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About Morning Oregonian. (Portland, Or.) 1861-1937 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 20, 1900)
10 THE MOENOa OEEGONIAN, SATURDAY, JAN.UAKY 20, 1900. THE PLACE AND VALUE DF WOMEN'S WORK (Copyright, 1900, THE OREGONiAN'S HOME STUDY CIRCLE: DIRECTED BY PROF. SEYMOUR EATON HOME SCIENCE AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY Contributors to this course: Mrs. Helen CampbelL Mrs. Margaret E. Sangster. Mrs. Kate Gannett Wells, Mrs. Louise E. Hogan, j lasm." New York city is such a center. eeTB relieve they are lerfi at Panama than', AUj Ann Barrows, Mrs, Mary Roberta. Miss j in the vicinities of Pennsylvania and Onto at Nicaragua. The rainfall on the Nicar Emily G. Salch, Mlas Lucy Wneelock and wacos for work on clothimr and under- , aS"a route appears to be heavier at the TS THE XV. TVOMEX WORKERS HOME. By Edith A. Sawyer. Asa factor in social economy, worn mrs wont nas Jong now naa aennue piaco ana value, an tnis eniigntenea age, and especially in this favored land, so- ciety has reached the point where it excluded from factories because of willingly accepts and applauds woman for , invalid or infant dependents. At "what at any time she may show herself the South, new occupations, any occu-capSble'-of being and doing that is noble pations, indeed, for women are a boon, and commanding. . Nowhere else In the world do so many Much of the normal work of the home I well-bred women, bankrupt and bereft of has been taken out of the home by mod- era scientific Improvements, so that worn- en of today have less to do in that realm than in our grandmothers' day. More over, though, naturally, woman is the homemaker, the homekeeper, and man the home-supporter, the home-protector, often today a woman must assume part of a man's work of protection. This is a misfortune, not an opportunity. An effective avenue for homeworkers has been opened through the women's exchanges, which are now found in near ly all our large cities, and virtually all growing out pf philanthropic motives. These exchanges have already had an appreciable effect on economic conditions, and must in future play a still more Im portant part. They have a double end in -view tp direct into remunerative chan nels the -work of -women suddenly re duced to penury, "with the secondary aim of encouraging the principle of self-help In the minds of girls and women who in the future will be helpful and not help less when misfortune comes. In carrying out Its ohjects, the exchange receives, under specified conditions, ar tides of the three general classes of do mestic work, needlework and art work. Under the domestic department are in cluded all kinds of food prepared at" home by the consignors and sold through the exchange articles of many varieties, every form of bread, pastry, cake, cook ies, cold meats, salads, soups, desserts, preserves, jams, jellies, pickles, sauces and delicacies for the sick. In the de partment of needlework nearly 100 differ ent articles are enumerated by different exchanges, and the number is practically without limit, since it includes every' form of plain and fancy sewing. The art department is for the specific encourage ment of decorative art; and Its possibili ties, as well as actual achievements, are great. These three departments are found in all the exchanges, but each adds its own especial line of work, according to the locality and the consequent needs of the community. A few .receive scientific and literary work, others arrange for cleaning and mending lace, recovering furniture, writing and copying, the prep aration of lunches for travelers and pic nic parties, while a few take orders for shopping. The exchanges have pointed out to women a means of support that can be carried on within their own homes, and which at the same time is perfectly compatible with other work necessarily performed there, These wom en are learning that society is coming to respect more the woman who sup ports herself by malting good bread, cakes and preserves than the woman Who teaches school Indifferently, gives poor elocutionary performances or be comes a mere mechanical contrivance in a shop or factory. They arc finding thai the stamp of approval Is ultimately set on the way work is done, rather than on the occupation itself. Thus It is that hundreds of women from Maine to Texas and California are obtaining for them selves and others partial or entire sup port Not only are such articles as bread, preserved, fruit, salads, desserts and an Innumerable number of special domestic compounds, in addition to the products of the needle and decorative art work, found in the large .cities, but in country viliages many women are engaged in such work, and often find a ready sale in the home market. In one village of oniy 500 Inhabitants one young woman makes and sells daily 30 loaves of bread. One woman in another country town earns a good living by sending chicken salad to be sold In New Tork city. An othec has cleared $400 each season by making preserves and jellies on private orders. A fourth has built up a large business, employing four or five assist ants, in making cake. These instances, which might be multiplied, are taken from the class of domestic work alone. As many more might be cited from the de partments of needlework and decorative art work. Surely it is bettor for the In dividual and better for society that wom en should turn to useful account their various talents rather than attempt to enter the overcrowded occupations and do work for which they have neither tal ent nor inclination. No discussion of women homeworkers Is complete without an inclusion of the household-servant question. Seventy-five years ago a woman who was obliged to earn her own living went naturally into domestic service, hardly asking herself whether there was any -other available employment. The same woman today might choose from a hundred vocations. Domestic service pays better than most other emplojments in which women are engaged, yet wherever the workshop comes into competition with domestic service, the Icitchen is deserted. "What superior attractions has the workshop to offer? First, regular hours. However wearisome the day. the factory employe looks forward to an evening all her own. The law prohibits Sunday labor in fac tory and workshop, but this law does not reach the kitchen. A second potent at traction to the workshop Us companion ship. Woman, more than man. Is a so cial being. The factory operative or shop girl, moreover, lives at home or among her friends. The house sen-ant may be better housed and hetter fed, but she is not free. Here lies the secret of the uni versal prejudice against domestic service. In the competition between workshop and Idtchetf the workshop will surely tr.umph unless the housekeeper can offer girls the same or equivalent inducements. There is a graver sldeto the study pf women workers in the home than has yet been touched "upon. An English writer calls the home workers "the worst pa.d of our women." That is in some respects true of our women. What is known as the "sweating system" is mainly carried on in the so-called unprotected trades that is, trades wherein no law enforces proper san.tary arrangements or limits the hours of labor. Under this heading come dress making and tailoring, work on muslin un derwear, upholstering, umbrella making, fur sewing and many other isolated indus tries. These trades are carried on either entirely at home or partly at home and partly in small factories. The more the horrors of the sweating system are venti lated the more urgent seems some rem edy. The charges usually made against those who labor under the sweating sys tem are lack of cleanliness in house and person, intemperance, thrlftlessness and immorality. It would be very strange if these charges were not true In the main. Some practical remedy is needed, and untii the physical cravings of these.half-starved people are satisfied there can be no real hope of effecting any vital improvement in their morals. What these workers need is better food and plenty of it, regu lar wajresj shorter hours of labor, more by Seymour Eaton.) amusemen'ts and recreations In more humane treatment. short, Wherever the rewards of industry are I greatest ;omDetltIon Is fierpsst. Tn, larcre cities no woman's place or stipend is safe or fixed, each individual being "but an- I other itom flnttonpri hv lienor nrntnn- wear come often perilously near starva- t tlon point. In Quaker villages and Bohe- mlan and Polish colonies partly maln- j tained homeworkers make a dozen gar- ments for the price due needy seamstresses for one". Men's shirts at 49 and 37 cents a J . dozen, men's drawers at 27 cents a dozen, thread, machine rent and expressage de- 1 , ti,..a mt.c nm!m h orrrm ducted, these A1.1C3 WtUUHW ftSvV'UAAAV. the highest obtained by tmetp.? that can bo self-supporfng labor, j male providers, labor at manual callings as at the South, pursuing without loss of caste vocations which elsewhere Involve social ostracism. The home labor supply being unlimited, cotton, coal and 'iron be ing cheap, and the cost of living being lessened by a m'.ld climate. Industries grow apace. In Chicago and the North west natives with difficulty hold the best places against the higher class immigrants who are the backbone of the Northwest's wonderful development. While wages are better than in the East, living is dearer. Numbers of virtuous breadwinners, how ever, contribute regularly to the family support, work under just and liberal em ployment, while living In good homes. But the same class that suffers in the East suffers more In the Western cities from the sharper, unworn -wheels of the new Industrial juggernaut. Chicago has municipal regulations enforced by Inspec tors of both sexes. Tet here, as in New York, arc to be -found conditions char acteristic of life in all large cities tene ment and sweatshop abominations, high rents and Importunate rivalry. Still another side of our subject must be touched upon namely, that of the pin money workers. Everywhere manufactur ers and merchants advertise for women workers, who "live at home, to learn the business" a device, as students of econo--mics claim, to All the firm's coffers by inveigling artisans and small shopkeepers Into giving their daughters board, that the daughters may engage for wages wh ch will barely clothe them. An investiga tion made In Massachusetts recently of seamstresses working in their own homes on cotton underwear shows that, under the present state law, requiring a license for such workers, which Is given only to those whose homes are clean, the amount of work so distributed has been greatly reduced. The wages, however, remain piti fully small, and the pin-money worker aids In lowering wages by her willingness to accept a pittance. Many cases are found where women working at home are pay ing the rent as their share of work. As a general rule it Is very difficult for a woman to support herself entirely by home work. It Is a wide subject that of women workers in the home. Like many another problem confronting us In the c'osing days of this century, the surest means to the best ends have not yet been reached. Here, there and everywhere women obi ged to work at home because of invalid or chil dren dependents, are seeking and not find ing sufficient employment Women's ex changes are giving substantial aid, labor unions, college settlements and consumers' leagues aTe studying to meet the needs of workers, both men and women; training echools for servants are bringing house hold service Into better repute, legislatures sre Investigating the evils of the sweat ing system, and the miseries of the "Sub mersed tenth." But much remains to be done. Trade and housekeeping schools should be established to make dependent women self-supporting, while, a step fur ther back, manual training should be In troduced in public schools to develop facul ty and create power. Domestic service should be dignified and made more attrac tive by abrogating the false distinction between saleswomen and cooks or ma'ds by raising cooking and household work Into a trade or profession. Again, the women of leisure should Interest them selves to know the real condition of the tollers of their sex and .should use their social position to Influence public senti ment in behalf of reforms or to shape remed'al legislation. It is through such measures, by such Influence that "Slow and eure comes up the golden year." Wellesley College. THE PANAMA CANAL. Its Stajye of Construction Cannot He Overlooked. New York Journal-cf Commerce. The Panama route has never receive! -much attention "In this country. No gen eral interest was taken In isthmian canals until Do Lesseps had located his canal. When American interests and ambitions were aroused they attached themselves to the Nicaragua route, mainly because it was the other route; its advocacy has been inspired ln great part by the deter mination to have a canal made by Ameri can capital. The nationality of the monc' put Into the work, or of the promoters, s less Important than is generally supposed in this country. The Suez canal was a French enterprise, obstructed by the Brit ish, who did not care to have any Med iterranean power enjoy a short route to India. The canal was made, and It has become mainly English ln the use made of it; It is dominated by the British occupa tion of Egypt and the British government has acquired the khedive's stock Interest, and its neutralization denies even to Eng land any exclusive rights in it In the event of war. There is little doubt that a canal between the Atlantic and the Pacific, whether made by Americans or Euro peans, would" be open to the ships of all nations upon equal terms In war -as well as In peace. But the adoption of the Nicaragua route as the American In distinction from the French route has diverted attention from the Panama route, and there has been little candid effort to weigh the relative ! advantages of the two. For the first time since an American Isthmian canal was agitated this is being done by the nresent canal commission. The new Panama Canal Company and all the commercial interests In Panama and Colon and thetr vicinity have observed the increasing probability that the United States would construct a canal, and have recognized tnat it it constructed the Nicaragua canal the Panama canal would never be finished and all the commercial value of the Isthmus of Panama would be de stroyed. They have American connec tions, and they succeeded in inducing congress to provide, in creating the pres ent commission, for the Investigation of all Isthmian routes. There has now been incorporated in New Jersey a company to complete the Panama canal, of whose personnel little has been revealed to the public and whose financial resources are not disclosed. Its representatives avow the determination of completing the canal with private capi tal, and this is vastly to be preferred to the appropriation of money from the treasury. 0 course, private capital w;i: not be available for the purpose unless the Nicaragua project is abandoned by the government. If private capital will completo the Panama canal, while the Nicaragua canal can be constructed oniy by public funds, the right of way should be granted to private capital. The Nicaragua route may be the better route of the two, but thoro are-eminent engineers, American, as well as foreign, who controvert this. But even if tne natural advantages were on the side of Nicaragua they are to an Indeterminate, but certainly a very laTge, extent offset by the present state of construction at Panama. The latter has two natural har bors, while Nicaragua will require two artificial harbors; much of the excavation has been done at Panama, which not only reduces the amount to be done, but it affords a definite basis for the computa- ; t011 and expense of what remains to be done- The engineering- problems are ser- Rus on oo-tn routes; some eminent engln- coast than on the Panama route and. un known In the interior. It Is evident that the Panama route de serves much more attention than., It has received In this country. Much valuable Information regarding it ought to be ob- I tlltlAil nv 4Um ... ! t .11..u , "" .T T ,u , Mirwwoni- J"? p In "" meanwhile It may be Jfely raid that If private capital is will- t f- A-. . . . i iUB LU turapieie tne Manama canaj no od- -""-'" va lw way. AB0TT,0MtF0R DEMOCRACY. Anyhow, the Best Available Substi tute Is Bryan Himself. New York Commercial Advertiser. Bottom. Firet, good Pester Quince, say what the play treats on; then read the, names of tfic" actors; and eo grow to a point. The play treats of this United States of America and of Its offices and their honors and emoluments. The plot Is how these may be won by the democratic par ty. And the actors are William Jennings Bryan, perpetual candidate: Colonel Bry an, of the First Nebraska volunteers; W. Jennings Bryan, lioy orator; Bill Bryan,' broncho buster; Wm. J. Bryan, baiter of the octopus; Professor Bryan, ostrich rid er, and Glad-Hand Billy. But as to grow ing to the point, that, alas, Is the growth good democrats have hoped for and prayed for and eaten dinners for in vain, still, contrary to the accepted laws of geometry, the point of the democratic party remains infinitely divisible; and In stead of growing together, it, like the angle-worm and the jelly-fish, may divide and flourish, but not grow together. A candidate for such a state of af fairs Is becoming serious. Despite his versatility for the intelligent reader has doubtless already surmised that all these aliases adorn but do not disguise his old friend Bryan, who has had more acres of print wasted on him than any man sinca Coxey Mc Bryan hardly Jills all the- re quisites of a successful democratic candi date for the next presidential election. Mr. Bryan has tried many parts, and it must be confessed even by his enemies that he has filled them all with the skill of an actor able to enter into and actually be even what he assumes. His abilities In the talking line have passed into history. Not his most venomous enemy, could en gage to produce another mouth like' his. Then ho became a gallant soldier, .and there kept a military silence that was as the blackness of night to the bright ness of high noon in- comparison with his former loquacity. And that It was duty bred, and not the utter exhaustion of fatigue, his frequently expressed wish to unburden himself were the military seal not on his lips, proved. He wrote a book without downing himself utterly. The lecture platform claimed him for its own, and in the incidental traveling he figured In trainwrecks with heroic deportment. Of late he has shown himself a man of nature, hunting the panther, riding the bucking horse, and intrepid even upon the back of the mlle-a-mlnute ostrich. One might think there was no class of the community whose heart Mr. Bryan has not touched. He has howled with the calamity-howlers; -he has enjoyed prosperity with the prosperous. He has pleased the good by rebuking Croker, even while Emissary Hogg was engaged in capturing the great Croker dinner. Yet It Is not enough. Principles, not men, must be placated, and we shall have 'to ask still more of Bryan than he has per formed. He must roar to please the anti expanslonists till they cry "Let him roar again"; but "roar you as gently as any sucking dove, roar you as 'twere a night ingale," that the expansionists may not be affrighted. He must play Silver Py ramus, "a sweet-faced man a proper man as one shall see" In a summer's day, a most lovely, gentleman-like man"; and also he must be Golden Thlsbe, speaking "in a monstrous little voice" to pleaso them that love Thlsbe. What good Bot tom could do may not Bryan do better "most radiant Bryan, most Illy white of hue, of color like the red rose on tri umphant briar." The democratic party is in direst straits for a Bottom for Its can didate, a Bottom to play Pyramus and Thisbe and Ercles and the. Lion and tho Wall. Will Bryan arise to the occasion or shall we have to look elsewhere? A breathless world awaits an answer. o EXPORTING COAL. Chiefly on Tills Continent, but Eu rope's Supply Is Increasing;. In 10 months of 1879 this country exported a trifle more than 3,000,000 tons of coal; ln 10 months of 1893 is exported 3,750,000 tons, and In 10 months of 1S99 is exported more than 4,500,000" tons. We 'have bitumi nous 'coal ecual to th;e Welcfi, and most of anthracite coal that is commercially, available. We have greater coal sup plies than any other country which has worked its coal extensively, and which has cheap transportation. It Is only -the matter of rJrice that has prevented our exports from becoming enormous, and this obstacle is being overcome and the exports are growing fast. An increase of 50 per rent in two years shows a pretty rapid development. Most of our coal goes to our neighbors. Of the exportK of 10 months of 1S93, nearly 2,EOO,000 tons went to the Dominion, and nearly CCO.000 to Mexico. But nearly 20, 000 tons went to Europe; about the same to Puerto Rico, "00,000 tons to Cuba, 181,000 io iije rest oi me vei males, ana Ber muda, and 73,000 tons to South America. The European movement Is obviously in creasing. The Philadelphia Press quotes the master of a British steamer loading ln Philadelphia as saying that his owners have a contract here for bunker coal at 25 cents a ton, free on board, below what It can bo done for at Cardiff. Twelve Shillings a ton is tho Orlco at Cardiff ann $2 73 is the price in Phlfadclphlx ' The steamer Benedick nan been chartered to carry SG00 tons of coal from Philadelphia to Lisbon, the flrBt shipment of coal from this country to Portugal, whose supplies have always come from England. It is reported that the Benedick will get 15 shillings a ton for freight. Ah Italian steamer is at Philadelphia, taking on 5000 tons of coal for Genoa. Fifty thousand tons of American coal for use on Italian railways have already been contracted for. A Spanish steamer has just cleared from Philadelphia for Gibraltar for orders, with about 3500 tons of coal, which will probab'y go to one of the Italian ports. The United States has now surpassed ,Great Britain as a coal-producer, for the first time: the' value of our anthracite and bituminous product In 1899 being about $246O:0C0), or more than one-quarter of our total mineral product ' o Corn in Umatilla. Athena Press. W. J. Wilkinson will shell corn for tie Portland market. Henry & Foss have just purchased a 10-horse power gasoline engine, and- have on itKe road a corn, sheller of the latest pattern, and win commence work on two carloads of corn for Mr. Wilkinson as soon as they can get the machinery in place. Mr. Wilkin son expects to handlo at lean 10,0) bu?heis of this season's crop of corn. As it is purchased It will bo hauled to this city, where it will be shelled before shipment is made. The planting of corn in this sec tion as a crop is belnff increased year bv year, until it Is gradually placing itsek with wheat as a eldc crop, the same as it does; ln the Middle states, with oats as an alternate crop. JAPAN'S MERCHANT SHIPS GOVERNHIEKT AID IS EXJOYED BY BUT THIRTY STEAMERS. Conditions Under Which Subsidies Are Granted and. Method of An- pointnxent Marine Facilities. WASHINGTON, Jan. 13. On the 20th ol last June the state department wrote to the various consuls of the United States in all parts of the world and reauestaa that, in tho Interest of the merchant ma rine of this countTy, they investigate the condition of the merchant marine in tne tat2 ,iV chtlfy were, respectively I ttfan ln too prevl0us year. As to shlp SSL, Vh Plicy adoptea by the . wrecks, such preventive measures as ex fhP S SM8, proniotln;, and report amlning vessels of Japanese style and con U"! ?ih kscrvaton? t0 the ' ferring certificates on their crews were received from John F. Gowey, consul-general at Yokohama, Japan, and the facts therein set forth may be interesting to the shippers of the Pacific coast, and those in terested in building up our commerce with Japan: At the close of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1S98, there were 970 steamers (433. 34S tons), 714 sailing vessels of foreign sty.e s,m tons), and about 17,737 sailing vessels of Japanese style (312,478 tons), showing -an, Increase of 117 steamers, and bo.ODO tons; 71 sailing vessels of foreign type, and 407G tons: and 132 sailintr ves- sels of Japances type, and C158 tons. Of steamers above 1000 tons measure ment, there are now (October, 18?9) 14'j, with a total tonnage of 3S0.619, of which CO steamers of 191,343 tons, are owned by the Nippon Yusen Kaishn. f.Tanan TVTnr. i Steamship Company lalohe In the for ces " Liwie, tne tonnage or Japanese steam, cms now reaches about 250,000 tons. Government Aid to Marine. State aid, under the navigation encour agement law, is now enjoyed by 30 steam ers of 137,603 tons, two-thirds of which are vessels" of the Nippon Yusen Kalsha. This law came into force October 1, 1S96, and provides that Japanese-owned steam ers of over 1000 tons, of a speed exceeding 10 knots, shall receive a bounty of 25 sen (about 12 cents) per ton for the first 1000 knots run and one-tenth of the same rat for every additional 500 knots. More recent legislative grants are spe cial subsidies of $1,331,C00 for the Nippon Yushen Kalsha line from Japan to Eu rope, $325,707 for the same company's Japan-Seattle line, and $504,912 for tho Toyo Kisen Kaisha's Japan-San Francis co line. The payments are to continue for a period of 10 years from January 1, 1900. For the European service, which is to be fortnightly, 12 steamers of not less than 6000 tons gross, with a mini mum speed of 11 knots an hour, .ire to be furnished. For the service between Hong Kong and San Francisco, which Is to take place at least once, every four weeks, three steamers of not less than 6000 tons gross tonnage, with a minimum speed of 17 knots an hour, are required; and for the Hong Kong-Seattle line, three steam ers are provided for, with a gross ton nage of not less than G000 tons each and a speed of not less than 15 knots an hour, which shall make at least 13 trips a year. The subsidy Is to be granted for vessels which shall be engaged in these services for 10 consecutive years, the proportion they are to receive being the same as that to which they are entitled under the laws for the encouragement of naviga tion, the provisions of which must be ob served. The steamers must be less than 14 years old when the contract takes ef fect and must pass the necessary official examination. Postal matter is to be con veyed free of charge. During 1898 the Nippon Yusen Kaisha added six vessels (five of which were built ln England), ag gregating 34,724 tons, to the fleet; and it has now 12 steamers of a gross tonnage or ti.bu tons on the European line and six steamers averaging 3000 tons each on the Australian and American lines. In addition, another Japanese company, the Toyo Kisen Kalsha (Eastern Steamship Company), represented at this port by the agents for the Pacific Mall and Occi dental & Oriental companies, has start ed running three new steamers of 300o tons each between San Francisco and Hong Kong, via Japan ports and Hono lulu, which are likely to have a large share of the ever-Increasing trans-Pacific passenger -traffic. Of the foreign companies trading to Japan, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company receives a subsidy from the British and Canadian governments amounting to 80,000 ($389,320) per annum. The Peninsular & Oriental " Steamship Company also receives substantial assist ance from the British government, and the Messageries Maritimes (French) and the Norddeutcher Lloyd (German) are enabled to extend their operations under subsidies. In strong contrast with theso ace the positions of the Pacific Mail Com pany, the Occidental & Oriental Com pany and the Northern Pacific Company American lines which receive no gov ernment encouragement whatever beyond sea postage on mail matter, which, how ever, is also paid to foreign vessels. Shipbuilding. During the last fiscal year, Japanese shipbuilding made considerable progress, the ships that were either completed or commenced in accordance 'with the pro visions of the shipbuilding encouragement law being five in number and of 15,650 tons in capacity. Besides these, there were built 177 steamers and sailing vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 1G822, showing an Increase of 40 In the number of steam ers, 6003 in tonnage and a decrease of 20 In the number of sailing vessels, and an Increase of 704 ln tonnage, as compared with the previous fiscal year. The most Important of these vessels were two steamers of above 6000 tons' measurement each, which were built by , the MItsun Bishl Company, at Nagasaki, and, while costing much more than similar craft in Europe, have encouraged the advocates of home Industries in their endeavors to train workmen and establish well equipped yards. Aside from the construc tion of small cruisers, gunboats, torpedo boats and'launchesi but littiehas been at tempted in the more difficult work of building men-of-war. After the establish ment of the large government iron and steel foundry, efforts ln this direction may be expected. At present, nearly all material for steamship building is import ed. Steel pjates are now laid down here at from $40 15 to $47 44 per ton. Eoelilnff Facilities. There are now about 20 commodious private docks in Japan, and ail appearto be doing a profitable business. Yokohama now possesses two excellent drydocks of the following dimensions: Length, -303 feet; width. 93 feet at top and, 75 feet at bottom; depth, 3G feet, and 2S feet on blocks. No. 2 dock Is 351 feet long. 63 feet wide on top and 27 feet deep on the blocks. A dock was also opened at Urango ln Toklo bay, 12 miles south of Yokohama, ln No vember, 1S2S, which is 456 feet long, 65 feet wide, and 34 feet deep. Another private dock at Uraga will be completed in tho spring of next year. It will be 500 feet in length, 72 feet In width at top of sill, and will be able to receive vessels drawing 27 feet. In con nection with this dock, commodious ma chine and repair shops, furnished almost entirely with American machinery, will supply ample facilities for building and repairing. The Tate-no-Ura graving dock was com pleted during the year. It was commenced in October, 1895, and Its dimensions are -456 feet 10 inches in length, 65 feet 7 inches in width, and 34 feet 9 inches deep. The depth of water on sill at ordinary tides is 24 feet 4 Inches. Voxmnfrc Dues. These dues, which cover port and light qharges, are now collected at the rate of 5' sen (about 24 'cents) per registered ton upon entry from a foreign port. Vessels making frequent voyages are permitted to make annual payment of 15 sen (about 7 cents) per ton. Vessels entering ln distress, and not discharging or loading cargo, are exempt from these dues. The Japanese coast Is well provided with lighthouses. At the end of last year there were 140 government, 45 communal, and 21 private lighthouses. The number of students In the mercan tile marine school at the end of the last fiscal year was 927, including those In the branches at Osaka and Hakodate, being an increase of 221 as compared with the preyjous year. At the end of the last fiscal year, the to tal number of certificate-holders was 79S2. During the same year, applicants for cer tificates totaled 3S48. of which number 1S2S were successful. These figures are more than double those of the previous year. The rhipwrecks that occurred were mostly caused in the case of steamers, by collision, and,- In the case of sailing ves sels, as usual, by storms. The number Of ships wrecked was 545, being 49 more started, while steps were taken to aid popular enterprises for rescuing ship wrecked people. CITY OF SILVERTON. Historical Sketch, of Itn Foundation and Progress Early Settlers. SILVERTON. ( Jan. 1C (To the Ed tor.) j .uhiiqtd., wnjen was founded and named by Mr. Ai Coolidge, ln ISSi, was situated on Silver creek, where Erw.n's mill now s tanas. Mr. Coolidge and his brother Tero moved the building to Sllverton in 1855, to the place where Mr. Wolf's store Is now. They were three months moving the build ing. The lumber of the building was pre pared' by hand. The window panes were shipped around Cape Horn. Settlers In the Vicinity of Millford assisted Mr. Coolidge in the preparation of the materials and the erection of the building. It was erected at a cost of S1C00, but was not entirely finished. It cost 5400 to remove It to Sil- ! verton. After Its removal to Sllverton, it was used as a store and dwelling-house, and the town hall was ln the second story. It Is now the. Central hotel. In 1S61, Jaraw Booth rented the building for a hotel. In 1872 or 1873, Mr. CoOlidge sold the building, but unfortunately be has forgotten to whom he sold. Silver creek takes Its names from an accident, or Incident, ln 1844. Mr. McBride, a Campbelllte minister, was crossing the ford, where Mr. J. K. Buffs place is now. It was In a time of high water, and bis saddlebags, which were supposed to con tain a large amount of silver, were washed away. Polly Coon named the town, and It is derived from Silver creek. It is situated on Mr. Coon's, Mr. Jame3 Brown's and Mr. John Barger's donation land claims. Mr. Collins taught the first school in Sll verton in 1848, and the schoolhouse stood in the middle of Oak street, about midway between the Central hotel and where Mr. Wolf's shed now stands. The next cchool house was built where Mr. M. Johnson's residence Is now, and was afterwards moved to the schpol property, where it was blown down January 9, 1SS0. The G. A. R. building was the next Rchoolhouse, and was built ln 1870. The present school house was built In 1S90, at a cost of $O0J. Mr. Al Coolidge and Mks Frances Allen were the first couple married In the vicin ity of Sllverton. They were married April 15, 1854, by Rev. C. Chapman, of the Chris tian church. William Davenport and Josle Chitwood were the first white children born In Sll verton. Joseph Davenport built the first house In Sllverton in 1854, and James Brown pulK the first chimney in this house in 1S55. It stood where tho Commercial hotel is now. It was torn down ln 1892. Mr. Price built the first flouring mill, In 1855. It was torn down in 1883. when the present mill was built Mr. BOolh and Charles Miller kept the first store, which was ln front of where William Drake's residence now stands. The first postofflce was kept ln this store. Mr. Miller was the postmaster. Mr. Chitwood kept the first hotel ln 1S5C, and the "hotel stood where Mr. Wolf ard's store is now. , In 1857 appeared the first circus in SI1 verton's history, and also ln that year apples sold for $10 a bushel. Isaac Boggs was the first blacksmith. Mr. Al Coolldge's residence was the first modern house built In Sllverton. It was built by Sol Smith ln 1SG6 or 1S67. The lum ber of the house was prepared by hand. It cost $6000. In 1868 John Davenport and D. Wolfard built the first brick building ln Sllverton. The bricks were made by the Gherking Bros., and Captain Scott, on the land now owned by 'Mr. Sarvey's heirs. In 1870 Sllverton exceeded every othet city ln Oregon ln Its fine school, where Latin, Greek, surveying and the common branches were taught. Professor Hunt was the principal. Sllverton was not expected to be more than a trading post when first laid out; but prosperity reigned and Sllverton grew ln population and wealth. Tho railroad which connects Sllverton with, trie outside world was laid through Sllverton ln 1880. The railroad was changed from a narrow to a standard gauge In 1890. It has now two trains a day. In 1885 Sllverton was Incorporated and declared a city. The following are those who first served the city: T. R. Hibbard, chairman; M. S. Skaife, Adolph Wolf, W. H. Drake, Dolph McClalne, councilmen: A. Roes, recorder; S. D. Hanson, marshal. In that year Sllverton was visited by the most destructive fire In Its history. It left one block of Water street In ruins. Tho fire burned from the bridge to Oak street. The charter of Sllverton was repealed In 191 and a new charter was obtained. The present council consists of the following members: F. M. Brooks, mayor; W. F. Davenport, C. Hinklo. J. F. Conrad. A. G. Anderson and F. Warnock, councllmenr W, Bowser, recorder; A- F. Slmcral, mar shal. The new bank was b'lilt ln 1S93. and Is one of the finest buildings in Sllverton, and is a credit to this city. Sllverton has four churches the Chris tian, the Methodls and two Lutheran churches. These churches and their Sun day schools have a large membership and prosperous growth. Sllverton has 14 lodges the Odd Fellows, 'Encampment, Masonic, Independent Order of Good Templars, Knights of Pythias, Rebekahs, Grand Army of the Republic, Sons of Veterans, Woman's Relief Corps, Eastern Star, Woodmen cf the World, Na tive Sonfi of Oregon. Junior Order of American Mechanics and the Artisan. Sllverton marine band was organized December 1, 1S95, with a membership of IS or 20 members. The band has fine in struments, and is the pride of the citizens of Sllverton. . Sllverton has fine water works, which afford the finest water for the lawns and gardens of her citizenc?. Thp buslpess houses of Sllverton are three hotels, orte restaurant, one laundry, three groceries, two drug stores and two merchandise stores, one butchertwo jew elry, two'blacksmith and 'three shoe shops. two sash and door factories, two livery stabler, two papers, the Sllverton Appeal, established ln 1SS0, and the Torch of Rea son, established in 1S96: one furniture, two confectionery, and two hardware stores; three millinery, one tin. one bicycle and two harness shops, two flouring mills, one fair. There are six physicians, one real estate agent, three barbers, three dentists, seven dressmakers, one Insurnnco agent, three lawyers, one photographer, one under taker. . The telephone line connecting Sllverton with Salem and Scott's Mill was com pleted in 1896. Tho Liberal university, near Sllverton, was founded In 1896. It is now occupying its building, which is almost finished. Pro fessor J. E. Hosmer Is president of the university. Among the early pioneers who settled in the vicinity of Sllverton prior to 1S55 are the -following: In 1S43 Mr. ana Mrs. John Warnock. In lS44-i-Mr. and Mr.--. George McCorkle. In 1S45 Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell Whitiock. Mr. and Mrs. JamcF Smith, Solomon. Smith, Jennings Smith and Alexander York. In 1S46 Mr. and Mrs. James Brown. M. Brown, Miss -E. Brown, 'Mr. and Mr. Leander Davis, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Cox, Mr. Gideon Cox, In 1347 Mr. and Mrs. King Hibbard, sr., T. R. Hibbard. George P. S. Riches, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Miller, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Allen, Oliver Grace. John Barger, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Geer and John Mcr ley. In 1S4S Dr. and Mrs. Biaekerby, F. R. Blackerby, Mr. Easeman. In 1S4D John Whitlock. In 1850 Mr. Coon. -Mr. and Mrs. Colby. In 1S51 Ai Colldge. Tero Coolidge. Dr. and Mr3. B. F. Davenport, F. Davenport, B. Davenport. In 1S52 Mr. and Mrs. John Moser. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Moser, Mr3. Al Coo.Idge. Mrs. E. Whitlock, Dr. Davis, A-bner Allen. Henry Allen, Mrs. T. R. Blackerby, S. Price, M. Fitzjerell, E. Thurman. Mrs. James Moores, Mrs. George P. S. Riches. In 1853 Mr. and Mrs-. John Hicks, Mr. and Mrs. E. Wolfard", John Wolfard. Charles Wolfard, Mls3 Mary Wolfard. James Moores, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Small, M. Small, Mr. and Mrs. Hobart. Mm. Libby, S. F. Hobart, Mrs. Doban, It Small, G. W. Dolna. In 1S54 Mr. and Mrs. C. Elsenhart, Mr. Libby. ThO early settlers surviving are: Mrs. Gecrse McCorkle, Mrs. Mitchell WhltlouK, Jennings Smith, Solomon Sm.tn, Alexan der York, Mrs. Leander Davis, M. Brown, T. R. Hibbard, Oliver Grace. John Mor lcy, Easeman, Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Black erby, Mr. and Mrs. Al Coolidge, T. Da venport, B. Davenport, Miss E. Bfown, John Moser, Mrs. E.. Whitlock. Dr. Davis, Henry Allen, Mr. and Mrs. John Hicks, M. Fitzjerell. E. Thurman. Mr. and Mrs. James Moores, Mrs. G. P. S. Richer, E. Wolfard, John Wolfard, Charles Wolfard, Miss Mary Wolfard. Mr. andMrs. Dolan. s. F. Hobart, Thoma3 Small, Mrs. M. Small, R. Small, Mts. Libby, Mr. and Mr3. C. Elsenhart. VERNA MARIE SIMERAL. It is a wonderful soap that takes hold 'quick and does no harm. No harm ! It leaves the skin soft like a baby's; no alkali in it, nothing- but soap. The harm is done by alkali. Still more harm is done by not washing-. So, bad soap is better than none. What is bad soap? Im perfectly made; the fat and alkali not well bal anced or not combined. What is good soap? Pears'. All sorts of stores sel lit , especially droreists: all sorts of people use it. calls for change of diet and chsnge of clothing moro wanning diet to impart more heat to the system, and wanner clothing to keep that heat in. Llebig Company's Extract is the most concentrated stimulative diet known, each pound contains the distinctive properties of forty pounds of beef; It provides tho necessary etimnlas to tho system without any reaction. No chares for painless extraction -when teeth are ordered. All work done by graduate denttota of 12 to 20 jears experience; a specialist In each department. We will tell you In advance exactly what your work will cost by a free examination. Gle 115 a call, and. you will nnd we do exactly as we advertise. Sot of Teeth.; $3.00 Gold FlUIns: 91.00 Gold Crovt-11 $5.00 Silver Filling 30 9 PLATES All work examined by professional manager, Dr. J. S. Walter, registered dentist. New York Dental Parlors fi. E. Cor. Fourth and Morrison Stress Lady always ln attendance. Hours. & to 8. Sundays. 10 to 4. The Reef aH&5$S&3 laSS Washing Powder Itadwa'5 Pills aro sma.ll and purely vigsta blc, do notgrlpo. cure constipation and liver Hi. Genuine only with this Blue Signature. OTPOT'S EXTRACT OF BEEF ( H NO PAIN! NO GAS! Imi THE PALAT3AL mmm llll 'Sot n darlc olflcc in the lmllillnst absolutely llreyroof; electric Iisrhtj and nrteslan vrater; perfect aanlta tion nnd thorough ventilation. ! iiors run daj- snd nlsht. Rooms. ANDErjSON'. GrSTAV. Attorner-at-LaTT 613 ASSOCIATED PRESS; E. L. PoweH. Mgt ...801 BAXKKUS- LIKE ASSOCIATION, of Des Moines. la.; C. A. McCiraar. Slate-Acent. 302-3 ot.w.:E. n. W.. Ptla. reroln Shorthand School .211 BEMJAillM. R. W. Denttat.... "ai- BI.N'SWAXGER. DR. O S.. Phys. & Sur 4U-UJ CRUERE. DR. G. E.. Physician .. .-U2-U3-iU BUSTESD. RICHARD. Pluc Tobacco.. .602-60J CAUICIX. O. E.. District Asenc Traveler Insurance Co . 7J3 CARDWELL. DR. J. B.. ...'.".""" 30C CLARK. HAROLD. Demist ."..."aU CLEM. E. A. & CO . Mmintr Properles...515-5U COLUdlUIA TELEPHONE COMPANY 0O4-CO3-8-8tt7-813-aU-3:3 CORXEL1VS. C. W.. Phy. and Surgeea 200 COVER. F. C. Cashier Equtab! Life 30d COLLIER. I'. 5. I'ubiislwr; d. P. MeOulre. Manaser 5-0 DAY. J. G & I. N ...313 DAVIS. NAPOLEON. President Columbia Telephone Co 60' DICKSON. DR. J. F.. Phvetan ..713-711 DRKE. DR. H U. Physician 312-513-3.4 DUNH.UT. MRS. GEO. A 717 EDITORIAL ROOMS Eighth iloor EQUITABLE LIFr: ASSURANCE SOCIETY. L. Samuel. Manager; P. C Covr. Cashier 30fl EVENING TELEGRAM ..323 Alder street FALLOWS. MRS. M. A.. Manager Women's Dept. Mutual Reserve Fund Lire, of New York . w FENTON, J D., Phvsickm and Surgeon.. 300 310 FENTON. DR. HICKS C. By and Ear 31 1 FENTON. MATTHEW F.. Dentl 303 FIDELITY MUTUAL L1.'E ASS"N; E. C. Stark. Manner 301 FRI1NCH SCHOOL (by co:iersmlon: Dr. A. Muzzarelll, Msnassr ..700 GALVANI. W. H Engineer and Draughts- mnn 800 GEARY. DR. EUWVHD P.. PhyMctan and Euixton 212-211 GIESY. A. J.. Physician and Surgeon.. . 7CS 7lu GODDARD. E. C. CO.. Footwear, ground flor t2 iih nc-eer GOLDMAN WILLIAM. ManaKer Manhattan Lire Insurance Co. of New York. ......200-210 ' " I -RANK S. Ai:orrHv-at-Law 617 GRENIER. MIS3 BEATRICE. Dentist 703 HAIDIOXD. A. 1? au HEIDINGER. GEO. A, & CO.. Plan and Osan isi 3ixth St. HOLLISTER. DR. O. C. Phy. & Sury...504 303 IDLEMAN. C M.. Attorney-at-Law. ..418-17-13 KADY. MARK T. Manager PaelHc North- wm: Mutual Reserve Fund Llfs Adeo...ftM-603 LAMONT. JOHN. Vlco-President and Gen eral Manager Columbia Tstopftone G... (Jrt3 LITT1 EFIELD. H. R.. Phys. ami Surueon." '"oil MACRUM. W. S . Sec. Oregon Camera Club..UH MACKAY. DR. A E.. Phy,. and SurK..711-7U MAXWELL, DR. W. E.. Phys Sur. 701-2-3 McCARGAR. a A.. State Agent Bankers' Life Association . 30-303 McCOY. NEWTON. Attorney-nt-LVw ""." " 713 McFArEN MIS? IDA E.. Slenexnpher.... 201 McGINN. HENRY E.. Attorney-a:-Law..31l 312 McKELL. T. J.. Manufacturers' Reprosema- l,ve 303 MILLER. DR. HERBERT C.. Dentist and Oral Surgeon 008-009 MO?PMN. DR. E. P. DetUWt... . 312-313-311 MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE CO. of XewYdrk. W. Gotdrrmn. Manager 2f 9-210 McELROY. DR. J. C. Phys. A SrK.7O!-702 703 McFARLAND. E. B Secretary Columbia Telephone Co...... ...003 McGUIRE. S. P.. Manager P. F. "collier. Publisher 413-tio McKIM. MAURICE. Attorney-at-Law 300 MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO.. or New York; Wm. S. Pond. State MKr.....-MM-Wri-400 MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASS'N. M. T. Kady. Mgr. Pacific Northwest.... 804 003 NtCHOLAS. HORACE B. Attorney-at-Law.. 713 NILES. M. L.. Cashier Maiihrmau Llf In surance Co.. of New York .203 OREGON" INFIRMARY OF OSTEOPATH Y; Dr. L. B. Smith. Osteopath 408-400 OREGON CAMERA CLUB . ..214-213-21(5 217 PERNIN SHORTHAND SCHOOL; IL W. Behnke. Prln 211 POND. WM. S.. State Manager Mutual Life" Ins. Co. of New York . .40-I-4O5-400 PORTLAND EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY.. ... Ground Soor. 133 Sixth street PORTLAND PRE'S CLUB 7 PROTZMAN EUGENE C, Superlniendent Agencies Mutual Reserve Fund Life, of New York BO PUTNAM'S SONS. G. P. Publisher 31a QriMRY. L. P. W.. Came and Forestry Warden .. 718-7I71 REED & MALCOLM. Optlc'ani..l33 Sixth street RFED. F C. FlJh Cnmnlloner....... 407 RYAN. J. B.. Attorney-at-!aw .....417 SAMUEL, L.. 'Manager Equitable Life- v..30(l ?ANDrORD. A. C. CO . Publisher" Agts..313 SCRIBNER'S SONS. CHAS.. Publtiher; Jese Hebron. Manaser .. ..S13-Slfl-317 SHERWOOD. J. W. Deputy Supreme Com- minder. K. O. T. M ...31T SMITH. DR. L B.. Otteopith 408-409 ;ONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 300 STARK E. C. Executive Special. Fidelity Mutual Life Aoclatlon of Phlla.. Pa...... 301 STARR & COLH Pyrojrraphy ..402 STEEL. G. A., Forest Inspector...... 218 STUART. DELL. Attorney-at-Law. ..013-018-017 STOLTE. DR. CHAS. E.. Dntlst 704-703 SURGEON OF THE 3. P. RY. AND N. P. TERMINAL CO 70a 5TROWBRIDGE. THOS H.. Executive Spe cial Agent Mutual Life, of New York.. .....409 SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE 2flj TUCKER. DR GEO F.. Dentist OlO-Ctl U. S WEATHER BUREAU 006-007-003-003 U. S. LIGHTHOUSE ENGINEERS. 13TH DIST.. Captain W. C Langfltt. Corps of Engineers. V. S. A gnj U. S. ENGINEER OFFICE. RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. Captain W. C. Langfltt. Corps of Engineers. U. S. A.... 310 WALKER. WILL H.. President Oregon Camera Club 214-213-210-217 WATERMAN. C H., Cashier Mutual Life of New Yitlc jng WATKINS. Miss E. L., Purchasing Agency Tie WEATHERRF.D. MRS. nrYTH". Grand Sec retary Native Daughters ...710-717 WHITE. MISS L. E.. Ass't Sec Oregon Cam era Club fi4 WILSON. DR. EDWARD N.. Phys. & Sur.304-3 WILSON. DR. GEO F.. Phys. Sc Surg. . .700-707 WILSON. DR. HOLT C. Phys. & Surg...307-503 WOOD. DR. W. L.. Physlckm.. 412-413-414 WILLAMETTE VALLEY TELEPH. CO.. 813 A fevr more elecrant offices mny "bo had by applying to Portland Trast Company of Oregon. 100 Third t. 09 to the runt cleric In tlie bulltllnjr. MEN NO CURE, NO PAY THE MODERN APPLIANCE-A PO3U1V0 nay to nerfeet mnnhnn Everything Ise fails The VACUUM TREAT MENT CURES you without medicine of all nervous or diseases of the generativa organs, luch as lost manhood, exhausting drains, varico cele, Impotency. etc. Men are quickly restored 10 perfect health and strength. Write for circulars. Correspondence eonflOn tial. THE HEALTH APPLIANCE CO. rooms 17-4 Safe Deposit building. Seattle. Wash. It ofiltctn! Tnia xoro ejus, tuo lThompson;s y e Watsi