to introduce agricul ar.u
machinery are: First, the cheapness of
manual labor, second, the climatic cor 1 -tions
under which articles of iron and
steel grow rusty and unfit for use In a.
short time, if exposed to the open air anl
third, the fact that the white ant deatro 3
nearly all kinds of wood except Uak,
which is therefore pucowmrily used in
the construction of machinery for use in
the islands. The fact, however, that them
are in Java and Sumatra 280 sugar fa"
tories which supply one-third of the sa
gar imported into the United States, a .4
that the total Imports of the Dutch Eu3t
Indies average $88,000,080, and our own ox
ports to them less than JJ.0W.000 annua.!,
while our Imports from them in 1899 were
over $82,000,000, suggests valuable and Im
portant trade possibilities in that direction,
if properly cultivated.
In parte of India, eakes of tea. and la
China of silk pass as currency. Oxen still
form the circulating medium among many
of tbe Zulus and Kaffirs.
No flags but Turkish are te be seen lar
Constantinople.
ears
What a luxury
Pears' soap is!
The cheapest soap
in all the world be
sides. Ask Your Druggist
for a
generous
Trial Size....
Ely's Cream Balm
for
CATARRH
Cream Bairn ptacti Into the nostril, apreada
over ts aaemerane and Is absorbed. Belief IS
Immediate, and a eure follows. It Is not dry
Ibs does not produce imexln. Large size Sue.
at druggists' or by mail. Trial size. 10c, by
mail.
ELT BROTHERS. K Warren Street. New York.
DeYOUNG
The Acknowledged
Leading and Most Successful
Physician and Surgeon
The -world has ever known for the treat
ment of all private and chronic diseases
of both male and female. The following
are among the troubles which he will treat
with skill, and guarantee a perfect and
prompt cure of all curable diseases. ta
treat tbe following diseases with a spe
cial treatment, which is purely medical
and scientific:
PPIVATF 8"let, gonor
1 - - rhoea. tenderness, swell
ing, quickly cured without paht or deten
tion from business.
I AHIFS yn a1" a apathy, in-i-iliikj
dMfersuce. nervous debility or
diseases peculiar to women, eaa consult
Dr. DeYottBg.
Y