10
9 THE MORNINGr ' OEEGONIANr SATURDAY, JANTJAEY - 27, 1900.
THE CARE AND EDUCATION OF. CHILDREN
(Copyright, J8S9.
THEOREGONIAN'S HOME STUDY CIRCLtrbfRECTKTBYpROKSEVaiR EXTON
HOME -SCIENCE AND
HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY
ContribatMS U this course: Mrs. Helen Camp
Ixsll, Mrs,feBisaret J3rSangster, Mrs. Kate
Gannett Wells, Mrs. Louisa E. Hogan, M1&3
Anne Barrows, Mrs. Mary Roberts Smith, Miss
Emily G. Balch, Miss Lucy Wheelock and
others.
.XIX
THE CARB ATTO EDUCATION OP
CHILDREN.
BT LUCY -WHEELOCK.
Tlie Care of Infancy.
We have been slow to learn the lesson
of the Great Teacher, who set a child in
the midst of his disciples as an object of
reverence and study. Man has taken all
knowledge as his province and left as that
last to be conquered a toiowledge of the
human being: destined to make the world
that is to be.
Classical learning has absorbed the at
tention of scholars to the exclusion of the
study which really concerns the welfare
of the human race. Spencer lamented in
his time the Inadequacy of the school
curriculum, which made elaborate prepa
ration for everything but the highest of
all functions, that of parenthood. He pic
tures the amazement f some antiquary of
the .future who should unearth text-books
and school papers, and finding no refer
ence to training for such duties should
conclude them to be relics of a race of
celibates. " Tis true 'tis pity," and alas!
it is still true. An examination of the cur
ricula of most of our colleges and semi
naries would reveal the same Inadequacy
to meet the real needs of life. The higher
education of women does not ordinarily
include any, reference to the possibility
of motherhood. But there are signs of
promise. A fdw courses of study are of
fered here and there based on an enlight
ened conception of the high calling of
woman, as "the first priestess of the hu
man race." Mothers' clubs and classes for
mothers in our kindergarten training
schools are springing up all over the land,
in evidence of an awakening public senti
ment as regards the responsibility of the
care of childhood.
The overwhelming attendance and the
reat enthusiasm shown at the first moth
ers' congress held three years ago in
Washington was a surprise, even to Itfi
promoters. It was convincing testimony
of a growing sense of need on the part
of many women. Another promising sign
of the times is the wealth of child study
literature. In the second edition of Tra
cy's "Psychology of Childhood," pub
lished in 1S94, he refers to no less than 105
published -sources of Information, The list
would now' be" largely increased. Since
Preyer's rotable record of bis observa
tions of an individual child there have
been many studies of this sort, the larger
portion of which concern themselves with
the period of infancy. The Interest in
child study largely promoted by Dr. Hall
and his associates has acted like leaven
throughout the country. The "divine
Plato" has never been alone in recogniz
ing the importance of beginnings, "espe
cially when a thing Is young and tender."
But practice must always lurk far behind
theory, and there is still need of some
apostles of childhood to convince mothers
everywhere that the foundations of all fu
ture physical and moral well-being must
be laid deep in the soil of infancy.
Food.
"Ak a man eateth so is he," is a phi
losopher's statement of a truth which
mothers and nurses need often to rehearse
to themselves. "Whether the child is to
be well or 111, strong or weak, sluggish or
active, self-controlled or the unhappy vic
tim of a morbid appetite, depends largely
on kind and amount of food and regular
ity of feeding. These matters are not to
be decided by the advice of fond grand
mothers or the traditions of nurses, but
by the scientific knowledge of the mother
trained. to understand the physical needs
of an Infant One of the most helpful of
recent books, Louise B. Hogan's "Study
or. a Child." gives a faithful and impar
tial record of the life of a normal child.
The points most insisted upon in ths man
agement of the young child were regu
larity in matters pertaining to physical
care and noninterference with the devel
oping mind, that there might be free play
of the-individuality and self-activity.
TXjTheiicaTeitakEir rto insure right habits
of body and, mind on the part of all who
came into any relations with the child
might well serve as a model in other
homes. In his "Christian Nurture,"
which has become a classic, Dr. Bush
jiell lays emphasis on the fact that in
judicious feeding In babyhood and highly
seasoned and rich foods are the prolific
sources -of perverted appetite and gross
excess. Intemperance is excess or lack of
moderation, and its seeds are sown wheni
ever and wherever the senses of the young
child are allowed to become masters rath
er than servants. Froebel has devoted
devoted two of his songs In the "Mutter
und Kose-Lieder" to a consideration of
the senses of taste and smell, showing the
importance of cultivation of these "min
isters of the mind" through the medium
of the baby plays. He advises that the
child's .attention be diverted during eat
ing by a moving bird in a cage which can
be fed, or by the suggestion of sharing
the food with some other pet This pre
vents the food and Its enjoyment from be
coming .an end in Itself.
Clothing:.
"Our first gifts to our children are fet
ters," writes Rousseau, In condemning the
customary method of clothing infants. The
traditional long clothes and bands must
impede the freedom of movement neces
sary to develop muscular strength. The
emancipated mother discards all elaborate
long skirts 'and dresses and makes her
baby comfortable in Arnold slips. Like
the Froebel mother, she watches the free
play of the limbs and rejoices in the
growing strength of her baby, as 6he
sings:
""In and out! In and out!
Toss the little limbs about,
Toss the little baby feet;
That's the way to grow, my sweet."
Environment.
Environment Is another emphatic word
in the mother's vocabulary. "What the
baby is first to see, what he is first to
hear these are matters of prime impor
tance. "Through the senses the child's
soul lies open. Keep the impressions
pure." Who has seen a baby stretch out
his little hands and coo with delight be
fore some favorite picture without real
izing the need of a wise selection of scenes
end subjects for the nursery walls t And
let the picture be hung for the baby's
eyes and not for the adult visitor. Love
of order and habits of neatness, regularity
and punctuality have their genesis in the
'Orderjy surroundings and examples jpf the
nursery period. The importance of guard
v jang the early influences surrounding the
child is nowhere more clearly set forth
than in Froebel's collection of songs and
plays for mothers and children. In the
arrangement of the sonFS we discover the
order and time of manifestation of the
various psychic activities of the infant
The pictures in the first part of the book
portray successive scenes in the great
drama of unfolding consciousness. The
first picture shows the physical moment
when the infant "new to earth and sky,"
vaguely begins to feel that "This Is i!"
The succeeding play songs Illustrate such
physical experiences as the first imitative
Act betokening the birth of will; the cas
ual notion indicated by the why and what
of the childish questions, the recognition
of change and time, the development of
the senses from the lower, subjective sen
sations of taste and smell to the higher
by Seymour Eaton.)
. t ' k r
,,
activity of sight, the gradual grouping of
sensations Into ever clearer perceptions
and the formation of Ideas of fqrm, size
and number "three paths to the goal of
knowledge."
But the mother's interest In her child
1& not psychologic, and the chief value
of Froeb'ers'bobk for her lies in the'hlnts
and suggestions given to guide her in her
dally Intercourse with her little one. Its
avowed aim Is to replace the mother in
stinct by insight to add to mother-love
"the sweet reasonableness" which shall
Insure true nurture. There is no need
to create artificial experiences as In Rous
seau's "Emlle" to teach the lessons of
life. The experiences come of them
selves. The scientific understanding of the in
fant's bodily. needs, the elimination of all
harmful influences in the nursury envir
onment, with the selection of the good,
1 and the loving wisdom which "suffers"
the free play of the spontaneities of ba
byhood, guiding them to the formation
of right habits these are the essentials
in the care of infancy.
The Kindergarten Age.
The ideal of the kindergarten is Indi
cated in its name, the child garden. A
garden is a place for growth under cul
ture. Freedom, space and time are
necessary conditions of growth In any
garden, and cultivation is no less essen
tial for the fullest flowering and fruitage.
A kindergarten is not a. "merry-go-round"
for the amusement of children,
neither Is It a device for cramming in
nocent children with premature knowl
edge. It Is a place where living and real
children are treated as growing plants
with respect to all the laws of natural
development It is a place where the
need of individual treatment Is considered
as the gardener considers the peculiar
needs of rose and .Illy and gives to each
soil and sunshine and care as required
by the nature of the plant
The forcing process is foreign to the
true kindergarten, which does not desire
to produce hothouse plants, even If they
bloom earlier. Froebel's method Is "pas
sive, observant, following." The key
note of his system is self-activity. His
aim is "to give men themselves." The
agencies which he employs In the kin
dergarten are chiefly songs and games,
gifts and occupations.
Songs and Games.
In the plays of children Froebel discovs
ers "the heart leaves of the future." The
child Is most truly himsejf when he plays.
All his energies are employed, frequently
his special powers and tendencies are ex
pressed in this free manifestation of self.
An English writer on this subject charac
terizes neglect In fostering such special
tastes and capacities as a ruthless waste
of national capital. It is possible that
child study in the kindergarten may pre
vent some of this waste, especially when
mothers and klndergartners have (he fre
quent opportunities for conference af
forded by the mothers meetings.
Long before Froebel's time Plato, Quin
tlllan and other educational writers had
Insisted upon the value of the plays of
children as "a preparation for the serious
business of life, but It was reserved for
"the apostle of-childhood" to fathom "the
deep meaning which oft lies hid in child
ish play" and to make It the corner-stone
of his educational foundation.
The musical setting of the kindergarten
plays makes them "orderly and law-abiding."
and through the medium of song we
believe with Plato that rhythm and grace
enter Into the recesses of the soul and
abide there. The organized play, when
rightly conducted, preserves the true bal
ance between lawful liberty and license,
and in nowise Interferes with the spon
taneity of childhood. Freedom and law
are Inseparable terms, and ohm of the
Important lessons of the kindergarten
game is that the good of the Individual is
conditioned by the good of the whole.
The only one who Isn't happy Is the one
who won't play. Consideration of others
and subordination of self are common,
plain virtues to be acquired only Dy
"dally act and habitude." The kinder
garten play circle Is the school for these
social virtues because all must play to
gether In order to play at all.
Imitation.
Froebel was the first of child students
to discover the significance of imitation
in child life. "What man tries tp lepre
sent, that he begins to understand" is
his motto. Imitation is necessary as a
means of understanding. "Let me do
and I shall know" is. the Implicit faith of
the child. "I will fly like a bird and run
like a pony, and hop like a frog, -and so
I shall become each of them. Let me
do what mamma does and I shall be
mamma." So through varied and con
stant Imitations children Imitate them
selves into the complexities of the life
around them. Froebel would utilize this
Instinct for imitation, by giving a wide
range to play and directing it to an edu
cational end. His special plays include
those which represent movements In the
plant and animal world, the family and
other relationships and -domestic and in
dustrial activities. The miner, the farm
er, the baker, the carpenter, are true
heroes of toll because they are necessary
to make the wheels of the great world
turn round. The ideal of service which
Mrs. Eliot advocates as one of the func
tions of education in a democracy Is em
bodied in these trade plays, which Illus
trate the dependence of one upon an
other and the beauty of co-operation.
The Gifts.
No agency of the kindergarten has been
so much questioned and so often per
verted as the gifts. Froebel did not in
tend them to become a means of Instruc
tion In geometry and arithmetic, but rath
er to furnish an "alphabet of things" by
which the young pupil In nature's school
may begin "to spell out the Volume of
the universe." He attaches great Import
ance to the selection of children's play
things, which are to serve as mediators
between themselves and the world. A
wise giver bestows the "gift" which helps
the child to realize himself by giving free
play to the fancy and scope to the con
structive powers. "Let me see," "Let me
do" are the constant demands of the nor
mal child. Through clear seeing the
world-chaos Is gradually to be reduced to
order. Definite perceptions In place of
confused and vague notions of things are
to be acquired through forming the habit
of interested observation and attention to
what one sees- The kindergarten play
things are Intended to facilitate this proc
ess of observation and comparison by
supplying standards of form, color, size
and number.
It Is needless to state that the special
"gifts" do not exclude the use of rational
objects, but lead to a larger Interest In
seeing and using alj ,other good gifts of
a wise giver. They are only the alpha
bet, not the volume.
The material of the gifts offers nothing
novel. Balls, blocks and rings are com
mon playthings. As used In the kinder
garten they satisfy the constructive in
stinct which would recreate the world.
The simple and manageable material
lends Itself readily to the desires of the
mind. ' The.vaiue over other material lies
in the fact of organization and progres
sion, so that the child grows by what
he dqes and finds at every statge what 1c
suited to his needs.
Note This study will be concluded on
Saturday, January 20.
West Side Train Service.
MONMOUTH, Oh, Jan. 24. (To the Edi
torsSome time ago I noticed an article
in your columns stating the advantages
of the new train schedule on the West
Side division. We wish to take exceptions
to the statement that the present arrange
ments are for the better. As the trains are
now run, it Is Impossible for the people
of Monmouth or Independence to travel by
any of the trains to as much advantage
as by boat. As an evidence of that, Ihe
boats are now doing fully four-fifths of
the passenger tranfflc from the two places.
Arrangements are now being completed
whereby all freight for this place will come
by boat, daily, to Independence. Had the
Southern Pacific shown, any disposition tu
favor this place" and "Independence, they
certainly would have run the Dallas tralu
on to Monmouth, a distance of sevdn mites,
arranged for connection with Independence
by motoiv and incidentally held the patron
age of a population of about 4000 people.
Under such an arrengement, mail and ex
press facilities would be much Improved.
Under the present schedule, three days
Is required- to get a reply from Portland,
and under the schedule proposed, one day
would do It It Is needless to say that this
is a great detriment to business.
FRANK LUCAS.
DREDGING IN THE HARBOR. '
Further Presentation of Captain
Spencer's Views and Criticism.
PORTLAND, Jan. 26 XTo the Editor.)
With your permission, I will try and make
myself understood to Mr. E. T. C. Ste
vens, clerk of the Port of Portland com
mission. He claims the dike has been the
cause of the bar at the sawmill wharf.
Every pilot on the river knows that there
has always been a large sand and gravel
bar just where It Is now, long before the
dike or sawmill was evr thought of, and
Iam of the opinion that the bar Is not so
large now as before the completion, of the
dike. He says they are going to extend the
cut from the mill wharf obliquely across
this sand spit to the channel, on the op
posite side, paralleling the dike, but, of
course, some distance above It. Now, If
any person wilL go to the trouble of taking
a coast survey chart and measure the dis
tance of this proposed channel, he will
soon be convinced that the Port of Port
land commission have undertaken a stu
pendous task, and one that will keep' the
city dredge busy for a long time; for. If
they attempt to cut through this bar, there
are fully 1,000,000 cubic yards of sand and
gravel to be removed if they cut a channel
ISO feet wide, 25 feet deep and V& miles
long from the north end of the harbor to
about the red "beacon north of the flour
mills. At a low stage of water a very
considerable part of the proposed channel
is bare sand, and from all past experience
at dredging any portion of this bar, there
are numerous logs and roots imbedded
which will make this one of the most te
dious and expensive works ever under
taken by the city dredge. The report for
Ihe last quarter shows for the month of
December J51.031 cubic yards of material
were excavated. The clerk Informs me
that this was gravel, and they are now
doing much more dredging in sand, and it
is very reasonable fo suppose they will And
large amounts of gravel cutting through to
the channel on the east Bide, and, per
haps, some blue clay which the Bowers
dredge cannot handle successfully. It does
not take much of an expert fo figure how
long It will take, not allowing any time for
repairs, estimated at about one-fourth for
high water, and all time lost. The pro
posed channel, ISO feet-wide, 20 feet depth
of cut, 7920 feet long, will amount to 1,056,
000 cubic yards of material to be exca
vated. To allow them 50,000 cubic yards
per month, It will take 21 months of steady
work; and. In view of the fact that It will
be of more injury than benefit to the pres
ent channel, I would suggest to the com
mission they abandon this work before
they will have done any serious or irreparable-Injury
to the present channel.
Mr. E. T. C. Stevens further states, in
referring to section 2, that I have over
looked the amendment. Why, my dear
sir, this Is the most Interesting part of this
premeditated scheme on the part of Mr.
Mackay. I will here refer Mr. E. T. C.
Stevens and the commission to a letter
written by an ex-member of that body, one
that was legislated out of the commis
sion by the amendment referred to and
he plainly states his objection and points
out to the public the deep Interest taken
by Mr. Mackay. Here Is a copy of Mr.
Joseph Paquofs letter, headed, ''Dredge
Work Criticised, With Remarks on
Changes Proposed In the Commission":
Portland, Feb. 16, 1809 (To the Editor.)
Any person not conversant with all the cir
cumstances and facts connected with the Intro
duction of Mackay's Port of Portland bill
would naturally wonder (since all that part of
the bill relating to the building of a drydock
has been eliminated) why Mr. Mackay take3 do
much Interest, and lfl so anxious to pass the
bill.
I will give some facts ir.at will probably ex
plain. Last spring the city dredge was en
gnged in excavating" In front of the North Pa
cific mill wharf about six weeks, at a time
when it ought to have been working on the
river channel (Mr. Mackay is president and. one
of the largest stockholders in the mill). Upon
Inquiring Into the matter, the president in
formed us that Mr. MacKay had -asked for the
use of the dredge, and the executive commit
tee had let him have the use of it, provided
he would pay all the expenses of operating It.
It was taken from there to the shop for re
pairs. After being repaired It was taken to
Wolff & Zwlcker'a yard to dig a trench to
launch a "boat in. I, with other members, ob
jected to the use of the dredge for private
work, when there were two private dredges
lying Idle in the city ready to do any work
that offered. The commission concluded that
the city should do no more private work.
If you will examine section 2 of Mackaj 'u bill
you will find the following sentence: "That
there shall be made and permanently main
tained In said Willamette river at said city,
from wharf line to wharf line, and In the Wil
lamette and Columbia rivers between said city
and the sea, a ships' channel at any and all
points as It may deem necessary." You can
read the above carefully, and draw your own
conclusions. As I understand, the place dug
by the city dredge has filled la again. In sec
tion 9 you will notice that he has reduced the
board of commissioners to seven members. The
old board was composed of 15 members. Then
were only six members on the old board that
milted him, eo he put himself on to make out
the complement, but for some reason his name
was taken off and Mr. E. T. Williams (his
partner In the mill) waa substituted." Nearly
all the members that objected to doing private
work with the city dredge were left off this
commission, which comprised all the members
from the east side of the river. The following
members of the present commission will be
stricken off by the passage of Mackay'9 bill:
Kllllngsworth, Steffen, L. Nicolal, Dr. D, Raf
fety. Captain A. Peas,, W. Steele, 'George
Weldler and Joseph Paquet. Those retained
are J. McCraken, T B. Wilcox, C. E. JLadd,
Ellis G Hughes. J. Couch Flanders and J. A.
Brown. The act In force at present gives the
commission all the power that is required to
improve the river and harbor, and does not
compel them to dig out every man's wharf
when he wants it done. JOSEPH PAQUET.
xx ruEx xweinn street, city.
I can assure the public and commission
that there Is nothing of a personal nature
in this, neither do I entertain .any ill
feeling towards any member of the Port
of Portland commission. But It does seem
to me that there Is a great deal mnra
'of a private "graft" than a public benefit
in jar. Aiacxays amendment, and If all
the property-holders from Burnslde-street
bridge on the East and West sides, south
to the city limits, where there is now
very 'Shallow water, Insist 6V having the
city dredge deepen the harbor from wharf
line to wharf line, I believe the taxpayers
will begin to realize that this, amendment
of Mr. Mackay's will soon have to be
repealed. E. W.s SPENCER.
a -Growth
of Language.
Charles Johnston 'in the Contemporary.
The principle of growth in language, as
In all else, is variation. And when "the
early races felt that variation had been
carried far enough within the limits of
the vowel language, rich as It was In
tone and melody, a new direction for
growth was unconsciously sought It was
found by adding semivowels to the already
existing vowels that Is, by partially dos
ing the lips, or bringing the tongue .near
the .teeth, or palate,, or throat, while the
vowels were - being spoken- Thisr would
give nvords like wawawa or yayaya? and
the like, and so. with other vowels. Let
me give a few words which still survive
from this epoch, in Polynesian, which are
rich in pure vowel words: ahl, aho, hau,
hihl, ha, hae, wa, wai, which mean fire,
light, wind, ray, breath, envy, expanse,
water all elements or elemental emotions.
a
Delicious and fragrant smoke Zarlna
Cigarettes, Russian blend.
TRIPS TO SOUTH AMERICA
DE LESSEPS FRAUDS IN ABUNDANT
' ' EVIDENCE. rA'IVTPANAMA.' "'
Major Sears Says the Canal Will Be
Completed. Oregon Pine Aclver-
tihetl 'in AH -Newspapers.
I have made two trips to the west coast
of South America since I left .Portland,
a year and a half ago; the first time
going as far as Lima, the capital of
Peru, In the pleasant company of an
agreeable gentleman, sent out by a New
York syndicate to search for mines of
sulphur, copper and gold; the second time,
on a similar errand for the same syndi
cate, wheh the commission of six persons
went down the coast of Chile to the port
of Antofagasta.
It is a severe experience to have to
be ashamed, in a foreign land, of one's
countryman; but on this occasion I had
to suffer It as never before. The agent
of the syndicate on the second expedition
had been employed because of a certain
"smartness" which aided him in getting
the best of every Individual with whom
he came in contact for purposes of busi
ness. He was unhappily competent to
do the dirty work of anybody, who wished
as a gentleman to pose being willing to
pay for the privilege. He was a lowbred
Illiterate,, "born In a garret, in a Icitchen
bred," educated a bootblack, and gradu
ated a shyster of the New York up
country bar. The cap of. all disgrace was
set when, on our return up the coast
this "American citizen" went ashore at
Guayaquil, one of the most Important
cities of the South Pacific coast, contain
ing a punctiliously polite population, di
vested of coat and Vest, and exposing on
the seat of his trousers, worn by riding
two big holes, from which floated a
flag which might once have been white.
Brilliant specimen of the American gen
tleman, from the Inflated Empire state,
and not, as the New York editor would
expect, from the "wild and woolly West."
This man brought with him, as a chum
and "right-hand supporter," a townsman,
by trade a melancholy corpsewasher of
professional solemnity, which he threw
over the little party a black pall when
ever he appeared In our midst He was
the only man among us who had no vices.
The Panama Canal.
An arrival In Panama is always an In
teresting episode to me, who have been
there so many times and number many
friends In that interesting community. I
have had occasion to note that the only
foreigners who have passed the age of
50 at Panama In an uninterrupted Isth
mian life are men who have abstained
from alcoholic drinks. The man on the
Isthmus who drinks liquor habitually dies
young.
On this visit, the great point of interest
was -the condition of the canal and its
present work. I had seen It 10 years
ago, and written of it In The Oregonian.
At that time the dredges of Slaven were
lying in the canal on the Atlantic side
of the isthmus, and I had gone with
their custodian In his steam launch up
the channel as far as It had been exca
vated. I then expressed In The Oregonian
the belief, now confirmed, that the Pana
ma canal will certainly be completed and
In the near future. .
The whole line of the work from ocean
to ocean was then as today an exposi
tion of the De Lesseps frauds; locomo
tives clustered in scores, always useless
and to remain so; enormous derricks with
their engines mounted and ready for a use
to which they were never put and never
required, being unsuited to whatever ex
ists on the isthmus"; Iron cars for moving
excavated material; rails' for lines of
track; cross ties and rail fastenings all
these and more are still there, as they
were in 1890, clustered at different points
In extraordinary amounts, Illustrating the
profits of an Illicit "dlwy" with unscru
pulous manufacturers and contractors;
not so well protected now as they were,
for the sheds, have decayed or perhaps
have been stolen, being better fuel than
the green wood of the tropical forest; for
the present company has no need of them,
and so no demand for their protecting,
unless it be to sell them.
There are thousands of empty houses for
laborers; handsome dwellings for division
chiefs and engineers, without tenants; pal
aces for the closer friends of De Lesseps
now dead or in French prisons; million
dollar hospitals, without patients; all are
there and fairly well preserved, so that a
multitude of 15,000 souls could be added
to the population of the Isthmus In a day
and be .comfortably housed without 'the
erection of a new building. But the presv
ent company Is doing earnest work and
honest; the principal labor being directed
against the Culebra (snake) cut
Anti-Slide Slopes.
Mr. E. T. Ward, an American engineer
in the company's service, was my travel
ing companion from Panama to New
York, and gave me some valuable In
formation touching the present cost of the
work now being excavated by a force
of 2000 men. Thus, for taking out, loading
on cars that carry -six cubic meters each,
and transporting a distance of two kilo
meters, the contractors are receiving 10
cents per cubic meter, American gold,
which la equivalent to 7 cents per cubic
yard on a haul of a mile. and a half. The
company furnishes the transportation
plant from the huge stores lying about,
and the contractor does all the rest An
other contractor, for work somewhat more
difficult. Is loading small cars that carry
one-third of a cubic meter and getting 9
cents American gold per cubic yard on
a haul of a mile and a half.
The method of construction, to prevent
sliding In of the sides of this great cut
more than 200 feet deep, is Ingenious aa
a protection against the ruinous effect of
a slide as well as economical in that
view. It is illustrated In this diagram of
one side of the cut.
-&...
The lowest slope entering the prism of
the canal -will be protected by a retaining
wall In masonry. Enough of this work
has been done to expose the system to
the traveler on the trans-Isthmian rail
road train.
Tides and Calms.
A feature of the physical geography of
the isthmus not generally understood is
found in the tides. The statement put
forward by the old company Intimated an
exact level of the two oceans bounding
the territory by declaring that the waters
of those oceans stood at a level at "mean
tide." This may be literally true, but is
nevertheless misleading, as not containing
the whole truth. For on the Atlantic, at
Colon, the sea rises but 19 Inches in the
ordinary tide and 24 Inches on the springs
ot the full moon; while on the Pacific,
feet take the ulace of the Inches of the
Atfantta the -tidess rising 19 and '23 f eef.
A popular-argument against theiPaha
ma canal Is based on the existence ol
calms In the Bay of Panama. We have
been gravely told thrit ships leaving the
Boca can get out o sea only with tow"
lng If the shrewd economists, this wis
dom advancing, will take, from the ex
perience of the Suez canal their learning,
they will discover the interesting tac:
that ship canals are not built for "ships"
I depending on. the caprice Qf winds, Sail-
50Pt .noFfcK v t. k ,
-J , .
.. - i X
:-'N,
'T J - J jN.
' X.
i X
i x
log craft do not use these conveniences.
Not three in a year go through the Suez
channel. A ship canal means rapid tram
sit; the shortest, distance and therefore
the, shortest time between two ports; and
this we translate by steam. So, than,
the, calmest calm in Panama is grandly
in Its favor for a ship canal.
I can readily understand that the fools
with one blind eye, being the majority of
mankind, will Interpret this unprejudiced
statement concerning the Panama work
as an argument against the Nicaragua
transit. For their Information, I repeat
what I said 10 years ago in the columns of
The Oregonian to the effect that "once
either canal is built the other will shortly
follow." The reason Is obvious: A one
lock canal cannot accommodate all the
present commerce ot the world demanding
the lnter-oceanlc way; but that commerce
will be enormously augmented by the
stimulating invitation of means provided
to promoe that already existing, and
will thus force the construction of the
other work.
What man, who has passed 60 years of
life does not remember tho popular crit
icism on the value and traffic of the first
transcontinental rai road of the "TJnlteJ
States? "It is a good thing to have." said
the prophets; "but, of course, It Is of use
only to move troops. The trade of San
Francisco, the only trade to be considered,
will continue to go around the Horn. No
merchant can afford to pay the enormous
freights of land carriage. And. then, hos
tile Indians will forbid all passenger traf
fic, and, moreover, keep the government
busy In repairs of a, line continually
broken up by their depredations." How
long it took to realize the Northern Pa
cific line! And now we have choice of
five routes in crossing the continent.
Robbery of Passengers.
Before I leave the Panama region, let
me call attention to some Irregularities
In the present conduct bf the passenger
transshipment across the isthmus. When
you have entered the train and all have
got comfortably seated, a crowd bf darkles
comes In and tells you "dis Isn't de fust
class kyar, boss; It's dat kyar for'ard.
sah," whereupon you let them seize your
hand-parcels and transfer them to the
proper place, and for their labor the ras
cals have received several dimes. Again,
seated in a chair car, another crowd of
the same class enters, and the spokes
man tells you "dis Isn't de fust-class kyar,
boss; dis Is a cheer kyar; you has to pay
$1 extry to ride hyar"; and another crop
of dimes go out to the lying wretches
from the "smart Yankees." An officer of
the line sat In the only chair occupied ot
the car, which, save for employes of the
company, would have gone to Panama
quite empty. The conductor and one or
two other train hands were the com
panions of the official.
Arrived at Panama, the train was in
vaded by a horde of abominably dirty ne
groes, odorous of tropical sweat, who filled
the aisle of the coach, so that it was im
possible for any passenger to leave the
coach without Indecent Jostling of these
filthy brutes. An officer of the company,
present at the time, seemed to think it
quite the thing, for he said nothing of
sympathy tp the passengers or of rebuke
to the Invaders. These creatpres appear
to have terrorized the employes and of
ficials of-the company. It Is hard to under
stand, for I found them yield readily to vio
lent threats larded with some striking
evangelical particles of speech reinforced
with a raised cane.
In a spirit of accommodation, the Pana
ma Railroad Company will give you checks
for such small b'aggage as you like to
be rid of till you reach the steamer on
the Pacific side. ' it is an Illusion and a
snare. Your valise will be robbed on that
company's launch before you receive it on
board the coastwise steamer of the Pacific.
Our small pieces were hoisted on board
and received at the rail by their respective
owners, on surrendering their checks, and
taken directly to our rooms, where nearly
every passenger, who had so trusted the
Panama Railroad Company, found he had
been robbed. In some cases tho loss was
considerable. l"hls was especially the case
with a mechanic, going out to the Talara
petroleum works on the Peruvian coast,
and with a young woman, a missionary,
going to Chile. I ventured to write to the
superintendent at Colon, In whose absence,
hlff assistant coolly told me, I was mis
take for his agent had sent him a receipt
forithe safe delivery of all baggage from
tho purser of our steamer. A second letter
to'fhe manager in New York failed' to re
ceive any notice whatever. To my person
al knowledge this robbery was perpetrat
ed en six of my fellow-passengers. How
many more I did not attempt to learn. As
passengers part company at the ports on
the coast, there is no redress by united
action on their part
Oregon Pine "Widely Advertised.
After four days' ( steaming down the
coast from Panama' We" run ,up the gulf
and river of Guayaquil to the city Of
Guayaquil, a busy "town in the edge of Ihe
ralnbelt filthy and treating Itself to peren
nial visits of yellow fever; but at the time
of our passage enjoying a scourge of dysen
tery, which subjected us to quarantine at
tho next port. At Guayaquil I saw our old
Portland friend, the bark Coloma, lying
at one ot the moles, discharging lumber
from the Northwest. The name of Oregon
should be a familiar one" along the west
coast of South America, for In every port
I entered there Was a cargo of "Oregon
pine at anchor in the bay or roadstead,
and every newspaper on the coast adver
tises Oregon pine In large capitals.
After a day's run from Guayaquil, we
reach the port of Palta, a splendid harbor,
and port of the richest department of Pe
ru. The American consul of Palta was
In prison at Plura, the departmental cap
ital, 60 miles Inland, for shooting a man
who had slapped his face. The local
judge who tried him decided that his shot
through the hand which struck the blow
was justifiable, but that he committed a
crime by shooting the man in the back
after he had turned to run! Since then,
the supreme court of Peru has reversed
the judgment of the lower court and or
dered the release of the consul, declaring
that both shots were fired under a provo
cation that justified the act However, the
gentleman has ceased to be consul.
This relation reminds me of an outraga
perpetrated by a judge of the department
of Piura and the v Peruvian minister in
Washington on an American citizen, our
consul at the city of Plura, that Is as yet
unredressed, for reasons that I purpose
stating and discussing hereafter, .because
the story Is not a short one. It Is suffi
cient to say here that the common com
plaint among Americans generally In South
America Is that their government gives
them no care nor protection; that they
would be better off as Germans, who al
ways receive the prompt protection of
their government and the re'dress they de
mand. Rev. Dr. Wood,, in charge of the
mission of the Methodist church, declares
that not until the present administration
sent its minister there has an American
stood for anything in the republic worth
care In treatment.
ALFRED F. SEARS, C. E.
Roberts' Authorities Don't Atfply.
PORTLAND, Jan. 26. (To the Editor.)
When I read in The Oregonian that Rob
erts' defense of polygamy ( was greeted
with applause and that the ladles were
especially demonstrative, a feeling took
possession of me and prompted me to
write this article.
Do the American people realize what
they are doing when they allow a polyga
mlst to enter congress? Slavery cast a
shadow oh. our nation's fair name, and
may not another one be cast by a man
who uses religion and liberty to defend
a crime?
If the Scriptures and Martin Luther
sanction polygamy. Is that a sufficient rea
son for ua? Anything which Is Injurious
to the welfare xf the human race Is a
crime, and polygamy is Injurious. It
"kills those swet sentiments of love and
home, hardens the heart, awakens jeal
ousy and makes woman a mese plaything,
to be cast aside at pleasure.
Any woman who enters polygamy sins
against Her country, her sex and herseif,
arjd any man who practices or defends it
fo) m li fn 22222!
With
out help, a
bald spot
never
grows
smaller.
It keeps
spread
i
ing, until i
at last your mends
say, " How bald he is
getting."
Not easy to cure
an old baldness, but
easy to stop .the first
thinning, easy to
check the first falling
out. Used in time,
bald
ness is
made
i b 1' e
with
It stops falling,
promotes -growth, and
takes out all dandruff.
It always restores
color to faded or grav
hair, all the dark, ricn
color of early life. You
may depend upon it
every time. It brings
.
i health to the hair.
$ 1 .00 a bottle. All Druggists.
i
" I have used your Hair Vigor and
am trre.itly pleased wi:h it. I have
only used one bottlo of it, and yet
my nair nas stopreu lainng out acu
cas started ro grow again mcciy.
Jcuus Witt,
March 28, 1309. Canova, S. Dak.
Wrlto tho Doctor.
It row do not obtain all the benefits
you expected from the me of tho
vigor, wme xne uoetor anonc i:.
Addre js. Da. J. C. AVKR.
Lowell. Jlass.
jif!lVWJJBWiqMll4JtJjPpMJ
-' - i - AmYthiffa
commits a crime against the race even
if the Scriptures and Martin Luther sanc
tion such an Institution.
AN AMERICAN WOMAN.
BEGGING ON THE STREETS.
Efforts of City Board ot Charities to
- Stop It.
PORTLAND, Jan. 26. (To the Editor.)
With reference to the matter ot begging
on the streets, the officers of the City
Board of Charities desire to acknowledge
their responsibility in the matter and to
reiterate that which the history of the
board has constantly affirmed there Is
no need of any professional beggar's ap
pealing to the citizens of Portland on the
streets or elsewhere. " Regarding the case
that is now before the public mind, we
can say that the City Board of Charities
first called attention to the violation ot
the city ordinance and offered to provide
such need as was demanded In this case
If he should be compelled to give up hl3
begging. The unworthlness of tlje man Is
revealed In his defiant answer to the offi
cer who Informed him that the chief of
police, wanted -to. see him, and was told
that the chief might see him If he came
where he was. Upon his arrest he prompt
ly furnished $20 ball and hired a lawyer
to defend himself. He was discharged
by the police judge on the ground that
the documents the placard which he wore
a"nd the cup which he carried were not
produced as evidence, although the offi
cer arrested him In the act of begging.
The man again appeared on the streets.
The City Board of Charities again in
formed the police and were told that It
was no use to arrest the man it they
could not gain a conviction before the
police judge. .Since that time the board
has taken further steps to rid the city
of the nuisance. It would seem that this
much ought to be said in justice to the
City Board of Charities, which has done,
all that It can do. It has called atten
tion to the disorderly conduct; it has of
fered all needful aid; it has relaxed none
of its vigilance, although Its first and
second efforts were defeated of their pur
pose. That the board was right in de
manding that the professional beggar
should be kept off the streets must not
be denied, because tlie people have spoken
their minds In a city ordinance. It I3
against the law for any one to beg on
the streets. That we should, receive such
weak support from thf police department
Is a matter to be deplored, as It reveals
an unfortunate tendency. Why a man
who has been arrested In the act of steal
ing should be allowed to continue to steal
with the knowledge of the authorities
simply because he was not convicted be
fore the police judge is past comprehen
sion. Professional begging Is not exactly
stealing, but It is as truly a violation of
the law, and certainly should not be al
lowed to continue, even if the first arrest
failed of Its purpose.
A. W. ACKERMAN,
For the City Board of Charities.'
1 0 n
A Set-Bnclc.
Detroit Free Press.
. "I thought I was all over nervous proc
tratlon."
"Well?"
"My doctor sent In his bill and I've got
it again."
a a
"Hunger is tho best sauce." Tou will
have a good appetite If you take Hood s
Sarsaparilla.
has taught us how to make the
best" Emulsion in the world;
Experience has proved that
this Emulsion is worthy of
entire confidence. There
are many imitations of
and all kinds of substitutes for it ;
but none equal it. If your doctor
recommends you to take Cod-Liver
Oil, or you know yourself that you
need it, get SCOTT'S EMULSION ;
it is the best Cod-Liver Oil in the
best form.
Ifwchadyour address wevrould send
vou a sample and a pamphlet telling
more about it.
50c. aad $1.00, all drarcists,
SCOTT & BOVNE.4xsrrlat.NewYork.
m, v $ii
I
mw
7-Q
TfiE PALATIAL
OHM BUILEil
Nnt n tlnrlc office in the ItnlliUiis!
alisnlittcl flrenrotif; electric l.hl!
antl artesian trutcr; perfect aaultaj
tiuu uiil t!ioroup::i MWtiliuloj. 1-iei
iators run ii.i.v niul night.
Hoomti
.XTERSOV. crSTVV. Attornev-at-Law . i
AS50CI VED PRESS; E. L. Howe' . Me: . 3u
BAXKSUV LIFE ASSOCIATION, ot Des
1 llolnes. la.. C A. McCarpir. Slat As'"i Ci2 1
BEHNXE. H. W.. 1'rln. Teraln Shorthand
School . ...,... ........... 211
BENJAMIN. R, W.. DenltHt 311
i UINhWA.NOEK. DR O. S Pls. & Sur - 4l
, GRUERB. DR G. E.. IJiyklnn , 4I2-4I; 411
UUiilUiiD. RICHARD. PUg: Tobacco . Co? U
1 (.AUKIN. G E.. District Agent Trato.eri
, Insurance Co .................Til
CARDWELL. DR. J. B ..
I CL.1F.K. HAROLD. Dfrjtfat ......3
i CLEM. E A. & CO.. MnK Prope-'e .3:5 5:
I COLL'DIA TELEPIlO&K COll'VN"
I M-tsfl5 GUC-007 CI3 CU f.
CORNELIVS. C. W. Phys. ami Surgeon.... 2J
COVER. F. C. Cashier Equitable Life . . 3U
COLLIER, p F.. Publisher. S. P Mi.Gu re
Manager i:5-U
ijav. J. a ,t I N 311
DAVIS. NAPOLEON. PresWent Co uni i
Telephone Co .. n
DICKoON. DR. J F. Physician 711711
DRAKE. DR H II. Phjalcian. ... 5 ZZ 2
DUNHAM. MRS. GEO. A
EDITORIAL ROOMS F en i f.J
EQIIIT VULE I.IF1 ASSURANCE SOi. .CTY.
L. Samuel. Manager. F. CiCover Cas cr 3d
EVENING TELEGRAM 325 A Jer a'.
rALLOWS. MRS. M. A.. Manager Women s
Dcpt. Mutual Reserve FunJ Life. oC 2Zavf
York
FENTON. J. D., Phylefem and Surgeon 3v0 SIj
FENTON. nn, HICKS C. Eve and Ear..
I FENTON, MATTHJOT F Dentist sJ
TIDELITY MUTUAL. LIFE ASS'N. E. C.
Stark. Manager .... .30
FRENCH SCHOOL, by conversion). Dr A
Muzzarelll. Manager . 72
GALVANI. W. H.. Engineer and Draugsts
man
GEARY. DR. EDWARD P. Phjslclan ai '
Surgeon 212
GIESY. A. J.. Physician and Surgeon... 7tD i
GODDARD. E. C. & CO,, jjootwear. ground
floor ,."29?x s. ,
GOLDMAN WILLI M Manager Manhafai
Life Insurance Co.. of New York 200 2
r t 'RNK S.. Attorney-nt-Law 63
GRENIER. MISS BEATRICE. Dentist .. ;
HAMMOND. A. Ii ;
HEIDINGER. GEO. A. & CO.. Pianos a-d
Organs I3t S '
HOLLISTER. DR. O C. Phvs. & Surg .513
IDLEMAN, C. M.. Arney-at-Law . 41l I"
KADY. MARK T.. Manager Pacine Nortv-
wes: Mutual Reserve Fund Ufa Asso BU CJ
.LAJiONT. JOHN. Mlqs-PresWent an gen
eral Manager Columbhv Telephone Co- .v
LITTLEFIELD. H. R.. Phjs. and. Surgeon.
MACRUM. W. S.. Sec. Oregon Camera Ciab 21
MACKAY. DR. A E.. Phy and Surg... 7: 1-71
MAXWELL. DR. W. E.. Phys. & Surg 7 .
McCARGAR. C A.. Stale Agent Bankers'
Life Association .................... .302 11
McCOY. NEWTON. Attorney-at-Law ..
McFADEN. MISS 1DV E.. Stenographer.,.. 2I
Alcui. iit;.NKl K.. Attorney-ar-La-v 211
McKELL, T. J.. Manufacturers' Rt-presen-a.
ve ., .3i
MILLER. DR. HERBERT C. Dentist an S
Oral Surgeon . .ff8 Ci
MOSSMAN. DR. E. P . Dentist 812 Z.IZ Si
MANHATTAN LIFH INSURANCE CO . c'
New York. . Goldman Manager 2n9 2c
McELROY. DR. J. C. Phy. & Surg 7tr -7 2 ;
McFARLAND. E. B.. Secretary Co tf-ib a
Telephone Co...... ci
McGUIRE. S. P.. Manager P. F. Cc
Publisher ., , 4I3-tI
McKIM. MAURICE. Attornev-at-Law... .,
MUTU.VL LfFC INSURANCE CO . ct New
York; Wm. s Tond. St.-te Mgr ..401 4.3 At
MUTUAL. RESERVE FUND LIFE AS N.
M. T. Kady. Mgr. Paelflc Northwest.. ,CX4 01
NICHOLAS. HORACE B . Anornpy-nt La t .;
NILES. M. L.. Cashier Manhattan Life I-j-
surance Co.. of New York ........
OREGON INFIRMARY OF OSTEOPATHS',
Dr. L. B. Smith. Osteopath... 408-41
OREGON CAMERA CLUB . 21 J-213-2 2fl
PERNIN SHORTHAND SCHOOL. H. W. ,
Behnke. Prln .,
POND. WM S.. State Manager Mutual Ltfa
Ins. Co. of New York 404 403-41
PORTLAND EYE ND EAR INFIRMARY.
Ground floor. 133 Sjrth strei
PORTLAND PRES CLUB ;
PROTZMAN EUGENE C. Superintendent
Agencies Mutual Reserve Fund Life, ot
New York .. ....... rl
PUTNAM'S SONS. G. P.. Pusher ...... 3i
QUIMBY. L. P. "W.. Game and Foresf?
Warden ..... 7i0-"
REED & MALCOLM. Optician.. 121 Sixth strei
RFEH. V. C. Flah Cnmmlloner. ......
RYAN J. B., Attorney-at-law . 4
JjALT-BURY. GEO. N.. Sctton Direct r I"
S. Weather Bureau
SAMUEL. L.. Manager Equitable Life . . 3fl
SANDFORD. A. C & CO. Publisher Asts. 31
SCRIBNER'S SONS. CHA3.. Publ'sers:
Jee Hobion. Manager 315-311-3!
SHERWOOP. J. W. Deputy Supremo Com
mander. K. O. T. M 3
SMITH. DR L B Osteopath .....4C8-4J
SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 31
STARIC. E. C. Executive Special. Fldell'x
Mutual Life Association of Phlla.. Pa ..... 3
STARR & COLE. Pyrography 4
STEEL. G. A.. Forest Inspector.........
STUART. DELL. Attorney-at-Law...613-j:c CI
STOLTE. DR. CKAS. E.. Dentist 704-71
SURGEON OF THE 3. P. RY. AND N. P.
TERMINAL CO 71
STROWBRIDGE. THOS. H.. Executive Spe
cial Agent Mutual Life, of New York. .....4
SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE .
TUCKER. DR. GEO. F.. Dentist 013 Cl
U. S. 'WEATHER BUREAU.... 00ft-907 9C3 el
U. S. LIGHTHOUSE ENGINEERS. I3TH
DIST.. Captain w. C. iAngfltt. Corps cf
Engineer-, U". S. A sf
U. S. ENGINEER OFFICE. RIVER AND
HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS, Captala "W.
C. Langfltt. Corps or Engineers. U. S. A....
TVAXJCER. WILT, H.. President Oregon
Camera Club ..... 2H-2I5-21S-:
WATERMAN. C. H.. Cashier Mutual Ll'a
ot Nmt York , ,
WATKINS, M1S3. E. L., Purchasing Age"? '
WEATHERRED. MRS. EDYTH. Grand Sec
retary Native Daughters ........ ...... .718-7
WHITE. MISS L. E.. Ass't Sec Oregon Cam
era Club ............,
WILSON. DR. EDWARD N.. Phys. & Sur 30
WILSON, DR. GEO F.. Phys. & Surjr...70C-
WILSON. DK. HOLT C. Phvs. & Surtr...3C7
WOOD. DR. W. L., Physician 412-413-4
WTIXAMETTE VALLEY TELEPH. CO ..(
A fcrv more eletrant offices max
had by applying to Portland Trnf
Company ot Oregon, 100 Third at.,
to the rent cleric in the balldlngr
MEN NO CURE.
tljtia ifxum ft PAY THE MojEJ
J-lii i n ii urn I1PT,TASCE-A DCS1
M raj, i i hi ii Z!n h nm v- tn nerfect maiv J
Evervthlnir else falls. The VACUUM TRI
MENT CURES you without medic n
li mrmu nr iiMifliui of the generative erg:
such ai lost manhood, exhausting drains, var"i
cele. lmpotency. etc. Men are quickly restored!
perfeet health and strengtn. i
Write for circulars. Correspondence conSda
tlaL THE HEALTH APPLINCE CO roo
17-43 Saxo Deposit building. Seattle. Wash.
if IIP ifre