Image provided by: University of Oregon Libraries; Eugene, OR
About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Feb. 9, 1900)
10 - TH33 - MOxfelffG QREflONlAff r frftlt) AY, FEBRUARY 9, 1900. GRASS FOR FORAGE "ftedf jriff kxesOf attqh s on the Pacific Coast. PRODUCTIONS OF THE RANGES Q,Het)lea, eX Firlgr( f the Drifting Sands tlekg tihc.0lBWtbIa River aa Impertaat Oae. The efMtrtat of agrfeiitttu-e has freaa time to ttee o&rried on Investigations of the graeee on the Pactnc coast, but the fltvt reallr systematic work of t.s kind dates Iron a visit made to thU section by F. LaoMon-ftcribfler In the season ot lfcfcS. On thle trip a number of the more lmjMr tant localities were visited, peclal at tention being devoted to the Investigation of the present conditions and needs of the range reion of central and eastern "Wa.h lncton and Oregon and the areas subjected to the shitting ano alone: the coast rogiou and at various jMrints alone the Columbia river. Iu a report on the "Orase and Forage Plant Inveetieatfone on the Pacific Coast," Just issued br the department of agricul ture, Mr. L&awon-Scribner says that throughout the drier sections east of the Cascades, (he carrying capacity of the range has been very much reduced through drought and overstocking, and one of the question of greatest impor tance 4n due region has to do with the im 1 provement of the range and bringing it back, if possible, to Its original productive ness The present worn-out condition has undoubtedly resulted from a comb nation of circumstances. During the years when the ranges were at their period of great est productiveness, they were grazed to their utmost capacity, and upon the ad vent of the series of dry seasons, which naturally resulted in light yields of forage. It was necessary to overgraze in order to keep the stock alive. Then, again, the open winters made it possible to keep the stock on the range a much greater Krtton of the year than previously, and close grazing followed at a season when the grasses could least endure it namely, in early spring. The graw was given no op portunity to recuperate, and the present worn-out condition of the ranges resulted. The large number of horses which have ranged over some sections of the country have had much to do with the present de pleted condition, while In other sections much injury has been caused by sheep. To any one visiting these grazing regions it k at once apparent that drought-resisting graes and forage crops were of the utmost importance as well as improved methods of range management. In many sections the native grasses have been driven out and their places taken by weeds to &uch an extent that reseedmg is about the only way that the lands can be restored to any thing like their original productiveness. To do this, grasses and forage crops capable of enduring severe brought and other hardships are necessary. It seemed de sirable to select some point or points where experiments could be conducted, having for their object the testing of drought-resisting grass and forage crops and of the range conditions. With this end in view, a number of localities were visit ed. At Yakima and Walla Walla, both In the State of Washington, it was found that some work had already been under taken; that at the former place under the auspices of the Northern Pacific Railway Company, and that at Walla Walla by the Oregon Railroad ft Navigation Company. The officials of each of these companies expressed a readiness to co-operate with the department in continuing in this work of testing grasses and forage crops and range Improvements, and went so far aa to offer to turn over for the use of the de partment the lands occupied by their re spective experiment stations and any oth ers that might be deemed suitable or nec essary tor making such tests. For the station at North Yakima thus offer In cluded tools, team and other appliances used at the station. These offers seeming to afford a desirable opportunity to carry on these much-needed investigations, their acceptance was recommended. This rec ommendation meeting with the approval of the secretary, the division took charge of the experimental work at these places, and special efforts were made to collect In quantity the seed of native grasses and forage crops that seemed so desirable to be tested in connection with the work of range Improvement. The Investigations on the Pacific slope were continued durinc the season of 1889, both in the field and at North Yakima, Walla Walla, Rowena and other points. The agrostologist and two other members of the office force of the division staff spent a considerable portion of the sum mer in the field studying the native grasses of the region and other questions connected with the forage problem. At various points along the Immediate coast and on the Columbia river the question of fixing the drifting sands is an important one. and much time has been spent in studying the conditions which exist there, and in endeavoring to secure practical mean6 of holding the shifting sands in place. At some points along the river the sand occurs in such abundance and drlwfts so badly that it Is a decided menace to orchards and farm crops In the Immediate vicinity, and seriously im pedes traffic by forming drifts over rail roads and ether avenues of commerce. In the course of our investigations a number of native plants have been discovered which promise to be of great value as sandbinders, and some of them also as sources of forage. Among the more Important of these na tive sand-binders are: Seaside, or As toria, blue grass (Poa macrantha); sand blue grass Poa lecyenbyl); sea lyme grass (Elymnue arenarious); yellow lyme grass (Elymnue ftavescene); small sand lyme (Elymus arenicolus), similar to the preceding; and a sand -binding sedge (Carex macrocephala). Other grasses that are being tested a to their value as sand bindera In this region are big sand grare K'alamovtlfa logifolla). Marram grass (Am mo phi la arenaria), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dastylon), and Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense). Erperlmoats at Xertk Yakima anil Walla. Walla. In the experiments undertaken at North Yakhna and at Walla Walla, a large number of grasses and forage plants have been tested as to their ability to with stand drought, and, in many cases, aleo have beer grown under Irrigation. As far as possible these stations have been used in the production of seed to be distributed to the different points in the region where their value under existing conditions can be tested. At North Yakima the land used in these experiments, although rich. Is quite rocky, aad hence difficult to culti vate, and the general conditions are much loaK favorable than thoee which prevail at Yl alia Walla. At the latter place, the e-l is a rich, volcanic ash, and In fine condi tion for the various operations connected with cultivation, and Is so graded that Ir r gatlon may be resorted to when neces sary During the present year a consid erable amount of seed has been produced, particularly at the Walkt Walla station, and this wilt be used in our Investigations for the catnlrg year. Varieties. In the experiments made at Walla Walla during the past year about ISO varieties of grasses and forage crops have been tested These include most of the com monly cultivated sorts, varieties recently Introduced by the department of agricul ture through Its special agents in foreign countries, and many native species, par ticularly those of the Rocky mountains or.d the region east of the Cascades. Most of the seeding was done during: the first holf of April. . the vaiiet es tested some or more haf shown thmselvr to b adapted to UC ceotfrions. -ahj h prevail In the North- J 4 west and have In most cases given ex eellent results without artificial watering of any sort. These Include varieties adapt ed to .all the various uses in feed.ng stock; varieties "suitable for- the ordinary mea dows and pastures, and also those adapt ed for ue on the drier uplands. They also include annual varieties suitable tor Ui in short rotations and varieties adapt ed to soils strongly impregnated w th alkali. The. dommon clover.', particularly alsike and mammoth red clover, have given very satisfactory results, and the same may be said legarding timothy, meadow tcecuc and tall meadow oat-grass. Smooth brome grass has produced the same excellent results here that it has given elsewhere in the -Northwest, and gives promise of being to the drier sections of this region what 'the blue grass 13 to Kentucky and timothy Is to the northern stated. Of the more recent Introductions the Japanese wheat grass promises to be of great value, particularly for winter pasturage, while the varlet es of alfalfa from Turkestan and Northern Africa seem to possess great powers of adaptability to the conditions which prevail In the sml arkl legions. Some of the best results have been se cured from our native grasses. A species of brome, closely related to the rescue crass, has given good yields of seed and forage, and seems likely to prove as val uable for the Pacific coast as rescue grass is for the South. Several of the native wheat grasses show wonderful adapta bility to cultivation, and are destined to assume an important place en our list of forage-productlng plants. Four of these deserve especial mention, namely: West ern wheat grass (Agropyron splcatum), meadow wheat grass (A. pseudorepens), slender wheat grass (A. tenerum) and bunch wheat grass (A. dlvereens). The first three spscles are suitable for mead ows, and may be grown either with or without irrigation. The bunch wheat grass is a native of the dry uplands, and Is likely to prove one of the best grasses for reclaiming the worn-out ranges. The plants thrive under conditions of extreme drought, and afford excellent pasturage for all kinds of stock. This Is the bunch rrars of the great grazing regions west of the Rocky mountain.?, and formerly occupied extensive areas, affording much pasturage. Another native grass which does well under cultivation, and which will undoubtedly prove valuable In reseed lng the ranges. Is blue grama, known In Montana as buffalo grass. It Is perfectly hardy, responds quickly to cultivation, re sists trampling of stock, and affords first class grazing. Under favorable conditions of soil and moisture It may also be cut for hay. This grass, however, has one drawback. In that the seeds are difficult to handle In the various harvesting and seeding operations. Of the annual grasses, Japanese barn yard millet and black Russian broomcorn millet are most deserving of special men tion. Both of these made excellent yields of forage and seed, and are of undoubted value to this section. In addition to the above - mentioned grasses and forage plants which may be regarded as of undoubted value to the Pa cific coast region, about 20 sorts wert successfully grown at Walla Walla last season, but further experimentation In necessary to decide as to their real value. Most of these, while they made a good growth of foliage, elthed failed to pro duce seeds or showed other characters which may possibly exclude them from the list of varieties of practical utility for general cultivation. Johnson grass made a good yield of forage, but is oo jectionable to some because of its habit of growth, which, In the South, renders It at times a serious pest In cultivated fields. Both big bluestera and bushy blue stem thrive under cultivation, but it is quite difficult to secure seeds that will germinate. The Metcalfe bean made an excellent growth,' covering the ground thickly with Its leaves and stems, and produced flowers, but did not mature seed. It showed great sensitiveness to frost and stock did not seem to relish the forage obtained from It. Gram, or chick pea, and lentil produced good crops of seed and may prove valuable for use iu connection with grain and other feed stuffs in fattening stock. Quite a number of other grasses, some 20 In all, gave results of sufficient prom ise to deserve further study and experi mentation. These include a number ot the indigenous species of poa, elymus, paspalum ana muhlenburgla. which in their native condition are valuable for hay and pasturage. The more important ot these are mutton grass (poa fendolerlana), smooth bunch grass (poa laevigata), Wyo ming blue grass (poa wheelerll). Canadian lyme grass (elymus canadensis), smooth paspalum (paspalum laeve), and wild tim othy (Muhlenbergla racemosa). Of the sand-binding grasses which were tested during the season, Marram grass has made a fine growth and will, no doubt, prove as valuable here as It Is on the Atlantic coast. Bitter panic grass (panlcum amarum). made a good growth, but failed to. mature seed, and for this reason may prove to be of less value here than It is along the coast of the Southern states. Reed canary grass (phalarls ar undinacea) has made an excellent show ing, particularly In situations that are liable to be submerged for some time; for example, along the Columbia river. Even where submerged six weeks during the summer, excellent growth was made early In the spring and late in fall, affording a large amount of forage. In addition to serving as a sand and soil binder, this grass has also made, a good showing on the drier land of the experimental plots at Walla Walla, and also at Pullman on the grounds of the state experiment sta tion. Small sand lyme grass (elymus arenicolus) has made an excellent growth at Walla Walla from roots transplanted from Grant, Oregon, Indicating that It will grow on ordinary soil as well as dry, sandy ground, where It occurs naturally. It will undoubtedly be of great value as a sand binder. Big sand grass (calamovil fa longlfolla, has not given very gob'd re sults and may prove unsuitable to the conditions which prevail on the Pacific coast. Seaside bluegrass (poa macrantha) has given excellent results wherever tried and, especially at the Walla Walla station, seemed to endure the hot, dry weather perfectly. In addition to being one of the best native sand-binders of the coast region, this grass gives promise of being of great value for forage. Seed sown on the sand dunes of the Great Lake region the past season made a good showing, Indicating the. possibility of introducing this grass Into the sandy regions of the interior. Indian millet (erlocoma cuspi data), although not coming very well from the seed, shows Indications of be ing valuable as a sand-binder, especially on relatively high and dry situations. Al though the forage is rather harsh, it Is often eaten by stock which are especially fond of the rather abundantly produced seeds. Mr. A. B. Leckenby writes to the Agros tologist, under date of December 11, 18P9: "I am delighted to tell you that the Elymus arenarius Is a grand success, where the water does not remain on It toe long, aSjIsalso, Elymus arenicolus and Elymus flavescens'. You would be .delighted to see the grasses growing through seven feet of drifting sand. The Elymus arenarius Is particularly pleasing because of Its luxuriant growth. I planted about one acre with Elymus fiavescen3 Thursday and Friday, with roots procured from The Dalles. I am sending you by same mail some roots of this same grass." Of the various ?altbushcs tested. Aus tralian saltbush (Atriplex semlbaccata) lias given the best results of any of the introduced sorts, and white or sweet sage (Eurotla lanats) is most promising of the native series. The latter grows naturally on the dry, sterile soils of the ranges and adapts Itself readily to cultivated condi tions, producing an abundance of seed. It will undoubtedly prove of great value for use in reclaiming the worn-out ranges. In November some very interesting ob servations were made at the Walla Walla -station regarding the behavior of differ ent grasses and forage crops toward the early frosts. A variety of brome grass secured at Portland, Or., was not at all Injured by the early frosts and remained freh and green whl e nearlv related va rieties from the Rocky mountains suffered quite severely. Seaside bie grass arid other of the Poas. or blue grasses, showed little, if any, onto s of tin $ frosts, whiie the grama, grasses and the blaestems early became dry and b orf. Pearded wheat grass (Agropyron canimtn) remained fresher and greeie r than either slender wheat grass or "?7estern wheat grass. Giant rye grass (EI;mus comdensatus) was Injured while other rye rrasses, such as Canadian rye grriss and Terrell .grass, were very sllghtli aff5Cted. Turkestan , alfalfa was not Injured at all, while Oasis anaiia, irom -ainca, euuerea consider ably, and the corrtaioriy grown variety of alfalfa was slightly injured. Such annuals as bur clover, lei 1K nnd gram were not Injured, indicating? tirelr possible value for fall and earl$ winter 1 grazing. Smooth brome and drcf on. brorao Avere not at a.l Injured, and wjre growing finely. Judging from the results of the experi ments conducted at 2$orth Yakima and Walla. Wal a. and the Information acquired through personal observation of our own field agents and correspondents who are co-operating' with the division, the follow ing grasses may be suggested as avail able for use In the Upper Pacific coast region: Grassesjind c Hovers for permanent mead ows and pastures where the average con ditions of soil atid climate prevail Alslke, mammoth clove.:, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensls), red fescue (Festuca rubra), reed fescue (Fe etuca arundinacea), tall meadow oat gras h (Arrhenatherum elatl us), Western whe. it grass (Agropyron spl catum), meadow vheat grass (Agropyron pseudorepens), slerUer wheat grass (Agro pyron tenerum), s Tiooth brome (Bromus Inermls), Kentucky blue grass (Poa pra tensls), perennial r re grass (Lo.lum per enne), Turkestan aliSalfa (Medlcago sativa var Turkestanlca). As deserving of ttrlal Wild timothy (Muhlenbergla racemosa), bearded wheat grass (Agropyron enniaum), smooth bunch grass (Poa laevigata), mutton grass (Poa fendleriana), Terrell grass (Elymus vlr ginlcus), Wyoming blue .grass (Poa wheel erll), pale bunch grass Poa luclda), and I Oasis alfalfa. Hardy annuals Rescue, grass (Bromus unlololdes), Japanese barniard millet (Panicum crusgalll), Japanese wheat grass (Brachypodium JapoailcumX bCack Russian broom corn millet tPanicitam, miliaceum), bur clover (Medlcago dentbuu.ata), spring vetch (Vlcla sativa), hairy vetch (V,icia villosa). The following are suggestfcd for further trial: Crowfoot or goose grass (Eleusine lndi ca), African millet (Eleusiiio coracana), gram (Clcer arietlnum), lentil (Ervum lens). Grasses for the dry uplands Blue grama (Bouteloua ollgostachya), sideoatE grama (Bouteloua curtlpendula), bunch wheat grass (Agropyron dlvergens), Ievada blue grass (Poa nevadensls). sheep fescue (Festuca ovlna). King's fescue (Festuca kingil), white or sweet sage (Eurolla lanata), sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), smooth brome. Sand Binders Sea lyme grass CEftj-mus arenarius), slender sand lyme " grass (Elymus arenicolus), yellow lyme r grass (Elymus flavescens), Astoria blue grass (Poa macrantha), lieckenby's blue grass (Poa leckenbyl). WHY ENGLAND IS ISOLATED. Continental Antlpntby to Britacu Hns Some Baxls in Fact. Chicago Times-Herald. Why was there jubilation in the capitals of Europe yesterday, when the news of a humiliating reverse to British arms in South Africa swept like an electric wave around the world? Was it because the courts of Europe sympathize with the Boers in th3ir. so called struggle for liberty? Was. it be cause Europe naturally sympathizes with the weaker nation or people in such a struggle? Neither the courts nor people of Europe have ever shown any such sympathy. Eu rope fiddled while the Turk slew more Armenians than there are Boers of mili tary age In the Transvaal. The true reason for European jubilation over British disasters is to be found in: Hatred of republican England. Envy of commercial England. Jealousy of colonial England. There Is not a court In Europe whers the English system of a government re sponsible to the people, which rejects the Idea of the divine right of kings and de rives Its authority to rule and to tax from the people, Is not held In official abhor rence. For more than a century Eng'and has been the sanctuary for the oppressed ref ugees of Europe and Its free press has held the torch of liberty and popular gov ernment before the eyes of the over taxed helpless millions of the Continent. A short table of the commerce of the British empire and of Europe In 189S will explain why the latter Is consumed with Inextinguishable envy of the former: Commerce of British empire; United Kingdom ?3, 823 000,000 India 505,000,000 Straits Settlements 265,000,000 Ceylon 60,000,000 Cape Colony 170,000,000 Australia 615,000,000 Canada - 235,000,000 British West Indies 55,000.000 Oceanlca 300,000,000 Other British possessions........ 200,000,000 Total Commerce of Europe Germany France Holland ..$6,318,000,000 ...$2,080,000,000 ... 1,440,000 000 ... 1.240.000,000 Belgium 650,000,000 Russia 640,000.000 Austria 620,000.000 All other Europe 2,135,000,000 Total , $S.S03,000,000 These two tables disclose the true rea son for such European jubilation over British reverses as Is not Inspired by the hatred of free government. They also show why Germany,, France and Russia are Jealous of the British colonial empire. The United States is without the pale of this jubilation of European hatred, envy and jealousy. The government of the United Kingdom canriot be too repub lican to suit the ideas of Intelligent Amer icans. Its commerce cannot be so exten sive as to excite our envy, because we profit by the lion's share in that com merce. Its colonial conquests do not move us to Jealousy because our relations with British colonies are almost as profit able as England's own. In 1S96 nearly one-fifth of the commerce of the United Kingdom was with the United States and nearly one-fourth of its Imports were bought from us. The following table for the last fiscal year shows why any disaster that might seriously affect the British empire is viewed with the deepest concern In every community In the United States: United States Imports and exports British empire J207.1S2.04S S652.274.475 Continental Europe... 235,413,016 424,904.684 From these figures it Is manifest that the only nation the United States can af ford to see profit at the expense of the British empire Is the United States. This is the reason why there was not and will not be any jubilation in America outside of purely sentimental and Anglo phobe circles over British reverses in South Africa. Anything approchlng a world-convulsing catastrophe to English power and prestige In South Africa will be felt in e.very industrial center and agricultural district in the United States. The eag'e wntches the baiting of the lion with an eye keenly alive to the passions of fear, hatred, envy and jealousy that stir nations as they do the beasts of the field. S in i in- Minister Lord's Hot Time. Albany Democrat. Ex-Governor Lord has certainly struck a hot proposition in South America, In Buenos Ayres recently there were 219 cases of sunstroke, of which 134 had proven fatal. The mercury was 120 in the shade. Oregon Is good enough for us. THE BANKRUPTCY LAW COMMI2XTS AXD SUGGESTIONS THE ATTtmXEY-GEN'EIlAl.. OP Recommendations to Withdraw Fn- vor.i of the Law From MeyWlio Repeatedly Become Bnnkrnnt. WASHINGTON, Feb. 2.-After a trial of a jyear and a' half of" the bankruptcy law, aurlngwbJch' time Mhe measure has been "'extensively tested' and In many lp stances been taken advantage of, the attorney-general makes the following com ments and suggestions as to its operation: "While the propriety of suggesting amendments to the federal bankruptcy law by this department may be ques tionable, It Is perhaps not Inappropriate to place before congress such observations as may have been presented to our atten tion through contact with those having to do with its execution and that may have been gained fiom a careful study of Us provisions, for such action and con sideration as may be deemed expedient. As a rule,, the present law carefully guards the interests of the debtor class, while the same can hardly be said to be true of the creditors. As was wed said by the American Bar Association at its recent meeting, 'whatever amendments are made to the provisions of the law re lating to voluntary bankruptcy should be in the line of a better protection to the creditors against fraud In the bankruptcy proceedings.' "Section 4 provides that any person who owes debts, except a corporation, may be come a voluntary bankrupt. Corpora tions are thus specifically excepted from "those entitled to the advantages of this feature of the law. If, under the present conditions, a corporation desires to go Into liquidation and have its business closed through the instrumentality of the federal authorities, it must, by a process of evasion, first commit an act of bank ruptcy and then have proceedings insti tuted against Itself for the purpose of be ing adjudicated an Involuntary bankrupt. It seems no more than proper that cor porations should be entitled to the same privileges as an Individual with respect to tho voluntary feature of the law. "Under section 6, bankrupts are entitled to the exemptions 'prescribed by the state laws in force at the time of filing the pe tition in the state wherein they have had their domicile for the six months or the greater portion thereof immediately pre ceding the filing of the petition.' Upon objection to a similar provision in the act of lb67, on the' ground that it lacked uniformity and therefore was un constitutional, the courts have held that the word 'uniform' as there used referred only to 'uniformity in administration. A serious' question nevertheless arises as to whether the exemption should not be literally uniform in every state. As the law now stands, the exemption In one state may be limited to a homestead of a few hundred dollars in value, and in an other it may be worth several thousand, so that, literally speaking, there Is no uniformity. "While a serious question may arise as to tho constitutionality of a provision placing a different limit on the exemp tions from that fixed by the states, the attention of congress Is nevertheless called to this matter in order that a final determination may be reached as to whether p. uniform maximum limit should not be set upon the amount of this ex emption In the various states. "There Is, perhaps, no section of the law upon which there Is greater unanim ity of opinion as regards Its amendment than section 14, relating to the discharge of a bankrupt. Under the act of 1867 the assets of the debtor had to bear a certain ratio to "his debts in order that a dis charge might be obt Ined. While in some cases this provision might prove efficacious as an aid in preventing fraud, it Is a hard rule and largely Interferes with the true Idea of a bankruptcy law. In our judg ment, at the present time the law should not be amended In this respect, though consideration of tho subject with this ob ject in view might be quite proper at some later date, after ample opportunity has been afforded the unfortunate of some years past to receive a discharge coextensive with the limits of the United States. "However, whenever a person has dem onstrated his Inefficiency as a business man and as a result has once taken ad vantage of the bankruptcy law, he ceases to be worthy of the same consid eration as one who has not, and should not bo treated as leniently by the law. It is suggested, therefore, that in the case of a person seeking to take advantage of the law a second, third or fourth time, before granting him a discharge he should be compelled to pay a certain portion of his debts, say one-third or one-half in the case of the second application and with an additional amount In the case of a third or fourth. This would largely re move the Incentive on the part of dishon est men to repeatedly and intentionally become bankrupt. DiHcliarKe of Bnnlcrapts. "Section 14b of the present law provides that a discharge shall be refused where the bankrupt, 'with fraudulent intent to conceal hl3 true financial condition and in contemplation of bankruptcy, destroys, conceals, or fails to keep books of account or records from which his true condition might be ascertained. It has been he'd that the burden of proof in this case is upon the creditors to show this Intent, which Is frequently all but impossible. The bankrupt Is the one benefited by the discharge, and logically it would seem that the onus of showing that his failure to keep proper books of account was not with the Intent to conceal his true finan cial condition should be placed upon h'm. "The law specifies certain debts which are not released by a discharge In bank ruptcy, but no mention is made of the case where additional credit Is obtained through the bankrupt's misrepresentation of the condition of his assets. It would seem that in cases of this character the bankrupt should not only be refused a discharge, but a severe penalty provided for the offense. A creditor must rely more or less upon the debtor's integrity when giving credit, and If through the practice of deception new or additional credit Is given, such debts should certain ly not be discharged, notwithstanding the fact that judgment has not previously been had upon such debts. "Another provision which should be carefully considered Is where the bank rupt has conveyed property for the pur pose of giving a preference, with Intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors. In this case it seems that the act Itself should operate as a bar to bankrupt's discharge and possibly be made an of fense. The simple fact of the right to recover property Illegally transferred by a bankrupt. If discovered, Is no deterrent to the commission of such act, and there fore it would seem that the best pre ventive, would be to make the act an of fense and" punishable accordingly. Fur thermore, the limit of four months with in which n conveyance creating a prefer ence may be set aside, when it Is shown that it Is lacking in good faith, Is insuffi cient. "Where a man obtains credit, sells stock thus obtained at cost or below to get Its equivalent in money Into his hands nnd then squanders it for his own pleasure without any intention of repay ing the same, he is certainly unworthy of consideration, and it would seem the court might In all propriety be authorised to deny a discharge. "There is no doubt whatever that the fees allowed under the present law are in many respects inadequate for the services needed. While under the act of 1S67 the exorbitancy of the fees and ex penses formed a potent factor In Its re peal, the present law has gone to the other extreme and reduced the charges to a minimum, nnd to such an extent as to make them hardly adequate to secure or retain such class of officers as are re quired to properly execute the law and protect the Interests of all concerned. Tho services required of referees and trustees are extremely exacting, and In many instances unusual qualifications arc necessary to the proper conduct of a pro ceeding In bankruptcy and the protection of an estate. While It Is perhaps not proper to state wherein the limit should be placed, the matter should receive the thoughtful attention of congress. "d'ther amendments might very prop erly be suggested, but the foregoing seem to be among the most important, and while it is perhaps not incumbent upon this department to make any recom mendations in this matter, we have ven tured to present the foregoing merely as suggestions for such consideration as they may warrant. Criticism of the Lmv. "As might naturally be expected, the Innovation In the method 'of procedure with reference to" Insolvency has met with criticism favorable and otherwise. The number of applicants for relief under the ' cure for this Bitter Root ranch In the voluntary feature of the law and the ' wilds of Montana; tliid blendlajc of the great contrast between the magnitude of ' blood of centuries, of tho most 21ustriou3 the liabilities as compared with the assets ' lineage, has brought forth equine wonders has caused unfavorable criticism on the . whose achievements have amazed the rac part of some, but a thoughtful consider- ' log world. No matter where there princes ation of the conditions demonstrates the fact that tho vast sums being released through the discharge merely means the balancings of accounts Ion? since worth less, and which never would be of value, with the resultant good that those op pressed with the weight of misfortvne may start life anew and have an oppor tunity to redeem themselves. The releas ing of nearly 20,000 individuals from theit past obligations within the year, many of marked ability in the business world. who, perhaps through some misfortune" beyond their control, have been reduced almost to penury, can have but one re suit, and that for the good. "That some idea might be furnished congress upon the question as to the time when these obligations were incurred which caused insolvency, an effort was made by thl3 department to obtain this In formation from the referees, but It has proved only partially successful. Suf ficient data have been obtained, however, to show that a large percentage of thoe who are receiving discharges became in solvent during the period of business de pression which swept over thi3 country several years since, and some for periods even anterior. "As opposed to the criticism of the law. stands the declaration ot the American Bar Association at its meeting In Buffalo during the past summer. The committee on commercial law of that association made the following report: " 'That a bankrupt law is wise and beneficial legislation; (b) that the general features of the present bankrupt law should have the" approval and support of the bar and commercial community; (c) that whatever amendments arc made to the provisions of the law relating to vol untary bankruptcy should be in the line of a better protection to the creditor against fraud in the bankruptcy proceedings; (d) that the amendments to the provisions of the law relating to involuntary bank ruptcy should be along the lines of a bet ter remedy for the creditor for fraud, actual or contemplated, on the part of tho debtor previous to the Institution of bank ruptcy proceedings.' "In line with the foregoing is the decla ration of the Commercial Law League of America, at Its convention at Asbury ParK during the past summer, when It placed Itself on record as favoring 'a national bankruptcy law and approves of the gen eral features of the act of 189S.' "This and like favorable comment at other conventions presents the view gen erally taken with reference to the ques tion of the existence of a permanent fed eral bankruptcy law." DALY'S EXPENSIVE HOME. Fnmonn Montana Stock Farm in the Bitter Root "Valley. BUTTE, Mont., Jan. 26. (Special to the Chicago Record.) While the world of speculators Is occupied in guessing as to the future movement of Marcus Daly, his family and friends know that in a very short time ho will retire to the magnifi cent estate he has created In the Bitter Root valley, the famous Bitter Root stock farm. This Immense ranch comprises In the ranch proper more than 17,000 acres, with over 30,000 acres of mountain lands, used solely for pasturage. In summer the place has all the charms of a feudal es tate, and even now In the dead of winter It is full of Interest. One reason so lit tle is rend of It Is that it is quite a dis tance from the beaten track. Up to a little more than a decade ago nearly the whole ranch consisted of barren, arid bench lands, but when Mr. Daly acquired the land he made it blossom like the rose. The bottom lands were partially watered by a tiny creek, water being a scarce ar ticle; and Mr. Daly immediately Inaug urated a system of irrigation at a cost or 5350,000. There are numerous large ditches which divert the waters of Skalkaho and Gird's creeks which supply water enough all the time, but to guard against every possibility a large canal over 0 miles long has recently been completed, which is connected with the river. Expense Not Considered. The dwelling-house Is a model of mod ern architecture, and not a convenience known to man, no matter how costly, has been omitted. The furniture Is very hand some, suitable for a mansion on Fifth avenue, New York. The house stands In the middle of grounds that are parkl.ke and Is located about a mile from the rail way station. Running in front of the house Is a wide driveway, or boulevard, which crosses the entire ranch from south to north, over six miles In length, and which has at intervals other similar drive ways bisecting it and running transverse ly. These driveways are shaded on either side by Balm of Gilead trees and Califor nia poplars. Scattered about are wooded parks, where wild animals abound. In the busy seasons over 500 men are employed, and in all the year around over 200 make their home on the ranch. To house these men and their families hundreds of cot tages have been erected with more pre tentious residences for the superintendents and foremen. Taking a blrdseye v.'ew at the center of the ranch, all the homes, the Immense barns, lofty paddocks, scattered here and there, make a scene that Is picturesque and full of life. The magnitude of opera tions may be guessed at when the monthly pay roll is never less than $7500, In the 6ff seasons. Over 5000 cattle of the cho.cest breeds supply the finest cream and butter, much of It being consumed In Butte. While he has about 15,000 acres devoted to agri culture ind 500 acres in fruits. Mr. Daly does not allow his products to in any way Interfere with the markets of the farmers in the Bitter Root valley. Much of It Is shipped to Butte and retailed In the blj Hennessey store, now the property of the Amalgamated combine. The balance finds its way to other mining centers controlled by Mr. Daly, affording better vegetab'es, milk, cream, butter, meat, etc., than the general market affords. Only cream Is shipped to Butte from the dairy: no milk at all. The cream retails for 50 cents a quart. The ranch js so strictly up to date that every building from the mansion and cottages down to the smallest barn is lighted with electricity, and water from Skalkaho creek has been piped to every one. Only Specialist) Employed. Mr. Daly for his head men employs only Dpoclallsts. W. H. Pierce ha. charge of a creamery, where the milk of 300 cow? Is manufactured by the huge separators in'o gilt-edged butter. Swan Johnson' has charge of the ho.tlculturrl deparrment; in- agricultural section Is so large It is d vided Into six departments, under the charge of William Brody, Elmer Krouse, Tom McCourt, W. H. Steele. Fred Lllllck, all competent foremen. Joe Ray has chug? of the stock cattle. The trotters are In charge of David Peel, while Joseph Ray traln3 them. The veterinary scct'on. which Is the finest In the United States, is In charge of the celebrated Dr. Hagyard; Sam Lucas Is in charge of the thorough breds, which are trained by Fred Mos 'iom and Billy Lakeland. Benjamin Mc Glnty Is general superintendent of the ranch, and a most efficient one. too He conducts eerythln on. the very strictest business lines, and not a single item es- J cupes aim irom me seiung or, a pouno ot butter to the. purchasing of a new set o. harnes. The way the name of the Bitter Roo: ranch has become famous throughout thi aportlng world, both irr America and abroad, Is because of its famous horses, which, born and bred on this ranch, have carried away the honors on every race track of note. This la Marcus Daly's one hobby horses and racing. His open and covered circular tracks, his vast training lnclosures, are the admiration of every racing man. Mr. DaTy went Into the busi ness systematically; he first visited the moat celebrated stock farms and stables of this country; from each he purchased the choicest get. the .fastest strains of racing blood; then he sent to England, France, Persian and Arabia, where no horse was too high-priced for him to se- and princesses have been reared they can tlnd no fault with their quarters here. Over TOO acres sown with blue grass ar devoted to the stud paddocks and to the brood mares and their colts. Nearly I5W acres have been set aside for tfeo thor oughbreds, and for this purpose it has been cut up Into hundreds of high-fenoed paddocks. Near by Is the residence of Sam Lucas, the genial KentTicki&n. the famous export breeder. In charge of the thoroughbreds; grouped around are ma- 1 slve barns, cottasres. orchards and arar- j dens. Everywhere are shade trees and.' driveways, running water, making a veri table equine paradise. A Howe Palace. . Irr the center of this thoroughbred de partment is the pride of Daly's heart, the famous "Tammany castle." located on a plateau which rises gently fully MO feet above the surrounding laails. Mr. Lucas designed the castle, and will show the favored ones, over It with a good deal of pride. It Jb a one-story brick building, fire-proof In every detail. In it are omy sir stalls and an olflce. These stalls are IS feet square, and have a brick celling 12 inches in thickness. Each stall is not only plastered, bit wainscoted and fin ished in solid onk. with ventilation at the bottom, brougjht from the roof. A perfectly equable temperature is main tained the year round. At the rear of the baxn is the immense granary of solid stone. A macadamized walk runs all around the crstle, and this is all roofed over, foumhig attractive vorandas; these verandas are literally en meshed in summer with the choicest of vines and flowers. In the front is over an acre of green velvet lan; all about are beds of flowers. In the front is over an acre of glittering sand, while foun tains aa:e playing In every available spot. In this department are kept the finest stallions; Hamburg, valued at 5&.IXXJ; Tammany, Ogden. Bathampton and In verness, costing Marcus Daly over ?2S0,'. but which no sum could purchase from him now. AM are well known as royal stallions and winners of the largest mixes ever offered. Hamburg won the Brljhton cup In 1S0S; Tammany won the Realiza tion hi 1S95; Ogden was the Futurity win ner In 1S97, while Bathampton and Rnvar ness were tho greatest stallions England's stables ever produced. Other celebiated sta'.llons are Montana, the winner of the Suburban in L"92; Sam Lucas. Prlmrcee, The Pepper and many others. Here ljb also quartered the cream of the brod mares over 200 In all. together with foals, to whom the racing men of America look for world-beaters. It will be remembered that Sam Lucas was for years in the employ of August Belmont, handling his thoroughbreds, before coming to Mon tana. The standard-bred or trotting depart ment is located In the lower lands, ami over 1000 acres Is devoted to it. Like the thoroughbred department, everything- Is in the most elaborate and convenient form. Paddocks, barns, all built with an eye to the greatest convenience, buc still pleas ing to look at, both outside and inside. There are about 100 brood mares, and the foals there. The chief of the stallions Is Prodigal, son of John Nolan; Ponce de Leon and Mllrol are also kept in this department. It Is an Interesting sight to see Joe Rae training the green colts, of whom he has charge as far as training goes. David Peel, who was also for years with Belmorat, has general charge at the trotters. Tho entire ranch, every depart ment, is connected by telephone with the stock-farm office, which is in Hamilton, in the rear of the Ravalli county bank. Another thlnr for which the ranch is famous Is Its d9g kennels, which are all grouped around Tammany castle. The different strains and breeds are well known to dog fanciers. One can almost pick ouf. the dogs in Butte which have come from Daly's kennels, so superior are they. Another sight well worth see ing are the hatcheries and fowl coverts, also situated' on the plateau. Every kind of pigeon is oo be seen here; every kind of game cock flourishes, and English and China pheasanAs abound. The pea fowls J add a picturesque toucn. As for domestic fowls, not a breed can be named which Is not here represented. A peculiar thing is the hundreds ot iiuail In the fields all over the ranch. Mr. Daly Imported them from California, and they are multiplying beyond his most sanguine hopes. From a very brief description some Idea of the magnitude of operations on -Daly's ranch may be gained. But no one can arrive at an Idea of tlie beauty of the place unless he vlsl's It. Weeks could he pleasantly spent visiting the different de partments. It has so far. stock and all. cost Mr. Daly over i.OCO.WO. but it will repay him a thousand-fold, although that Dart he does not care about. CANNON BALL PILLS Big B'alls of Poison Given as Medicine. Tlio-csnmlK Are Suffering froni Mercu rial Plll-Polaon Tnfcen In Youtk Days of the Pllla Are Past. Do you want health? Then keep your bowels clean and your liver lively! It has always been known that constipa tion Is the cause of nearly all disease, but the way of treating it has changed. The old way was to make up a sicken ing "black draught," or. still worse, an explosive "shot-gun" cartridge of calomel, aloes, jalap, gamboge, croton oil. blue mass, colocynth the larger the bullet the better and after ihe patient had swal lowed the dose, thrown the bowels into spasms and turned the liver Inside out. he was settled for a few days frequently forever. The mo3t dangerous "medicine" of all was the mercurial pill-poison which lodged In the blood and Joints, producing life-long aches. Force is folly. If you have any regard for your well being. When It becomes necessary to stir up your liver and have a general internal cleaning p take Cas carets Candy Cathartic, and produce nat ural action in a nice, gentle, quiet, posi tive way. Cascarets are up to date, antiseptic, taste good, never grip nor gripe, mild but effective. Buy and try Cascarets today. You'll find that It's what they do, not what we say they'll do, that proves their merit. All druggists 10c, 25c. 50c, or by mail for price. Send for booklet and free sample. Address the Sterling Remedy Co., Chica go; Montreal, Can., or New York. This la the CASCARKT tabM. Every tablet of the only genuine Oecarets beers the m&glc Wtete "CCC." Look at the tablet befor-; you buy. and beware ot fraud, imitations and substitutes. Marian! Wine World Famous Tonic Many thousand physician and millions of per sons during the past thlrty-flye years nave thor oughly tested Vln Martenl and Invariably x mrlenced beneficial effectr Thousands of fa mous men and women from almoe every walk of life hae praised Vln Marlanl la poetrj and prose In music ""ulpture- ana painting Trj Vln Marlanl ci its merit' Fold by all Drugjflsts. B"fu: Substitutes. ffi) THE PALATIAL !Ui BUILDING Hi' m iSllI Jiiip s Rpfii?i : Not a rfnrlc office In t"a ballillnxi eliNelatelr Hrerefs electric I. .!:. and Hrtc.tian irater; perfect saultn tia and UiHrHgh vr.-ilIlHiiou. .; f vatttrs run da and lCht. Hoo.Tia. OTDKRSOX. OtTSTAT. AIH.nH.y.at-mvr... U12 ASSOC1AT-CD PJtKSS; K. U -owell. M: . 8c J B'OCKW JMTK A390OAT1ON. ot Ue lln. la.; C. A. XcCargar. State Aeru c2 3 BBiMXJE. H. W.. tt. Pernia Shorthand Setwol 2jt BEN.7A3CHC. R. W.. Eton... !.".'.." ".V ".3: 4 MI-JS-VAJfOER. DH. O. S.. lh,s. A Sur lt 413 RKm?:K. rR. G. .. Jhycta. . .412 4 ili BUS1CEt. RICHARD. Ajfenl Wllwm & M - CaMa r Tobncco Co t' Cc.1 CAUK,:X. O. K.. Dteret AgK TraeiCr"j laauetntw Cm. CARimiLi. DR. J. R... .".." CLARK. HAROLD. Dentist CLEM. E. A. A CO.. Mini FropeVtUs " 8 COLUMBIA TELEPHOX COSfPNY T13 a.xj 3.4 94-6-W-607 813-014 C 3 CORXEL1V3S. C. W. w. and SrKon.s. 2.H COVER. T. C. Carter fepttuW Life . . C.J COLLIER. I-. T.. PaMtetMr; A. P. McOtilre Manager 415 m DAY. J. O AT. N - 3 DAVIS. NAPOLEON. FrsW Cotumt" i Telephone Co - DICKSOX. DR. j. T.. PkyMafM.'..'..".! 713 rii KAKE. DR. H B. P!ya4Sa B12 51J - 4 DUNHAX. MRS GEO. A Til DWYKR. JAS T. Tt.bcOB 42 EDITORIAL. ROOMS ElR-t i fijer EQUITABLE L1F: ASSURANCE SOl IE! ST L Samuel. Manager; F. C. Cover. Cash er 3CH KVENrNG TELEGRAM.. 325 AUer s-iees FALLOW. MRS. M. A.. Monger Wjmto'i Dpt. MhIwI Reserve Fwml Life, of lie York C03 FEOTOX. J. D.. Phyfltetan and treon. C09 3.9 FE:TOX. DR. KICKS C. Eye and Ear ... 311 FENTON. MATTHEW F.. Deitttat. . .S3 FIDEJJTT MtTTVAL LIFE AS8"X. E. C. Stark. Manager 301 FRENCH SCHOOL br eonverMtton)' Dr.' A.' Muzrarelll. Maer 739 GALVACI. W. M.. Engineer and Draughts- 609 GEARY. DR. EDWARD F.. Fhyslclan ant surfteen I "ia GIESV. A. J.. Fhygfetan and SwzeinW 7 ii 7t! -GODDAJtD. E. C A CO.. Footwear, ground floor :2 ixti F'rct' GCV.DMA.V. WILLIAM. Manager Manhat'11 life Ine&r&nc Ctx. of New York .. 200 "ti GRANT. F.'iANX 3.. Attorney-at-law r? GR.-5NIER. MISS BEATRICE. Dentist .. . P3 HAMMOVD. a. Jl 3i- KEIDIXCKS. OEO. A. A CO.. i-ino" aH OrgWH 13V Sir - -3 HOLLISTXR. PR. O. C. Fhys. A Shrg . 304 3 3 TDLEXAX, c. M.. Attomey-at-Law 4ir 1. -9 KADt, MAJtK T.. Manager lainc Nor west Mutual Reowro Fttnd. ZAfc Aeo. ,i 4 0.3 LAMCNT JtWX. Wee-President and G-. eral Manager CobfisMa Telephone Co . CTJ LITTLEKIELD. H. R.. Fhy. and Surgeon "3 MACRUM. W. S.. See. Oregon Camera Cl - 21 MACXAY. DR. A. B.. Fnys, and Surg . Til "u MAXWELL. DR. W. EL. Fhy,. A Surg 7 Zl McCARGAR. C. A.. State Agent Bankers Life Ajwoetatton , m jo rp3 -McCOY. NEWTON, Atorney.at"-Law . . " 713 McFADHX. MISS IDA E.. Stenographer "01 McOIXX. HEXKT E.. Attomey-a:-Law. Tit ZZ2 McKSLL. T. J.. Xan-jfacMirerV Represent t,v os MILLKR. DR. HKXBERT C. Dentlat an. Oral Surgeon 6( 3 C09 MOSMCAX. DR. E. F.. Dentist 512 SIZ 514 MANHATTAN LIFE IMSURAXCK CO.. of Jfew York; W Goldman. Manager. ...2 0 2: MaELROT, DR. J. .. Fhya. A .rjt 701 7 C 70S McFARLAA'D. E. B.. Secretary Columbia Telepeooo Co ..CO McGTJIRE. 3. F.. Manager F. F. Collier PuMfafeer .415-i: MeKIX. MAURICE. Attonev-at-Law. . 5T0 MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO.. of Nt York: Wn S. Fond. State Mm- 404 luS-40 MUTUAL KESERVB FT7D LIFE ASb M. T. Kfufcr. Mftr. PaeMc Mortttwest.., Ool' CPi NICHOLAS. HORACE B.. Attorney-at-Law .'15. XILES. M L.. Caohter Manhattan Life In surance Co.. of Mew York- ... ? OREGOX IXFtRMARY OF OSTEOPATIIY, Dr. L. B. Snath. Oateooath 40M0 OR COON" CAMERA CLUS 214-215 -ia ".r PnRXIX SHORTMAXD SCHOOL: H. V" Ba.hBke.Prln... 2IE POKP. WM. S.. State Manager Mutual Vife" In. 9i. of New York 404 40B-4C POR-BLAXD EYE AXD EAR IXFIRMARY . Orottnd rtoor. 133 Sixth a'rr PORTLAND PRESS CLUR . . xit PRO-TC-MAX. EUCEXE C. Snoerlntendent Ajteracios Mutual Roserve Fund Ure. of Xew York ,ti jyij PTTTXAWS SOWS, a. P.. ruMfefcer .. 3:3 Qt'IMirr. L. F. W.. Ornte and Forestry Wardea "l(J-"f REED A MALCOLM. Opttctam. . J33 Sixth tic REED. F. C. Ffh Cnmmbwloner 40" RYAX, J. B. Attorney-at-law 417 :ALI3BURY. fEO X . Sertkm Director r S. Weather Bureau flt SAMUEL. L.. Manager Equitable Life 306 5ANDFORD. A. C A CO . Pblta4vrV Ants. S1J SCRIBXER'S SO. CKAS.. Pab!1Shfr: Je Kobsoa. Xnaffr 3:r-31fl-31? SHERWOOD. J W . Deputy Supreme Com mander. K. O. T. M , . nt SMITH. DR. L B. 0reefmh 4S-4r; POXS OF THE AMER1CAX REVOLTS' V. 500 STARK. E. C. Executive Spoetal. Fldelly MtttuaJ Life Aociatlon of PhlJa., Pa...... oi STARK A COLE Pyroaraphp 4rj STEEL. G. A.. Fore Inepeotor .28 STUART. DELL. AHnrney-at-Law...MB-fllO R 7 STOLTE. DR CHAS. E.. DfiO 704 7 3 3CRGCOX OF THE 3. P. RY. AXD X P TKRM1XAL CO 7j STROWBRtDGE. THOS H.. ETernttvn Spe cial Afrent Mutual Life, of Xew York. ... 4rf SUPERINTENDENTS OFFICE , y TUCKER DR GEO. F.. Dentist niD(Tk U. S. WEATHER BUREAU 906-907 9W Ota V. S. LIGHTHOUSE ENGINEERS. 13TH DIST. Captain W. a LannAtt. Corp of Engineer. U. S. A S0 U S. ENGIXEER OFFICE. RIVER AXD HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. Captain W. C Laasdtt. Corps of Engineers, V. S. A . S'i WALKER. WILL H.. President Oregon Camera Club 214-215-2.5-21 WATERMAX. C. K.. Costlier Mutual Life of Xew York . 43 W ATKINS. Mian. E. L.. Pun-haotUK Agencv 7.0 VKATHERRED. MRS. EUYTH. rand Sec retary Xdtive Daughters 71G 7t? WHITE. MISS L. E.. Aae't See. Oregon Cam era Club .. .. j WILSON. DR. EDWARD X.. Phy. A Sur 104 1 WILSON, dk. OEO F.. Phys. A Surg. .700 " - WILSON, DR. HOLT C. Phys. A Stars 807 303 WILSOX ft MCCAI.LAY TOBACCO Co Richard Buoteod, Agent 60 r 1 I V?OOD. DR. W. L.. Phystetan 412-tl.t 4' t 7.ULLAMETTE YALLEY TELEP1L CO 01 J A few mere cldcant ufflcei mny he had" by applying to Portland Trnat ComjRBy er Oraeen, ltH TMrtl t.. op to tfc rent elerk la thP ItHlltllnj?. MEN -NO qURS. ND PAY - THE MuiJEtl APPLIANCE A pos .i ffST to aerft mnnvJi Everything etoe falls. The VACUUM TREAT MENT CURBS you without medicine ot all ntrvoua or diseases of the generama organs, such as tost manhood ezhaust'ng drains. ar -? ele. mpntency etc Men are quickly restored 3 jtrti nm'th and st-ength. Wrtte for circulars Correspondence rc-""a ilal TIT'S it,r;H Ai-PT.TNrV -o r--A I J7-4S Sar Deposit su ixag. 3f a ;ih. YVajfc. ssa